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Prabhakar P, Pavankumar GS, Raghu SV, Rao S, Prasad K, George T, Baliga MS. Utility of Indian fruits in cancer prevention and treatment: Time to undertake translational and bedside studies. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1543-1560. [PMID: 35652402 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220601151931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization predicts a 70% increase in cancer incidents in developing nations over the next decade, and it will be the second leading cause of death worldwide. Traditional plant-based medicine systems play an important role against various diseases and provide health care to a large section of the population in developing countries. Indigenous fruits and their bioactive compounds with beneficial effects like antioxidant, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory are shown to be useful in preventing the incidence of cancer. India is one of the biodiversity regions and is native to numerous flora and fauna in the world. Of the many fruiting trees indigenous to India, Mango (Mangifera indica), Black plum (Eugenia jambolana or Syzygium jambolana), Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis or Phyllanthus emblica), kokum (Garcinia indica or Brindonia indica), stone apple or bael (Aegle marmelos), Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Karaunda (Carissa carandas) and Phalsa (Grewia asiatica), Monkey Jackfruit (Artocarpus lakoocha) and Elephant apple (Dillenia indica) have been shown to be beneficial in preventing cancer and in the treatment of cancer in validated preclinical models of study. In this review, efforts are also made to collate the fruits' anticancer effects and the important phytochemicals. Efforts are also made at emphasizing the underlying mechanism/s responsible for the beneficial effects in cancer prevention and treatment. These fruits have been a part of the diet, are non-toxic, and easily acceptable for human application. The plants and some of their phytochemicals possess diverse medicinal properties. The authors propose that future studies should be directed at detailed studies with various preclinical models of study with both composite fruit extract/juice and the individual phytochemicals. Additionally, translational studies should be planned with the highly beneficial, well-investigated and pharmacologically multifactorial amla to understand its usefulness as a cancer preventive in the high-risk population and as a supportive agent in cancer survivors. The outcome of both preclinical and clinical studies will be useful for patients, the healthcare fraternity, pharmaceutical, and agro-based sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Prabhakar
- Department of Pharmacology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (IGIMS), Sheikhpura, Patna, Bihar, 800014, India
| | - Giriyapura Srikantachar Pavankumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Kuvempu University, India.,Sri Lakshmi Group of Institution, Magadi Main Road, Sunkadakatte, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shamprasad Varija Raghu
- Department of Applied Zoology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Konaje, Karnataka India
| | - Suresh Rao
- Radiation Oncology, c Pumpwell, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Krishna Prasad
- Medical Oncology, Mangalore Institute of Oncology, Pumpwell, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Thomas George
- Research Unit, Mangalore Institute of Oncology, Pumpwell, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Venthodika A, Chhikara N, Mann S, Garg MK, Sofi SA, Panghal A. Bioactive compounds of Aegle marmelos L., medicinal values and its food applications: A critical review. Phytother Res 2020; 35:1887-1907. [PMID: 33159390 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Aegle marmelos L. (bael) is a fruit tree of Rutaceae family, widely grown all over the world. This plant is gaining popularity because of its nutrient-rich fruits and immense traditional medicinal usage and pharmacological properties. The health promotive and protective effect of bael fruit is accounted by fibers, carotenoids, phenolics, terpenoids, coumarins, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The curative relevance of these compounds has been assessed by various in vivo and in vitro studies. Fruit shows numerous possible health benefits, namely, radio-protective effects, peroxidation, antibacterial, inhibition of lipid, antidiarrheal, gastroprotective, antiviral, antidiabetic, anti-ulcerative colitis, cardioprotective, free-radical scavenging (antioxidant) and hepatoprotective effects. The health benefits of bael are not only limited to edible portion (fruit), but it also extends to nonedible portion (root, trunk, bark, leaf, flower and seed) having comparable biologically active compounds. Increasing awareness about the role of diet among health-conscious consumers for human well-being has increased the interest in functional foods thereby exploration of the functional attributes of various underutilized plants is being reaffirmed and various sources are emerged out as suitable food material for processing industry. The various scientific reports collected from different bibliometric sources suggested that A. marmelos and its bioactive constituents could play a vital role in the prevention of several chronic and degenerative diseases associated with oxidation stress. This review emphasis on recent scientific evidences on nutrition and bioactive profile of A. marmelos, health benefits along with clinical and nonclinical trials of various phytoconstituents and A. marmelos potential in food processing industry for various food products. Our study suggests that this plant does indeed have pharmacological properties of interest, however, further extensive research is needed to establish a potential strategy that can balance the pharmacological and toxic effects of bael.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshid Venthodika
