TRIM65 promotes vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic transformation by activating PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling during atherogenesis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Tripartite motif (TRIM65) is an important member of the TRIM protein family, which is a newly discovered E3 ligase that interacts with and ubiquitinates various substrates and is involved in diverse pathological processes. However, the function of TRIM65 in atherosclerosis remains unarticulated. In this study, we investigated the role of TRIM65 in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, specifically in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) phenotype transformation, which plays a crucial role in formation of atherosclerotic lesions.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Both non-atherosclerotic and atherosclerotic lesions during autopsy were collected singly or pairwise from each individual (n = 16) to investigate the relationship between TRIM65 and the development of atherosclerosis. In vivo, Western diet-fed ApoE-/- mice overexpressing or lacking TRIM65 were used to assess the physiological function of TRIM65 on VSMCs phenotype, proliferation and atherosclerotic lesion formation. In vitro, VSMCs phenotypic transformation was induced by platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB). TRIM65-overexpressing or TRIM65-abrogated primary mouse aortic smooth muscle cells (MOASMCs) and human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) were used to investigate the mechanisms underlying the progression of VSMCs phenotypic transformation, proliferation and migration. Increased TRIM65 expression was detected in α-SMA-positive cells in the medial and atherosclerotic lesions of autopsy specimens. TRIM65 overexpression increased, whereas genetic knockdown of TRIM65 remarkably inhibited, atherosclerotic plaque development. Mechanistically, TRIM65 overexpression activated PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling, resulting in the loss of the VSMCs contractile phenotype, including calponin, α-SMA, and SM22α, as well as cell proliferation and migration. However, opposite phenomena were observed when TRIM65 was deficient in vivo or in vitro. Moreover, in cultured PDGF-BB-induced TRIM65-overexpressing VSMCs, inhibition of PI3K by treatment with the inhibitor LY-294002 for 24 h markedly attenuated PI3K/Akt/mTOR activation, regained the VSMCs contractile phenotype, and blocked the progression of cell proliferation and migration.

CONCLUSIONS

TRIM65 overexpression enhances atherosclerosis development by promoting phenotypic transformation of VSMCs from contractile to synthetic state through activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathway.

TRIM65 Suppresses oxLDL-induced Endothelial Inflammation by Interaction with VCAM-1 in Atherogenesis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Endothelial cell activation, characterized by increased levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), plays a crucial role in the development of atherosclerosis (AS). Therefore, inhibition of VCAM-1-mediated inflammatory response is of great significance in the prevention and treatment of AS. The tripartite motif (TRIM) protein-TRIM65 is involved in the regulation of cancer development, antivirals and inflammation. We aimed to study the functions of TRIM65 in regulating endothelial inflammation by interacting with VCAM-1 in atherogenesis.

METHODS AND RESULTS

In vitro, we report that human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) significantly upregulate the expression of TRIM65 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Overexpression of TRIM65 reduces oxLDL-triggered VCAM-1 protein expression, decreases monocyte adhesion to HUVECs and inhibits the production of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α as well as endothelial oxLDL transcytosis. In contrast, siRNA-mediated knockdown of TRIM65 promotes the expression of VCAM-1, resulting in increased adhesion of monocytes and the release of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α and enhances endothelial oxLDL transcytosis. In vivo, we measured the high expression of TRIM65 in ApoE-/- mouse aortic plaques compared to C57BL/6J mouse aortic plaques. Then, we examined whether the blood levels of VCAM-1 were higher in TRIM65 knockout ApoE-/- mice than in control mice induced by a Western diet. Furthermore, Western blot results showed that the protein expression of VCAM-1 was markedly enhanced in TRIM65 knockout ApoE-/- mouse aortic tissues compared to that of the controls. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that the expression of VCAM-1 was significantly increased in atherosclerotic plaques of TRIM65-/-/ApoE-/- aortic vessels compared to ApoE-/- controls. Mechanistically, TRIM65 specifically interacts with VCAM-1 and targets it for K48-linked ubiquitination.

CONCLUSION

Our studies indicate that TRIM65 attenuates the endothelial inflammatory response by targeting VCAM-1 for ubiquitination and provides a potential therapeutic target for the inhibition of endothelial inflammation in AS.

LncRNA PVT1 inhibits endothelial cells apoptosis in coronary heart disease through regulating MAPK1 expression via miR-532-3p

Background: Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (CAD) is an inflammatory vascular disease caused by atherosclerosis. Long non-coding RNAs are involved in the pathophysiological process of coronary heart disease. Here we investigated the regulatory effects of lncRNA PVT1 (PVT1) in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs).Methods: qRT-PCR and western blot were performed to detect gene and protein expressions. CCK-8, flow cytometry and wound healing assays were used to determine cell viability, apoptosis and migration of HCAECs. The binding relationship among miR-532-3p, PVT1 and MAPK1 was verified by dual luciferase reporter assay.Results: Overexpression of PVT1 markedly reduced cell apoptosis and increased cell proliferation and migration. However, miR-532-3p upregulation suppressed cell proliferation and migration and promoted apoptosis of HCAECs. PVT1 suppressed the expression of miR-532-3p via directly targeting miR-532-3p. And miR-532-3p overexpression abolished the effect of PVT1 upregulation on proliferation and apoptosis in HCAECs. Furthermore, MAPK1 acted as a target gene of miR-532-3p and miR-532-3p inhibited MAPK1 expression.Conclusion: PVT1 promoted MAPK1 expression by targeting miR-532-3p, thus inhibiting HCAECs apoptosis and promoting cell proliferation, suggesting PVT1 might have great potential as a therapeutic target for CAD.

Mammalian Target of Rapamycin as the Therapeutic Target of Vascular Proliferative Diseases: Past, Present, and Future

ABSTRACT

The abnormal proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is a key pathological characteristic of vascular proliferative diseases. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase that plays an important role in regulating cell growth, motility, proliferation, and survival, as well as gene expression in response to hypoxia, growth factors, and nutrients. Increasing evidence shows that mTOR also regulates VSMC proliferation in vascular proliferative diseases and that mTOR inhibitors, such as rapamycin, effectively restrain VSMC proliferation. However, the molecular mechanisms linking mTOR to vascular proliferative diseases remain elusive. In our review, we summarize the key roles of the mTOR and the recent discoveries in vascular proliferative diseases, focusing on the therapeutic potential of mTOR inhibitors to target the mTOR signaling pathway for the treatment of vascular proliferative diseases. In this study, we discuss mTOR inhibitors as promising candidates to prevent VSMC-associated vascular proliferative diseases.

