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Cordelli E, Ardoino L, Benassi B, Consales C, Eleuteri P, Marino C, Sciortino M, Villani P, Brinkworth MH, Chen G, McNamee JP, Wood AW, Belackova L, Verbeek J, Pacchierotti F. Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field (RF-EMF) exposure on pregnancy and birth outcomes: A systematic review of experimental studies on non-human mammals. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 180:108178. [PMID: 37729852 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization is coordinating an international project aimed at systematically reviewing the evidence regarding the association between radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure and adverse health effects. Within the project, 6 topics have been prioritized by an expert group, which include reproductive health outcomes. OBJECTIVES According to the protocol published in 2021, a systematic review and meta-analyses on the adverse effects of RF-EMF exposure during pregnancy in offspring of experimental animals were conducted. METHODS Three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus and EMF Portal) were last searched on September 8 or 17, 2022. Based on predefined selection criteria, the obtained references were screened by two independent reviewers. Studies were included if they met the following criteria: 1) original, sham controlled experimental study on non-human mammals exposed in utero, published in peer-reviewed journals, 2) the experimental RF-EMF exposure was within the frequency range 100 kHz-300 GHz, 3) the effects of RF-EMF exposure on fecundity (litter size, embryonic/fetal losses), on the offspring health at birth (decrease of weight or length, congenital malformations, changes of sex ratio) or on delayed effects (neurocognitive alterations, female infertility or early-onset cancer) were studied. Study characteristics and outcome data were extracted by two reviewers. Risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using the Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) guidelines. Study results were pooled in a random effects meta-analysis comparing average exposure to no-exposure and in a dose-response meta-analysis using all exposure doses, after exclusion of studies that were rated at "high concern" for RoB. Subgroup analyses were conducted for species, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and temperature increase. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) approach. RESULTS Eighty-eight papers could be included in this review. Effects on fecundity. The meta-analysis of studies on litter size, conducted at a whole-body average SAR of 4.92 W/kg, did not show an effect of RF-EMF exposure (MD 0.05; 95% CI -0.21 to 0.30). The meta-analysis of studies on resorbed and dead fetuses, conducted at a whole-body average SAR of 20.26 W/kg, showed a significant increase of the incidence in RF-EMF exposed animals (OR 1.84; 95% CI 1.27 to 2.66). The results were similar in the dose-response analysis. Effects on the offspring health at birth. The meta-analysis of studies on fetal weight, conducted at a whole-body average SAR of 9.83 W/kg, showed a small decrease in RF-EMF exposed animals (SMD 0.31; 95% CI 0.15 to 0.48). The meta-analysis of studies on fetal length, conducted at a whole-body average SAR of 4.55 W/kg, showed a moderate decrease in length at birth (SMD 0.45; 95% CI 0.07 to 0.83). The meta-analysis of studies on the percentage of fetuses with malformations, conducted at a whole-body average SAR of 6.75 W/kg, showed a moderate increase in RF-EMF exposed animals (SMD -0.45; 95% CI -0.68 to -0.23). The meta-analysis of studies on the incidence of litters with malformed fetuses, conducted at a whole-body average SAR of 16.63 W/kg, showed a statistically significant detrimental RF-EMF effect (OR 3.22; 95% CI 1.9 to 5.46). The results were similar in the dose-response analyses. Delayed effects on the offspring health. RF-EMF exposure was not associated with detrimental effects on brain weight (SMD 0.10; 95% CI -0.09 to 0.29) and on learning and memory functions (SMD -0.54; 95% CI -1.24 to 0.17). RF-EMF exposure was associated with a large detrimental effect on motor activity functions (SMD 0.79; 95% CI 0.21 to 1.38) and a moderate detrimental effect on motor and sensory functions (SMD -0.66; 95% CI -1.18 to -0.14). RF-EMF exposure was not associated with a decrease of the size of litters conceived by F2 female offspring (SMD 0.08; 95% CI -0.39 to 0.55). Notably, meta-analyses of neurobehavioural effects were based on few studies, which suffered of lack of independent replication deriving from only few laboratories. DISCUSSION There was high certainty in the evidence for a lack of association of RF-EMF exposure with litter size. We attributed a moderate certainty to the evidence of a small detrimental effect on fetal weight. We also attributed a moderate certainty to the evidence of a lack of delayed effects on the offspring brain weight. For most of the other endpoints assessed by the meta-analyses, detrimental RF-EMF effects were shown, however the evidence was attributed a low or very low certainty. The body of evidence had limitations that did not allow an assessment of whether RF-EMF may affect pregnancy outcomes at exposure levels below those eliciting a well-known adverse heating impact. In conclusion, in utero RF-EMF exposure does not have a detrimental effect on fecundity and likely affects offspring health at birth, based on the meta-analysis of studies in experimental mammals on litter size and fetal weight, respectively. Regarding possible delayed effects of in utero exposure, RF-EMF probably does not affect offspring brain weight and may not decrease female offspring fertility; on the other hand, RF-EMF may have a detrimental impact on neurobehavioural functions, varying in magnitude for different endpoints, but these last findings are very uncertain. Further research is needed on the effects at birth and delayed effects with sample sizes adequate for detecting a small effect. Future studies should use standardized endpoints for testing prenatal developmental toxicity and developmental neurotoxicity (OECD TG 414 and 426), improve the description of the exposure system design and exposure conditions, conduct appropriate dosimetry characterization, blind endpoint analysis and include several exposure levels to better enable the assessment of a dose-response relationship. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION AND PUBLICATION The protocol was published in Pacchierotti et al., 2021 and registered in PROSPERO CRD42021227746 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=227746).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Cordelli
- Division Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy.
