1
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Zhang N, Häring M, Wolf F, Großhans J, Kong D. Dynamics and functions of E-cadherin complexes in epithelial cell and tissue morphogenesis. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 5:585-601. [PMID: 38045551 PMCID: PMC10689684 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-023-00206-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell adhesion is at the center of structure and dynamics of epithelial tissue. E-cadherin-catenin complexes mediate Ca2+-dependent trans-homodimerization and constitute the kernel of adherens junctions. Beyond the basic function of cell-cell adhesion, recent progress sheds light the dynamics and interwind interactions of individual E-cadherin-catenin complex with E-cadherin superclusters, contractile actomyosin and mechanics of the cortex and adhesion. The nanoscale architecture of E-cadherin complexes together with cis-interactions and interactions with cortical actomyosin adjust to junctional tension and mechano-transduction by reinforcement or weakening of specific features of the interactions. Although post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and glycosylation have been implicated, their role for specific aspects of in E-cadherin function has remained unclear. Here, we provide an overview of the E-cadherin complex in epithelial cell and tissue morphogenesis focusing on nanoscale architectures by super-resolution approaches and post-translational modifications from recent, in particular in vivo, studies. Furthermore, we review the computational modelling in E-cadherin complexes and highlight how computational modelling has contributed to a deeper understanding of the E-cadherin complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- Department of Biology, Philipps University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Häring
- Göttingen Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks (CIDBN), Georg August University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fred Wolf
- Göttingen Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks (CIDBN), Georg August University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Großhans
- Department of Biology, Philipps University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Göttingen Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks (CIDBN), Georg August University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Deqing Kong
- Department of Biology, Philipps University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Göttingen Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks (CIDBN), Georg August University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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2
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Lin WH, Cooper LM, Anastasiadis PZ. Cadherins and catenins in cancer: connecting cancer pathways and tumor microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1137013. [PMID: 37255594 PMCID: PMC10225604 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1137013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherin-catenin complexes are integral components of the adherens junctions crucial for cell-cell adhesion and tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of these complexes is linked to cancer development via alteration of cell-autonomous oncogenic signaling pathways and extrinsic tumor microenvironment. Advances in multiomics have uncovered key signaling events in multiple cancer types, creating a need for a better understanding of the crosstalk between cadherin-catenin complexes and oncogenic pathways. In this review, we focus on the biological functions of classical cadherins and associated catenins, describe how their dysregulation influences major cancer pathways, and discuss feedback regulation mechanisms between cadherin complexes and cellular signaling. We discuss evidence of cross regulation in the following contexts: Hippo-Yap/Taz and receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, key pathways involved in cell proliferation and growth; Wnt, Notch, and hedgehog signaling, key developmental pathways involved in human cancer; as well as TGFβ and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition program, an important process for cancer cell plasticity. Moreover, we briefly explore the role of cadherins and catenins in mechanotransduction and the immune tumor microenvironment.
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3
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NCK-associated protein 1 regulates metastasis and is a novel prognostic marker for colorectal cancer. Cell Death Dis 2023; 9:7. [PMID: 36639705 PMCID: PMC9839720 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01303-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a substantial problem for mortality and requires screening and early detection efforts to increase survival. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and circulation of tumor cells in the blood play important roles in metastasis. To identify a novel target for metastasis of CRC, we conducted a gene microarray analysis using extracted RNA from the blood of preclinical models. We found that NCK-associated protein 1 (NCKAP1) was significantly increased in the blood RNA of patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of colon cancer. In the NCKAP1 gene knockdown-induced human colon cancer cell lines HCT116 and HT29, there was a reduced wound healing area and significant inhibition of migration and invasion. As the result of marker screening for cytoskeleton and cellular interactions, CRC treated with siRNA of NCKAP1 exhibited significant induction of CDH1 and phalloidin expression, which indicates enhanced adherent cell junctions and cytoskeleton. In HCT116 cells with a mesenchymal state induced by TGFβ1, metastasis was inhibited by NCKAP1 gene knockdown through the inhibition of migration, and there was increased CTNNB1 expression and decreased FN expression. We established metastasis models for colon cancer to liver transition by intrasplenic injection shRNA of NCKAP1-transfected HCT116 cells or by implanting tumor tissue generated with the cells on cecal pouch. In metastasis xenograft models, tumor growth and liver metastasis were markedly reduced. Taken together, these data demonstrate that NCKAP1 is a novel gene regulating EMT that can contribute to developing a diagnostic marker for the progression of metastasis and new therapeutics for metastatic CRC treatment.
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4
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Rovgaliyev B, Tan MY, Lee KW, Oh SC, Park MY, Seo S, Choi HS, Hong SK, Cho JH, Lee JM, Yi NJ, Suh KS. Sirolimus Attenuates Calcineurin Inhibitor-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Transplant Proc 2022; 54:2025-2034. [PMID: 35977851 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2022.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs), which are potent immunosuppressants (ISs), increase the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence after liver transplantation (LTx). Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key process in which epithelial cancer cells lose their polarity, resulting in cancer progression and metastasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sirolimus (SRL) individually and in combination with other ISs to reduce EMT. METHODS HCC SK-Hep1 cells were used and various ISs (SRL, tacrolimus, cyclosporine A, or mycophenolate mofetil) were administered at 2 dosages and in combination therapies. Mice were transplanted with SK-Hep1 cells (in the liver) and were monitored after 2 weeks. RESULTS The in vitro treatment with SRL showed a dose-dependent attenuation of cell proliferation and migration in case of the individual and IS combination treatments; further, decreased levels of pro-EMT proteins, namely, N-cadherin, transforming growth factor-β, ZEB1, Slug, and Snail were observed. In contrast, E-cadherin expression was upregulated after both the individual and IS combination treatments. These results were also observed in the samples from mice transplanted with the SK-Hep1 cells. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that SRL reduced HCC metastasis by inhibiting EMT. Thus, our findings provide a rationale for the use of SRL in combination with ISs in HCC LTx patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berik Rovgaliyev
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ming Yuan Tan
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang-Woong Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Seung Cheol Oh
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Young Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sooin Seo
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo-Sun Choi
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk Kyun Hong
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Cho
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Moo Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam-Joon Yi
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Suk Suh
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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5
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Bhattacharyya S, Mote RD, Freimer JW, Tiwari M, Singh SB, Arumugam S, Narayana YV, Rajan R, Subramanyam D. Cell-cell adhesions in embryonic stem cells regulate the stability and transcriptional activity of β-catenin. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:1647-1660. [PMID: 35344589 PMCID: PMC10156795 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
E-cadherin (CDH1) is involved in maintaining cell-cell adhesions in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, its function in the context of cell fate decisions is largely unknown. Using mouse ESCs (mESCs), we demonstrate that E-cadherin and β-catenin interact at the membrane and continue to do so upon internalization within the cell. Cdh1-/- mESCs failed to form tight colonies, with altered differentiation marker expression, and retention of pluripotency factors during differentiation. Interestingly, Cdh1-/- mESCs showed dramatically reduced β-catenin levels. Transcriptional profiling of Cdh1-/- mESCs displayed a significant alteration in the expression of a subset of β-catenin targets in a cell state- and GSK3β-dependent manner. Our findings hint at hitherto unknown roles played by E-cadherin in regulating the activity of β-catenin in ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinjini Bhattacharyya
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road.,SP Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road
| | - Ridim D Mote
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road
| | - Jacob W Freimer
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Mahak Tiwari
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road.,SP Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road
| | - Surya Bansi Singh
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road.,SP Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road
| | | | - Yadavalli V Narayana
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road.,SP Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road
| | - Raghav Rajan
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008
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6
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To Stick or Not to Stick: Adhesions in Orofacial Clefts. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020153. [PMID: 35205020 PMCID: PMC8869391 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Morphogenesis requires a tight coordination between mechanical forces and biochemical signals to inform individual cellular behavior. For these developmental processes to happen correctly the organism requires precise spatial and temporal coordination of the adhesion, migration, growth, differentiation, and apoptosis of cells originating from the three key embryonic layers, namely the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. The cytoskeleton and its remodeling are essential to organize and amplify many of the signaling pathways required for proper morphogenesis. In particular, the interaction of the cell junctions with the cytoskeleton functions to amplify the behavior of individual cells into collective events that are critical for development. In this review we summarize the key morphogenic events that occur during the formation of the face and the palate, as well as the protein complexes required for cell-to-cell adhesions. We then integrate the current knowledge into a comprehensive review of how mutations in cell-to-cell adhesion genes lead to abnormal craniofacial development, with a particular focus on cleft lip with or without cleft palate.
