Haemophilia in extreme immature preterm infants: increased risk for intracranial haemorrhage?

Intracranial Hemorrhages in Neonates: Incidence, Risk Factors and Treatment

Hemostasis is a dynamic process that starts in utero. Neonates, especially those who are born preterm, are at high risk of bleeding. The coagulation system evolves with age, and the decreased levels of coagulation factors along with hypo-reactive platelets are counterbalanced with increased activity of von Willebrand factor, high hematocrit and mean corpuscular volume as well as low levels of coagulation inhibitors that promote hemostasis. Neonates with congenital bleeding disorders such as hemophilia are at even higher risk of bleeding complications. This review will focus upon one of the most devastating complications associated with neonatal bleeding: intracranial hemorrhages (ICH). While etiology may be multifactorial and impacted by maternal as well as fetal risk factors, the mode of delivery certainly plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ICH. We will address prematurity and congenital bleeding disorders such as hemophilia A and B and other rare bleeding disorders as risk factors and present an updated approach for treatment and possible prevention.

Severe haemophilia A in a preterm girl with Turner syndrome: case report - a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for a paediatrician (Part 2)

BACKGROUND

Haemophilia A is an X-linked genetic condition which manifests itself mainly in male children in the first 2 years of life, during gross motor skill development. This disorder is rare in females. The clinical manifestation of severe haemophilia in preterm infants poses a great challenge to the therapeutic team. As extreme prematurity is linked to an increased risk of central nervous system or gastrointestinal bleeding, a well-informed and balanced treatment from the first days of life is crucial to prevent long-term damage. Haemophilia is most commonly caused by inheriting defective genes, and can also be linked to skewed X inactivation and Turner syndrome. The coincidental occurrence of haemophilia A and Turner syndrome is extremely rare, with only isolated cases described to date. Hence, a multidisciplinary approach is needed.

CASE PRESENTATION

The authors report on a preterm girl (gestational age 28 weeks) diagnosed with haemophilia and Turner syndrome. The first manifestation of haemophilia was prolonged bleeding from injection sites on the second day of life. Indeterminate aPTT and factor VIII level < 1% confirmed the diagnosis of haemophilia A. Dysmorphic features which did not match the typical clinical picture of haemophilia, the female sex, and a negative paternal family history led to the diagnosis of Turner syndrome. While in hospital, the girl received multiple doses of recombinant factor VIII in response to prolonged bleedings from the injection sites and from a nodule on the girl's head, and before and after retinal laser photocoagulation. No central nervous system or abdominal cavity bleeding was observed. The substitutive therapy was complicated by the development of factor VIII inhibitor (anti-factor VIII (FVIII) antibodies). Treatment was continued with recombinant factor VIIa. This article aims at demonstrating the complexity of the diagnostics and treatment of a preterm child with two genetic disorders.

CONCLUSIONS

Haemophilia should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of prolonged bleeding, even in patients with a negative family history. In the case of coinciding atypical phenotypic features, further diagnostics for another genetic disease are recommended. Infant care should follow current care standards, while considering certain individual features.

Severe haemophilia a in a preterm girl with turner syndrome - a case report from the prenatal period to early infancy (part I)

BACKGROUND

Bleedings are more frequent in the population of preterm children than among those born at term, much less in older children. The reasons for such bleedings in preterms include plasma factor deficiencies, immaturity of small vessels in the germinal matrix region, prenatal hypoxia or sepsis. They affect the brain tissue, the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory system, or are manifested by prolonged bleedings from injection sites. Haemophilia is a rare cause of haemorrhages in the neonatal period, and in the female population it is even seen as an extremely rare disorder. Its aetiology in girls is diverse: inheriting defective genes from their parents, skewed X inactivation or a single X chromosome.

CASE PRESENTATION

The article presents a case of a preterm girl born in the 28th week of pregnancy, who was diagnosed with severe haemophilia A stemming from the absence of the X chromosome. The girl's father is healthy, but her mother's brother suffers from haemophilia. On the second day of the child's life, a prolonged bleeding from the injection site was observed. A coagulation profile revealed prolonged APTT which pointed to haemophilia A diagnosis. Moreover, a marked clinical dysmorphy, female sex and a negative family history on the father's side led the treating team to extend the diagnostic procedures to encompass karyotype evaluation. The girl was diagnosed with Turner syndrome. No bleeding to the central nervous system was observed during her hospital stay.