| | - Lucia Ardoino
- Division Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Benassi
- Division Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Consales
- Division Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Eleuteri
- Division Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Marino
- Division Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paola Villani
- Division Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Martin H Brinkworth
- School of Chemistry and Bioscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Guangdi Chen
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - James P McNamee
- Non-Ionizing Radiation Health Sciences Division, Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Andrew W Wood
- Department of Health Sciences and Biostatistics, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Lea Belackova
- University Medical Centers Amsterdam, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Cochrane Work, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Verbeek
- University Medical Centers Amsterdam, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Cochrane Work, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Pacchierotti
- Division Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy.
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Jangid P, Rai U, Sharma RS, Singh R. The role of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation on female fertility: A review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2023; 33:358-373. [PMID: 35132884 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2030676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With increasing technological developments, exposure to non-ionizing radiations has become unavoidable as people cannot escape from electromagnetic field sources, such as Wi-Fi, electric wires, microwave oven, radio, telecommunication, bluetooth devices, etc. These radiations can be associated with increased health problems of the users. This review aims to determine the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiations on female fertility. To date, several in vitro and in vivo studies unveiled that exposure to non-ionizing radiations brings about harmful effects on oocytes, ovarian follicles, endometrial tissue, estrous cycle, reproductive endocrine hormones, developing embryo, and fetal development in animal models. Non-ionizing radiation also upsurges the free radical load in the uterus and ovary, which leads to inhibition of cell growth and DNA disruptions. In conclusion, non-ionizing electromagnetic radiations can cause alterations in both germ cells as well as in their nourishing environment and also affect other female reproductive parameters that might lead to infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Jangid
- Department of Environmental Studies, Satyawati College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Umesh Rai
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Radhey Shyam Sharma
- Department of RBMH & CH, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajeev Singh
- Department of Environmental Studies, Satyawati College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Kilic A, Ustunova S, Bulut H, Meral I. Pre and postnatal exposure to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields induce inflammation and oxidative stress, and alter renin-angiotensin system components differently in male and female offsprings. Life Sci 2023; 321:121627. [PMID: 36997060 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study was designed to investigate inflammation, oxidative stress and renin-angiotensin system components in brain and kidney tissues of female and male rats prenatally and/or postnatally exposed to 900 MHz electromagnetic field (EMF). It is aimed to evaluate the biological effects of 900 MHz EMF exposure due to the increase in mobile phone use and especially the more widespread use of the GSM 900 system. MAIN METHODS Male and female Wistar albino offsprings were divided into four groups of control, prenatal, postnatal, and prenatal+postnatal exposed to 900 MHz EMF for 1 h/day (23 days during pregnancy for prenatal period, 40 days for postnatal period). The brain and kidney tissues were collected when they reached puberty. KEY FINDINGS It was found that the total oxidant status, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α levels increased (p < 0.001) and the total antioxidant status levels decreased (p < 0.001) in all three EMF groups comparing to controls in both male and female brain and kidney tissues. The renin- angiotensin system components such as angiotensinogen, renin, angiotensin type 1 and type 2 receptors, and MAS1-like G protein-coupled receptor expression were higher (p < 0.001) in all three EMF exposure groups comparing to controls in both male and female brain and kidney tissues. Although there are some differences of the levels of proinflammatory markers, ROS components and RAS components in brain and kidney tissues between males and females, the common result of all groups was increase in oxidative stress, inflammation markers and angiotensin system components with exposure to 900 MHz EMF. SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, our study suggested that the 900 MHz EMF can activate brain and kidney renin-angiotensin system, and this activation is maybe related to inflammation and oxidative stress in both male and female offsprings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysu Kilic
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Savas Ustunova
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Huri Bulut
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismail Meral