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7
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Abstract
Flexibility in complexes between intrinsically disordered proteins and folded ligands is widespread in nature. However, timescales and spatial amplitudes of such dynamics remained unexplored for most systems. Our results show that the disordered cytoplasmic tail of the cell adhesion protein E-cadherin diffuses across the entire surface of its folded binding partner β-catenin at fast submillisecond timescales. The nanometer amplitude of these motions could allow kinases to access their recognition motifs without requiring a dissociation of the complex. We expect that the rugged energy landscape found in the E-cadherin/β-catenin complex is a defining feature of dynamic and partially disordered protein complexes. Intrinsically disordered proteins often form dynamic complexes with their ligands. Yet, the speed and amplitude of these motions are hidden in classical binding kinetics. Here, we directly measure the dynamics in an exceptionally mobile, high-affinity complex. We show that the disordered tail of the cell adhesion protein E-cadherin dynamically samples a large surface area of the protooncogene β-catenin. Single-molecule experiments and molecular simulations resolve these motions with high resolution in space and time. Contacts break and form within hundreds of microseconds without a dissociation of the complex. The energy landscape of this complex is rugged with many small barriers (3 to 4 kBT) and reconciles specificity, high affinity, and extreme disorder. A few persistent contacts provide specificity, whereas unspecific interactions boost affinity.
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8
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P120 catenin potentiates constitutive E-cadherin dimerization at the plasma membrane and regulates trans binding. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3017-3027.e7. [PMID: 34019823 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cadherins are essential adhesion proteins that regulate tissue cohesion and paracellular permeability by assembling dense adhesion plaques at cell-to-cell contacts. Adherens junctions are central to a wide range of tissue functions; identifying protein interactions that potentiate their assembly and regulation has been the focus of research for over 2 decades. Here, we present evidence for a new, unexpected mechanism of cadherin oligomerization on cells. Fully quantified spectral imaging fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FSI-FRET) and fluorescence intensity fluctuation (FIF) measurements directly demonstrate that E-cadherin forms constitutive lateral (cis) dimers at the plasma membrane. Results further show that binding of the cytosolic protein p120ctn binding to the intracellular region is required for constitutive E-cadherin dimerization. This finding differs from a model that attributes lateral (cis) cadherin oligomerization solely to extracellular domain interactions. The present, novel findings are further supported by studies of E-cadherin mutants that uncouple p120ctn binding or with cells in which p120ctn was knocked out using CRISPR-Cas9. Quantitative affinity measurements further demonstrate that uncoupling p120ctn binding reduces the cadherin trans binding affinity and cell adhesion. These findings transform the current model of cadherin assembly at cell surfaces and identify the core building blocks of cadherin-mediated intercellular adhesions. They also identify a new role for p120ctn and reconcile findings that implicate both the extracellular and intracellular cadherin domains in cadherin clustering and intercellular cohesion.
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9
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Piprek RP, Kloc M, Mizia P, Kubiak JZ. The Central Role of Cadherins in Gonad Development, Reproduction, and Fertility. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8264. [PMID: 33158211 PMCID: PMC7663743 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherins are a group of membrane proteins responsible for cell adhesion. They are crucial for cell sorting and recognition during the morphogenesis, but they also play many other roles such as assuring tissue integrity and resistance to stretching, mechanotransduction, cell signaling, regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, survival, carcinogenesis, etc. Within the cadherin superfamily, E- and N-cadherin have been especially well studied. They are involved in many aspects of sexual development and reproduction, such as germline development and gametogenesis, gonad development and functioning, and fertilization. E-cadherin is expressed in the primordial germ cells (PGCs) and also participates in PGC migration to the developing gonads where they become enclosed by the N-cadherin-expressing somatic cells. The differential expression of cadherins is also responsible for the establishment of the testis or ovary structure. In the adult testes, N-cadherin is responsible for the integrity of the seminiferous epithelium, regulation of sperm production, and the establishment of the blood-testis barrier. Sex hormones regulate the expression and turnover of N-cadherin influencing the course of spermatogenesis. In the adult ovaries, E- and N-cadherin assure the integrity of ovarian follicles and the formation of corpora lutea. Cadherins are expressed in the mature gametes and facilitate the capacitation of sperm in the female reproductive tract and gamete contact during fertilization. The germ cells and accompanying somatic cells express a series of different cadherins; however, their role in gonads and reproduction is still unknown. In this review, we show what is known and unknown about the role of cadherins in the germline and gonad development, and we suggest topics for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał P. Piprek
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Malgorzata Kloc
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Paulina Mizia
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Jacek Z. Kubiak
- Cycle Group, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, Faculty of Medicine, UnivRennes, UMR 6290 CNRS/UR1, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (WIHE), 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Wang B, Zhang L, Li J, Hua P, Zhang Y. Down-Regulation of miR-2053 Inhibits the Development and Progression of Esophageal Carcinoma by Targeting Fyn-Related Kinase (FRK). Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:2853-2862. [PMID: 31894485 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-06015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play essential roles in the regulation and pathophysiology of various types of cancers including esophageal carcinoma (ESCA). Increasing numbers of miRNAs have been identified to be important regulators in the progression of ESCA by regulating gene expression. However, functional miRNAs and the underlying mechanisms involved in ESCA need sufficient elucidation. AIMS In the present study, the function of miR-2053 was investigated in ESCA cells. METHODS The expression of miR-2053 was detected in four different ESCA cell lines (Eca109, Ec9706, KYSE30, and TE-1 cells) and normal cell line (HEEC) by qRT-PCR. Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities after knockdown of miR-2053 were assessed by CCK-8 assay, scratch assay, and transwell assay, respectively. Cell cycle of ESCA cells was detected by flow cytometric analysis. Expression of proteins in ESCA cells was detected by Western blot analysis. RESULTS The results showed that the expression of miR-2053 was remarkably up-regulated in ESCA tissues and cells lines. Down-regulation of miR-2053 markedly inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and markedly induced cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis in ESCA cell lines. Fyn-related kinase (FRK) was a target gene of miR-2053. Moreover, down-regulation of miR-2053 mediated the protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin and Wnt3a/β-catenin signaling pathway in ESCA cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Our results together suggest the potential of regulating miR-2053 expression against development and progression of esophageal carcinoma by targeting FRK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun City, 130041, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, 130041, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jindong Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun City, 130041, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiyan Hua
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun City, 130041, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun City, 130041, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Chen Y, Kotian N, Aranjuez G, Chen L, Messer CL, Burtscher A, Sawant K, Ramel D, Wang X, McDonald JA. Protein phosphatase 1 activity controls a balance between collective and single cell modes of migration. eLife 2020; 9:52979. [PMID: 32369438 PMCID: PMC7200163 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration is central to many developmental and pathological processes. However, the mechanisms that keep cell collectives together and coordinate movement of multiple cells are poorly understood. Using the Drosophila border cell migration model, we find that Protein phosphatase 1 (Pp1) activity controls collective cell cohesion and migration. Inhibition of Pp1 causes border cells to round up, dissociate, and move as single cells with altered motility. We present evidence that Pp1 promotes proper levels of cadherin-catenin complex proteins at cell-cell junctions within the cluster to keep border cells together. Pp1 further restricts actomyosin contractility to the cluster periphery rather than at individual internal border cell contacts. We show that the myosin phosphatase Pp1 complex, which inhibits non-muscle myosin-II (Myo-II) activity, coordinates border cell shape and cluster cohesion. Given the high conservation of Pp1 complexes, this study identifies Pp1 as a major regulator of collective versus single cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Chen
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, United States
| | - Nirupama Kotian
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, United States
| | - George Aranjuez
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States
| | - Lin Chen
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - C Luke Messer
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, United States
| | - Ashley Burtscher
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States
| | - Ketki Sawant
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, United States
| | - Damien Ramel
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
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12
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Protein Phosphatase 2A in the Regulation of Wnt Signaling, Stem Cells, and Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9030121. [PMID: 29495399 PMCID: PMC5867842 DOI: 10.3390/genes9030121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a ubiquitous cellular process that allows for the nuanced and reversible regulation of protein activity. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a heterotrimeric serine-threonine phosphatase—composed of a structural, regulatory, and catalytic subunit—that controls a variety of cellular events via protein dephosphorylation. While much is known about PP2A and its basic biochemistry, the diversity of its components—especially the multitude of regulatory subunits—has impeded the determination of PP2A function. As a consequence of this complexity, PP2A has been shown to both positively and negatively regulate signaling networks such as the Wnt pathway. Wnt signaling modulates major developmental processes, and is a dominant mediator of stem cell self-renewal, cell fate, and cancer stem cells. Because PP2A affects Wnt signaling both positively and negatively and at multiple levels, further understanding of this complex dynamic may ultimately provide insight into stem cell biology and how to better treat cancers that result from alterations in Wnt signaling. This review will summarize literature that implicates PP2A as a tumor suppressor, explore PP2A mutations identified in human malignancy, and focus on PP2A in the regulation of Wnt signaling and stem cells so as to better understand how aberrancy in this pathway can contribute to tumorigenesis.