Two entry tunnels in mouse TAAR9 suggest the possibility of multi-entry tunnels in olfactory receptors

Orthosteric binding sites of olfactory receptors have been well understood for ligand-receptor interactions. However, a lack of explanation for subtle differences in ligand profile of olfactory receptors even with similar orthosteric binding sites promotes more exploration into the entry tunnels of the receptors. An important question regarding entry tunnels is the number of entry tunnels, which was previously believed to be one. Here, we used TAAR9 that recognizes important biogenic amines such as cadaverine, spermine, and spermidine as a model for entry tunnel study. We identified two entry tunnels in TAAR9 and described the residues that form the tunnels. In addition, we found two vestibular binding pockets, each located in one tunnel. We further confirmed the function of two tunnels through site-directed mutagenesis. Our study challenged the existing views regarding the number of entry tunnels in the subfamily of olfactory receptors and demonstrated the possible mechanism how the entry tunnels function in odorant recognition.

LncRNA MIAT knockdown alleviates oxygen-glucose deprivation‑induced cardiomyocyte injury by regulating JAK2/STAT3 pathway via miR-181a-5p

BACKGROUND

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common heart disease with high incidence and mortality. Myocardial ischemia is the main type of CAD, which negatively affects health worldwide. The aim of the present study was to investigate the function and mechanism of myocardial infarction-associated transcript (MIAT) in myocardial ischemia.

METHODS

Human cardiomyocytes (HCM) were treated with oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) to set the in vitro model and mouse myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) was set for in vivo model. Cell viability and apoptosis were detected by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide assay, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence analysis. Inflammatory cytokines levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Gene and protein expressions were identified by quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction or Western blotting. The interaction of MIAT, miR-181a-5p, and janus kinase 2 (JAK2) was identified by dual-luciferase report assay. Mouse heart tissues histopathological condition were observed by hematoxylin and eosin assays.

RESULTS

Expression of MIAT and JAK2 were increased in OGD-treated HCM and mice of I/R model group, and miR-181a-5p was decreased. MIAT silencing could reverse the OGD treatment induced cell proliferation inhibition, cleaved caspase-3 and Bcl2-associated X (Bax) levels increased, while those of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and mitochondria's cyt-C decreased. Besides, MIAT knockdown attenuated the OGD-induced increase of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 levels. Moreover, MIAT targeted miR-181a-5p to enhance the expression of JAK2 and signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3), and miR-181a-5p overexpression promoted proliferation, whereas it inhibited apoptosis in OGD-induced cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, the regulatory effects of MIAT knockdown in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammatory injury was reversed by inhibition of miR-181a-5p or overexpression of JAK2 in OGD-treated HCM. Knockdown of MIAT reduced myocardial injury caused by I/R treatment in vivo.

CONCLUSION

MIAT knockdown inhibited apoptosis and inflammation by regulating JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway via targeting miR-181a-5p in myocardial ischemia model. MIAT can be a possible therapeutic target for controlling the progression of myocardial ischemia.

Topographically Conductive Butterfly Wing Substrates for Directed Spiral Ganglion Neuron Growth

Spiral ganglion neuron (SGN) degeneration can lead to severe hearing loss, and the directional regeneration of SGNs has shown great potential for improving the efficacy of auditory therapy. Here, a novel 3D conductive microstructure with surface topologies is presented by integrating superaligned carbon-nanotube sheets (SA-CNTs) onto Morpho Menelaus butterfly wings for SGN culture. The parallel groove-like topological structures of M. Menelaus wings induce the cultured cells to grow along the direction of its ridges. The excellent conductivity of SA-CNTs significantly improves the efficiency of cellular information conduction. When integrating the SA-CNTs with M. Menelaus wings, the SA-CNTs are aligned in parallel with the M. Menelaus ridges, which further strengthens the consistency of the surface topography in the composite substrate. The SA-CNTs integrated onto butterfly wings provide powerful physical signals and regulate the behavior of SGNs, including cell survival, adhesion, neurite outgrowth, and synapse formation. These features indicate the possibility of directed regeneration after auditory nerve injury.

[Preliminary study on the etiological characteristics and clinical treatment of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws]

Objective: To summarize the etiological characteristics and clinical treatment effects of 17 patients with medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). Methods: The clinical data of 17 patients with MRONJ admitted to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the First People's Hospital of Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, from July 2016 to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed, including 9 males and 8 females, aged (63.6±9.6) years old (43-82 years old). Descriptive analysis of the primary disease, onset factors, site of disease, clinical manifestations, treatment methods, and treatment effects was conducted through follow-up for at least 1 year. Results: Among the primary diseases of the 17 cases, 12 were malignant tumors, and 5 were osteoporosis. There were 13 cases with a history of a trigger event (tooth extraction or unsuited removable denture). Six cases occurred in the maxilla, 10 cases occurred in the mandible, and 1 case involved both the upper and lower jaws. For the most common medication used, bisphosphonate was used in 16 cases including 5 cases with concomitant use of angiogenesis-inhibiting drugs. There was 1 case resulted from receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) monoclonal antibody application. The duration of medication application was (10.1±3.9) months (3-18 months). All 17 cases were treated surgically. Totally 15 patients healed well after surgical treatment and the other 2 patients, who had poor soft tissue healing after surgery, healed well after a second operation. Conclusions: Tooth extraction might be a major trigger factor for the onset of MRONJ in the mandible. The disease was more possibly occured in the mandible than in the maxilla. Appropriate surgical treatment could achieve a good clinical outcome.

EndMT: Potential Target of H2S against Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a chronic arterial wall illness that forms atherosclerotic plaques within the arteries. Plaque formation and endothelial dysfunction are atherosclerosis' characteristics. It is believed that the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis mainly include endothelial cell damage, lipoprotein deposition, inflammation and fibrous cap formation, but its molecular mechanism has not been elucidated. Therefore, protecting the vascular endothelium from damage is one of the key factors against atherosclerosis. The factors and processes involved in vascular endothelial injury are complex. Finding out the key factors and mechanisms of atherosclerosis caused by vascular endothelial injury is an important target for reversing and preventing atherosclerosis. Changes in cell adhesion are the early characteristics of EndMT, and cell adhesion is related to vascular endothelial injury and atherosclerosis. Recent researches have exhibited that endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) can urge atherosclerosis' progress, and it is expected that inhibition of EndMT will be an object for anti-atherosclerosis. We speculate whether inhibition of EndMT can become an effective target for reversing atherosclerosis by improving cell adhesion changes and vascular endothelial injury. Studies have shown that H₂S has a strong cardiovascular protective effect. As H₂S has anti- inflammatory, anti-oxidant, inhibiting foam cell formation, regulating ion channels and enhancing cell adhesion and endothelial functions, the current research on H₂S in cardiovascular aspects is increasing, but anti-atherosclerosis's molecular mechanism and the function of H2S in EndMT have not been explicit. In order to explore the mechanism of H₂S against atherosclerosis, to find an effective target to reverse atherosclerosis, we sum up the progress of EndMT promoting atherosclerosis, and Hydrogen sulfide's potential anti- EndMT effect is discussed in this review.

