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Structure-activity relationship of human carbonic anhydrase-II inhibitors: Detailed insight for future development as anti-glaucoma agents. Bioorg Chem 2020; 95:103557. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Dubey RP, Patel UH, Patel BD. Study on molecular structure, Spectral investigations, NBO, NLO, Hirshfeld surface analysis and Homo-Lumo energy of silver complex of 4-Amino-N-(2,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2017.1357635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul P. Dubey
- Department of Physics, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Urmila H. Patel
- Department of Physics, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Bharatkumar D. Patel
- Department of Physics, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) is found in numerous organisms across the tree of life, with seven distinct classes known to date. CA inhibition can be exploited for the treatment of edema, glaucoma, seizures, obesity, cancer and infectious diseases. A myriad of CA inhibitor (CAI) classes and inhibition mechanisms have been identified over the past decade, mainly through structure-based drug design approaches. Five different CA inhibition mechanisms are presently known. Areas covered: Recent advances in structure-based CAI design are reviewed, with periodic table-based organization of inhibitor classes. Expert opinion: Various structure-based drug design studies have led to deep understanding of factors governing tight binding and selectivity for the various isoforms. Carboxylic acids, phenols, polyamines, diols, borols, boronic acids, coumarins and sulfonamides represent successful stories which led to an anti-tumor sulfonamide in Phase I clinical trials (SLC-0111). For many inhibitor classes, no detailed crystallographic data are available. Detailed structural characterization of all CAI classes may lead to further advances in the field with potential therapeutic implications in the management of indications including neuropathic pain, cerebral ischemia, arthritis and tumor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- a Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Sesto Fiorentino (Florence) , Italy
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Barboiu M, Supuran CT, Menabuoni L, Scozzafava A, Mincione F, Briganti F, Mincione G. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors. Synthesis of Topically Effective Intraocular Pressure Lowering Agents Derived from 5-(ω-Amino-Alkylcarboxamido)-1,3,4-Thia-Diazole-2-Sulfonamide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/14756369909030339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Barboiu
- Laboratoire des Matériaux et Procédés Membranaires, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie Montpellier 8, rue de l'Ecole Normale, F-34296, Montpellier, Cedex, 5, France
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Università degli Studi, Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Via Gino Capponi 7, I-50121, Firenze, Italia
| | - Luca Menabuoni
- Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio, S. O. Oculistica, Via Torregalli 3, I-50123, Firenze, Italia
| | - Andrea Scozzafava
- Università degli Studi, Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Via Gino Capponi 7, I-50121, Firenze, Italia
| | - Francesco Mincione
- Università degli Studi, Institute of Ophthalmology, Viale Morgagni 85, I-50123, Firenze, Italia
| | - Fabrizio Briganti
- Università degli Studi, Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Via Gino Capponi 7, I-50121, Firenze, Italia
| | - Giovanna Mincione
- Università degli Studi, Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Via Gino Capponi 7, I-50121, Firenze, Italia
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Temperini C, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. X-ray crystal studies of the carbonic anhydrase II–trithiocarbonate adduct—An inhibitor mimicking the sulfonamide and urea binding to the enzyme. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:474-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.11.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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1,3,4-Oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione and its analogues: A new class of non-competitive nucleotide pyrophosphatases/phosphodiesterases 1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:7816-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 09/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bhat IUH, Tabassum S. Synthesis of new piperazine derived Cu(II)/Zn(II) metal complexes, their DNA binding studies, electrochemistry and anti-microbial activity: validation for specific recognition of Zn(II) complex to DNA helix by interaction with thymine base. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2009; 72:1026-1033. [PMID: 19200776 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2008.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
New 3,4:9,10-dibenzo-2,11-dihydroxy-1,12-bispiperazine-5,8-dioxododecane complexes [C(24)H(36)N(4)O(6)Cu] (1), [C(24)H(32)N(4)O(4)Zn] (2) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, NMR, Mass, EPR, UV-vis spectroscopy and molar conductance measurements. The complexes are non-ionic in nature and possess octahedral geometry around Cu(2+), Zn(2+) central metal ions. The binding studies of 1 and 2 with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) were investigated by UV-vis, fluorescence, cyclic voltammetery and viscosity measurements. The calculated binding constant K(b) for 1 and 2 obtained from UV-vis absorption studies was 7.6x10(3)M(-1), 80.8x10(4)M(-1), respectively. The intrinsic binding constants were also estimated to be 7.0x10(4)M(-1) and 7.53x10(5)M(-1) for 1 and 2, respectively by using emission titrations. These experimental results suggest that complexes are groove binders and interact to CT-DNA with different affinities. Both the complexes in presence and absence of CT-DNA show quasireversible wave corresponding to Cu(II)/Cu(I) and Zn(II)/Zn(I) redox couple. The changes in E(1/2), DeltaE, I(pa)/I(pc) ascertain the interaction of 1 and 2 with CT-DNA. Further, decrease in viscosity of CT-DNA with increasing concentration of complexes was observed. In vitro, antimicrobial activity against fungi A. brassicicola, A. niger and bacteria E. coli, P. aeruginosa of complexes were carried out, which indicate that complex 2 is more active against both fungal and bacterial strains as shown by % inhibition data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad-Ul-Haq Bhat
