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Effect of Cocoa Roasting on Chocolate Polyphenols Evolution. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020469. [PMID: 36830027 PMCID: PMC9952295 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocoa and chocolate antioxidants might contribute to human health through, for instance, blood flow improvement or blood pressure and glycemia reduction, as well as cognitive function improvement. Unfortunately, polyphenol content is reduced during cocoa fermentation, drying, roasting and all the other phases involved in the chocolate production. Here, we investigated the evolution of the polyphenol content during all the different steps of chocolate production, with a special emphasis on roasting (3 different roasting cycles with 80, 100, and 130 °C as maximum temperature). Samples were followed throughout all processes by evaluating the total polyphenols content, the antioxidant power, the epicatechin content, and epicatechin mean degree of polymerization (phloroglucinol adducts method). Results showed a similar trend for total polyphenol content and antioxidant power with an unexpected bell-shaped curve: an increase followed by a decrease for the three different roasting temperatures. At the intermediate temperature (100 °C), the higher polyphenol content was found just after roasting. The epicatechin content had a trend similar to that of total polyphenol content but, interestingly, the mean degree of polymerization data had the opposite behavior with some deviation in the case of the highest temperature, probably due to epicatechin degradation. It seems likely that roasting can free epicatechin from oligomers, as a consequence of oligomers remodeling.
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2
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Hernández-González T, González-Barrio R, Escobar C, Madrid JA, Periago MJ, Collado MC, Scheer FAJL, Garaulet M. Timing of chocolate intake affects hunger, substrate oxidation, and microbiota: A randomized controlled trial. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21649. [PMID: 34164846 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002770rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Eating chocolate in the morning or in the evening/at night, may differentially affect energy balance and impact body weight due to changes in energy intake, substrate oxidation, microbiota (composition/function), and circadian-related variables. In a randomized controlled trial, postmenopausal females (n = 19) had 100 g of chocolate in the morning (MC), in the evening/at night (EC), or no chocolate (N) for 2 weeks and ate any other food ad libitum. Our results show that 14 days of chocolate intake did not increase body weight. Chocolate consumption decreased hunger and desire for sweets (P < .005), and reduced ad libitum energy intake by ~300 kcal/day during MC and ~150 kcal/day during EC (P = .01), but did not fully compensate for the extra energy contribution of chocolate (542 kcal/day). EC increased physical activity by +6.9%, heat dissipation after meals +1.3%, and carbohydrate oxidation by +35.3% (P < .05). MC reduced fasting glucose (4.4%) and waist circumference (-1.7%) and increased lipid oxidation (+25.6%). Principal component analyses showed that both timings of chocolate intake resulted in differential microbiota profiles and function (P < .05). Heat map of wrist temperature and sleep records showed that EC induced more regular timing of sleep episodes with lower variability of sleep onset among days than MC (60 min vs 78 min; P = .028). In conclusion, having chocolate in the morning or in the evening/night results in differential effects on hunger and appetite, substrate oxidation, fasting glucose, microbiota (composition and function), and sleep and temperature rhythms. Results highlight that the "when" we eat is a relevant factor to consider in energy balance and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Hernández-González
- Department of Physiology, Regional Campus of International Excellence, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU, University Clinical Hospital, Murcia, Spain
| | - Rocío González-Barrio
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU, University Clinical Hospital, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Food Technology, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of Internacional Excellence, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Antonio Madrid
- Department of Physiology, Regional Campus of International Excellence, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU, University Clinical Hospital, Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria Jesús Periago
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU, University Clinical Hospital, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Food Technology, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of Internacional Excellence, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria Carmen Collado
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Spain
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marta Garaulet