Ecotopic over-expression of PoCHS from Paeonia ostii altered the fatty acids composition and content in Arabidopsis thaliana

Chalcone synthase (CHS) is the key enzyme in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway and has been studied in many plants, but the function of the CHS gene has not been well characterized in Paeonia ostii. In this study, we obtained a CHS homolog gene from P. ostii, which possessed the putative conserved amino acids of chalcone synthase by multiple alignment analysis and demonstrated the highest expression in developing seeds. In vitro assays of the recombinant PoCHS protein confirmed enzymatic activity using malonyl-CoA and 4-coumaroyl-CoA as substrates, and the optimal pH and reaction temperature were 7.5 and 40 °C, respectively. Furthermore, ectopic over-expression of PoCHS in Arabidopsis up-regulated the expression levels of genes involved in seed development (ABI), glycolysis (PKp2, PDH-E1a, and SUS2/3), and especially fatty acid biosynthesis (BCCP2, CAC2, CDS2, FatA, and FAD3). This resulted in an increased unsaturated fatty acid content, especially α-linolenic acid, in transgenic Arabidopsis seeds. In this study, we examined the functions of CHS homolog of P. ostii and demonstrated its new function in seed fatty acid biosynthesis.

Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cell Senescence Promotes the Proliferation of PASMCs by Paracrine IL-6 in Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a critical and dangerous disease in cardiovascular system. Pulmonary vascular remodeling is an important pathophysiological mechanism for the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation, hypertrophy, and enhancing secretory activity are the main causes of pulmonary vascular remodeling. Previous studies have proven that various active substances and inflammatory factors, such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, chemotactic factor for monocyte 1, etc., are involved in pulmonary vascular remodeling in PH. However, the underlying mechanisms of these active substances to promote the PASMC proliferation remain to be elucidated. In our study, we demonstrated that PASMC senescence, as a physiopathologic mechanism, played an essential role in hypoxia-induced PASMC proliferation. In the progression of PH, senescence PASMCs could contribute to PASMC proliferation via increasing the expression of paracrine IL-6 (senescence-associated secretory phenotype). In addition, we found that activated mTOR/S6K1 pathway can promote PASMC senescence and elevate hypoxia-induced PASMC proliferation. Further study revealed that the activation of mTOR/S6K1 pathway was responsible for senescence PASMCs inducing PASMC proliferation via paracrine IL-6. Targeted inhibition of PASMC senescence could effectively suppress PASMC proliferation and relieve pulmonary vascular remodeling in PH, indicating a potential for the exploration of novel anti-PH strategies.

Application Status and Prospect of Bite Mark Evidence in Forensic Odontology

Abstract

Bite marks are increasingly common in violent cases such as child abuse and sex crimes. Bite marks are often the result of a suspect's attack or a victim's self-defense. Because human teeth vary in size, shape and arrangement, bite marks on objects such as skin and food are characteristic. By using this principle, forensic odontology can identify or exclude suspects by comparing actual bite marks with the teeth marks in the mouth. In this paper, the practical application of bite mark evidence, the research status and problems of bite mark analysis are briefly reviewed, and the prospect of bite mark analysis is also discussed.

[Sex Characteristics and Distribution of External Ear in Uygur Population of Xinjiang]

Objective To analyze the characteristics of the bilateral external ears of Uygur adults by directly observing the morphological characteristics of the external ears of Uygur adults and classifying each feature. The frequency distribution of the characteristics was calculated to provide reference for forensic identification. Methods The 210 cases （75 males and 135 females） of bilateral external ear photos of Uygur adults in Xinjiang that met the inclusion criteria were collected. The frequencies of the features of the external ear were recorded and distinguished between the two sexes and the different sides. The data were statistically analyzed by SPSS 21.0 statistical software. Results The shapes of the external ears of males and females were commonly oblique or rectangular （34.67% of the left external ear of males and 41.33% of the right were oblique; 30.37% of the left and right external ear of females were rectangular）, while triangular ears were the rare variants and the least common. Sex and bilateral differences were observed as regards the form of the helix in the subjects. Normally rolled helix was the most common （58.67% males and 61.48% females for the left ear; 60.00% males and 72.59% females for the right ear）. Wide covering scapha helix was the most rare for the male left ear and flat helix was the most rare for the female right ear. Square and free earlobes were the most common （49.33% males and 62.96% females for the left ear; 40.00% males and 54.81% females for the right ear）, whereas triangular earlobes were rarely seen. Single knob tragus （40.00% males and 37.78% females for the left ear; 37.33% males and 33.33% females for the right ear） and projection type of Darwin's tubercle （50.67% males and 40.00% females for the left ear; 48.00% males and 39.26% females for the right ear） were found to be common. Conclusion The characteristics of the bilateral external ears of male and female Uygur adults have differences, which can be used for forensic identification.

Molecular characterization of a voltage-gated calcium channel and its potential role in the acaricidal action of scopoletin against Tetranychus cinnabarinus

The carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval), is a polyphagous agricultural pest with an extensive host plant range. Scopoletin is a promising acaricidal compound whose acaricidal mechanism may occur by disrupting intracellular Ca²⁺ homeostasis and calcium signaling pathways. However, the underlying mechanism of scopoletin for specific target locations of T. cinnabarinus remains unclear. In this study, a full-length cDNA of the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (TcLTCC) subunit gene from T. cinnabarinus was cloned and characterized. The expression pattern of the TcLTCC gene in all developmental stages of T. cinnabarinus was analyzed. The gene was highly expressed in larval and nymphal stages and was significantly upregulated after treatment with scopoletin. Knocking down the TcLTCC transcript reduced the sensitivity of T. cinnabarinus to scopoletin. Homology modeling and molecular docking were also conducted. The interaction between scopoletin and TcLTCC showed that scopoletin inserted into the cavity bound to the site of the TcLTCC protein by the driving force of hydrogen bonding. This study provides insights into the mechanism by which scopoletin interacts with TcLTCC. Results can improve the understanding of the toxicity of scopoletin to T. cinnabarinus and provide valuable information for the design of new LTCC inhibitors.

Biological functions of Arabidopsis thaliana MBP-1-like protein encoded by ENO2 in the response to drought and salt stresses

Arabidopsis thaliana ENO2 (AtENO2) plays an important role in plant growth and development. It encodes two proteins, a full-length AtENO2 and a truncated version, AtMBP-1, alternatively translated from the second start codon of the mRNA. The AtENO2 mutant (eno2^- ) exhibited reduced leaf size, shortened siliques, a dwarf phenotype and higher sensitivity to abiotic stress. The objectives of this study were to analyze the regulatory network of the ENO2 gene in plant growth development and understand the function of AtENO2/AtMBP-1 to abiotic stresses. An eno2^- /35S:AtENO2-GFP line and an eno2^- /35S:AtMBP-1-GFP line of Arabidopsis were obtained. Results of sequencing by 454 GS FLX identified 578 upregulated and 720 downregulated differential expressed genes (DEGs) in a pairwise comparison (WT-VS-eno2^- ). All the high-quality reads were annotated using the Gene Ontology (GO) terms. The DEGs with KEGG pathway annotations occurred in 110 pathways. The metabolic pathways and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites contained more DEGs. Moreover, the eno2^- /35S:AtENO2-GFP line returned to the wild-type (WT) phenotype and was tolerant to drought and salt stresses. However, the eno2^- /35S:AtMBP-1-GFP line was not able to recover the WT phenotype but it has a higher tolerance to drought and salt stresses. Results from this study demonstrate that AtENO2 is critical for the growth and development, and the AtMBP-1 coded by AtENO2 is important in tolerance of Arabidopsis to abiotic stresses.