- Quality Assurance, ALBAIK Food Systems Company Limited, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Navnidhi Chhikara
- Department of Food Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, India
| | - Sandeep Mann
- Transfer of Technology Division, Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering and Technology, Ludhiana, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Garg
- Department of Processing and Food Engineering, AICRP-PHET, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
| | - Sajad Ahmad Sofi
- Division of Food Science and Technology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Science & Technology, Jammu, India
| | - Anil Panghal
- Department of Processing and Food Engineering, AICRP-PHET, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
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Murthy HN, Bhat MA, Dalawai D. Bioactive Compounds of Bael (Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa). REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30182-8_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Manandhar B, Paudel KR, Sharma B, Karki R. Phytochemical profile and pharmacological activity of Aegle marmelos Linn. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2018; 16:153-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Unsal V, Belge-Kurutaş E. Experimental Hepatic Carcinogenesis: Oxidative Stress and Natural Antioxidants. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2017; 5:686-691. [PMID: 28932315 PMCID: PMC5591604 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2017.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common cancers in the world, and it is influenced by agents such as DEN, 2-AAF, phenobarbital, alcohol, aflatoxin B1 metabolite or hepatitis viruses (B and C). Oxidative stress is becoming recognized as a key factor in the progression of hepatocarcinogenesis. Reactive oxygen species can play a leading role in initiation and promotion of hepatic carcinogenesis. The metabolites of DEN Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) mediate the binding of tumour promoters by covalently binding to the DNA with one or two oxidation-providing electrons. 2-AAF is the inducer of DEN, and it is involved in tumour formation in the bladder and liver. Reactive Oxygen species (ROS); carbohydrates, lipids, DNA and enzymes, such as affect all important structures. Additionally, an excessive amount of ROS is highly toxic to cells. Antioxidants are protects against ROS, toxic substances, carcinogens. This review focuses on the literature on studies of Hepatic Carcinogenesis, oxidative stress and antioxidant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velid Unsal
- Gaziosmanpaşa University, Medical Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Ergül Belge-Kurutaş
- Sutcu Imam University, Medical of Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
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Bhardwaj RL, Nandal U. Nutritional and therapeutic potential of bael (Aegle marmelos Corr.) fruit juice: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1108/nfs-05-2015-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to summarize the scientific information of various qualities of bael fruit juice used in traditional system of medicine for variety of purposes. Utilization of bael fruit juice in day-to-day life has great nutritional, therapeutic, and commercial importance. Bael fruit contains nutrients like vitamins (riboflavin), minerals, trace elements, energy and phytochemicals, including flavonoids, polyphenols and antioxidants, that have been shown to have varied health benefits. In past few decades, bael has been extensively studied for its medicinal properties by advanced scientific techniques, and a variety of bioactive compounds like marmelosin, tannins, alkaloids, coumarins, steroids, rutacine, y-sitosterol, psoralin, xanthotoxin, scopolotein, aegelemine, aegeline, marmeline, fragrine, dictamine, cinnamide and different derivatives of cinnamide have been isolated from its fruit juice.
Design/methodology/approach
– The medicinal value of bael fruit is very high when the harvests just begin to ripen. As a result, it has a high demand as alternative medicine for curing the diseases like diabetes, high cholesterol, peptic ulcer, inflammation, diarrhea and dysentery, constipation, respiratory infection. Furthermore, the bael fruit juice has anticancer, cardio protective, antibacterial, antifungal, radio protective, antipyretic, analgesic, antioxidant, antiviral, anthelmintic and anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, wound healing properties. The ripe fruit juice is aromatic, has cooling and laxative effects, and arrests secretion or bleeding.