- Department of Physiology, Regional Campus of International Excellence, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU, University Clinical Hospital, Murcia, Spain.,Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Zielinsky P, Martignoni FV, Markoski M, Zucatti KP, Dos Santos Marinho G, Pozzobon G, Magno PR, de Bittencourt Antunes V, Sulis NM, Cardoso A, Mattos D, Naujorks AA, von Frankenberg AD, Vian I. Maternal ingestion of cocoa causes constriction of fetal ductus arteriosus in rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9929. [PMID: 33976258 PMCID: PMC8113492 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal consumption of polyphenol-rich foods has been associated with fetal ductus arteriosus constriction (DAC), but safety of chocolate exposure in fetal life has not been studied. This experimental study tested the hypothesis that maternal cocoa consumption in late pregnancy causes fetal DAC, with possible associated antioxidant effects. Pregnant Wistar rats, at the 21st gestational day, received by orogastric tube cocoa (720 mg/Kg) for 12 h, indomethacin (10 mg/Kg), for 8 h, or only water, before cesaren section. Immediately after withdrawal, every thorax was obtained and tissues were fixed and stained for histological analysis. The ratio of the narrowest part of the pulmonary artery to the fetal ductus inner diameter and increased ductal inner wall thickness characterized ductal constriction. Substances reactive to thiobarbituric acid were quantified. Statistical analysis used ANOVA and Tukey test. Cocoa (n = 33) and indomethacin (n = 7) reduced fetal internal ductus diameter when compared to control (water, n = 25) (p < 0.001) and cocoa alone increased ductus wall thickness (p < 0.001), but no change was noted in enzymes activity. This pharmacological study shows supporting evidences that there is a cause and effect relationship between maternal consumption of cocoa and fetal ductus arteriosus constriction. Habitual widespread use of chocolate during gestation could account for undetected ductus constriction and its potentially severe consequences, such as perinatal pulmonary hypertension, cardiac failure and even death. For this reason, dietary guidance in late pregnancy to avoid high chocolate intake, to prevent fetal ductal constriction, may represent the main translational aspect of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Zielinsky
- Fetal Cardiology Unit, Institute of Cardiology/FUC, Avenida Princesa Isabel, 370, Porto Alegre, CEP 90620-000, Brazil. .,Departament of Pediatrics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,Fetal Cardiology Unit, Institute of Cardiology/University Foundation of Cardiology, Avenida Princesa Isabel, 395 - Santana, Porto Alegre, CEP 90620-000, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Villa Martignoni
- Fetal Cardiology Unit, Institute of Cardiology/FUC, Avenida Princesa Isabel, 370, Porto Alegre, CEP 90620-000, Brazil.,Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Melissa Markoski
- Basic Health Science, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Avenida Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, CEP 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Kelly Pozzer Zucatti
- Fetal Cardiology Unit, Institute of Cardiology/FUC, Avenida Princesa Isabel, 370, Porto Alegre, CEP 90620-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Dos Santos Marinho
- Fetal Cardiology Unit, Institute of Cardiology/FUC, Avenida Princesa Isabel, 370, Porto Alegre, CEP 90620-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Pozzobon
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro Rafael Magno
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | | | - Natassia Miranda Sulis
- Fetal Cardiology Unit, Institute of Cardiology/FUC, Avenida Princesa Isabel, 370, Porto Alegre, CEP 90620-000, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Cardoso
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel Mattos
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Antônio Naujorks
- Fetal Cardiology Unit, Institute of Cardiology/FUC, Avenida Princesa Isabel, 370, Porto Alegre, CEP 90620-000, Brazil
| | - Anize Delfino von Frankenberg
- Fetal Cardiology Unit, Institute of Cardiology/FUC, Avenida Princesa Isabel, 370, Porto Alegre, CEP 90620-000, Brazil
| | - Izabele Vian
- Fetal Cardiology Unit, Institute of Cardiology/FUC, Avenida Princesa Isabel, 370, Porto Alegre, CEP 90620-000, Brazil
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Lavorgna M, Pacifico S, Nugnes R, Russo C, Orlo E, Piccolella S, Isidori M. Theobromacacao Criollo var. Beans: Biological Properties and Chemical Profile. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030571. [PMID: 33803449 PMCID: PMC8001065 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Theobroma cacao provides precious products such as polyphenol-rich beans that are useful for nutraceutical purposes. The geographical area may influence the chemical composition of raw cocoa beans in terms of the polyphenols and biological qualities of the products. This work aimed to investigate the biological properties and the chemical composition of two different samples of Criollo var. cocoa raw beans coming from two areas (Indonesia; Peru). Beans underwent biphasic extraction obtaining lipophilic and hydroalcoholic extracts. The extracts were tested for antiradical, antimutagenic, and antigenotoxic effects. Cell viability inhibition toward breast, gastric/esophageal colorectal adenocarcinoma, and hepatoblastoma human cell lines was evaluated. Extracts were chemically investigated through UV-Vis spectroscopy and ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QqTOF MS/MS). Results showed that the Indonesian bean hydroalcoholic extracts were able to scavenge 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) cation radical better than the Peruvian hydroalcoholic extracts (ECs50: 72.63 vs. 322.20 μg/mL). Extracts showed antimutagenic and antigenotoxic activity. The viability inhibitory effect on breast and hepatic cancer cells was reached only for the Indonesian hydroalcoholic extracts at hundreds of μg/mL. Phenylpropenoyl-L-amino acids, hydroxycinnamoyl aminoacids conjugates, and procyanidin compounds were found mainly in the hydroalcoholic extracts, whereas fatty acids and lyso-phospholipids were found mainly in lipophilic fractions. Fatty acid and (epi)catechins appeared to be affected by different environmental conditions of the geographical areas.