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13
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Zhu GJ, Song PP, Zhou H, Shen XH, Wang JG, Ma XF, Gu YJ, Liu DD, Feng AN, Qian XY, Gao X. Role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers E-cadherin, N-cadherin, β-catenin and ZEB2 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:3472-3481. [PMID: 29467869 PMCID: PMC5796309 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) allows neoplastic cells to gain the invasive phenotype and become migratory, which is required for cancer progression and metastasis. In the present study, the expression of EMT-associated biomarkers and their association with clinicopathological parameters in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) was investigated. E-cadherin, N-cadherin, β-catenin and zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2) protein expression was evaluated with immunohistochemistry in a cohort of 76 patients with operable LSCC. The association between these transition markers, clinicopathological parameters and their prognostic impact in LSCC was analyzed. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that EMT-associated proteins were differentially expressed between LSCC and adjacent non-neoplastic laryngeal tissue. Negative E-cadherin expression and positive N-cadherin, β-catenin and ZEB2 expression were associated with a later tumor (T) stage, decreasing tumor differentiation and a reduced overall survival (OS) time (OS: E-cadherin, P=0.016; N-cadherin, P=0.003; β-catenin, P=0.002; ZEB2, P=0.0003). E-cadherin/β-catenin co-expression was significantly associated with the majority of clinicopathological parameters assessed, including lymph node metastases, T stage and tumor cell differentiation (P=0.004, P=0.005, and P<0.001, respectively). Multivariate analysis indicated that T stage and the positive expression of β-catenin and ZEB2 were independent risk factors for OS in LSCC (P=0.014, P=0.025 and P=0.003, respectively). It was concluded that EMT mediates tumor progression, and reduces OS time in patients with LSCC. E-cadherin/β-catenin co-expression may be associated with clinicopathological parameters. T stage, and the positive co-expression of β-catenin and ZEB2 may be independent predictors of prognosis in LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Jie Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China.,Department of Research Institution of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Pan-Pan Song
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China.,Department of Research Institution of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Han Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China.,Department of Research Institution of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Hui Shen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China.,Department of Research Institution of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Guo Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China.,Department of Research Institution of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Feng Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China.,Department of Research Institution of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Jun Gu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China.,Department of Research Institution of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Ding-Ding Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China.,Department of Research Institution of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - An-Ning Feng
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yun Qian
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China.,Department of Research Institution of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China.,Department of Research Institution of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
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14
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Chen CL, Wang SH, Chan PC, Shen MR, Chen HC. Phosphorylation of E-cadherin at threonine 790 by protein kinase Cδ reduces β-catenin binding and suppresses the function of E-cadherin. Oncotarget 2018; 7:37260-37276. [PMID: 27203386 PMCID: PMC5095074 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper control of cell-cell adhesion is crucial for embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis. In this study, we show that protein kinase C (PKC)δ, a member of the novel PKC subfamily, localizes at cell-cell contacts of epithelial cells through its C2-like domain in an F-actin-dependent manner. Upon hepatocyte growth factor stimulation, PKCδ is phosphorylated and activated by Src, which then phosphorylates E-cadherin at Thr790. Phosphorylation of E-cadherin at Thr790 diminishes its interaction with β-catenin and impairs the homophilic interaction between the ectodomains of E-cadherin. The suppression of PKCδ by its dominant-negative mutants or specific short-hairpin RNA inhibits the disruption of cell-cell adhesions induced by hepatocyte growth factor. Elevated PKCδ expression in cancer cells is correlated with increased phosphorylation of E-cadherin at Thr790, reduced binding of E-cadherin to β-catenin, and poor homophilic interaction between E-cadherin. Analysis of surgical specimens confirmed that PKCδ is overexpressed in cervical cancer tissues, accompanied by increased phosphorylation of E-cadherin at Thr790. Together, our findings unveil a negative role for PKCδ in cell-cell adhesion through phosphorylation of E-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Lin Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chao Chan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ru Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Chen Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.,Rong-Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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15
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Caldwell JM, Collins MH, Kemme KA, Sherrill JD, Wen T, Rochman M, Stucke EM, Amin L, Tai H, Putnam PE, Jiménez-Dalmaroni MJ, Wormald MR, Porollo A, Abonia JP, Rothenberg ME. Cadherin 26 is an alpha integrin-binding epithelial receptor regulated during allergic inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:1190-1201. [PMID: 28051089 PMCID: PMC5496811 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cadherins (CDH) mediate diverse processes critical in inflammation, including cell adhesion, migration, and differentiation. Herein, we report that the uncharacterized cadherin 26 (CDH26) is highly expressed by epithelial cells in human allergic gastrointestinal tissue. In vitro, CDH26 promotes calcium-dependent cellular adhesion of cells lacking endogenous CDHs by a mechanism involving homotypic binding and interaction with catenin family members (alpha, beta, and p120), as assessed by biochemical assays. Additionally, CDH26 enhances cellular adhesion to recombinant integrin α4β7 in vitro; conversely, recombinant CDH26 binds αE and α4 integrins in biochemical and cellular functional assays, respectively. Interestingly, CDH26-Fc inhibits activation of human CD4+ T cells in vitro including secretion of IL-2. Taken together, we have identified a novel functional CDH regulated during allergic responses with unique immunomodulatory properties, as it binds α4 and αE integrins and regulates leukocyte adhesion and activation, and may thus represent a novel checkpoint for immune regulation and therapy via CDH26-Fc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M. Caldwell
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Margaret H. Collins
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Katherine A. Kemme
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Joseph D. Sherrill
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Ting Wen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Mark Rochman
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Emily M. Stucke
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Lissa Amin
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Haitong Tai
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Philip E. Putnam
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Maximiliano J. Jiménez-Dalmaroni
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Wormald
- The Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksey Porollo
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - J. Pablo Abonia
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - ME Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Marc Rothenberg, M.D., Ph.D., Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Allergy and Immunology, 3333 Burnet Ave. ML7028, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229 USA. Phone: 513.802.0257; Fax: 513.636.3310;
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16
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Shao X, Kang H, Loveless T, Lee GR, Seok C, Weis WI, Choi HJ, Hardin J. Cell-cell adhesion in metazoans relies on evolutionarily conserved features of the α-catenin·β-catenin-binding interface. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:16477-16490. [PMID: 28842483 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.795567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Stable tissue integrity during embryonic development relies on the function of the cadherin·catenin complex (CCC). The Caenorhabditis elegans CCC is a useful paradigm for analyzing in vivo requirements for specific interactions among the core components of the CCC, and it provides a unique opportunity to examine evolutionarily conserved mechanisms that govern the interaction between α- and β-catenin. HMP-1, unlike its mammalian homolog α-catenin, is constitutively monomeric, and its binding affinity for HMP-2/β-catenin is higher than that of α-catenin for β-catenin. A crystal structure shows that the HMP-1·HMP-2 complex forms a five-helical bundle structure distinct from the structure of the mammalian α-catenin·β-catenin complex. Deletion analysis based on the crystal structure shows that the first helix of HMP-1 is necessary for binding HMP-2 avidly in vitro and for efficient recruitment of HMP-1 to adherens junctions in embryos. HMP-2 Ser-47 and Tyr-69 flank its binding interface with HMP-1, and we show that phosphomimetic mutations at these two sites decrease binding affinity of HMP-1 to HMP-2 by 40-100-fold in vitro. In vivo experiments using HMP-2 S47E and Y69E mutants showed that they are unable to rescue hmp-2(zu364) mutants, suggesting that phosphorylation of HMP-2 on Ser-47 and Tyr-69 could be important for regulating CCC formation in C. elegans Our data provide novel insights into how cadherin-dependent cell-cell adhesion is modulated in metazoans by conserved elements as well as features unique to specific organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Timothy Loveless
- Department of Zoology, and.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Gyu Rie Lee
- Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea, and
| | - Chaok Seok
- Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea, and
| | - William I Weis
- the Departments of Structural Biology and Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | | | - Jeff Hardin
- From the Program in Genetics, .,Department of Zoology, and.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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17
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Chen YJ, Huang J, Huang L, Austin E, Hong Y. Phosphorylation potential of Drosophila E-Cadherin intracellular domain is essential for development and adherens junction biosynthetic dynamics regulation. Development 2017; 144:1242-1248. [PMID: 28219947 DOI: 10.1242/dev.141598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of a highly conserved serine cluster in the intracellular domain of E-Cadherin is essential for binding to β-Catenin in vitro In cultured cells, phosphorylation of specific serine residues within the cluster is also required for regulation of adherens junction (AJ) stability and dynamics. However, much less is known about how such phosphorylation of E-Cadherin regulates AJ formation and dynamics in vivo In this report, we generated an extensive array of Drosophila E-Cadherin (DE-Cad) endogenous knock-in alleles that carry mutations targeting this highly conserved serine cluster. Analyses of these mutations suggest that the overall phosphorylation potential, rather than the potential site-specific phosphorylation, of the serine cluster enhances the recruitment of β-Catenin by DE-Cad in vivo Moreover, phosphorylation potential of the serine cluster only moderately increases the level of β-Catenin in AJs and is in fact dispensable for AJ formation in vivo Nonetheless, phosphorylation-dependent recruitment of β-Catenin is essential for development, probably by enhancing the interactions between DE-Cad and α-Catenin. In addition, several phospho-mutations dramatically reduced the biosynthetic turnover rate of DE-Cad during apical-basal polarization, and such biosynthetically stable DE-Cad mutants specifically rescued the polarity defects in embryonic epithelia lacking the polarity proteins Stardust and Crumbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jiun Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Lynn Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Erin Austin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Yang Hong
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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18
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Izaguirre MF, Casco VH. E-cadherin roles in animal biology: A perspective on thyroid hormone-influence. Cell Commun Signal 2016; 14:27. [PMID: 27814736 PMCID: PMC5097364 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-016-0150-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment, remodeling and maintenance of tissular architecture during animal development, and even across juvenile to adult life, are deeply regulated by a delicate interplay of extracellular signals, cell membrane receptors and intracellular signal messengers. It is well known that cell adhesion molecules (cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix) play a critical role in these processes. Particularly, adherens junctions (AJs) mediated by E-cadherin and catenins determine cell-cell contact survival and epithelia function. Consequently, this review seeks to encompass the complex and prolific knowledge about E-cadherin roles during physiological and pathological states, particularly focusing on the influence exerted by the thyroid hormone (TH).