[Spectomycin B1 induces VEGFR2 de-SUMO modification to inhibit angiogenesis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma]

Objective:To explore the new mechanism of spectomycin B1 in inhibiting angiogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and to provide a theoretical basis for targeted gene therapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Method:Human nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE1 cells were divided into two groups, the control group and spectomycin B1 group. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of small ubiquitin-related modified protein（SUMO） 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2（VEGFR2）. The angiogenesis assay was used to detect the angiogenic ability of CNE1 cells, and the apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. The model of nasopharyngeal carcinoma-bearing mice was established, spectomycin B1 was administered, tumor volume and weight were measured, and protein expression of CD31 was detected by immunohistochemistry and microvessel density was compared. Result:Spectomycin B1 could reduce deSUMOylation of VEGFR2 protein by 4.05 times, significantly reduce the angiogenic ability of CNE1 cells, and increase the apoptosis rate by 20.68%. In the tumor-bearing mouse model, spectomycin B1 treatment could inhibit subcutaneous tumor growth rate and weight, and the blood vessel density decreased by 40.04%. Conclusion:Spectomycin B1 can inhibit neovascularization of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by inducing deSUMOylation of VEGFR2 protein.

Shared genes between Alzheimer's disease and ischemic stroke

Aims

Although converging evidence from experimental and epidemiological studies indicates Alzheimer's disease (AD) and ischemic stroke (IS) are related, the genetic basis underlying their links is less well characterized. Traditional SNP‐based genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have failed to uncover shared susceptibility variants of AD and IS. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate whether pleiotropic genes existed between AD and IS to account for their phenotypic association, although this was not reported in previous studies.

Methods

Taking advantage of large‐scale GWAS summary statistics of AD (17,008 AD cases and 37,154 controls) and IS (10,307 IS cases and 19,326 controls), we performed gene‐based analysis implemented in VEGAS2 and Fisher's meta‐analysis of the set of overlapped genes of nominal significance in both diseases. Subsequently, gene expression analysis in AD‐ or IS‐associated expression datasets was conducted to explore the transcriptional alterations of pleiotropic genes identified.

Results

16 AD‐IS pleiotropic genes surpassed the cutoff for Bonferroni‐corrected significance. Notably, MS4A4A and TREM2, two established AD‐susceptibility genes showed remarkable alterations in the spleens and brains afflicted by IS, respectively. Among the prioritized genes identified by virtue of literature‐based knowledge, most are immune‐relevant genes (EPHA1, MS4A4A, UBE2L3 and TREM2), implicating crucial roles of the immune system in the pathogenesis of AD and IS.

Conclusions

The observation that AD and IS had shared disease‐associated genes offered mechanistic insights into their common pathogenesis, predominantly involving the immune system. More importantly, our findings have important implications for future research directions, which are encouraged to verify the involvement of these candidates in AD and IS and interpret the exact molecular mechanisms of action.

[Clinical significance of continuous transfixion suture for nasal septum in septoplasty]

Objective:To systemically evaluate the clinical significance of continuous transfixion suture for nasal septum in septoplasty. Method:Forty patients with nasal septum deviation were randomly assigned to the suture group including 20 patients who underwent endoscopic septoplasty followed by continuous transfixion suture for nasal septum, or the nasal packing group including 20 patients who underwent endoscopic septoplasty followed by nasal packing. Two groups were compared for the visual analogue scale (VAS) scores for postoperative rhinalgia, headache, lacrimation, dysphagia and sleep disorder, changes in mucociliary transport time (MTT) before and after surgery, and postoperative capillary hemorrhage. Patients were followed up for 2 weeks to observe the short-term postoperative complications. Result:Mean VAS scores for rhinalgia, headache, lacrimation, dysphagia and sleep disorder were all higher in nasal packing group than those in suture group (P<0.05); compared to suture group, there was greater prolongation of MTT before and after surgery in packing group (P<0.05); there was significant difference between two groups in postoperative capillary hemorrhage volume (P<0.05); in the nasal packing group, nasal synechia, nasal dryness and hyposmia were observed in 1, 3 and 2 patients, respectively, within 2 weeks postoperatively, whereas no short-term complications were observed in the suture group. Conclusion:Use of continuous transfixion suture in place of nasal packing following septoplasty can significantly improve the postoperative symptoms, protect nasal mucociliary clearance, and reduce short-term postoperative complications.

[Value discussion of radical sinus surgery for difficult-to-treat rhinosinusitis]

Objective:To investigate the efficacy of radical sinus surgery (RSS) on difficult-to-treat rhinosinusitis(DTRS) with nasal polyps. Method: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 26 patients with DTRS that treated with RSS and patients who were not treated with RSS in our hospital from August 2013 to June 2017.The effect of RSS were evaluated by comparing the CT Lund-Kennery score,endoscope Lund-Kennery score,global VAS score and dysosmia VAS score before operation and 6 months after operation. Result: RSS group had more severe Lund-Kennery score,global VAS score and dysosmia VAS score than non-RSS group,and also had more previous surgeries,higher ratio of olfactory region polyps,and higher ratio of co-existing asthma and allergic rhinitis. However RSS group had a lower ratio with pus anot than non-RSS group. The eosinophil count in periheral blood between two groups had no statistical significance. Six months after RSS,the score of endoscope Lund-Kennery,global VAS and dysosmia VAS dependence. 14 patients were successfully cured(53.8%), 12 patients showed improvement(46.2%), no invalid cases. Conclusion: The global symptoms and olfaction of DTRS patients can be improved by RSS combine individual perioperative drug therapy.

MicroRNA-377 Inhibits Atherosclerosis by Regulating Triglyceride Metabolism Through the DNA Methyltransferase 1 in Apolipoprotein E-Knockout Mice

BACKGROUND

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) plays an important role in triglyceride metabolism. It is translocated across endothelial cells to reach the luminal surface of capillaries by glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1), where it hydrolyzes triglycerides in lipoproteins. MicroRNA 377 (miR-377) is highly associated with lipid levels. However, how miR-377 regulates triglyceride metabolism and whether it is involved in the development of atherosclerosis remain largely unexplored. Methods and Results: The clinical examination displayed that miR-377 expression was markedly lower in plasma from patients with hypertriglyceridemia compared with non-hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Bioinformatics analyses and a luciferase reporter assay showed that DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) was a target gene of miR-377. Moreover, miR-377 increased LPL binding to GPIHBP1 by directly targeting DNMT1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-knockout (KO) mice aorta endothelial cells (MAECs). In vivo, hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), Oil Red O and Masson's trichrome staining showed that ApoE-KO mice treated with miR-377 developed less atherosclerotic plaques, accompanied by reduced plasma triglyceride levels.