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5
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Rivera-Romero O, Olmo A, Muñoz R, Stiefel P, Miranda ML, Beltrán LM. Mobile Health Solutions for Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy: Scoping Literature Review. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018; 6:e130. [PMID: 29848473 PMCID: PMC6000483 DOI: 10.2196/mhealth.9671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertensive disorders are the most common complications during pregnancy, occurring in 5% to 11% of pregnancies; gestational hypertension and preeclampsia are the leading causes of perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) where maternal and perinatal mortality ratios are still high. Pregnant women with hypertensive disorders could greatly benefit from mobile health (mHealth) solutions as a novel way to identify and control early symptoms, as shown in an increasing number of publications in the field. Such digital health solutions may overcome access limiting factors and the lack of skilled medical professionals and finances commonly presented in resource-poor environments. Objective The aim of this study was to conduct a literature review of mHealth solutions used as support in hypertensive disorders during pregnancy, with the objective to identify the most relevant protocols and prototypes that could influence and improve current clinical practice. Methods A methodological review following a scoping methodology was conducted. Manuscripts published in research journals reporting technical information of mHealth solutions for hypertensive disorders in pregnancy were included, categorizing articles in different groups: Diagnosis and Monitoring, mHealth Decision Support System, Education, and Health Promotion, and seven research questions were posed to study the manuscripts. Results The search in electronic research databases yielded 327 articles. After removing duplicates, 230 articles were selected for screening. Finally, 11 articles met the inclusion criteria, and data were extracted from them. Very positive results in the improvement of maternal health and acceptability of solutions were found, although most of the studies involved a small number of participants, and none were complete clinical studies. Accordingly, none of the reported prototypes were integrated in the different health care systems. Only 4 studies used sensors for physiological measurements, and only 2 used blood pressure sensors despite the importance of this physiological parameter in the control of hypertension. The reported mHealth solutions have great potential to improve clinical practice in areas lacking skilled medical professionals or with a low health care budget, of special relevance in LMIC, although again, no extensive clinical validation has been carried out in these environments. Conclusions mHealth solutions hold enormous potential to support hypertensive disorders during pregnancy and improve current clinical practice. Although very positive results have been reported in terms of usability and the improvement of maternal health, rigorous complete clinical trials are still necessary to support integration in health care systems. There is a clear need for simple mHealth solutions specifically developed for resource-poor environments that meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG); of enormous interest in LMIC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Olmo
- Department of Electronic Technology, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rocío Muñoz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Laboratorio de Hipertensión Arterial e Hipercolesterolemia, Servicio Andaluz de Salud / Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas / Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Pablo Stiefel
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Laboratorio de Hipertensión Arterial e Hipercolesterolemia, Servicio Andaluz de Salud / Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas / Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Luisa Miranda
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Laboratorio de Hipertensión Arterial e Hipercolesterolemia, Servicio Andaluz de Salud / Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas / Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis M Beltrán
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Laboratorio de Hipertensión Arterial e Hipercolesterolemia, Servicio Andaluz de Salud / Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas / Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
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6
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Latif R. Maternal and fetal effects of chocolate consumption during pregnancy: a systematic review. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1449200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Latif
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Gnanendran S, Porrett J, Woods C, Buttrose M, Jukka C, Hollins J, Robson S, de Costa C. A randomised controlled trial of consumption of dark chocolate in pregnancy to reduce pre-eclampsia: Difficulties in recruitment, allocation and adherence. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2017; 58:358-361. [PMID: 28913824 DOI: 10.1111/ajo.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In 2013-2014 we undertook a randomised controlled trial (RCT) to determine whether the daily ingestion of dark chocolate during pregnancy could reduce the incidence of pre-eclampsia in primigravidae. However, after two years we had not succeeded in recruiting more than 3.5% of the number of participants required to answer the research question, and the trial was halted. We also reviewed the literature on this topic and found it to be limited. We report here our findings and discuss the difficulties facing researchers in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subashini Gnanendran
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Jemma Porrett
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Cindy Woods