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Izaguirre
- Laboratorio de Microscopia Aplicada a Estudios Moleculares y Celulares, Facultad de Ingeniería (Bioingeniería-Bioinformática), Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Ruta 11, Km 10, Oro Verde, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Victor Hugo Casco
- Laboratorio de Microscopia Aplicada a Estudios Moleculares y Celulares, Facultad de Ingeniería (Bioingeniería-Bioinformática), Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Ruta 11, Km 10, Oro Verde, Entre Ríos, Argentina.
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19
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Coopman P, Djiane A. Adherens Junction and E-Cadherin complex regulation by epithelial polarity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3535-53. [PMID: 27151512 PMCID: PMC11108514 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
E-Cadherin-based Adherens Junctions (AJs) are a defining feature of all epithelial sheets. Through the homophilic association of E-Cadherin molecules expressed on neighboring cells, they ensure intercellular adhesion amongst epithelial cells, and regulate many key aspects of epithelial biology. While their adhesive role requires these structures to remain stable, AJs are also extremely plastic. This plasticity allows for the adaptation of the cell to its changing environment: changes in neighbors after cell division, cell death, or cell movement, and changes in cell shape during differentiation. In this review we focus on the recent advances highlighting the critical role of the apico-basal polarity machinery, and in particular of the Par3/Bazooka scaffold, in the regulation and remodeling of AJs. We propose that by regulating key phosphorylation events on the core E-Cadherin complex components, Par3 and epithelial polarity promote meta-stable protein complexes governing the correct formation, localization, and functioning of AJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Coopman
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Montpellier, F-34298, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34090, France
- Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France
| | - Alexandre Djiane
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France.
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Montpellier, F-34298, France.
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34090, France.
- Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France.
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20
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Gulino GR, Polimeni M, Prato M, Gazzano E, Kopecka J, Colombatto S, Ghigo D, Aldieri E. Effects of Chrysotile Exposure in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells: Insights into the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Asbestos-Related Diseases. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:776-784. [PMID: 26685284 PMCID: PMC4892914 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chrysotile asbestos accounts for > 90% of the asbestos used worldwide, and exposure is associated with asbestosis (asbestos-related fibrosis) and other malignancies; however, the molecular mechanisms involved are not fully understood. A common pathogenic mechanism for these malignancies is represented by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), through which epithelial cells undergo a morphological transformation to assume a mesenchymal phenotype. In the present work, we propose that chrysotile asbestos induces EMT through a mechanism involving a signaling pathway mediated by tranforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). OBJECTIVES We investigated the role of chrysotile asbestos in inducing EMT in order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in this event. METHODS Human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were incubated with 1 μg/cm2 chrysotile asbestos for ≤ 72 hr, and several markers of EMT were investigated. Experiments with specific inhibitors for TGF-β, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), and Akt were performed to confirm their involvement in asbestos-induced EMT. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blotting, and gelatin zymography were performed to detect mRNA and protein level changes for these markers. RESULTS Chrysotile asbestos activated a TGF-β-mediated signaling pathway, implicating the contributions of Akt, GSK-3β, and SNAIL-1. The activation of this pathway in BEAS-2B cells was associated with a decrease in epithelial markers (E-cadherin and β-catenin) and an increase in mesenchymal markers (α-smooth muscle actin, vimentin, metalloproteinases, and fibronectin). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that chrysotile asbestos induces EMT, a common event in asbestos-related diseases, at least in part by eliciting the TGF-β-mediated Akt/GSK-3β/SNAIL-1 pathway. CITATION Gulino GR, Polimeni M, Prato M, Gazzano E, Kopecka J, Colombatto S, Ghigo D, Aldieri E. 2016. Effects of chrysotile exposure in human bronchial epithelial cells: insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of asbestos-related diseases. Environ Health Perspect 124:776-784; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409627.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Rossana Gulino
- Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates “G. Scansetti,” University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Manuela Polimeni
- Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates “G. Scansetti,” University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Mauro Prato
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Gazzano
- Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates “G. Scansetti,” University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Joanna Kopecka
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Dario Ghigo
- Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates “G. Scansetti,” University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Aldieri
- Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates “G. Scansetti,” University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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21
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Huang TS, Li L, Moalim-Nour L, Jia D, Bai J, Yao Z, Bennett SAL, Figeys D, Wang L. A Regulatory Network Involving β-Catenin, e-Cadherin, PI3k/Akt, and Slug Balances Self-Renewal and Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells In Response to Wnt Signaling. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1419-33. [PMID: 25538040 PMCID: PMC5297972 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying disparate roles of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in maintaining self‐renewal or inducing differentiation and lineage specification in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are not clear. In this study, we provide the first demonstration that self‐renewal versus differentiation of human ESCs (hESCs) in response to Wnt signaling is predominantly determined by a two‐layer regulatory circuit involving β‐catenin, E‐cadherin, PI3K/Akt, and Slug in a time‐dependent manner. Short‐term upregulation of β‐catenin does not lead to the activation of T‐cell factor (TCF)‐eGFP Wnt reporter in hESCs. Instead, it enhances E‐cadherin expression on the cell membrane, thereby enhancing hESC self‐renewal through E‐cadherin‐associated PI3K/Akt signaling. Conversely, long‐term Wnt activation or loss of E‐cadherin intracellular β‐catenin binding domain induces TCF‐eGFP activity and promotes hESC differentiation through β‐catenin‐induced upregulation of Slug. Enhanced expression of Slug leads to a further reduction of E‐cadherin that serves as a β‐catenin “sink” sequestering free cytoplasmic β‐catenin. The formation of such a framework reinforces hESCs to switch from a state of temporal self‐renewal associated with short‐term Wnt/β‐catenin activation to definitive differentiation. Stem Cells2015;33:1419–1433
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyng-Shyan Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Maiden SL, Petrova YI, Gumbiner BM. Microtubules Inhibit E-Cadherin Adhesive Activity by Maintaining Phosphorylated p120-Catenin in a Colon Carcinoma Cell Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148574. [PMID: 26845024 PMCID: PMC4742228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight regulation of cadherin-mediated intercellular adhesions is critical to both tissue morphogenesis during development and tissue homeostasis in adults. Cell surface expression of the cadherin-catenin complex is often directly correlated with the level of adhesion, however, examples exist where cadherin appears to be inactive and cells are completely non-adhesive. The state of p120-catenin phosphorylation has been implicated in regulating the adhesive activity of E-cadherin but the mechanism is currently unclear. We have found that destabilization of the microtubule cytoskeleton, independent of microtubule plus-end dynamics, dephosphorylates p120-catenin and activates E-cadherin adhesion in Colo 205 cells. Through chemical screening, we have also identified several kinases as potential regulators of E-cadherin adhesive activity. Analysis of several p120-catenin phosphomutants suggests that gross dephosphorylation of p120-catenin rather than that of specific amino acids may trigger E-cadherin adhesion. Uncoupling p120-catenin binding to E-cadherin at the membrane causes constitutive adhesion in Colo 205 cells, further supporting an inhibitory role of phosphorylated p120-catenin on E-cadherin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L. Maiden
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Truman State University, Kirksville, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yuliya I. Petrova
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Barry M. Gumbiner
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute and University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Abstract
The classic cadherin-catenin complex (CCC) mediates cell-cell adhesion in metazoans. Although substantial insights have been gained by studying the CCC in vertebrate tissue culture, analyzing requirements for and regulation of the CCC in vertebrates remains challenging.