CONCLUSIONS

It is concluded that miR-377 upregulates GPIHBP1 expression, increases the LPL binding to GPIHBP1, and reduces plasma triglyceride levels, likely through targeting DNMT1, inhibiting atherosclerosis in ApoE-KO mice.

[Hypoxia inducible factor-1α deSUMOylation reduces the stemness maintenance ability of endometrial cancer stem cell and increases its chemosensitivity]

Objective: To reduce the stemness maintenance ability of endometrial cancer stem cell and increase its sensitivity to chemotherapy by inducing hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) protein deSUMOylation. Methods: Lentiviral plasmid mediated ubiquitin carrier protein 9 (Ubc9) gene silencing was transgened into KLE endometrial carcinoma cells. The expression of Ubc9, small ubiquitin-related modifier 1(SUMO1) and HIF-1α protein was detected by Western blotting. Then tumor stem cells clones were cultured in 96 well plates, and these clone balls diameter were calculated. Cell cycles were determined by flow cytometry. MTT cytotoxicity assay and flow cytometry method were used to test sensitivity of cisplatin to endometrial cancer stem cell. Results: The results of Western blotting showed that Ubc9 gene was silenced well, and the covalent binding state of SUMO-1 and HIF-1α protein levels were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Ubc9 gene silencing in endometrial cancer cells reduced clone formation rate by (31.61±5.29)% down to (11.42±3.07)%, while the cell cycle shift from G1 to G2. IC50 of cisplatin decreased from 44.37 mg/L to 7.39 mg/L, and the rate of cell apoptosis by (41.59±5.37)% down to (26.22±4.03)%. Conclusion: The stemness maintenance ability of endometrial cancer stem cell can be reduced through deSUMOylation of HIF-1α protein by silencing Ubc9 gene expression, and their sensitivity to chemotherapy be enhanced, which provides a new reference for future gene therapy of endometrial carcinoma.

Differences in expression of YKL-40 and TLR4 in nasal sinus mucosa of chronic sinusitis patients with and without nasal polyps

This work studies the expression differences of YKL-40 and TLR4 in nasal sinus mucosa of chronic sinusitis patients with and without nasal polyps and its clinical significances. Fifty chronic sinusitis patients with nasal polyps and 50 chronic sinusitis patients without, accepted by our hospital during February 2016-February 2017, were included and taken as group A and group B, respectively. In addition, another 50 patients with nasal deviation were taken as group C (control group). The ostiomeatal complex mucosa of group A and B and the inferior turbinate mucosa of group C were taken and the fluorescence quantitative PCR method was applied to detect the expression of YKL-40, TLR4 and NF- κB of the mucosa and explore and influence of YKL-40 and TLR4 on NF-κB. There was a negative correlation between YKL-40 and TLR4 in group A, and the difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.05) while there was no relationship between YKL-40 and TLR4 expression in group B. The level of YKL-40 protein in group A was higher than that in group B, which was statistically significant (P less than 0.05). YKL-40 and TLR4 were positively correlated in group A while there was no correlation between YKL- 40 and TLR4 expression in group B. The expression of YKL-40, TLR4 and NF-κB in chronic sinusitis patients with nasal polyps was high. In addition, there was a negative correlation between YKL-40 and TLR4 expression in chronic sinusitis patients with nasal polyps. YKL-40 and TLR4 interacted with each other to activate NF-κB and promote disease progression.

Role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers E-cadherin, N-cadherin, β-catenin and ZEB2 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) allows neoplastic cells to gain the invasive phenotype and become migratory, which is required for cancer progression and metastasis. In the present study, the expression of EMT-associated biomarkers and their association with clinicopathological parameters in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) was investigated. E-cadherin, N-cadherin, β-catenin and zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2) protein expression was evaluated with immunohistochemistry in a cohort of 76 patients with operable LSCC. The association between these transition markers, clinicopathological parameters and their prognostic impact in LSCC was analyzed. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that EMT-associated proteins were differentially expressed between LSCC and adjacent non-neoplastic laryngeal tissue. Negative E-cadherin expression and positive N-cadherin, β-catenin and ZEB2 expression were associated with a later tumor (T) stage, decreasing tumor differentiation and a reduced overall survival (OS) time (OS: E-cadherin, P=0.016; N-cadherin, P=0.003; β-catenin, P=0.002; ZEB2, P=0.0003). E-cadherin/β-catenin co-expression was significantly associated with the majority of clinicopathological parameters assessed, including lymph node metastases, T stage and tumor cell differentiation (P=0.004, P=0.005, and P<0.001, respectively). Multivariate analysis indicated that T stage and the positive expression of β-catenin and ZEB2 were independent risk factors for OS in LSCC (P=0.014, P=0.025 and P=0.003, respectively). It was concluded that EMT mediates tumor progression, and reduces OS time in patients with LSCC. E-cadherin/β-catenin co-expression may be associated with clinicopathological parameters. T stage, and the positive co-expression of β-catenin and ZEB2 may be independent predictors of prognosis in LSCC.

[DeSUMOylation of protein kinase B1 inhibits cell proliferation and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma]

Objective: To investigate the effect of AKT1 deSUMOylation induced by Ubc9 silencing on the proliferation and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Methods: The Ubc9 gene was silenced using RNA interference, and the expression levels of Ubc9, SUMO1 and AKT1 protein were detected by Western blot. Cell proliferation and cell cycle was analyzed by MTT and flow cytometry. Wound healing and transwell assays were used to detect the cell migration ability. Furthermore, the xenograft model was established, and tumor growth curves were drawn. The in situ apoptotic rates was measured using TUNEL Apoptosis Assay. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. Results: Knockdown of Ubc9 gene significantly decreased the protein expression levels of Ubc9, conjugated SUMO1, free SUMO1 and AKT1 in HCC cells (P<0.05 for all). In control, siR-neg and siR-Ubc9 groups, the cell proliferation indexes were 53.19%, 54.25% and 39.17%, respectively. Moreover, cell migration distance and migrating cells per low power field for all these three groups were (59.47±4.66) μm and 89.44±8.36, (56.56±5.37) μm and 93.84±8.79, as well as (34.57±6.61) μm and 41.67±5.39, respectively. In the xenograft model, the weights of subcutaneous tumors for these three groups were (3.78±0.69) g, (3.72±0.72) g and (2.09±0.61) g, respectively. The corresponding apoptotic cell rates were (7.79±2.21)%, (6.45±2.48)% and (33.59±5.44)%, respectively. The expression levels of PCNA, MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein were significantly decreased in siR-Ubc9 group (P<0.05). Conclusions: Ubc9 silencing in HCC cells induces AKT1 deSUMOylation, and then inhibits the proliferation and metastasis. These results provide a new therapeutic strategy for liver cancer in the future.