- School of Health, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Maryke Buttrose
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Clare Jukka
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Atherton, QLD, Australia
| | - Jane Hollins
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen Robson
- John James Medical Centre, Deakin, ACT, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Caroline de Costa
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
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8
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von Wowern E, Olofsson P. Can flavonoid-rich chocolate modulate arterial elasticity and pathological uterine artery Doppler blood flow in pregnant women? A pilot study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017; 31:2293-2298. [PMID: 28612673 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1341483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dark chocolate has shown beneficial effects on cardiovascular health and might also modulate hypertensive complications in pregnancy and uteroplacental blood flow. Increased uteroplacental resistance is associated with systemic arterial stiffness. We aimed to investigate the short-term effect of flavonoid-rich chocolate on arterial stiffness and Doppler blood flow velocimetry indexes in pregnant women with compromised uteroplacental blood flow. METHODS Doppler blood flow velocimetry and digital pulse wave analysis (DPA) were performed in 25 women pregnant in the second and third trimesters with uterine artery (UtA) score (UAS) 3-4, before and after 3 days of ingestion of chocolate with high flavonoid and antioxidant contents. UtA pulsatility index (PI), UtA diastolic notching, UAS (semiquantitative measure of PI and notching combined), and umbilical artery PI were calculated, and DPA variables representing central and peripheral maternal arteries were recorded. RESULTS Mean UtA PI (p = .049) and UAS (p = .025) significantly decreased after chocolate consumption. There were no significant changes in UtA diastolic notching or any DPA indexes of arterial stiffness/vascular tone. CONCLUSION Chocolate may have beneficial effects on the uteroplacental circulation, but in this pilot study, we could not demonstrate effects on arterial vascular tone as assessed by DPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma von Wowern
- a Institution of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
| | - Per Olofsson
- a Institution of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
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Bujold E, Leblanc V, Lavoie-Lebel É, Babar A, Girard M, Poungui L, Blanchet C, Marc I, Lemieux S, Belkacem A, Sidi EL, Dodin S. High-flavanol and high-theobromine versus low-flavanol and low-theobromine chocolate to improve uterine artery pulsatility index: a double blind randomized clinical trial. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2016; 30:2062-2067. [DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2016.1236250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Bujold
- Research Center, Center Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada,
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, Université Laval, Québec, Canada, and
| | - Vicky Leblanc
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Élise Lavoie-Lebel
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Asma Babar
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, Université Laval, Québec, Canada, and
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Mario Girard
- Research Center, Center Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada,
| | - Lionel Poungui
- Research Center, Center Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada,
| | - Claudine Blanchet
- Research Center, Center Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada,
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Marc
- Research Center, Center Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada,
| | - Simone Lemieux
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Abdous Belkacem
- Research Center, Center Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada,
| | - Elhadji Laouan Sidi
- Research Center, Center Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada,
| | - Sylvie Dodin
- Research Center, Center Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada,
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, Université Laval, Québec, Canada, and
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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10
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The Impact of Cocoa Flavanols on Cardiovascular Health. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1641-1657. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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11
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Albertini B, Schoubben A, Guarnaccia D, Pinelli F, Della Vecchia M, Ricci M, Di Renzo GC, Blasi P. Effect of fermentation and drying on cocoa polyphenols. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9948-9953. [PMID: 26086521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cocoa seed polyphenols have demonstrated interesting beneficial effects in humans. Most polyphenols contained in fresh seeds are chemically modified during fermentation, drying, and cocoa powder or chocolate production. The improvement of these procedures to obtain a high-polyphenol-content cocoa is highly desirable. To this aim, a field investigation on the effect of fermentation and natural drying on fine flavor National cocoa (cacao Nacional) was performed. Cocoa seeds were fermented for 6 days and, every day, samples were sun-dried and analyzed for polyphenol content and antioxidant power. During the first 2 days of fermentation, Folin-Ciocalteu and FRAP tests evidenced a significant reduction of polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity, respectively. Changes during the following days of fermentation were less significant. Epicatechin, the most studied member of the catechin family, followed a similar pathway of degradation. Data confirmed the high impact of fermentation and drying on cocoa seed polyphenols. Fermentation and drying are, on the one hand, necessary to obtain cocoa flavor and palatability but, on the other hand, are responsible for greatly compromising polyphenol content. To obtain high-polyphenol-content cocoa, the existing fermentation, drying, and manufacturing protocols should be scientifically reviewed to understand and modify the critical steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Albertini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia , 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Aurélie Schoubben