- Department of Chemistry Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India
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Innocenti A, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of cytosolic isoforms I, II, III, VII and XIII with less investigated inorganic anions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1855-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Zareef M, Innocenti A, Iqbal R, Zaidi JH, Arfan M, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of human tumor-associated isozymes IX and cytosolic isozymes I and II with some 1,3,4-oxadiazole-thiols. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 21:351-9. [PMID: 17059166 DOI: 10.1080/14756360600741503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of chiral 1,3,4-oxadiazole-5-thiols incorporating 2-substituted-benzenesulfonamide moieties has been prepared from amino acids, via the ester and carbohydrazide intermediate, followed by cyclization with carbon disulfide. Some of these compounds have been investigated for the inhibition of three physiologically relevant carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms, the human cytosolic hCA I and II, and the human, transmembrane, tumor-associated isozyme hCA IX. All these compounds showed weak (millimolar) affinity for the three isozymes, except two carbohydrazides and two heterocyclic thiols which selectively inhibited the tumor-associated isozyme with inhibition constants around 10 microM. Such compounds constitute interesting lead molecules for the possible design of CA IX-selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zareef
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-IAzam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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Almajan GL, Barbuceanu SF, innocenti A, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of the cytosolic and tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase isozymes I, II and IX with some 1,3,4-oxadiazole- and 1,2,4-triazole-thiols. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 23:101-7. [PMID: 18341261 DOI: 10.1080/14756360701342417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Laura Almajan
- Organic Chemistry Departament, Faculty of Pharmacy, Traian Vuia Street 6, 020956, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Alessio innocenti
- Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Scozzafava
- Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence, Italy
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence, Italy
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Chohan ZH, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors: Schiff's Bases of Aromatic and Heterocyclic Sulfonamides and their Metal Complexes. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 19:263-7. [PMID: 15499998 DOI: 10.1080/14756360410001689595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Schiff's bases were obtained from aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides and amino-sulfonamide derivatives, such as sulfanilamide, homosulfanilamide, 4-aminoethyl-benzenesulfonamide and 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide. Metal complexes of some of these Schiff's bases, incorporating Zn(II), Co(lI), Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions, were also prepared and tested as inhibitors of the zinc enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA), and more specifically the red blood cell isozymes I and II. The Schiff's bases behaved as medium potency CA I and CA II inhibitors, whereas their metal complexes showed a highly enhanced potency, with several low nanomolar CA II inhibitors detected.
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Abdel-Hamid MK, Abdel-Hafez AA, El-Koussi NA, Mahfouz NM, Innocenti A, Supuran CT. Design, synthesis, and docking studies of new 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thione derivatives with carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:6975-84. [PMID: 17822907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A new series of 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thione derivatives have been prepared and assayed for the inhibition of three physiologically relevant carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isozymes, the cytosolic human isozymes I and II, and the transmembrane, tumor-associated hCA IX. Against hCA I the investigated thiones, showed inhibition constants in the range of 2.55-222 microM, against hCA II in the range of 2.0-433 microM, and against hCA IX in the range of 1.25-148 microM. Compound 5c, 4-(4,5-dihydro-5-thioxo-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-1-(5-nitro-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)semicarbazide showed interesting inhibition of the tumor-associated hCA IX with K(I) value of 1.25 microM, being the first non-sulfonamide type inhibitor of such activity. This result is rather important taking into consideration the known antitumor activity of thiones. In addition, docking of the tested compounds into CA II active site was performed in order to predict the affinity and orientation of these compounds at the isozyme active site. The results showed similar orientation of the target compounds at CA II active site compared with reported sulfonamide type CAIs with the thione group acting as a zinc-binding moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed K Abdel-Hamid
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt.