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Ersoy N, Acikgoz B, Aksu I, Kiray A, Bagriyanik HA, Kiray M. The Effects of Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure to 50-Hz and 3 mT Electromagnetic Field on Rat Testicular Development. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 59:medicina59010071. [PMID: 36676695 PMCID: PMC9867318 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: It has been shown that electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have negative effects on the reproductive system. The biological effects of EMF on the male reproductive system are controversial and vary depending on the frequency and exposure time. Although a limited number of studies have focused on the structural and functional effects of EMF, the effects of prenatal and postnatal EMF exposure on testes are not clear. We aimed to investigate the effects of 50-Hz, 3-mT EMF exposure (5 days/wk, 4 h/day) during pre- and postnatal periods on testis development. Materials and Methods: Pups from three groups of Sprague-Dawley pregnant rats were used: Sham, EMF-28 (EMF-exposure applied during pregnancy and until postnatal day 28), EMF-42 (EMF-exposure applied during pregnancy and until postnatal day 42). The testis tissues and blood samples of male offspring were collected on the postnatal day 42. Results: Morphometric analyses showed a decrease in seminiferous tubule diameter as a result of testicular degeneration in the EMF-42 group. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were decreased in the EMF-42 group. Lipid peroxidation levels were increased in both EMF groups, while antioxidant levels were decreased only in the EMF-28 group. We found decreased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) in the EMF-42 group, and decreased levels of the SRC homology 3 (SH3) and multiple ankyrin repeat domain (SHANK3) in the EMF-28 group in the testis tissue. Conclusions: EMF exposure during pre- and postnatal periods may cause deterioration in the structure and function of testis and decrease in growing factors that would affect testicular functions in male rat pups. In addition to the oxidative stress observed in testis, decreased SHANK3, VEGF, and IGF1 protein levels suggests that these proteins may be mediators in testis affected by EMF exposure. This study shows that EMF exposure during embryonic development and adolescence can cause apoptosis and structural changes in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevin Ersoy
- Department of Histology&Embryology, Medical Faculty, Dokuz Eylul University, 35330 Izmir, Turkey
- Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35330 Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genom Center, 35330 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Burcu Acikgoz
- Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35330 Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Dokuz Eylul University, 35330 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ilkay Aksu
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Dokuz Eylul University, 35330 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Amac Kiray
- Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Dokuz Eylul University, 35330 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Husnu Alper Bagriyanik
- Department of Histology&Embryology, Medical Faculty, Dokuz Eylul University, 35330 Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genom Center, 35330 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Muge Kiray
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Dokuz Eylul University, 35330 Izmir, Turkey
- Correspondence:
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Chen JS, Tsai LK, Yeh TY, Li TS, Li CH, Wei ZH, Lo NW, Ju JC. Effects of electromagnetic waves on oocyte maturation and embryonic development in pigs. J Reprod Dev 2021; 67:392-401. [PMID: 34690215 PMCID: PMC8668371 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2021-074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our living environment has been full of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) due to the prevailing electronic devices and equipment. Intermediate frequency electromagnetic field (IF-EMF) or waves constitute a significant part of EMR; therefore, an increasing number of household electrical appliances have become a source of IF-EMF, and concerns about IF-EMF on health are gaining more attention. However, little information is available about its impact on female reproductive traits, such as germ cell viability and early embryonic development, particularly at the cellular and molecular levels. In this study, we used porcine oocytes as a model system to explore the effect of IF-EMF at various intensities on the in vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes and their subsequent embryonic development. Our results showed that no difference in oocyte maturation rates was detected among groups, but the cleavage and blastocyst rates of parthenotes derived from EMF-treated oocytes decreased with the weaker IF-EMF intensity (25 and 50 Gauss, G) groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05). For cytoplasmic maturation, the weaker IF-EMF intensity groups also showed a peripheral pattern of mitochondrial distribution resembling that of immature oocytes and increased autophagy activity. No obvious differences in cytoskeletal distribution and total cell numbers of blastocysts were investigated in the four IF-EMF treatments compared to those in the control group. Although the underlying mechanism associated with EMF effects on oocytes and embryos is still elusive, we have demonstrated that low intensity IF-EMF exerts harmful effects on porcine oocytes during the maturation stage, carrying over such effects to their subsequent embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Si Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Li-Kuang Tsai
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Yeh
- Ph.D. Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Tzai-Shiuan Li
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Li
- Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Zung-Hang Wei
- Department of Research and Development, Weistron Co., Ltd., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Neng-Wen Lo