CONCLUSIONS

Preterm children belong to the risk group of bleeding into the central nervous system or haemorrhages in the course of sepsis. Rare causes of such bleedings should also be borne in mind, including haemophilia. The initial symptoms of haemophilia in preterm children occur in the first days of their lives, which is connected with a number of invasive procedures required in that period. Genetic conditions may coexist with one another. Arriving at one diagnosis does not mean one should abandon further diagnostic procedures in cases where additional atypical symptoms are present which do not match the clinical image of a primary disease.

Intracranial Hemorrhage in Children With Inherited Bleeding Disorders: A Single Center Study in China

BACKGROUND

Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a life-threatening condition in children. Inherited bleeding disorders (IBD) have high risk of ICH.

AIM

This single center study aims to identify the incidence, risk factors, and neurological outcome of ICH in children who suffer from IBD.

METHODS

From 2005 to 2017, 241 children with IBDs from Nanfang hospital, Department of Pediatrics, were evaluated. The ICH episodes were identified by medical history, general physical examination, detailed neurological examination, and computed tomographic or magnetic resonance imaging examination. The risk factors, location of ICH, management strategies, and outcome were noted.

RESULTS

ICH was confirmed in 54/241 (22.4%) children with IBD among them 52/54 (96.2%) (95% confidence interval [CI], 91.1%-99.9%) were hemophilia A and hemophilia B patients. The overall risk of ICH among children with IBD was 22.4% (95% CI, 17.2%-27.8%). The median age of ICH was 30 months (0 to 204) and 18/54 (33.3%) (95% CI, 20.3%-46.3%) children had an ICH in the first year of life. Twenty-eight of 52 (53.8%) hemophilic children with ICH were assessed for inhibitor of FVIII and FIX. Nine of 28 (32%) hemophilic children with inhibitor developed the ICH. Six of 52 (11.5%) (95% CI, 2.6%-20.5%) hemophilic children had multiple episodes of ICH in which 4 were inhibitor positive. Thirteen of 54 (24%) (95% CI, 12.3%-35.9%) had positive family history of IBD. Twenty-two (36%) (95% CI, 23.7%-48.5%) of 61 ICH episodes were caused by trauma and 39 (63.9%) (95% CI, 51.5%-76.3%) were nontrauma related. Subdural hematoma was most frequently observed. Mortality risk from ICH in children with IBD was 5/54 (9.2%) (95% CI, 1.3%-17.2%). Eleven (22.4%) (95% CI, 10.3%-34.6%) of 49 survivors had known neurological squeal, whereas 38 (77.5%) (95% CI, 65.4%-89.7%) had no documented evidence of neurological impairment.

CONCLUSIONS

Hemophilia is the most common IBD and most frequently associated with ICH. Risk and consequences of ICH in IBD were high during the first year of life while in older children better outcome may be expected. The optimal management of ICH depends on immediate recognition and prompt replacement therapy.

A Practical Guide to the Management of the Fetus and Newborn With Hemophilia

Newborns with hemophilia are at risk of intracranial hemorrhage, extracranial hemorrhage, and other bleeding complications. The safe delivery of a healthy newborn with hemophilia is a complex process that can begin even before conception, and continues throughout pregnancy, birth, and the newborn period. This process involves the expectant parents and a wide variety of health-care professionals: genetic counselors, obstetricians, neonatologists, pediatricians, radiologists, adult and pediatric hematologists, and nurses with expertise in hemophilia. Because of this multidisciplinary complexity, the relative rarity of births of newborns with hemophilia, and the lack of high-quality evidence to inform decisions, there is considerable variation in practice in this area. We present a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach, from preconception counseling to discharge planning after birth, and describe available options for management decisions. We highlight a number of areas of important uncertainty and controversy, including the preferred mode of delivery, the appropriate use and timing of neuroimaging tests, and the appropriate use of clotting factor concentrates in the newborn period. While the approach presented here will aid clinicians in planning and providing care, further research is required to optimize the care of newborns with hemophilia.