Caenorhabditis elegans is a powerful system for connecting the molecular details of CCC function with functional requirements in a living organism. Recent data, using an “angstroms to embryos” approach, have elucidated functions for key residues, conserved across all metazoans, that mediate cadherin/β-catenin binding. Other recent work reveals a novel, potentially ancestral, role for the
C. elegans p120ctn homologue in regulating polarization of blastomeres in the early embryo via Cdc42 and the partitioning-defective (PAR)/atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) complex. Finally, recent work suggests that the CCC is trafficked to the cell surface via the clathrin adaptor protein complex 1 (AP-1) in surprising ways. These studies continue to underscore the value of
C. elegans as a model system for identifying conserved molecular mechanisms involving the CCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Hardin
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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24
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Regulation of Endothelial Adherens Junctions by Tyrosine Phosphorylation. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:272858. [PMID: 26556953 PMCID: PMC4628659 DOI: 10.1155/2015/272858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells form a semipermeable, regulated barrier that limits the passage of fluid, small molecules, and leukocytes between the bloodstream and the surrounding tissues. The adherens junction, a major mechanism of intercellular adhesion, is comprised of transmembrane cadherins forming homotypic interactions between adjacent cells and associated cytoplasmic catenins linking the cadherins to the cytoskeleton. Inflammatory conditions promote the disassembly of the adherens junction and a loss of intercellular adhesion, creating openings or gaps in the endothelium through which small molecules diffuse and leukocytes transmigrate. Tyrosine kinase signaling has emerged as a central regulator of the inflammatory response, partly through direct phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the adherens junction components. This review discusses the findings that support and those that argue against a direct effect of cadherin and catenin phosphorylation in the disassembly of the adherens junction. Recent findings indicate a complex interaction between kinases, phosphatases, and the adherens junction components that allow a fine regulation of the endothelial permeability to small molecules, leukocyte migration, and barrier resealing.
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Phosphoregulation of the C. elegans cadherin-catenin complex. Biochem J 2015; 472:339-52. [PMID: 26443865 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions play key roles in mediating cell-cell contacts during tissue development. In Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, the cadherin-catenin complex (CCC), composed of the classical cadherin HMR-1 and members of three catenin families, HMP-1, HMP-2 and JAC-1, is necessary for normal blastomere adhesion, gastrulation, ventral enclosure of the epidermis and embryo elongation. Disruption of CCC assembly or function results in embryonic lethality. Previous work suggests that components of the CCC are subject to phosphorylation. However, the identity of phosphorylated residues in CCC components and their contributions to CCC stability and function in a living organism remain speculative. Using mass spectrometry, we systematically identify phosphorylated residues in the essential CCC subunits HMR-1, HMP-1 and HMP-2 in vivo. We demonstrate that HMR-1/cadherin phosphorylation occurs on three sites within its β-catenin binding domain that each contributes to CCC assembly on lipid bilayers. In contrast, phosphorylation of HMP-2/β-catenin inhibits its association with HMR-1/cadherin in vitro, suggesting a role in CCC disassembly. Although HMP-1/α-catenin is also phosphorylated in vivo, phosphomimetic mutations do not affect its ability to associate with other CCC components or interact with actin in vitro. Collectively, our findings support a model in which distinct phosphorylation events contribute to rapid CCC assembly and disassembly, both of which are essential for morphogenetic rearrangements during development.
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Choi HJ, Loveless T, Lynch AM, Bang I, Hardin J, Weis WI. A conserved phosphorylation switch controls the interaction between cadherin and β-catenin in vitro and in vivo. Dev Cell 2015; 33:82-93. [PMID: 25850673 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In metazoan adherens junctions, β-catenin links the cytoplasmic tail of classical cadherins to the F-actin-binding protein α-catenin. Phosphorylation of a Ser/Thr-rich region in the cadherin tail dramatically enhances affinity for β-catenin and promotes cell-cell adhesion in cell culture systems, but its importance has not been demonstrated in vivo. Here, we identify a critical phosphorylated serine in the C. elegans cadherin HMR-1 required for strong binding to the β-catenin homolog HMP-2. Ablation of this phosphoserine interaction produces developmental defects that resemble full loss-of-function (Hammerhead and Humpback) phenotypes. Most metazoans possess a single gene for β-catenin, which is also a transcriptional coactivator in Wnt signaling. Nematodes and planaria, however, have a set of paralogous β-catenins; for example, C. elegans HMP-2 functions only in cell-cell adhesion, whereas SYS-1 mediates transcriptional activation through interactions with POP-1/Tcf. Our structural data define critical sequence differences responsible for the unique ligand specificities of these two proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jung Choi
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea.
| | - Timothy Loveless
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Allison M Lynch
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Injin Bang
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | - Jeff Hardin
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - William I Weis
- Departments of Structural Biology and of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Chen T, Wang C, Wu F, Zhang X, Yang H, Deng X, He Q, Li W, Li G. Altered localization of p120 catenin in the cytoplasm rather than the membrane correlates with poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118645. [PMID: 25785604 PMCID: PMC4364898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND P120 catenin (p120ctn), a regulator of cell adhesion, has previously been found in many malignancies, and suggested a role in invasion, metastasis and survival. The aim of this study was to investigate correlations between altered localization of p120ctn and clinical-pathological characteristics in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). METHODS Immunohistochemical staining for p120ctn was performed on tissue samples from 118 patients with ESCC. The expression of p120ctn was scored for intensity and cellular localization by Image-pro Plus 6.0. Correlations between immunohistochemical staining of p120ctn and pathological characteristics and clinical prognosis were determined using SPSS 18.0 software. RESULTS Membrane expression of p120ctn in ESCCs was lower than that in adjacentnormal esophageal epithelial tissues (P = 0.041), while overall cellular expression of p120ctn was not different between the two tissue types (P = 0.787). Furthermore, neither overall cellular expression nor localized membrane expression was associated with histological and clinical variables. The high ratio of membrane expression to overall cellular expression (M/C) of p120ctn was inversely associated with lymph node invasion (P = 0.001), tumor differentiation (P = 0.012) and advanced tumor stage (P = 0.005); however, it was poorly associated with T stage (P = 0.274). The high M/C ratio of p120ctn was inversely correlated with poor survival; the 5-year OS (overall survival) and the 5-year DFS (disease free survival) for the high M/C ratio group were significantly higher than those of the low M/C ratio group (41.0% vs. 6.7%, P = 0.000; 44.1% vs. 24.9%, P = 0.007). Both the M/C ratio of p120ctn and N status were independent variables for the prediction of overall survival (P = 0.007 and P = 0.027). The M/C of p120ctn predicted a 0.49-fold risk of ESCC death (p = 0.007, 95% CI 0.29-0.83). CONCLUSIONS The reduced M/C ratio of p120ctn acted as an independent prognostic factor for ESCC patient survival and for the migration and invasive behavior of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy, Ningbo Medical Treatment Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Enze Medical Center Luqiao Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (GL); (FW); (XBZ); (WFL)
| | - Xuebang Zhang
- Department of Chemoradiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (GL); (FW); (XBZ); (WFL)
| | - Han Yang
- Department of Chemoradiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Xia Deng
- Department of Chemoradiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Qiancheng He
- Department of General Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Wenfeng Li
- Department of Chemoradiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (GL); (FW); (XBZ); (WFL)
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Chemoradiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (GL); (FW); (XBZ); (WFL)
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Escobar DJ, Desai R, Ishiyama N, Folmsbee SS, Novak MN, Flozak AS, Daugherty RL, Mo R, Nanavati D, Sarpal R, Leckband D, Ikura M, Tepass U, Gottardi CJ. α-Catenin phosphorylation promotes intercellular adhesion through a dual-kinase mechanism. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1150-65. [PMID: 25653389 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.163824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cadherin-catenin adhesion complex is a key contributor to epithelial tissue stability and dynamic cell movements during development and tissue renewal. How this complex is regulated to accomplish these functions is not fully understood. We identified several phosphorylation sites in mammalian αE-catenin (also known as catenin α-1) and Drosophila α-Catenin within a flexible linker located between the middle (M)-region and the carboxy-terminal actin-binding domain. We show that this phospho-linker (P-linker) is the main phosphorylated region of α-catenin in cells and is sequentially modified at casein kinase 2 and 1 consensus sites. In Drosophila, the P-linker is required for normal α-catenin function during development and collective cell migration, although no obvious defects were found in cadherin-catenin complex assembly or adherens junction formation. In mammalian cells, non-phosphorylatable forms of α-catenin showed defects in intercellular adhesion using a mechanical dispersion assay. Epithelial sheets expressing phosphomimetic forms of α-catenin showed faster and more coordinated migrations after scratch wounding. These findings suggest that phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the α-catenin P-linker are required for normal cadherin-catenin complex function in Drosophila and mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Escobar
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA The Driskill Graduate Training Program in Life Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ridhdhi Desai
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5 Canada
| | - Noboru Ishiyama
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2M9, Canada
| | - Stephen S Folmsbee
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA The Driskill Graduate Training Program in Life Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Megan N Novak
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA The Driskill Graduate Training Program in Life Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Annette S Flozak
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rebecca L Daugherty
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA The Driskill Graduate Training Program in Life Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rigen Mo
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Dhaval Nanavati
- Department of Chemistry of Life Processes, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ritu Sarpal
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5 Canada
| | - Deborah Leckband
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Mitsu Ikura
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2M9, Canada
| | - Ulrich Tepass
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5 Canada
| | - Cara J Gottardi
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Abstract
Vertebrate adherens junctions mediate cell–cell adhesion via a “classical” cadherin–catenin “core” complex, which is associated with and regulated by a functional network of proteins, collectively named the cadherin adhesome (“cadhesome”). The most basal metazoans have been shown to conserve the cadherin–catenin “core”, but little is known about the evolution of the cadhesome. Using a bioinformatics approach based on both sequence and structural analysis, we have traced the evolution of this larger network in 26 organisms, from the uni-cellular ancestors of metazoans, through basal metazoans, to vertebrates. Surprisingly, we show that approximately 70% of the cadhesome, including proteins with similarity to the catenins, predate metazoans. We found that the transition to multicellularity was accompanied by the appearance of a small number of adaptor proteins, and we show how these proteins may have helped to integrate pre-metazoan sub-networks via PDZ domain–peptide interactions. Finally, we found the increase in network complexity in higher metazoans to have been driven primarily by expansion of paralogs. In summary, our analysis helps to explain how the complex protein network associated with cadherin at adherens junctions first came together in the first metazoan and how it evolved into the even more complex mammalian cadhesome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Murray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA Center of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, Irving Cancer Research Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ronen Zaidel-Bar
- Mechanobiology Institute Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411 Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575
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30
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Abstract
E-cadherin belongs to the classic cadherin subfamily of calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecules and is crucial for the formation and function of epithelial adherens junctions. In this study, we demonstrate that Vangl2, a vertebrate regulator of planar cell polarity (PCP), controls E-cadherin in epithelial cells. E-cadherin co-immunoprecipitates with Vangl2 from embryonic kidney extracts, and this association is also observed in transfected fibroblasts. Vangl2 enhances the internalization of E-cadherin when overexpressed. Conversely, the quantitative ratio of E-cadherin exposed to the cell surface is increased in cultured renal epithelial cells derived from Vangl2(Lpt/+) mutant mice. Interestingly, Vangl2 is also internalized through protein traffic involving Rab5- and Dynamin-dependent endocytosis. Taken together with recent reports regarding the transport of Frizzled3, MMP14 and nephrin, these results suggest that one of the molecular functions of Vangl2 is to enhance the internalization of specific plasma membrane proteins with broad selectivity. This function may be involved in the control of intercellular PCP signalling or in the PCP-related rearrangement of cell adhesions.