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Cherng Ju
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.,Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.,Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.,Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
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Schuermann D, Mevissen M. Manmade Electromagnetic Fields and Oxidative Stress-Biological Effects and Consequences for Health. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073772. [PMID: 33917298 PMCID: PMC8038719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Concomitant with the ever-expanding use of electrical appliances and mobile communication systems, public and occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) in the extremely-low-frequency and radiofrequency range has become a widely debated environmental risk factor for health. Radiofrequency (RF) EMF and extremely-low-frequency (ELF) MF have been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), potentially leading to cellular or systemic oxidative stress, was frequently found to be influenced by EMF exposure in animals and cells. In this review, we summarize key experimental findings on oxidative stress related to EMF exposure from animal and cell studies of the last decade. The observations are discussed in the context of molecular mechanisms and functionalities relevant to health such as neurological function, genome stability, immune response, and reproduction. Most animal and many cell studies showed increased oxidative stress caused by RF-EMF and ELF-MF. In order to estimate the risk for human health by manmade exposure, experimental studies in humans and epidemiological studies need to be considered as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schuermann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Meike Mevissen
- Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 124, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (M.M.)
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Burcu A, Nevin E, Ilkay A, Amac K, Alper BH, Muge K. The effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure to electromagnetic field on rat ovarian tissue. Toxicol Ind Health 2020; 36:1010-1018. [PMID: 33190593 DOI: 10.1177/0748233720973136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to an electromagnetic field (EMF) can have adverse effects on many organs and tissues, including the reproductive system. This study aimed to investigate the effects of EMF exposure during prenatal and postnatal periods on ovarian development in rat offspring. In this study, rat pups born from eight pregnant rats were used. EMF exposure was initiated on the first day of pregnancy and continued until the 42nd postnatal day. The blood and ovarian tissue samples of female offspring in sham and EMF groups were collected when they reached the age of 42 days. Follicle-stimulating hormone levels were significantly higher in the EMF group than in the sham group. Estradiol levels were significantly lower in the EMF group than in the sham group. Tissue-inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels and expression were significantly greater in the EMF group than in the sham group. In the EMF group, congestion, bleeding areas, and degeneration of follicle structures were observed in ovarian tissue. The findings suggest that exposure to 50-Hz, 3-mT EMF used in this study during prenatal and postnatal periods may lead to impaired ovarian structure and function in female offspring. EMF may affect ovarian physiology by increasing iNOS levels and may lead to fertility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acikgoz Burcu
- Department of Physiology, 37508Dokuz Eylul University, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ersoy Nevin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, 37508Dokuz Eylul University, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aksu Ilkay
- Department of Physiology, 37508Dokuz Eylul University, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kiray Amac
- Department of Anatomy, 37508Dokuz Eylul University, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bagriyanik Husnu Alper
- Department of Histology and Embryology, 37508Dokuz Eylul University, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kiray Muge
- Department of Physiology, 37508Dokuz Eylul University, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
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Broom KA, Findlay R, Addison DS, Goiceanu C, Sienkiewicz Z. Early-Life Exposure to Pulsed LTE Radiofrequency Fields Causes Persistent Changes in Activity and Behavior in C57BL/6 J Mice. Bioelectromagnetics 2019; 40:498-511. [PMID: 31522469 PMCID: PMC6790696 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite much research, gaps remain in knowledge about the potential health effects of exposure to radiofrequency (RF) fields. This study investigated the effects of early-life exposure to pulsed long term evolution (LTE) 1,846 MHz downlink signals on innate mouse behavior. Animals were exposed for 30 min/day, 5 days/week at a whole-body average specific energy absorption rate (SAR) of 0.5 or 1 W/kg from late pregnancy (gestation day 13.5) to weaning (postnatal day 21). A behavioral tracking system measured locomotor, drinking, and feeding behavior in the home cage from 12 to 28 weeks of age. The exposure caused significant effects on both appetitive behaviors and activity of offspring that depended on the SAR. Compared with sham-exposed controls, exposure at 0.5 W/kg significantly decreased drinking frequency (P ≤ 0.000) and significantly decreased distance moved (P ≤ 0.001). In contrast, exposure at 1 W/kg significantly increased drinking frequency (P ≤ 0.001) and significantly increased moving duration (P ≤ 0.005). In the absence of other plausible explanations, it is concluded that repeated exposure to low-level RF fields in early life may have a persistent and long-term effect on adult behavior. Bioelectromagnetics. 2019;40:498-511. © 2019 The Authors. Bioelectromagnetics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry A. Broom