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia , 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Davide Guarnaccia
- Laerbium Pharma S.r.l., Via Togliatti n. 73/A, 06073 Corciano, Perugia, Italy
| | - Filippo Pinelli
- European Network "The chocolate way", Via XX Settembre 43, 06124 Perugia, Italy
| | - Mirco Della Vecchia
- Accademia Maestri Cioccolatieri Italiani, Via Sass Muss 6, 32037 Sospirolo, Belluno, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ricci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia , 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Gian Carlo Di Renzo
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, S. M. della Misericordia Hospital , S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06156 Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Blasi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino , Via Sant'Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The most common method of antepartum fetal surveillance is the nonstress test (NST). Although it has satisfactory false-negative rates, dubious nonreactive results may challenge the physician. Any method or factor increasing the reactive NST results or shortening the time to attain a reactive test may be considerably useful. RECENT FINDINGS Most of the studies have found no effect of maternal glucose administration on fetal heart rate and fetal activity, specificity of NST, time to reactivity and percentage of reactive NST results when compared with the control group. Maternal intake of 70% cocoa or caffeine had stimulating action on the fetal reactivity, and this effect on the fetal heart rate was more marked with high concentrations of cocoa (80%). Studies on maternal positioning during NST had equivocal results. Fetal manipulation has no impact on the NST reactivity. Vibroacoustic and halogen light stimulation may be associated with a reduction in time to reactivity. SUMMARY These methods may increase the reactivity during a NST and may facilitate the antenatal fetal surveillance.
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Magee LA, Pels A, Helewa M, Rey E, von Dadelszen P. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Pregnancy Hypertens 2014; 4:105-45. [PMID: 26104418 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This guideline summarizes the quality of the evidence to date and provides a reasonable approach to the diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP). EVIDENCE The literature reviewed included the previous Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC) HDP guidelines from 2008 and their reference lists, and an update from 2006. Medline, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials (CCRCT) and Database of Abstracts and Reviews of Effects (DARE) were searched for literature published between January 2006 and March 2012. Articles were restricted to those published in French or English. Recommendations were evaluated using the criteria of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care and GRADE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anouk Pels
- Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Carrieri MP, Lions C, Sogni P, Winnock M, Roux P, Mora M, Bonnard P, Salmon D, Dabis F, Spire B. Association between elevated coffee consumption and daily chocolate intake with normal liver enzymes in HIV-HCV infected individuals: results from the ANRS CO13 HEPAVIH cohort study. J Hepatol 2014; 60:46-53. [PMID: 23978720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We used longitudinal data from the ANRS CO13 HEPAVIH cohort study of HIV-HCV co-infected individuals to investigate whether polyphenol rich food intake through coffee and/or daily chocolate consumption could play a role in reducing liver enzymes levels. METHODS Longitudinal data collection included self-administered questionnaires and medical data (aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) liver enzymes). Two analyses were performed to assess the association between coffee (≥3 cups a day) and daily chocolate intake and abnormal values of AST and ALT (AST or ALT >2.5 × upper normal limit (UNL)) (N=990) over time, after adjustment for known correlates. Logistic regression models based on generalized estimating equations were used to take into account the correlations between repeated measures and estimate adjusted odds ratio. RESULTS After adjustment, patients reporting elevated coffee consumption and daily chocolate intake were less likely to present abnormal ALT (OR=0.65; p=0.04 and OR=0.57; p=0.04, for coffee and chocolate respectively), while only patients reporting elevated coffee consumption were less likely to have abnormal AST values (p=0.05). Nevertheless, the combined indicator of coffee and chocolate intake was most significantly associated with approximately 40% reduced risk of abnormal liver enzymes (p=0.003 for AST; p=0.002 for ALT). CONCLUSIONS Elevated coffee consumption and daily chocolate intake appear to be associated with reduced levels of liver enzymes in HIV-HCV co-infected patients. Further experimental and observational research is needed to better understand the role that polyphenol intake or supplementation can play on liver disease and liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Patrizia Carrieri
- INSERM, U912 (SESSTIM), Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, UMR-S912, Marseille, France; ORS PACA, Observatoire Régional de la Santé Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France.