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31
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Cadherin cytoplasmic domains inhibit the cell surface localization of endogenous E-cadherin, blocking desmosome and tight junction formation and inducing cell dissociation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105313. [PMID: 25121615 PMCID: PMC4133371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The downregulation of E-cadherin function has fundamental consequences with respect to cancer progression, and occurs as part of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). In this study, we show that the expression of the Discosoma sp. red fluorescent protein (DsRed)-tagged cadherin cytoplasmic domain in cells inhibited the cell surface localization of endogenous E-cadherin, leading to morphological changes, the inhibition of junctional assembly and cell dissociation. These changes were associated with increased cell migration, but were not accompanied by the down-regulation of epithelial markers and up-regulation of mesenchymal markers. Thus, these changes cannot be classified as EMT. The cadherin cytoplasmic domain interacted with β-catenin or plakoglobin, reducing the levels of β-catenin or plakoglobin associated with E-cadherin, and raising the possibility that β-catenin and plakoglobin sequestration by these constructs induced E-cadherin intracellular localization. Accordingly, a cytoplasmic domain construct bearing mutations that weakened the interactions with β-catenin or plakoglobin did not impair junction formation and adhesion, indicating that the interaction with β-catenin or plakoglobin was essential to the potential of the constructs. E-cadherin–α-catenin chimeras that did not require β-catenin or plakoglobin for their cell surface transport restored cell–cell adhesion and junction formation.
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Yao M, Qiu W, Liu R, Efremov AK, Cong P, Seddiki R, Payre M, Lim CT, Ladoux B, Mège RM, Yan J. Force-dependent conformational switch of α-catenin controls vinculin binding. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4525. [PMID: 25077739 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Force sensing at cadherin-mediated adhesions is critical for their proper function. α-Catenin, which links cadherins to actomyosin, has a crucial role in this mechanosensing process. It has been hypothesized that force promotes vinculin binding, although this has never been demonstrated. X-ray structure further suggests that α-catenin adopts a stable auto-inhibitory conformation that makes the vinculin-binding site inaccessible. Here, by stretching single α-catenin molecules using magnetic tweezers, we show that the subdomains MI vinculin-binding domain (VBD) to MIII unfold in three characteristic steps: a reversible step at ~5 pN and two non-equilibrium steps at 10-15 pN. 5 pN unfolding forces trigger vinculin binding to the MI domain in a 1:1 ratio with nanomolar affinity, preventing MI domain refolding after force is released. Our findings demonstrate that physiologically relevant forces reversibly unfurl α-catenin, activating vinculin binding, which then stabilizes α-catenin in its open conformation, transforming force into a sustainable biochemical signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxi Yao
- 1] Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore [2]
| | - Wu Qiu
- 1] Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore [2] College of Physics, Chongqing University, No. 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Chongqing 401331, China [3]
| | - Ruchuan Liu
- 1] Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore [2] College of Physics, Chongqing University, No. 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Artem K Efremov
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Peiwen Cong
- 1] Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore [2] Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Rima Seddiki
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 75013, France
| | - Manon Payre
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 75013, France
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- 1] Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore [2] Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Benoit Ladoux
- 1] Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore [2] Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 75013, France
| | - René-Marc Mège
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 75013, France
| | - Jie Yan
- 1] Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore [2] College of Physics, Chongqing University, No. 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Chongqing 401331, China [3] Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore [4] Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore
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McEwen AE, Maher MT, Mo R, Gottardi CJ. E-cadherin phosphorylation occurs during its biosynthesis to promote its cell surface stability and adhesion. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:2365-74. [PMID: 24966173 PMCID: PMC4142610 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-01-0690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin is highly phosphorylated within its β-catenin-binding region, and this phosphorylation increases its affinity for β-catenin in vitro. However, the identification of key serines responsible for most cadherin phosphorylation and the adhesive consequences of modification at such serines have remained unknown. In this study, we show that as few as three serines in the β-catenin-binding domain of E-cadherin are responsible for most radioactive phosphate incorporation. These serines are required for binding to β-catenin and the mutual stability of both E-cadherin and β-catenin. Cells expressing a phosphodeficient (3S>A) E-cadherin exhibit minimal cell-cell adhesion due to enhanced endocytosis and degradation through a lysosomal compartment. Conversely, negative charge substitution at these serines (3S>D) antagonizes cadherin endocytosis and restores wild-type levels of adhesion. The cadherin kinase is membrane proximal and modifies the cadherin before it reaches the cell surface. Together these data suggest that E-cadherin phosphorylation is largely constitutive and integral to cadherin-catenin complex formation, surface stability, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbye E McEwen
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611Driskill Graduate Training Program in Life Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Meghan T Maher
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611Driskill Graduate Training Program in Life Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Rigen Mo
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611Molecular Oncology Group, Kadmon Research Institute, New York, NY 10016
| | - Cara J Gottardi
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
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Markers of epithelial to mesenchymal transition in association with survival in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). PLoS One 2014; 9:e94273. [PMID: 24722213 PMCID: PMC3983114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elucidating the molecular phenotype of cancers with high metastatic potential will facilitate the development of novel therapeutic approaches to the disease. Gene expression profiles link epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype with high-risk HNSCC. We sought to determine the role of protein biomarkers of EMT in head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSC) prognosis. METHODS Protein expression analysis of EGFR, β-catenin and E-cadherin was performed on a cohort of 102 patients with HNSCC recruited between 1992 and 2005 using automated quantitative protein analysis (AQUA). We evaluated associations with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis. RESULTS There were 67 patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in this cohort who met inclusion criteria and for whom we had complete E-cadherin, beta-catenin and EGFR expression data. High E-cadherin expressers had longer 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) compared to those with low E-cadherin (59.7% versus 40.6%, p = 0.04) and overall survival (OS) (69.6% versus 44.3%, p = 0.05). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with low beta-catenin-expressing tumors trended toward worse 5-year PFS (p = 0.057). High EGFR expressers had inferior OS compared to low EGFR expressers (27.7% vs. 54%, p = 0.029). In the multivariable analysis context, E-cadherin remained an independent predictor of improved OS (HR = 0.204, 95% CI 0.043 to 0.972, p = 0.046) while EGFR trended towards significance for OS. CONCLUSIONS The putative markers of EMT defined within a panel of HNSCC using AQUA are associated with tumors of poor prognosis.