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental HazardsPublic Health EnglandChiltonOxfordshireUK
| | - Richard Findlay
- Physics Group, EMFcomp LimitedHarwell CampusHarwellOxfordshireUK
| | - Darren S. Addison
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental HazardsPublic Health EnglandChiltonOxfordshireUK
| | - Cristian Goiceanu
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public HealthRegional Center IasiIasiRomania
| | - Zenon Sienkiewicz
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental HazardsPublic Health EnglandChiltonOxfordshireUK
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Kamali K, Taravati A, Sayyadi S, Gharib FZ, Maftoon H. Evidence of oxidative stress after continuous exposure to Wi-Fi radiation in rat model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:35396-35403. [PMID: 30343375 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3482-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is rapidly increasing in everyday environment, consequently conferring potential health effects. Oxidative stress is emerging as a mechanism implicated in pathophysiology and progression of various diseases. To our knowledge, no report has been made on the status of antioxidant redox systems after continuous exposure to radiofrequency radiation emitted from a Wi-Fi access point in animal model so far. Therefore, we aimed to continuously subject rats in the experimental group to radiofrequency (RF) radiation emitted from a commercially available Wi-Fi device. Male Wister rats were exposed to 2.45 GHz RF radiation emitted from a Wi-Fi for 24 h/day for 10 consecutive weeks. In order to assess the change in antioxidant redox system of plasma after continuous exposure to a Wi-Fi device, the total antioxidant capacity of plasma, level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH), and activity of different enzymatic antioxidants, e.g., superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], glutathione peroxidase [GSH-Px], and glutathione S-transferase [GST], were measured. In the Wi-Fi exposed group, a significant decrease was detected in total antioxidant capacity of plasma and the activities of several antioxidant enzymes, including CAT, GSH-Px, and SOD (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the GST activity was significantly increased in this group (P < 0.05). However, no significant changes were found in GSH and TBARS levels following exposure to RF radiation. According to the results, oxidative defense system in rats exposed to Wi-Fi signal was significantly affected compared to the control group. Further studies are needed to better understand the possible biological mechanisms of EMR emitted from Wi-Fi device and relevant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasra Kamali
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, 47416-95447, Iran
| | - Ali Taravati
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, 47416-95447, Iran.
| | - Shayan Sayyadi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, 47416-95447, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Zahra Gharib
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
| | - Houman Maftoon
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, 47416-95447, Iran
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Role of Mitochondria in the Oxidative Stress Induced by Electromagnetic Fields: Focus on Reproductive Systems. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:5076271. [PMID: 30533171 PMCID: PMC6250044 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5076271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Modern technologies relying on wireless communication systems have brought increasing levels of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure. This increased research interest in the effects of these radiations on human health. There is compelling evidence that EMFs affect cell physiology by altering redox-related processes. Considering the importance of redox milieu in the biological competence of oocyte and sperm, we reviewed the existing literature regarding the effects of EMFs on reproductive systems. Given the role of mitochondria as the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), we focused on the hypothesis of a mitochondrial basis of EMF-induced reproductive toxicity. MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus database were examined for peer-reviewed original articles by searching for the following keywords: “extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs),” “radiofrequency (RF),” “microwaves,” “Wi-Fi,” “mobile phone,” “oxidative stress,” “mitochondria,” “fertility,” “sperm,” “testis,” “oocyte,” “ovarian follicle,” and “embryo.” These keywords were combined with other search phrases relevant to the topic. Although we reported contradictory data due to lack of uniformity in the experimental designs, a growing body of evidence suggests that EMF exposure during spermatogenesis induces increased ROS production associated with decreased ROS scavenging activity. Numerous studies revealed the detrimental effects of EMFs from mobile phones, laptops, and other electric devices on sperm quality and provide evidence for extensive electron leakage from the mitochondrial electron transport chain as the main cause of EMF damage. In female reproductive systems, the contribution of oxidative stress to EMF-induced damages and the evidence of mitochondrial origin of ROS overproduction are reported, as well. In conclusion, mitochondria seem to play an important role as source of ROS in both male and female reproductive systems under EMF exposure. Future and more standardized studies are required for a better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying EMF potential challenge to our reproductive system in order to improve preventive strategies.