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Almajan GL, Innocenti A, Puccetti L, Manole G, Barbuceanu S, Saramet I, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of the cytosolic and tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase isozymes I, II, and IX with a series of 1,3,4-thiadiazole- and 1,2,4-triazole-thiols. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2347-52. [PMID: 15837323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.02.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2005] [Revised: 02/24/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of heterocyclic mercaptans incorporating 1,3,4-thiadiazole- and 1,2,4-triazole rings have been prepared and assayed for the inhibition of three physiologically relevant carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isozymes, the cytosolic human isozymes I and II, and the transmembrane, tumor-associated hCA IX. Against hCA I the investigated thiols showed inhibition constants in the range of 97 nM to 548 microM, against hCA II in the range of 7.9-618 microM, and against hCA IX in the range of 9.3-772 microM. Thiadiazoles were generally more active than triazoles against all investigated isozymes. Generally, the best inhibitors were the simple derivative 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol and its N-acetylated derivative, which were anyhow at least two orders of magnitude less effective inhibitors when compared to the corresponding sulfonamides, acetazolamide, and its deacetylated derivative. An exception was constituted by 5-(2-pyridylcarboxamido)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol, which is the first hCA I-selective inhibitor ever reported, possessing an inhibition constant of 97 nM against isozyme I, and being a 105 times less effective hCA II inhibitor, and 3154 times less effective hCA IX inhibitor. Thus, the thiol moiety may lead to effective CA inhibitors targeting isozyme I, whereas it is a less effective zinc-binding function for the design of CA II and CA IX inhibitors over the sulfonamide group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Laura Almajan
- Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Traian Vuia Street 6, 77210 Bucharest, Romania
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STUDIES ON CEPHRADINE AND ITS COMPOUNDS WITH TIN(II), LEAD(II), MANGANESE(II) AND IRON(II). HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2004. [DOI: 10.1515/hc.2004.10.6.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Abstract
Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-June Ming
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biomolecular Science, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620-5250, USA.
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Abstract
At least 14 different carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms were isolated in higher vertebrates, where these zinc enzymes play crucial physiological roles. Some of these isozymes are cytosolic (CA I, CA II, CA III, CA VII), others are membrane-bound (CA IV, CA IX, CA XII, and CA XIV), CA V is mitochondrial and CA VI is secreted in saliva. Three acatalytic forms are also known, which are denominated CA related proteins (CARP), CARP VIII, CARP X, and CARP XI. Several important physiological and physio-pathological functions are played by many CA isozymes, which are strongly inhibited by aromatic and heterocyclic sulfonamides as well as inorganic, metal complexing anions. The catalytic and inhibition mechanisms of these enzymes are understood in detail, and this helped the design of potent inhibitors, some of which possess important clinical applications. The use of such enzyme inhibitors as antiglaucoma drugs will be discussed in detail, together with the recent developments that led to isozyme-specific and organ-selective inhibitors. A recent discovery is connected with the involvement of CAs and their sulfonamide inhibitors in cancer: several potent sulfonamide inhibitors inhibited the growth of a multitude of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo, thus constituting interesting leads for developing novel antitumor therapies. Furthermore, some other classes of compounds that interact with CAs have recently been discovered, some of which possess modified sulfonamide or hydroxamate moieties. Some sulfonamides have also applications as diagnostic tools, in PET and MRI or as antiepileptics or for the treatment of other neurological disorders. Future prospects for drug design applications for inhibitors of these ubiquitous enzymes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Rm 188, Polo Scientifico, 50019-Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy.
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Abstract
Dorzolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor for topical ophthalmic application. It is used in the treatment of glaucoma to lower the intraocular pressure. After absorption via the cornea and stroma, it inhibits carbonic anhydrase in the ciliary process, which leads to a reduction of aqueous humour production and therefore to the desired therapeutic effect. In the systemic circulation, dorzolamide is bound mainly to carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells. It is slowly metabolised to N-de-ethyldorzolamide, which in turn is also stored in red blood cells. The very slow elimination (half-life >4 months) of both substances takes place via the renal route. However, the inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells is moderate in the course of a topical treatment, avoiding systemic adverse effects. This review summarises the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of dorzolamide and its metabolite in eye tissues and in the systemic circulation.