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Nagaoka T, Ohashi R, Inutsuka A, Sakai S, Fujisawa N, Yokoyama M, Huang Y, Igarashi M, Kishi M. The Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity Pathway Component Vangl2 Induces Synapse Formation through Direct Control of N-Cadherin. Cell Rep 2014; 6:916-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Prognostic significance of the Wnt pathway in squamous cell laryngeal cancer. Oral Oncol 2014; 50:298-305. [PMID: 24461629 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the prognostic significance of the Wnt signaling pathway in operable squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. MATERIALS AND METHODS In an annotated cohort of 289 operable laryngeal cancers we evaluated the prognostic impact of E-cadherin, P-cadherin and β-catenin protein expression with immunohistochemistry, as well as the mRNA expression of 7 key effectors of the Wnt pathway including secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (SFRP4), SNAI2 (SLUG) and WNT5A with qPCR (relative quantification [RQ]). RESULTS Using median immunoreactive scores as a pre-defined cut-off, patients whose tumors overexpressed both cytoplasmic E-cadherin and β-catenin experienced longer median OS as compared to those whose tumors overexpressed β-catenin only (median OS 124 vs. 72 months, p=0.0301) and patients whose tumors overexpressed both cytoplasmic and membranous E-cadherin experienced longer DFS as compared to those whose tumors overexpressed cytoplasmic E-cadherin only (median 118 vs. 91 months, p=0.0106). Upon hierarchical clustering of SFRP4, SNAI2 and WNT5A RQ values, profiles including co-expression of all 3 genes but also profiles with under-expression of SNAI2 and WNT5A were associated with worse outcome as compared to profiles not related to the Wnt pathway. In multivariate analysis, clustering was an independent predictor for DFS (p=0.0221) and OS (p=0.0077). CONCLUSION We identified gene expression profiles and IHC patterns associated with aberrant Wnt signaling conferring aggressive clinical behavior in operable squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. Prospective validation of these results will determine whether targeting the Wnt pathway merits investigation in this disease.
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Abstract
The cadherin-containing intercellular junctions, adherens junctions and desmosomes share an overall logical organization in which the extracellular regions of the cadherins on opposing cells interact, while their cytoplasmic domains are linked to the cytoskeleton through protein assemblies. In adherens junctions, beta-catenin binds to the cytoplasmic domain of cadherins and to alpha-catenin, which links the cadherin/beta-catenin complex to the actin cytoskeleton. In desmosomes, the beta-catenin homolog plakoglobin binds to desmosomal cadherins. The desmosomal cadherin/plakoglobin complex is linked to the intermediate filament system by the protein desmoplakin. In the past decade, components of these systems have been purified to homogeneity and studied biochemically and structurally, providing the beginnings of a mechanistic description of junction architecture and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-J Choi
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 299 Campus Drive, West Stanford, CA, 94305-5126, USA
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38
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Geng F, Zhu W, Anderson RA, Leber B, Andrews DW. Multiple post-translational modifications regulate E-cadherin transport during apoptosis. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:2615-25. [PMID: 22375065 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.096735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin is synthesized as a precursor and then undergoes cleavage by proprotein convertases. This processing is essential for E-cadherin maturation and cell adhesion. Loss of cell adhesion causes detachment-induced apoptosis, which is called anoikis. Anoikis can be inhibited despite loss of cell-matrix interactions by preserving E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. Conversely, acute loss of E-cadherin sensitizes cells to apoptosis by unknown post-translational mechanisms. After treatment of breast cancer cells with drugs, we found that two independent modifications of E-cadherin inhibit its cell surface transport. First, O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification of the cytoplasmic domain retains E-cadherin in the endoplasmic reticulum. Second, incomplete processing by proprotein convertases arrests E-cadherin transport late in the secretory pathway. We demonstrated these E-cadherin modifications (detected by specific lectins and antibodies) do not affect binding to α-catenin, β-catenin or γ-catenin. However, binding of E-cadherin to Type I gamma phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase (PIPKIγ), a protein required for recruitment of E-cadherin to adhesion sites, was blocked by O-GlcNAc glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation). Consequently, E-cadherin trafficking to the plasma membrane was inhibited. However, deletion mutants that cannot be O-GlcNAcylated continued to bind PIPKIγ, trafficked to the cell surface and delayed apoptosis, confirming the biological significance of the modifications and PIPKIγ binding. Thus, O-GlyNAcylation of E-cadherin accelerates apoptosis. Furthermore, cell-stress-induced inactivation of proprotein convertases, inhibited E-cadherin maturation, further exacerbating apoptosis. The modifications of E-cadherin by O-GlcNAcylation and lack of pro-region processing represent novel mechanisms for rapid regulation of cell surface transport of E-cadherin in response to intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Geng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is the most common type of pemphigus. PV pathogenesis is still debated, and treatment remains challenging. We investigated five controversial topics: (1) What are the target antigens in PV? (2) Do desmogleins adequately address PV pathophysiology? (3) How does acantholysis occur in PV? (4) Is PV still a lethal disease? (5) What is the role of rituximab (RTX) in PV treatment? Results from extensive literature searches suggested the following: (1) Target antigens of PV include a variety of molecules and receptors that are not physically compartmentalized within the epidermis. (2) PV is caused by a variety of autoantibodies to keratinocyte self-antigens, which concur to cause blistering by acting synergistically. (3) The concept of apoptolysis distinguishes the unique mechanism of autoantibody-induced keratinocyte damage in PV from other known forms of cell death. (4) PV remains potentially life-threatening largely because of treatment side effects, but it is uncertain which therapies carry the highest likelihood of lethal risk. (5) RTX is a very promising treatment option in patients with widespread recalcitrant or life-threatening PV. RTX's cost is an issue, its long-term side effects are still unknown, and randomized controlled trials are needed to establish the optimal dosing regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Cirillo
- Department of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Abstract
Cadherin-based intercellular adhesions are important determinants of proper tissue architecture. These adhesions must be both stable and dynamic to maintain tissue integrity as cells undergo morphogenetic movements during development. The role of α-catenin in this process has been vigorously debated due to conflicting in vitro and in vivo evidence regarding its molecular mechanism of action. Recent data supports the classical view that α-catenin facilitates actin attachments at adherens junctions, but also suggests that α-catenin may act as a force transducer, and may have additional roles in the cytoplasm. These multiple functions for α-catenin converge on the regulation of adhesion and may help to explain its stable yet dynamic nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Maiden
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Program and Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Le Bras GF, Allison GL, Richards NF, Ansari SS, Washington MK, Andl CD. CD44 upregulation in E-cadherin-negative esophageal cancers results in cell invasion. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27063. [PMID: 22069487 PMCID: PMC3206075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin is frequently lost during epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the progression of epithelial tumorigenesis. We found a marker of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, CD44, upregulated in response to functional loss of E-cadherin in esophageal cell lines and cancer. Loss of E-cadherin expression correlates with increased expression of CD44 standard isoform. Using an organotypic reconstruct model, we show increased CD44 expression in areas of cell invasion is associated with MMP-9 at the leading edge. Moreover, Activin A increases cell invasion through CD44 upregulation after E-cadherin loss. Taken together, our results provide functional evidence of CD44 upregulation in esophageal cancer invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire F. Le Bras
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Gillian L. Allison
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Nicole F. Richards
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Shazia S. Ansari
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - M. Kay Washington
- Departments of Pathology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Claudia D. Andl
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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Nemo kinase phosphorylates β-catenin to promote ommatidial rotation and connects core PCP factors to E-cadherin-β-catenin. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2011; 18:665-72. [PMID: 21552260 PMCID: PMC3109122 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Frizzled planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling regulates cell motility in several tissues, including ommatidial rotation in Drosophila melanogaster. The Nemo kinase (Nlk in vertebrates) has also been linked to cell-motility regulation and ommatidial rotation but its mechanistic role(s) during rotation remain obscure. We show that nemo functions throughout the entire rotation movement, increasing the rotation rate. Genetic and molecular studies indicate that Nemo binds both the core PCP factor complex of Strabismus-Prickle, as well as the E-cadherin-β-catenin (E-cadherin-Armadillo in Drosophila) complex. These two complexes colocalize and, like Nemo, also promote rotation. Strabismus (also called Vang) binds and stabilizes Nemo asymmetrically within the ommatidial precluster; Nemo and β-catenin then act synergistically to promote rotation, which is mediated in vivo by Nemo's phosphorylation of β-catenin. Our data suggest that Nemo serves as a conserved molecular link between core PCP factors and E-cadherin-β-catenin complexes, promoting cell motility.