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Altun G, Deniz ÖG, Yurt KK, Davis D, Kaplan S. Effects of mobile phone exposure on metabolomics in the male and female reproductive systems. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 167:700-707. [PMID: 29884548 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With current advances in technology, a number of epidemiological and experimental studies have reported a broad range of adverse effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on human health. Multiple cellular mechanisms have been proposed as direct causes or contributors to these biological effects. EMF-induced alterations in cellular levels can activate voltage-gated calcium channels and lead to the formation of free radicals, protein misfolding and DNA damage. Because rapidly dividing germ cells go through meiosis and mitosis, they are more sensitive to EMF in contrast to other slower-growing cell types. In this review, possible mechanistic pathways of the effects of EMF exposure on fertilization, oogenesis and spermatogenesis are discussed. In addition, the present review also evaluates metabolomic effects of GSM-modulated EMFs on the male and female reproductive systems in recent human and animal studies. In this context, experimental and epidemiological studies which examine the impact of mobile phone radiation on the processes of oogenesis and spermatogenesis are examined in line with current approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Altun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ömür Gülsüm Deniz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Kıymet Kübra Yurt
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey; Environmental Health Trust, 7100 N Rachel Way Unit 6 Eagles Rest, Teton Village, WY 83025, United States
| | - Devra Davis
- Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Isreal and Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey; Environmental Health Trust, 7100 N Rachel Way Unit 6 Eagles Rest, Teton Village, WY 83025, United States
| | - Süleyman Kaplan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey.
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Saygin M, Ozmen O, Erol O, Ellidag HY, Ilhan I, Aslankoc R. The impact of electromagnetic radiation (2.45 GHz, Wi-Fi) on the female reproductive system: The role of vitamin C. Toxicol Ind Health 2018; 34:620-630. [PMID: 29848237 DOI: 10.1177/0748233718775540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of applied continuous 2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation (EMR), which might cause physiopathological or morphological changes in the ovarian, fallopian tubal, and uterine tissues of rats. We proposed that the addition of vitamin C (Vit C) may reduce these severe effects. Eighteen female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups with six animals in each: Sham, EMR (EMR, 1 h/day for 30 days), and EMR + Vit C (EMR, 1 h/day for 30 days 250 mg/kg/daily). Total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels increased ( p = 0.011 and p = 0.002, respectively) in the EMR-only group in ovarian tissues. In all tissues, TOS and OSI levels significantly decreased in the Vit C-treated group in ovarian, fallopian tubal, and uterine tissues ( p < 0.05). Anti-müllerian hormone levels significantly increased in the EMR group ( p < 0.05) and decreased in the Vit C-treated groups. Estrogen (E2) levels were unchanged in the EMR group, as the differences were not statistically significant. Immunohistochemical examination of the ovaries revealed significant increases in Caspase-3 expressions in the epithelial cells of the EMR group ( p < 0.05). In the EMR group, hyperemia was observed in uterine tissues. Also, Caspase-3 and Caspase-8 were significantly increased in the EMR group ( p < 0.001). Caspase-3 was significantly diminished with Vit C application in the ovarian and uterine tissues ( p < 0.05). Caspase-8 was significantly diminished only in uterine tissues ( p < 0.05). These results indicate that prolonged EMR exposure induced physiopathological changes in the ovarian, fallopian tubal, and uterine tissues due to oxidative damage. Under the conditions of this study, Vit C may have protective effects on female reproductive system against oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Saygin
- 1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Ozmen
- 2 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Onur Erol
- 3 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Antalya Education and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Hamit Yasar Ellidag
- 4 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Antalya Education and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ilter Ilhan
- 5 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Rahime Aslankoc
- 1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
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Cakan P, Yildiz S, Ozgocer T, Yildiz A, Vardi N. Maternal viral mimetic administration at the beginning of fetal hypothalamic nuclei development accelerates puberty in female rat offspring. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:506-514. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal viral infection during a critical time window of fetal hypothalamic development on timing of puberty in the female offspring. For that purpose, a viral mimetic (i.e., synthetic double-strand RNA, namely, polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid, poly (I:C)) or saline was injected (i.p.) to the pregnant rats during the beginning (day 12 of pregnancy, n = 5 for each group) or at the end of this time window (day 14 of pregnancy, n = 5 for each group). Four study groups were formed from the female pups (n = 9–10 pups/group). Following weaning of pups, vaginal opening and vaginal smearing was studied daily until 2 sequential estrous cycles were observed. During the second diestrus phase, blood samples were taken for progesterone, leptin, corticosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. Maternal poly (I:C) injection on day 12 of pregnancy increased body mass and reduced the time to puberty in the female offspring. Neither poly (I:C) nor timing of injection affected other parameters studied (p > 0.05). It has been shown for the first time that maternal viral infection during the beginning of fetal hypothalamic development might hasten puberty by increasing body mass in rat offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Cakan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Inonu, 44280 Malatya, Turkey