Analysis of genetic diversity of Leuciscus leuciscus baicalensis using novel microsatellite markers with cross-species transferability

We used next-generation sequencing technology to characterize 19 genomic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and 11 expressed sequence tag (EST) SSR markers from Leuciscus leuciscus baicalensis, a small freshwater fish that is widely distributed in Xinjiang, China. Primers were used to test for polymorphisms in three L. leuciscus baicalensis populations in Xinjiang. There were 4-27 (average 11.3) alleles (N_A), the expected heterozygosity (H_E) was 0.36-0.94 (average 0.75 ± 0.14), the observed heterozygosity (H_O) was 0.37-1.00 (average 0.68 ± 0.18), and the polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.31-0.93 (average 0.71). The averages of H_E and PIC for the EST-SSR markers were slightly lower than for the genomic SSR markers. Genetic analysis of the three populations showed similar results for PIC, H_E, and N_A. Amplifications were performed in nine other species; the top three transferability values were for Rutilus lacustris (80%), Leuciscus idus (76.7%), and Phoxinus ujmonensis (63.3%), with the following average values: PIC (0.56, 4.46, and 0.52); N_A (0.40, 3.00, and 0.32); and H_O (0.44, 2.74, and 0.22), respectively. L. leuciscus baicalensis is one of the most important commercial fish in Xinjiang, but in recent years, fishery resources have decreased sharply owing to water conservation projects, unreasonable utilization, and invasion by alien species. These novel SSR markers are appropriate for studies involving fingerprinting, gene flow, genetic diversity, population structure, and molecular-assisted breeding, and could contribute to the conservation of L. leuciscus baicalensis.

Vitamin C down-regulate apo(a) expression via Tet2-dependent DNA demethylation in HepG2 cells

Lipoprotein(a)[Lp(a)] is a risk factor for coronary heart diseases. However, the metabolism of this protein remains poorly understood. Efficient and specific drugs that can decrease high plasma levels of Lp(a) have not been developed yet. Vitamin C is responsible for maintaining the catalytic activity of a group of iron and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent dioxygenases and induces the generation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) via Ten-eleven translocation (Tet) dioxygenases. In addition, It has been reported vitamin C deficiency induces atherosclerosis and increases Lp(a) and apo(a) plasma levels in Lp(a)+ mice. However, the mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of vitamin C on apo(a) expression and the possible molecular mechanism of vitamin C that influences apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] biosynthesis in HepG2 cells. Results showed that vitamin C significantly inhibited the expression and secretion levels of apo(a). Vitamin C can also increase ELK1 expression and hydroxymethylation of ELK1 promoter and the globle DNA in HepG2 cells. In addition, the effects of vitamin C inhibiting the apo(a) expression were attenuated by ELK1siRNA and Tet2siRNA. These results suggested vitamin C down-regulate apo(a) expression via Tet2-dependent DNA demethylation in HepG2 cells.

Expression Profile of Long Noncoding RNAs in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Multiple Sclerosis Patients

AIMS

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a key role in regulating immunological functions. Their impact on the chronic inflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS), however, remains unknown. We investigated the expression of lncRNAs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with MS and attempt to explain their possible role in the process of MS.

METHODS

For this study, we recruited 26 patients with MS according to the revised McDonald criteria. Then, we randomly chose 6 patients for microarray analysis. Microarray assays identified outstanding differences in lncRNA expression, which were verified through real-time PCR. LncRNA functions were annotated for target genes using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses, and regulatory relationships between lncRNAs and target genes were analyzed using the "cis" and "trans" model.

RESULTS

There were 2353 upregulated lncRNAs, 389 downregulated lncRNAs, 1037 upregulated mRNAs, and 279 downregulated mRNAs in patients with MS compared to healthy control subjects (fold change >2.0). Real-time PCR results of six aberrant lncRNAs were consistent with the microarray data. The coexpression network comprised 864 lncRNAs and 628 mRNAs. Among differentially expressed lncRNAs, 10 lncRNAs were predicted to have 10 cis-regulated target genes, and 33 lncRNAs might regulate their trans target genes.

CONCLUSIONS

We identified a subset of dysregulated lncRNAs and mRNAs. The differentially expressed lncRNAs may be important in the process of MS. However, the specific molecular mechanisms and biological functions of these lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of MS need further study.

Effect of age on the immune system and pathology of mice with chronic graft-versus-host disease lupus nephritis

We investigated the effect of age on the expression of immune molecules [ANA, C4, double stranded DNA (dsDNA), CD16/32, CD19, CD3, and CD64], urine protein, and pathology in mice with chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) lupus nephritis (LN), and their relationship with reactivity index score. Mouse models of cGVHD LN were established, and mice were randomly divided into four aged-based groups of nine mice each. Serum levels of ANA, C4, and dsDNA were determined, the urine protein levels were assessed, and expression levels of CD16/32, CD19, CD3, and CD64 were measured. Expression levels of CD16/32+CD19(T1), CD16/CD32+CD3(T2), and CD64+CD3 or CD19(T3) were defined in the thymus, in bone marrow they were defined as CD16/32+CD19(B1), CD16/32+CD3(B2), CD64+CD3 or CD19(B3), and in spleen they were defined as CD16/32+CD19(P1), CD16/32+CD3(P2), CD64+CD3 or CD19(P3), respectively. There were significant differences in the levels of dsDNA and urine protein among the four groups (P < 0.05), which were negatively correlated with age. B1, B2, S1, and S2 were significantly different among the four groups (P < 0.05), with a positive correlation with age for B1 and B2. There was no correlation of expression of ANA, C4, dsDNA, T1-T3, B1-B3, S2-S3 with reactivity index score; S1 was the exception (r = -0.440, P = 0.011). Age influenced levels of dsDNA and urine protein in the mouse cGVHD model of LN. S1 was associated with reactivity index score and might also affect pathological changes.

The effect of process parameters and microstructural changes on a new convenience food - quick-frozen paste-coated mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)

The technology of quick-freezing paste-coated mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) was studied and optimized. The best microwave pretreatment condition for 1 cm slices, regarding color protection, was 5.4 W/g, for 55, 55-60 and 60 s for mushrooms with 3, 4 and 5 cm diameter caps respectively. For a batch of paste (668.2-1034.6 g), the process parameters considered were oil content (46.6-63.4 g), water content (381-562.6 g) and flour content (166-334 g) with a constant additional content of 30 g starch, 9 g baking powder, 2.6 g carrageenan, 30 g salt and 3 g pepper. These parameters were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite design. The optimal levels of the major paste components were 300 g flour, 432.5 g water and 50 g oil. The freezing time and sensory acceptability for paste-coated Agaricus bisporus(PCAB) under the optimized conditions were 7.49 min and 6.2 respectively. The freezing curves of PCAB were established at different temperatures and the freezing rates were calculated to find the freezing characteristics. In addition, the cell structure of PCAB, frozen at -75 °C, the lowest freezing temperature, and studied using transmission electron microscopy, was similar in quality to that of fresh Agaricus bisporus. The results suggested that Agaricus bisporus can be quick-frozen with a paste coating to produce an acceptable and nutritious convenience food.

