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Li T, Zhou HP, Zhou ZJ, Guo LQ, Zhou L. Computed tomography-identified phenotypes of small airway obstructions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 134:2025-2036. [PMID: 34517376 PMCID: PMC8440009 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous disease characteristic of small airway inflammation, obstruction, and emphysema. It is well known that spirometry alone cannot differentiate each separate component. Computed tomography (CT) is widely used to determine the extent of emphysema and small airway involvement in COPD. Compared with the pulmonary function test, small airway CT phenotypes can accurately reflect disease severity in patients with COPD, which is conducive to improving the prognosis of this disease. CT measurement of central airway morphology has been applied in clinical, epidemiologic, and genetic investigations as an inference of the presence and severity of small airway disease. This review will focus on presenting the current knowledge and methodologies in chest CT that aid in identifying discrete COPD phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xuzhou First People's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Hao-Peng Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Jiangsu University School of Medicine, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhou
- Institute of Radio Frequency & Optical Electronics-Integrated Circuits, School of Information and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Li-Quan Guo
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, China
| | - Linfu Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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Neder JA, Berton DC, Muller PT, O'Donnell DE. Incorporating Lung Diffusing Capacity for Carbon Monoxide in Clinical Decision Making in Chest Medicine. Clin Chest Med 2020; 40:285-305. [PMID: 31078210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (Dlco) remains the only noninvasive pulmonary function test to provide an integrated picture of gas exchange efficiency in human lungs. Due to its critical dependence on the accessible "alveolar" volume (Va), there remains substantial misunderstanding on the interpretation of Dlco and the diffusion coefficient (Dlco/Va ratio, Kco). This article presents the physiologic and methodologic foundations of Dlco measurement. A clinically friendly approach for Dlco interpretation that takes those caveats into consideration is outlined. The clinical scenarios in which Dlco can effectively assist the chest physician are discussed and illustrative clinical cases are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alberto Neder
- Laboratory of Clinical Exercise Physiology, Division of Respirology and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kingston Health Science Center, Queen's University, Richardson House, 102 Stuart Street, Kingston, Ontario K7L 2V6, Canada.
| | - Danilo C Berton
- Division of Respirology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Paulo T Muller
- Division of Respirology, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Denis E O'Donnell
- Respiratory Investigation Unit, Division of Respirology and Sleep Medicine, Kingston Health Science Center & Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Muller PDT, Barbosa GW, O'Donnell DE, Neder JA. Cardiopulmonary and Muscular Interactions: Potential Implications for Exercise (In)tolerance in Symptomatic Smokers Without Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Front Physiol 2019; 10:859. [PMID: 31354517 PMCID: PMC6635481 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking and physical inactivity are important preventable causes of disability and early death worldwide. Reduced exercise tolerance has been described in smokers, even in those who do not fulfill the extant physiological criteria for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and are not particularly sedentary. In this context, it is widely accepted that exercise capacity depends on complex cardio-pulmonary interactions which support oxygen (O2) delivery to muscle mitochondria. Although peripheral muscular factors, O2 transport disturbances (including the effects of increased carboxyhemoglobin) and autonomic nervous system unbalance have been emphasized, other derangements have been more recently described, including early microscopic emphysema, pulmonary microvascular disease, ventilatory and gas exchange inefficiency, and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Using an integrative physiological approach, the present review summarizes the recent advances in knowledge on the effects of smoking on the lung-heart-muscle axis under the stress of exercise. Special attention is given to the mechanisms connecting physiological abnormalities such as early cardio-pulmonary derangements, inadequate oxygen delivery and utilization, and generalized bioenergetic disturbances at the muscular level with the negative sensations (sense of heightened muscle effort and breathlessness) that may decrease the tolerance of smokers to physical exercise. A deeper understanding of the systemic effects of smoking in subjects who did not (yet) show evidences of COPD and ischemic heart disease - two devastating smoking related diseases - might prove instrumental to fight their ever-growing burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo de Tarso Muller
- Laboratory of Respiratory Pathophysiology, Respiratory Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Gisele Walter Barbosa
- Laboratory of Respiratory Pathophysiology, Respiratory Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Denis E O'Donnell
- Laboratory of Clinical Exercise Physiology, Respiratory Investigation Unit, Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - J Alberto Neder
- Laboratory of Clinical Exercise Physiology, Respiratory Investigation Unit, Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Yu N, Yuan H, Duan HF, Ma JC, Ma GM, Guo YM, Wu F. Determination of vascular alteration in smokers by quantitative computed tomography measurements. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e14438. [PMID: 30762753 PMCID: PMC6408080 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000014438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A new method of quantitative computed tomography (CT) measurements of pulmonary vessels are applicable to morphological studies and may be helpful in defining the progression of emphysema in smokers. However, limited data are available on the relationship between the smoking status and pulmonary vessels alteration established in longitudinal observations. Therefore, we investigated the change of pulmonary vessels on CTs in a longitudinal cohort of smokers.Chest CTs were available for 287 current smokers, 439 non-smokers, and 80 former smokers who quit smoking at least 2 years after the baseline CT. CT images obtained at the baseline and 1 year later were assessed by a new quantitative CT measurement method, computing the total number of pulmonary vessels (TNV), mean lung density (MLD), and the percentage of low-attenuation areas at a threshold of -950 (density attenuation area [LAA]%950). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the independent sample t test were used to estimate the influence of the baseline parameters. The t paired test was employed to evaluate the change between the baseline and follow-up results.The current smokers related to have higher whole-lung MLD, as well as less and lower TNV values than the non-smokers (P <.05). But no significant differences in LAA%950 were found between smokers and non-smokers. After one year, the increase in LAA%950 was more rapid in the current (additional 0.3% per year, P <. 05-.01) than in the former smokers (additional 0.2% per year, P = .3). Additionally, the decline in TNV was faster in the current (additional -1.3 per year, P <.05-.01) than that in the former smokers (additional -0.2 per year, P = .6). Current smoke, pack-years, weight, and lung volume independently predicted TNV at baseline (P <.001) in multivariate analysis.The findings of this study reveal that the decline in the pulmonary vessels in smokers can be measured and related to their smoking status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Da Lian