| | - Sedat Yildiz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Inonu, 44280 Malatya, Turkey
| | - Tuba Ozgocer
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Inonu, 44280 Malatya, Turkey
| | - Azibe Yildiz
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Inonu, 44280 Malatya, Turkey
| | - Nigar Vardi
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Inonu, 44280 Malatya, Turkey
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Othman H, Ammari M, Rtibi K, Bensaid N, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 52:239-247. [PMID: 28458069 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present work investigated the effects of prenatal exposure to radiofrequency waves of conventional WiFi devices on postnatal development and behavior of rat offspring. Ten Wistar albino pregnant rats were randomly assigned to two groups (n=5). The experimental group was exposed to a 2.45GHz WiFi signal for 2h a day throughout gestation period. Control females were subjected to the same conditions as treated group without applying WiFi radiations. After delivery, the offspring was tested for physical and neurodevelopment during its 17 postnatal days (PND), then for anxiety (PND 28) and motricity (PND 40-43), as well as for cerebral oxidative stress response and cholinesterase activity in brain and serum (PND 28 and 43). Our main results showed that the in-utero WiFi exposure impaired offspring neurodevelopment during the first seventeen postnatal days without altering emotional and motor behavior at adult age. Besides, prenatal WiFi exposure induced cerebral oxidative stress imbalance (increase in malondialdehyde level (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels and decrease in catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities) at 28 but not 43days old, also the exposure affected acethylcolinesterase activity at both cerebral and seric levels. Thus, the current study revealed that maternal exposure to WiFi radiofrequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring by affecting neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Othman
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Jarzouna 7021, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Ammari
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Jarzouna 7021, Tunisia; University of Tunis El Manar, Higher Institute of Applied Biological Sciences of Tunis, 9, Rue Zouhair Essafi, 1006 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Kaïs Rtibi
- University of Jendouba, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja, Laboratory of Nutrition and Animal Physiology, B.P. 382 - 9000 Béja, Tunisia
| | - Noura Bensaid
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Jarzouna 7021, Tunisia
| | - Mohsen Sakly
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Jarzouna 7021, Tunisia
| | - Hafedh Abdelmelek
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Jarzouna 7021, Tunisia
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Xu F, Bai Q, Zhou K, Ma L, Duan J, Zhuang F, Xie C, Li W, Zou P, Zhu C. Age-dependent acute interference with stem and progenitor cell proliferation in the hippocampus after exposure to 1800 MHz electromagnetic radiation. Electromagn Biol Med 2016; 36:158-166. [DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2016.1233886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Evans NP, Bellingham M, Robinson JE. Prenatal programming of neuroendocrine reproductive function. Theriogenology 2016; 86:340-8. [PMID: 27142489 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
It is now well recognized that the gestational environment can have long-lasting effects not only on the life span and health span of an individual but also, through potential epigenetic changes, on future generations. This article reviews the "prenatal programming" of the neuroendocrine systems that regulate reproduction, with a specific focus on the lessons learned using ovine models. The review examines the critical roles played by steroids in normal reproductive development before considering the effects of prenatal exposure to exogenous steroid hormones including androgens and estrogens, the effects of maternal nutrition and stress during gestation, and the effects of exogenous chemicals such as alcohol and environment chemicals. In so doing, it becomes evident that, to maximize fitness, the regulation of reproduction has evolved to be responsive to many different internal and external cues and that the GnRH neurosecretory system expresses a degree of plasticity throughout life. During fetal life, however, the system is particularly sensitive to change and at this time, the GnRH neurosecretory system can be "shaped" both to achieve normal sexually differentiated function but also in ways that may adversely affect or even prevent "normal function". The exact mechanisms through which these programmed changes are brought about remain largely uncharacterized but are likely to differ depending on the factor, the timing of exposure to that factor, and the species. It would appear, however, that some afferent systems to the GnRH neurons such as kisspeptin, may be critical in this regard as it would appear to be sensitive to a wide variety of factors that can program reproductive function. Finally, it has been noted that the prenatal programming of neuroendocrine reproductive function can be associated with epigenetic changes, which would suggest that in addition to direct effects on the exposed offspring, prenatal programming could have transgenerational effects on reproductive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil P Evans