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Mastrolorenzo A, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT. Antifungal activity of Ag(I) and Zn(II) complexes of aminobenzolamide (5-sulfanilylamido-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide) derivatives. JOURNAL OF ENZYME INHIBITION 2001; 15:517-31. [PMID: 11140608 DOI: 10.3109/14756360009040707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Aminobenzolamide (5-sulfanilylamido-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide) is a potent inhibitor of the zinc enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1), being at the same time structurally similar to the antimicrobial sulfonamides. Here we report that the reaction of aminobenzolamide with arylsulfonyl isocyanates affords a series of new arylsulfonylureido derivatives which were subsequently used as ligands (in the form of conjugate bases, as sulfonamide anions) for the preparation of metal complexes containing Ag(I) and Zn(II). All the new compounds proved to be very potent inhibitors of CA (isozymes I, II and IV). The newly synthesized complexes, unlike the free ligands, also act as effective antifungal agents against several Aspergillus and Candida spp., some of them showing activities comparable to ketoconazole, with minimum inhibitory concentrations in the range of 1.8-5 microg/mL. The mechanism of antifungal action of these complexes seem to be unconnected with inhibition of lanosterol-14-alpha-demethylase, since the levels of sterols assessed in the fungi cultures were equal in the absence or in the presence of the tested compounds. Probably the new complexes act as inhibitors of phosphomannose isomerase, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of yeast cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mastrolorenzo
- Università degli Studi, Dipartimento di Scienze Dermatologiche, Centro MTS, Firenze, Italia
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Chohan ZH. Antibacterial copper(II) complexes of 1,1?-symmetric ferrocene-derived Schiff-base ligands: studies of the effect of anions on their antibacterial properties. Appl Organomet Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sugrue MF. Pharmacological and ocular hypotensive properties of topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Prog Retin Eye Res 2000; 19:87-112. [PMID: 10614682 DOI: 10.1016/s1350-9462(99)00006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There was a time gap of over 40 years between the demonstrated oral effectiveness of acetazolamide in lowering the intraocular pressure (IOP) of glaucoma patients and the introduction of a topical carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitor. This is due to the fact that CA-II, the isoenzyme which most likely plays an important role in the production of aqueous humor in humans, must be essentially inhibited by 100% to elicit a pharmacological response. The lack of success with earlier attempts to obtain a topical agent stems from an inability to attain and maintain a sufficiently high intraocular concentration of drug to achieve the required inhibition of CA. Dorzolamide and brinzolamide are two topical CA inhibitors which are currently available to treat ocular hypertension and/or glaucoma. Dorzolamide is a very potent inhibitor of CA-II and its site of action is local within the eye. Like oral CA inhibitors, topically applied dorzolamide lowers IOP by decreasing the production of aqueous humor. The drug is used in monotherapy as a 2% solution administered three times daily. Its ocular hypotensive effect is comparable to that of timolol at peak but is somewhat less at trough. The IOP lowering effect of timolol is enhanced by the twice daily administration of 2% dorzolamide either concomitantly or in combination. Topically applied dorzolamide is generally well tolerated and had a low drop-out rate in clinical studies. The most frequent ocular adverse experience is burning and/or stinging. Corneal and lenticular problems have generally not been encountered with long-term therapy with dorzolamide. Topically applied dorzolamide penetrates directly to the posterior segment of the eye and its presence is consistent with the initial report that dorzolamide increases retinal blood flow velocity in patients with normal tension glaucoma. The most frequent systemic adverse experience is a transient bitter taste. Biochemical changes indicative of the systemic inhibition of CA have not been observed in monotherapy studies lasting up to 2 years. This is in harmony with the inability of dorzolamide at steady-state to saturate CA in the red blood cell and the failure to detect its presence in plasma. A 1% suspension of brinzolamide is comparable to 2% dorzolamide in lowering IOP, both drugs being administered three times daily. Although brinzolamide has a lower incidence of burning/ stinging, it elicits more blurred vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Sugrue
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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Popescu A, Simion A, Scozzafava A, Briganti F, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Schiff bases of some aromatic sulfonamides and their metal complexes: towards more selective inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase isozyme IV. JOURNAL OF ENZYME INHIBITION 1999; 14:407-23. [PMID: 10536875 DOI: 10.3109/14756369909030332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of three aromatic sulfonamides possessing a primary amino group, i.e., sulfanilamide, homosulfanilamide and p-aminoethyl-benzenesulfonamide with heterocyclic and aromatic aldehydes afforded a series of Schiff bases. Metal complexes of some of these Schiff bases with divalent transition ions such as Zn(II), Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) have also been obtained. The new compounds were assayed as inhibitors of three isozymes of carbonic anhydrase (CA). Several of the new compounds showed a modest selectivity for the membrane-bound (bovine) isozyme CA IV (bCA IV) as compared to the cytosolic human isozymes hCA I and II, in contrast to classical inhibitors which generally possess a 17-33 times lower affinity for bCA IV. This greater selectivity toward bCA IV is due mainly to a slightly decreased potency against hCA II relative to classical inhibitors. However, metal complexes of these Schiff bases possessed an increased affinity for hCA II, being less inhibitory against bCA IV. The first type of compounds reported here (i.e., the Schiff bases of aromatic sulfonamides with heterocyclic aldehydes) might thus lead to the development of low molecular weight isozyme specific CA IV inhibitors. The difference in affinity for the three isozymes of the inhibitors reported by us here is tentatively explained on the basis of recent X-ray crystallographic studies of these isozymes and their adducts with substrates/inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Popescu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Polytechnic University, Bucharest, Roumania
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