An optical monitoring method for depositing dielectric layers of arbitrary thickness using reciprocal of transmittance

An approach extracting information of both optical monitoring signal and phase thickness of deposited layer on a trace diagram is proposed. Realtime fitting and calculation are performed to get both practical thickness and refractive index of deposited layer with the assist of quartz crystal monitoring for keeping steady rate of deposition. Monitoring error of thickness using this approach is analyzed. It was used to obtain the refractive indices and thickness of Ge layer and SiO layer in in situ measurement mode, and the results were compared with those of ex-situ spectral measurement using infrared spectrometer. The effectiveness of the proposed monitoring method was verified by fabricating narrow bandpass filter consisting of quarter-wave and non-quarter-wave layers.

Biosynthesis of ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate by NADH-dependent reductase from E. coli CCZU-Y10 discovered by genome data mining using mannitol as cosubstrate

The reductase (PgCR) from recombinant Escherichia coli CCZU-Y10 displayed high reductase activity and excellent stereoselectivity for the reduction of ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate (COBE) into ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate ((S)-CHBE). To efficiently synthesize (S)-CHBE (>99 % enantiomeric excess (ee)), the highly stereoselective bioreduction of COBE into (S)-CHBE with the whole cells of E. coli CCZU-Y10 was successfully demonstrated in a dibutyl phthalate-water biphasic system. The appropriate ratio of the organic phase to water phase was 1:1 (v/v). The optimum reaction temperature, reaction pH, cosubstrate, NAD(+), and cell dosage of the biotransformation of 100 mM COBE in this biphasic system were 30 °C, 7.0, mannitol (2.5 mmol/mmol COBE), 0.1 μmol/(mmol COBE), and 0.1 g (wet weight)/mL, respectively. Moreover, COBE at a high concentration of (1,000 mM) could be asymmetrically reduced to (S)-CHBE in a high yield (99.0 %) and high enantiometric excess value (>99 % ee). Significantly, E. coli CCZU-Y10 shows high potential in the industrial production of (S)-CHBE (>99 % ee).

Inhibition of Myo6 gene expression by co‑expression of a mutant of transcription factor POU4F3 (BRN‑3C) in hair cells

An eight‑base pair (bp) deletion in the Pou4f3 gene in hair cells is associated with DFNA15, a hereditary form of hearing loss. To explore the pathological mechanisms underlying the development of DFNA15, the effect of the mutation in Pou4f3 on the activity of the myosin VI (Myo6) promoter, was investigated. The upstream regulatory sequence of Myo6 (2625 bp), consisting of an 1899 bp upstream sequence and a 727 bp intron 1 sequence, was amplified using polymerase chain reaction and subcloned into the pGL3‑Basic vector expressing firefly luciferase. For verification of inserted fragments, plasmids were subjected to restriction analysis and then sequenced. HEK293T human embryonic kidney cells were transiently transfected with renilla luciferase‑thymidine kinase vectors expressing Renilla luciferase and the Myo6 promoter‑driven firefly luciferase expressing vectors along with pIRES2‑enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)‑Pou4f3 (expressing wild‑type Pou4f3) or pIRES2‑EGFP‑Pou4f3 (expressing the truncation mutant of Pou4f3). The relative luciferase activities were measured to determine the activity of the Myo6 promoter. The Myo6 promoter activity was not affected by co‑expression of wild‑type Pou4f3, as indicated by the comparable relative luciferase activities in the presence of the pIRES2‑EGFP‑Pou4f3 and the empty control vectors. However, co‑expression of mutated Pou4f3 significantly inhibited the activity of the Myo6 promoter to almost half of that of the control (P<0.001). The data suggests that mutated Pou4f3 has a negative role in the promoter activity of Myo6, and by extension, the expression of myosin VI, and this may be an underlying mechanism of DFNA15 hearing loss.

Two new furostanol glycosides from the fibrous root of Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker-Gawl

Two new furostanol glycosides, ophiopogonins H (1) and I (2), were isolated from the fibrous root of Ophiopogon japonicus. The structures of 1 and 2 were established as (25R)-26-[(O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl)]-22α-hydroxyfurost-5-ene-3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranoside and (25R)-26-[(O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl)]-20α-hydroxyfurost-5,22-diene-3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranoside on the basis of spectroscopic means including HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR experiments.

Inhibitory effects of thioethers on fatty acid synthase and 3T3-L1 cells

Thioethers are the main flavor compounds found in Liliaceae Allium vegetables and have been shown to have beneficial effects against several diseases correlated with metabolic syndrome. The inhibitory effects of six thioethers on fatty acid synthase (FAS) were investigated. Dose-dependent and time-dependent inhibitions of FAS by one trisulfide and two disulfides were revealed. Diallyl trisulfide (DATS, IC(50) = 8.37 microM) was the most active of these thioethers. Inhibition kinetics, substrate protection analysis, and stoichiometric assay revealed that DATS interacted with both essential sulfhydryl groups on the acyl-carrier protein and beta-ketoacyl synthase domain of FAS to inactivate the enzyme. The inactivation by DATS represented affinity-labeling kinetics. The active thioethers also inhibited the differentiation and lipid accumulation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, and the effect was related to their inhibition of FAS. It is suggested that the inhibition on FAS by thioethers and Allium vegetables is an important factor for their effects against metabolic syndrome.

Inhibitory effects on bacterial growth and beta-ketoacyl-ACP reductase by different species of maple leaf extracts and tannic acid

It is important to develop new antibiotics aimed at novel targets. The investigation found that the leaf extracts from five maples (Acer platanoides, Acer campestre, Acer rubrum, Acer saccharum and Acer truncatum Bunge collected in Denmark, Canada and China) and their component tannic acid displayed antibacterial ability against 24 standard bacteria strains with the minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.3-8.0 mg/mL. Unlike the standard antibiotic levofloxacin (LFX), these samples inhibited Gram-positive bacteria more effectively than they inhibited Gram-negative bacteria. These samples effectively inhibited two antidrug bacterial strains. The results show that these samples inhibit bacteria by a different mechanism from LFX. These samples potently inhibited b-ketoacyl-ACP reductase (FabG), which is an important enzyme in bacterial fatty acid synthesis. Tannic acid showed the strongest inhibition on FabG with a half inhibition concentration of 0.78 microM (0.81 microg/mL). Furthermore, tannic acid and two maple leaf extracts showed time-dependent irreversible inhibition of FabG. These three samples also exhibited better inhibition on bacteria. It is suggested that FabG is the antibacteria target of maple leaf extracts and tannic acid, and both reversible and irreversible inhibitions of FabG are important for the antibacterial effect.