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Michelle Bellingham
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jane E Robinson
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Türedi S, Hancı H, Çolakoğlu S, Kaya H, Odacı E. Disruption of the ovarian follicle reservoir of prepubertal rats following prenatal exposure to a continuous 900-MHz electromagnetic field. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:329-37. [PMID: 27007703 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2016.1152415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The effects on human health of electromagnetic field (EMF) have begun to be seriously questioned with the entry into daily life of devices establishing EMF, such as cell phones, wireless fidelity, and masts. Recent studies have reported that exposure to EMF, particularly during pregnancy, affects the developing embryo/fetus. The aim of this study was therefore to examine the effects of exposure to continuous 900-Megahertz (MHz) EMF applied in the prenatal period on ovarian follicle development and oocyte differentiation. Six pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were divided equally into a non-exposed control group (CNGr) and a group (EMFGr) exposed to continuous 900-MHz EMF for 1 h daily, at the same time every day, on days 13-21 of pregnancy. New groups were established from pups obtained from both groups after birth. One group consisting of female pups from CNGr rats was adopted as newborn CNGr (New-CNGr, n = 6), and another group consisting of female pups from EMFGr rats was adopted as newborn EMFGr (New-EMFGr, n = 6). No procedure was performed on New-CNGr or New-EMFGr rats. All rat pups were sacrificed on the postnatal 34th day, and their ovarian tissues were removed. Follicle count, histological injury scoring and morphological assessment with apoptotic index criteria were performed with sections obtained following routine histological tissue preparation. Follicle count results revealed a statistically significant decrease in primordial and tertiary follicle numbers in New-EMFGr compared to New-CNGr (p < 0.05), while atretic follicle numbers and apoptotic index levels increased significantly (p < 0.05). Histopathological examination revealed severe follicle degeneration, vasocongestion, a low level of increased stromal fibrotic tissue and cytoplasmic vacuolization in granulosa cell in New-EMFGr. Prenatal exposure to continuous 900-MHz EMF for 1 h each day from days 13-21 led to a decrease in ovarian follicle reservoirs in female rat pups at the beginning of the prepubertal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Türedi
- a Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon
| | - Hatice Hancı
- a Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon
| | - Serdar Çolakoğlu
- b Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine , Düzce University , Düzce
| | - Haydar Kaya
- c Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon , Turkey
| | - Ersan Odacı
- a Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon
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Kuybulu AE, Öktem F, Çiriş İM, Sutcu R, Örmeci AR, Çömlekçi S, Uz E. Effects of long-term pre- and post-natal exposure to 2.45 GHz wireless devices on developing male rat kidney. Ren Fail 2016; 38:571-80. [PMID: 26905323 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2016.1148937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate oxidative stress and apoptosis in kidney tissues of male Wistar rats that pre- and postnatally exposed to wireless electromagnetic field (EMF) with an internet frequency of 2.45 GHz for a long time. METHODS The study was conducted in three groups of rats which were pre-natal, post-natal. and sham exposed groups. Oxidative stress markers and histological evaluation of kidney tissues were studied. RESULTS Renal tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and total oxidant (TOS) levels of pre-natal group were high and total antioxidant (TAS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were low. Spot urine NAG/creatinine ratio was significantly higher in pre- and post-natal groups (p < 0.001). Tubular injury was detected in most of the specimens in post-natal groups. Immunohistochemical analysis showed low-intensity staining with Bax in cortex, high-intensity staining with Bcl-2 in cortical and medullar areas of pre-natal group (p values, 0.000, 0.002, 0.000, respectively) when compared with sham group. Bcl2/Bax staining intensity ratios of medullar and cortical area was higher in pre-natal group than sham group (p = 0.018, p = 0.011). CONCLUSION Based on this study, it is thought that chronic pre- and post-natal period exposure to wireless internet frequency of EMF may cause chronic kidney damages; staying away from EMF source in especially pregnancy and early childhood period may reduce negative effects of exposure on kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayça Esra Kuybulu
- a Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine , Suleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Turkey
| | - Faruk Öktem
- b Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine , Bezmi Alem University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - İbrahim Metin Çiriş
- c Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine , Suleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Turkey
| | - Recep Sutcu
- d Department of Biochemistry , Katip Celebi Faculty of Medicine , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Ahmet Rıfat Örmeci
- e Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , Suleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Turkey
| | - Selçuk Çömlekçi
- f Department of Electronics and Communication, Faculty of Engineering , Suleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Turkey
| | - Efkan Uz
- g Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Suleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Turkey
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