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Morrow JS, Rimm DL, Kennedy SP, Cianci CD, Sinard JH, Weed SA. Of Membrane Stability and Mosaics: The Spectrin Cytoskeleton. Compr Physiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp140111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kaarteenaho R, Lappi-Blanco E, Lehtonen S. Epithelial N-cadherin and nuclear β-catenin are up-regulated during early development of human lung. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2010; 10:113. [PMID: 21080917 PMCID: PMC2995473 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-10-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to analyze the cell-specific expression of E- and N-cadherin and β-catenin in developing human lung tissues from 12 to 40 weeks of gestation. Methods Fortyseven cases of developing human lung including pseudoglandular, canalicular, saccular and alveolar periods were analyzed by immunohistochemisty for E- and N-cadherin and β-catenin and twentyone cases were also investigated by RT-PCR for E- and N-cadherin and β-catenin. For identifying the lung cells, the sections were also stained with antibodies against thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) and caveolin-1. Normal adult lung tissue was used as a control. E-cadherin was strongly expressed in epithelium of bronchi and large bronchioles from week 12 onwards and it was also positive in alveoli in pretype II cells and type II cells. N-cadherin was present in most of the epithelial cells of bronchi and the largest bronchioles during the pseudo-glandular and canalicular periods. N-cadherin was not detected in epithelium of developing alveoli. β-catenin was strongly membrane-bound and positively expressed in bronchial epithelium from week 12 to week 40; it showed nuclear positivity in both developing airway epithelium and in the cells underneath the epithelium during pseudo-glandular period and to a lesser degree also in the canalicular period. β-catenin was positive in pretype II cells as well as in type I and type II pneumocytes within alveoli. RT-PCR analyses revealed detectable amounts of RNAs of E- and N-cadherin and β-catenin in all cases studied. The amounts of RNAs were higher in early stages of gestation. Conclusions E-cadherin is widely expressed in bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells. N-cadherin exhibit extensive epithelial positivity in bronchial epithelial cells during early lung development. The presence of β-catenin was observed in several cell types with a distinct location in tissue and cells in various gestational stages, indicating that it possesses several roles during lung development. The expressions of protein and mRNAs of E- and N-cadherin and β-catenin were higher in early gestation compared to of the end. Moreover, the expressions of these factors were higher during the lung development than in the adult human lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riitta Kaarteenaho
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine/Respiratory Research Unit, Centre of Excellence in Research, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
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Spangler B, Vardimon L, Bosserhoff AK, Kuphal S. Post-transcriptional regulation controlled by E-cadherin is important for c-Jun activity in melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2010; 24:148-64. [PMID: 20977688 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2010.00787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A central event in the development of malignant melanoma is the loss of the tumor-suppressor protein E-cadherin. Here, we report that this loss is linked to the activation of the proto-oncogene c-Jun, a key player in tumorigenesis. In vivo, malignant melanomas show strong expression of the c-Jun protein in contrast to melanocytes. Interestingly, c-Jun mRNA levels did not differ in the melanoma cell lines when compared to melanocytes, suggesting that c-Jun could be regulated at the post-transcriptional level. To uncover the link between E-cadherin and c-Jun, we re-expressed E-cadherin in melanoma cells and detected decreased protein expression and activity of c-Jun. Furthermore, c-Jun accumulation is dependent on active E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion and regulated via the cytoskeleton. Additionally, we determined that, with respect to c-Jun regulation, there are two melanoma subgroups. One subgroup regulates c-Jun expression via the newly discovered E-cadherin-dependent signaling pathway, whereas the other subgroup uses the MAPKinases to regulate its expression. In summary, our data provide novel insights into the tumor-suppressor function of E-cadherin, which contributes to the suppression of c-Jun protein translation and transcriptional activity independent of MAPKinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Spangler
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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The Misregulation of Cell Adhesion Components during Tumorigenesis: Overview and Commentary. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20953359 PMCID: PMC2952821 DOI: 10.1155/2010/174715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion complexes facilitate attachment between cells or the binding of cells to the extracellular matrix. The regulation of cell adhesion is an important step in embryonic development and contributes to tissue homeostasis allowing processes such as differentiation and cell migration. Many mechanisms of cancer progression are reminiscent of embryonic development, for example, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and involve the disruption of cell adhesion and expression changes in components of cell adhesion structures. Tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, and focal adhesion besides their roles in cell-cell or cell-matrix interaction also possess cell signaling function. Perturbations of such signaling pathways can lead to cancer. This article gives an overview of the common structures of cell adhesion and summarizes the impact of their loss on cancer development and progression with articles highlighted from the present issue.
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Kawamoto SA, Thompson AD, Coleska A, Nikolovska-Coleska Z, Yi H, Wang S. Analysis of the Interaction of BCL9 with β-Catenin and Development of Fluorescence Polarization and Surface Plasmon Resonance Binding Assays for this Interaction. Biochemistry 2009; 48:9534-41. [DOI: 10.1021/bi900770z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Han Yi
- Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Department of Pharmacology
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48
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Franke WW. Discovering the molecular components of intercellular junctions--a historical view. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2009; 1:a003061. [PMID: 20066111 PMCID: PMC2773636 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a003061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The organization of metazoa is based on the formation of tissues and on tissue-typical functions and these in turn are based on cell-cell connecting structures. In vertebrates, four major forms of cell junctions have been classified and the molecular composition of which has been elucidated in the past three decades: Desmosomes, which connect epithelial and some other cell types, and the almost ubiquitous adherens junctions are based on closely cis-packed glycoproteins, cadherins, which are associated head-to-head with those of the hemi-junction domain of an adjacent cell, whereas their cytoplasmic regions assemble sizable plaques of special proteins anchoring cytoskeletal filaments. In contrast, the tight junctions (TJs) and gap junctions (GJs) are formed by tetraspan proteins (claudins and occludins, or connexins) arranged head-to-head as TJ seal bands or as paracrystalline connexin channels, allowing intercellular exchange of small molecules. The by and large parallel discoveries of the junction protein families are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner W Franke
- Helmholtz Group for Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Doyle JL, Haas TL. Differential role of beta-catenin in VEGF and histamine-induced MMP-2 production in microvascular endothelial cells. J Cell Biochem 2009; 107:272-83. [PMID: 19306293 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increases in endothelial cell permeability and production of matrix-degrading enzymes are two early steps in the angiogenic process. Factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and histamine induce the angiogenic process through alterations in both permeability and proteolysis. We hypothesized that beta-catenin acts as a positive regulator of MMP-2 and MT1-MMP transcription following VEGF or histamine stimulation. Rat microvascular endothelial cells were exposed to VEGF or histamine overnight and MMP-2 protein production was assessed by gelatin zymography. Latent MMP-2 protein levels were increased following VEGF and histamine treatment as were MMP-2 mRNA transcript levels. Endothelial cells exposed to VEGF and histamine had an increased level of nuclear beta-catenin, which was sensitive to inhibition of the PI3-kinase signaling pathway. Promoter assays indicated increased transcriptional activity of both MMP-2 and MT1-MMP in endothelial cells co-transfected with luciferase reporter constructs and beta-catenin. Inhibition of beta-catenin signaling with inhibitor of catenin and T cell factor (ICAT) revealed that the VEGF-induced increase in MMP-2 mRNA is beta-catenin dependent. Interestingly, while MMP-2 mRNA levels increased in response to histamine H1 or H2 receptor activation, significantly larger increases were observed in cells co-treated with ICAT and histamine or the histamine receptor agonists, HTMT and dimaprit. While both VEGF and histamine increase nuclear beta-catenin and MMP-2 production, the role of beta-catenin in MMP-2 regulation differs between the two stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Doyle
- Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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50
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Medrek C, Landberg G, Andersson T, Leandersson K. Wnt-5a-CKI{alpha} signaling promotes {beta}-catenin/E-cadherin complex formation and intercellular adhesion in human breast epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:10968-79. [PMID: 19244247 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804923200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt-5a is a non-transforming Wnt protein that is implicated in cell polarity, adhesion, and motility. We have previously shown that low expression of Wnt-5a is a predictor of shorter disease-free survival in human breast cancer. Here, we investigated whether beta-catenin/E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion was affected by loss of Wnt-5a in breast carcinomas, thereby promoting a metastatic behavior of the tumor. We show that Wnt-5a stimulation of human breast epithelial cells leads to an increased Ca(2+)-dependent cell-cell adhesion. Furthermore, Wnt-5a/casein kinase Ialpha (CKIalpha)-specific Ser-45 phosphorylation of beta-catenin is associated with an increased complex formation of beta-catenin/E-cadherin. Mutation of Ser-45 decreases the beta-catenin/E-cadherin association. Also, the inhibitory effect of Wnt-5a on breast epithelial cell invasion is reduced upon mutation of beta-catenin-Ser-45. The Wnt-5a-CKIalpha-induced Ser-45 phosphorylation does not lead to degradation of beta-catenin. Finally we show that human breast cancers lacking Wnt-5a protein have a significantly lower level of membrane-associated beta-catenin. Down-regulation of Wnt-5a expression and subsequent reduction of membrane-associated beta-catenin in invasive breast cancer, can therefore contribute to a decreased cell-cell adhesion and increased motility resulting in a higher probability for metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Medrek
- Cell and Experimental Pathology and Center for Molecular Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Universitetssjukhuset-Malmö Allmänna Sjukhus, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
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