Findings
– The unripe or half-ripe fruit juice is good for digestion, useful in preventing or curing scurvy, and it strengthens the stomach action. It helps in the healing of ulcerated intestinal surfaces and has appreciable activity against intestinal pathogenic organisms. The present review summarizes the scientific information of various qualities of bael fruit juice used in traditional system of medicine for a variety of purposes.
Originality/value
– It is quite evident from this review that bael is an important medicinal herb and extensively used in Ayurveda, Siddha and other medicinal systems. Bael fruit juice is an excellent source of water and natural sugar and is important principally for containing vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, antioxidants, pigments, energy, organic acids, dietary fiber and other food components, which are the key factors in the medicinal value of this plant. Moreover, mechanisms of action of a few bioactive compounds have been identified so far.
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Khan TH, Ganaie MA, Siddiqui NA, Alam A, Ansari MN. Antioxidant potential of Rumex vesicarius L.: in vitro approach. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4:538-44. [PMID: 25183273 DOI: 10.12980/apjtb.4.2014c1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess in-vitro antioxidant activity of different fraction and perform high performance thin layer chromatography fingerprint analysis of most active fraction of Rumex vesicarius L. (R. vesicarius). METHODS In the present study, acetone, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and methanol extracts of R. vesicarius were evaluated for radical scavenging activity by studying the inhibition of the level of lipid peroxidation induced by Fe(++)/ascorbate, DNA sugar damage, scavenging of hydrogen peroxide, diphenylphosphine DPPH radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content, total flavonoids content and total proanthocyanidin. High performance thin layer chromatography finger print profiling of R. vesicarius L. was also done. RESULTS Lipid peroxidation induced by the iron/ascorbate system, hydrogen peroxide, diphenylphosphine and DNA sugar damage were inhibited by the addition of different extract of R. vesicarius. Among them, methanolic extract showed maximum efficacy. The methanolic extract showed the highest total phenolic, total flavonoids and total proanthocyanidin contents. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the extracts can be a vital source of phytochemical antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajdar Husain Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Salman Bin Abdulaziz University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Ahmad Ganaie
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Salman Bin Abdulaziz University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasir Ali Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aftab Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Salman Bin Abdulaziz University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Nazam Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Salman Bin Abdulaziz University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Rahman S, Parvin R. Therapeutic potential of Aegle marmelos (L.)-An overview. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Adetutu A, Olorunnisola OS. Hepatoprotective Potential of Some Local Medicinal Plants against 2-Acetylaminoflourene-Induced Damage in Rat. J Toxicol 2013; 2013:272097. [PMID: 24163694 PMCID: PMC3791798 DOI: 10.1155/2013/272097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo micronucleus assay was used to examine the anticlastogenic effects of crude extracts of Bridelia ferruginea, Vernonia amygdalina, Tridax procumbens, Ocimum gratissimum, and Lawsonia inermis in Wistar albino rats. Extracts of doses of 100 mg/kg body weight were given to rats in five groups for seven consecutive days followed by a single dose of 2-AAF (0.5 mmol/kg body weight). The rats were sacrificed after 24 hours and their bone marrow smears were prepared on glass slides stained with Giemsa. The micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte cells (mPCEs) were thereafter recorded. The hepatoprotective effects of the plant extracts against 2-AAF-induced liver toxicity in rats were evaluated by monitoring the levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), and histopathological analysis. The results of the 2-AAF-induced liver toxicity experiments showed that rats treated with the plant extracts (100 mg/kg) showed a significant decrease in mPCEs as compared with the positive control. The rats treated with the plant extracts did not show any significant change in the concentration of ALP and GGT in comparison with the negative control group whereas the 2-AAF group showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in these parameters. Some of the leaf extracts also showed protective effects against histopathological alterations. This study suggests that the leaf extracts have hepatoprotective potential, thereby justifying their ethnopharmacological uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adewale Adetutu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Olubukola S. Olorunnisola