| | - Caroline Lions
- INSERM, U912 (SESSTIM), Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, UMR-S912, Marseille, France; ORS PACA, Observatoire Régional de la Santé Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Sogni
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris-Descartes, INSERM U567-CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France; APHP, Hôpital Cochin, Service d'Hépatologie, Paris, France
| | - Maria Winnock
- INSERM, U897 and ISPED, Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France
| | - Perrine Roux
- INSERM, U912 (SESSTIM), Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, UMR-S912, Marseille, France; ORS PACA, Observatoire Régional de la Santé Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France
| | - Marion Mora
- INSERM, U912 (SESSTIM), Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, UMR-S912, Marseille, France; ORS PACA, Observatoire Régional de la Santé Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Bonnard
- Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Tenon, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UPMC Paris Liver Center, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Salmon
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - François Dabis
- INSERM, U897 and ISPED, Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France
| | - Bruno Spire
- INSERM, U912 (SESSTIM), Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, UMR-S912, Marseille, France; ORS PACA, Observatoire Régional de la Santé Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France
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Mogollon JA, Bujold E, Lemieux S, Bourdages M, Blanchet C, Bazinet L, Couillard C, Noël M, Dodin S. Blood pressure and endothelial function in healthy, pregnant women after acute and daily consumption of flavanol-rich chocolate: a pilot, randomized controlled trial. Nutr J 2013; 12:41. [PMID: 23565841 PMCID: PMC3635935 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several randomized clinical trials (RCTs) indicate that flavanol-rich chocolate has beneficial effects on flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and blood pressure (BP). However, no RCTs have evaluated these outcomes in pregnant women. The objective of this 2-group, parallel, double-blind RCT was to examine the effects of flavanol-rich chocolate on FMD and BP in pregnant women with normal BP. Methods Forty-four healthy, pregnant women were randomized to the high-flavanol (n = 23) or low-flavanol (n = 21) chocolate consumption for 12 weeks. At randomization (0, 60, 120 and 180 min after a single 40-g dose of chocolate), 6 and 12 weeks after daily 20-g chocolate intake, we evaluated plasma concentrations of flavanols and theobromine, as well as the FMD and BP. Results Plasma epicatechin was significantly increased (p < 0.001) 180 min after the consumption of 40-g high-flavanol chocolate compared to low-flavanol chocolate. Theobromine concentrations were significantly higher 180 min and 12 weeks after the intake of experimental chocolate or low-flavanol chocolate (p < 0.001). FMD was not different between the 2 groups at all pre-defined time periods. No other significant within-group or between-group changes were observed. Conclusion These results confirm the feasibility of a large-scale RCT comparing daily consumption of flavanol-rich chocolate to an equivalent placebo during pregnancy and demonstrate higher plasma epicatechin and theobromine concentration in the intervention group after acute ingestion Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01659060
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Esin S, Baser E, Cakir C, Ustun Tuncal GN, Kucukozkan T. Chocolate or orange juice for non-reactive non-stress test (NST) patterns: a randomized prospective controlled study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 26:915-9. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2013.766698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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