Potent inhibition of fatty acid synthase by parasitic loranthus [Taxillus chinensis(DC.) Danser] and its constituent avicularin

The medicinal herb parasitic loranthus in a screen was found to inhibit fatty acid synthase (EC 2.3.1.85, FAS) and reduce body weight of rats in our previous study. Now we have determined the inhibitory characteristics and kinetic parameters of extracts of parasitic loranthus [Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Danser]. The parasitic loranthus extracts (PLE) inhibits FAS reversibly and irreversibly and with an IC50 value of 0.48 microg/ml, appears to be the most potent inhibitor reported to date. PLE contains various potent inhibitors and may react with different sites on FAS. The irreversible inhibition exhibits a time-dependent biphasic process including a speedy fast-phase during the initial several minutes. The fast-phase inhibition seems to be caused by some potent but low-concentration component(s) in the extracts. In addition, we have found that avicularin existing in this herb can potently inhibit FAS. This glycosylated flavonoid and quercetin play an effective role in inhibiting FAS by parasitic loranthus.

Detection of Multiple Infections of Citrus exocortis viroid, Citrus viroid III, and Hop stunt viroid Variants in Hunan Province, China

Citrus cultivation in China has increased since the late 1970s, with China now having the largest area of citrus in culture in the world that is spread in 22 provinces and municipalities. Hunan Province has undergone a program to become one of the major citrus producers in China. Poncirus trifoliata is the main rootstock, so citrus viroids are a limiting factor for further citriculture development. In mainland China, only the presence of Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) has been reported from Etrog citron indexing, sPAGE (sequential polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) analysis (2), and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR (3). Three viroid-like RNAs, a₁, b₁, and d, based on sPAGE patterns were detected years ago in our laboratory in budsticks received from Sichuan Province. To identify different viroids and determine their distribution, a survey has been undertaken. Field trees showing stunting, bark scaling and cracking of the rootstock, and poor yield were tested using biological indexing and PCR for the most frequent citrus viroids. Samples from six trees of a local sweet orange variety and three of a Clementine variety introduced from abroad, both grafted on P. trifoliata and showing a variable degree of bark scaling and cracking, were collected near Changsha and in the County of Xin Ning at the end of summer 2006. Small pieces of bark were inserted in stems of young E. citron budwood grafted on rough lemon and maintained in a warm greenhouse (24 to 32°C). Indexing on E. citron showed mild epinasty and leaf roll typical of citrus viroid infections. To identify specific viroids, bark was ground to a fine powder with liquid nitrogen and total RNA was extracted with TRIZOL Reagent (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA) and tested by RT-PCR to detect CEVd, Hop Stunt viroid (HSVd), and Citrus viroid III (CVd-III), as well as to identify the cachexia variants of HSVd. Four primer pairs were used to test the RNA extracts by RT-PCR (1). All samples were infected by HSVd, eight with CVd-III, and six with CEVd. The cachexia variants of HSVd were detected in four of nine samples. Mixed infections were as follows: one sample had CEVd and HSVd, eight had HSVd and CVd-III, and five were infected by the three viroids. A second sampling 3 months after inoculation gave the same amplification patterns. The results show that at least three viroids are present in citrus orchards in Hunan Province. To our knowledge, this is the first report of cachexia variants of HSVd and CVd-III in China. The common occurrence of these viroids supports the need for proper indexing of mother trees and a specific shoot tip grafting program to create healthy budwood sources to provide healthy plants. References: (1) L. Bernard and N. Duran-Vila. Mol. Cell. Probes, 20:105, 2006. (2) L. Han et al. Viroids. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 283, 2003. (3). Q. Hu et al. Acta Bot. Sin. 39:613, 1997.

Activation of the STAT1 signalling pathway in lupus nephritis in MRL/lpr mice

Interferons (IFNs), type I (alpha/beta) and type II (gamma), comprise a family of multifunctional cytokines with antiviral, antiproliferative and immunomodulating properties. Both type I and type II IFNs have been heavily implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The biological effects of IFNs are mediated through the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway in which both IFN-alpha/beta and IFN-gamma activate the transcription factor STAT1. However, little is known about the pathogenic significance of STAT1 in SLE. At this point, we examined the expression and activation of STAT1 in the kidney of MRL/lpr mice with lupus nephritis (LN) by immunohistochemistry, Western botting and real time quantitative RT-PCR. Increased levels of total STAT1 protein and its activated/phosphorylated form were detected in kidney samples from MRL/lpr mice with LN as compared to those from control mice. Phosphorylated STAT1 was predominantly detected in glomeruli cells. Gene expression of the STAT induced feedback inhibitors suppressor of cytokine signalling-1 (SOCS-1) and SOCS-3 was also enhanced in MRL/lpr mice. In MRL/lpr mesangial cells, both IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma rapidly induced the phosphorylation of STAT in vitro. Our results demonstrate that expression and activation of STAT1 are significantly increased in murine lupus nephritis, and indicate that STAT1 signalling pathway may play an important role in the pathogenesis of kidney inflammation.

The isolation of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-d-glucose from Acer truncatum Bunge by high-speed counter-current chromatography

High-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was successfully used for the isolation and purification of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose from the ethyl acetate extract of the leaves of Acer truncatum Bunge using a two-phase system composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water at a volume ratio of (0.25:5:1:5, v/v/v/v) for the first time. Each injection of 80 mg crude extract yielded 7.25 mg of pure 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses of the CCC fraction revealed that the purity of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D- glucose was over 95%.

Inhibitory activity of chlorogenic acid on enzymes involved in the fatty acid synthesis in animals and bacteria

It was found that chlorogenic acid inhibited in vitro animal fatty acid synthase (FAS I) and the ss-ketoacyl-ACP reductase (FabG) from Escherichia coli in a concentration-dependent manner with respective IC50 of 94.8 and 88.1 microM. The results of Lineweaver-Burk plots indicated that chlorogenic acid inhibited competitively the binding of NADPH to FAS I, while left those of acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA unaffected. Further kinetic studies showed that chlorogenic acid blocked the activity of FAS I mainly by inhibiting the ss-ketoacyl reductase domain, which catalyzed the same reaction as that done by FabG in the fatty acid synthesis. The ss-ketoacyl reduction reactions accomplished by both FAS I and FabG required nucleotide cofactor, NADPH. Furthermore, the Lineweaver-Burk and Yonetani-Theorell analyses implicated that chlorogenic acid filled competitively in the binding-pocket of NADPH in the ss-ketoacyl reductase domain of FAS I. The similar results were also obtained from the inhibition of FabG by chlorogenic acid. As observed in these results, the inhibitions of FAS I and FabG by chlorogenic acid were highly related to the interference of the inhibitor with NADPH, which was possibly due to the similarity between chlorogenic acid and some portion of NADPH, maybe the section consisting of the two ribose groups.