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
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Tahir M, Rehman MU, Lateef A, Khan AQ, Khan R, Qamar W, O’Hamiza O, Ali F, Hasan SK, Sultana S. Diosmin abrogates chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis via alleviation of oxidative stress, hyperproliferative and inflammatory markers in murine model. Toxicol Lett 2013; 220:205-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Baliga MS, Thilakchand KR, Rai MP, Rao S, Venkatesh P. Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (Bael) and Its Phytochemicals in the Treatment and Prevention of Cancer. Integr Cancer Ther 2012; 12:187-96. [DOI: 10.1177/1534735412451320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aegle marmelos, commonly known as Bael and belonging to the family Rutaceae is an important medicinal plant in the traditional Indian system of medicine, the Ayurveda. The extract prepared by boiling the bark, leaves or roots in water is useful as laxative, febrifuge, and expectorant. The extract is also useful in ophthalmia, deafness, inflammations, catarrh, diabetes, and asthmatic complaints. The fruits are used in treating diarrhea, dysentery, stomach ache, and cardiac ailments. Scientific studies have validated many of Bael’s ethnomedicinal properties and its potential antimicrobial effects, hypoglycemic, astringent, antidiarrheal, antidysenteric, demulcent, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, wound-healing, insecticidal, and gastroprotective properties. In addition, studies have also shown that Bael and some of the Bael phytochemicals possess antineoplastic, radioprotective, chemoprotective, and chemopreventive effects, properties efficacious in the treatment and prevention of cancer. For the first time, the current review summarizes the results related to these properties and emphasizes aspects that require further investigation for Bael’s safe and effective use in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Suresh Rao
- Mangalore Institute of Oncology, Pumpwell, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Dey A, De JN. Ethnobotanical survey of Purulia district, West Bengal, India for medicinal plants used against gastrointestinal disorders. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 143:68-80. [PMID: 22721882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE An ethnobotanical survey was conducted in the remote hills, forests and rural areas of Purulia, one of the tribal rich districts of the West Bengal state of eastern India. Purulia is a part of the biogeographic zone Deccan Peninsula Chhotonagpur. The authors have reported the use of medicinal plants by nine tribes of the district against various gastrointestinal disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS Semi structured questionnaire was used during the interview with the informants having traditional botanical knowledge. Bhumijs, Birhor, Gond, Ho, Kharia, Mal Pahariya, Mundas, Oraon and Santhali represent the various aboriginal groups present in the district. The use of medicinal plants were documented using an interview data sheet mentioning the names, age, profession and gender of the informants and scientific and vernacular names, families, part(s) used, disease(s) treated, method of preparation, mode of administration of the botanicals and the preparations. RESULTS A total number of 56 plants belonging to 29 families have been reported to be used against different types of gastrointestinal disorders viz. indigestion, stomach pain, vomiting tendency, constipation, piles, diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, loss of appetite, liver complaints, intestinal worms etc. Fabaceae and Apocynaceae were found to be the dominant families of medicinal plants used to treat such ailments. CONCLUSION Age, gender, literacy and profession of the aboriginals were found to be the significant factors when the traditional knowledge of medicinal botanicals was concerned. Due to urbanization and loss of biodiversity, the authors have noted a significant decrease in the ethnic knowledge as well as the botanicals. Preservation of folklore should be given utmost importance in this region to prevent the rapid loss of ethnobotanical wealth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Dey
- Department of Botany, Presidency University (Formerly Presidency College), 86/1, College Street, Kolkata-700073, West Bengal, India.
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Khan TH. Modulatory Effect of Aegle marmelos against Benzo (a) Pyrene B(a)P Induced Genotoxicity in Swiss Albino Mice. INT J PHARMACOL 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2012.428.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Husain Kha T. Soy Diet Diminish Oxidative Injure and Early Promotional Events Induced by CCl4 in Rat Liver. INT J PHARMACOL 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2012.30.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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