- Department of Radiology, The Shaanxi university of Chinese medicine
| | - Hui Yuan
- Department of Radiology, The Shaanxi university of Chinese medicine
| | - Hai-feng Duan
- Department of Radiology, The Shaanxi university of Chinese medicine
| | - Jun-chao Ma
- Department of Radiology, The Shaanxi university of Chinese medicine
| | - Guang-ming Ma
- Department of Radiology, The Shaanxi university of Chinese medicine
| | - You-min Guo
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Da Lian
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Dejima H, Takahashi Y, Hato T, Seto K, Mizuno T, Kuroda H, Sakakura N, Kawamura M, Sakao Y. Mediastinal pulmonary artery is associated with greater artery diameter and lingular division volume. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1273. [PMID: 28455515 PMCID: PMC5430727 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01384-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary vessels have numerous variation and aberrant branching patterns. Mediastinal lingular artery (MLA), the most common aberrant branch, might contribute to greater blood flow to lingular division. Hence, we investigated a correlation between lingular division volume and MLA using three-dimensional CT volumetry. We included 199 consecutive patients who underwent surveillance chest CT to detect possible malignancies in April 2015. We measured lingular division volume and cross-sectional area of lingular arteries using three-dimensional CT volumetry. MLA was identified in 58 cases (29.1%). The MLA group had significantly greater lingular division volume (median ± quartile deviation: 378.3 ± 75.5 mL vs. 330.0 ± 87.5 mL; p = 0.021) and percentage lingular division to left lung volume (19.0 ± 2.62% vs. 16.6 ± 2.39%; p < 0.001) than the non-MLA group. Total cross-sectional area of lingular arteries of the MLA group was significantly larger than that of the non-MLA group (46.1 ± 9.46 vs. 40.2 ± 5.76 mm2; p = 0.003). The total cross-sectional area of the lingular arteries strongly correlated to the percentage of lingular division to left lung volume (r = 0.689, p < 0.001). This is the first report demonstrating a positive correlation between branching pattern of pulmonary artery and lung volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Dejima
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.,Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takahashi
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tai Hato
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 31 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Seto
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizuno
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kuroda
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Noriaki Sakakura
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kawamura
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukinori Sakao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Hahm CR, Lim MN, Kim HY, Hong SH, Han SS, Lee SJ, Kim WJ, Hong Y. Implications of the pulmonary artery to ascending aortic ratio in patients with relatively mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Thorac Dis 2016; 8:1524-31. [PMID: 27499939 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2016.05.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying markers for predicting the course and outcome of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains important. The relative pulmonary artery enlargement to aorta ratio (PA-A ratio), which is measured using computed tomography (CT), is a reported predictor for COPD exacerbation and mortality. However, little is known about the implications of the PA-A ratio in patients with mild COPD. METHODS We investigated the utility of the PA-A ratio as a biomarker in patients with relatively mild COPD. A total of 131 patients with mild to moderate COPD [post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) 61.6±6.4, mean post-bronchodilator FEV1 83%±17.8% of predicted value] were selected from a Korean COPD cohort (from 2012 until the end of 2014) and analyzed retrospectively. We determined the correlation between the PA-A ratio and clinical parameters using a linear regression model. RESULTS The COPD assessment test (P=0.04), FEV1 (P=0.03), and a history of exacerbation in the last year (P=0.03) were significant factors in the univariate linear regression analysis. Post-bronchodilator FEV1 was most significantly associated with the PA-A ratio in the multivariate analysis (P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS The PA-A ratio evaluated by CT imaging was independently correlated with a representative pulmonary function factor (FEV1) in patients with relatively mild COPD. The results suggest that the PA-A ratio may be an important biomarker for clinical outcome in patients with mild COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho Rom Hahm
- Department of School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Myoung Nam Lim
- Department of Respiratory Center, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hee Yeong Kim
- Department of Radiology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Stem Cell Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Seon-Sook Han
- Department of Internal Medicine and Environmental Health Center, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Seung-Joon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Environmental Health Center, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Woo Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Environmental Health Center, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Yoonki Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine and Environmental Health Center, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
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Imaging in vascular diseases of the lung. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2016; 22:522-6. [PMID: 27270181 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000000293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review focuses on the recent developments in the field of pulmonary angiography and perfusion by means of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. RECENT FINDINGS Computed tomography allows for a detailed analysis of large and small pulmonary vascular pathologies and simultaneously allows for evaluation of the lung parenchyma. Magnetic resonance imaging allows for large and small vessel evaluation as well as noninvasive pressure assessment. Furthermore, recently non-breath-hold contrast-enhanced and noncontrast-enhanced techniques have been developed making magnetic resonance imaging an ideal tool for comprehensive thoracic imaging, even in challenging patients. SUMMARY Noninvasive imaging using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging further increases their value in daily clinical practice when it comes to assessment of large and small pulmonary artery disease. As computed tomography is more easy to use and widely available, it remains the diagnostic modality of choice. However, magnetic resonance imaging is the modality of choice when a comprehensive angiographic and functional assessment is deemed necessary.
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