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Jing J. The Relevance, Predictability, and Utility of Annexin A5 for Human Physiopathology. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2865. [PMID: 38474114 PMCID: PMC10932194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
As an important functional protein molecule in the human body, human annexin A5 (hAnxA5) is widely found in human cells and body fluids. hAnxA5, the smallest type of annexin, performs a variety of biological functions by reversibly and specifically binding phosphatidylserine (PS) in a calcium-dependent manner and plays an important role in many human physiological and pathological processes. The free state hAnxA5 exists in the form of monomers and usually forms a polymer in a specific self-assembly manner when exerting biological activity. This review systematically discusses the current knowledge and understanding of hAnxA5 from three perspectives: physiopathological relevance, diagnostic value, and therapeutic utility. hAnxA5 affects the occurrence and development of many physiopathological processes. Moreover, hAnxA5 can be used independently or in combination as a biomarker of physiopathological phenomena for the diagnosis of certain diseases. Importantly, based on the properties of hAnxA5, many novel drug candidates have been designed and prepared for application in actual medical practice. However, there are also some gaps and shortcomings in hAnxA5 research. This in-depth study will not only expand the understanding of structural and functional relationships but also promote the application of hAnxA5 in the field of biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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2
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Meta-Analysis of MS-Based Proteomics Studies Indicates Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 and Nucleobindin1 as Potential Prognostic and Drug Resistance Biomarkers in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma. Cells 2023; 12:cells12010196. [PMID: 36611989 PMCID: PMC9818977 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is inaccurately predicted using clinical features and immunohistochemistry (IHC) algorithms. Nomination of a panel of molecules as the target for therapy and predicting prognosis in DLBCL is challenging because of the divergences in the results of molecular studies. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics in the clinic represents an analytical tool with the potential to improve DLBCL diagnosis and prognosis. Previous proteomics studies using MS-based proteomics identified a wide range of proteins. To achieve a consensus, we reviewed MS-based proteomics studies and extracted the most consistently significantly dysregulated proteins. These proteins were then further explored by analyzing data from other omics fields. Among all significantly regulated proteins, interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) was identified as a potential target by proteomics, genomics, and IHC. Moreover, annexinA5 (ANXA5) and nucleobindin1 (NUCB1) were two of the most up-regulated proteins identified in MS studies. Functional enrichment analysis identified the light zone reactions of the germinal center (LZ-GC) together with cytoskeleton locomotion functions as enriched based on consistent, significantly dysregulated proteins. In this study, we suggest IRF4 and NUCB1 proteins as potential biomarkers that deserve further investigation in the field of DLBCL sub-classification and prognosis.
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3
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Tajbakhsh A, Gheibi Hayat SM, Movahedpour A, Savardashtaki A, Loveless R, Barreto GE, Teng Y, Sahebkar A. The complex roles of efferocytosis in cancer development, metastasis, and treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111776. [PMID: 34062411 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When tumor cells are killed by targeted therapy, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy, they trigger their primary tumor by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines. Microenvironmental interactions can also promote tumor heterogeneity and development. In this line, several immune cells within the tumor microenvironment, including macrophages, dendritic cells, regulatory T-cells, and CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, are involved in the clearance of apoptotic tumor cells through a process called efferocytosis. Although the efficiency of apoptotic tumor cell efferocytosis is positive under physiological conditions, there are controversies regarding its usefulness in treatment-induced apoptotic tumor cells (ATCs). Efferocytosis can show the limitation of cytotoxic treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Since cytotoxic treatments lead to extensive cell mortality, efferocytosis, and macrophage polarization toward an M2 phenotype, the immune response may get involved in tumor recurrence and metastasis. Tumor cells can use the anti-inflammatory effect of apoptotic tumor cell efferocytosis to induce an immunosuppressive condition that is tumor-tolerant. Since M2 polarization and efferocytosis are tumor-promoting processes, the receptors on macrophages act as potential targets for cancer therapy. Moreover, researchers have shown that efferocytosis-related molecules/pathways are potential targets for cancer therapy. These include phosphatidylserine and calreticulin, Tyro3, Axl, and Mer tyrosine kinase (MerTK), receptors of tyrosine kinase, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1, annexin V, CD47, TGF-β, IL-10, and macrophage phenotype switch are combined with conventional therapy, which can be more effective in cancer treatment. Thus, we set out to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of efferocytosis in treatment-induced apoptotic tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibi Hayat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ahmad Movahedpour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Reid Loveless
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Yong Teng
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Department of Medical Laboratory, Imaging and Radiologic Sciences, College of Allied Health, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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4
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Liu K, Yan S, Ma Z, Liu B. Effective pressure and treatment duration of high hydrostatic pressure to prepare melanoma vaccines. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:1135-1142. [PMID: 32724353 PMCID: PMC7377178 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapeutic methods for melanoma have numerous limitations, and thus the improvement of such treatment methods are essential. One possible option is the vaccination of autologous inactivated tumor cells. The primary indispensable principles of a cell-based melanoma vaccine include: i) Entire inactivation of melanoma cells; ii) retaining the immunogenicity of melanoma cells; and iii) adherence to laws and ethical guidelines. However, traditional methods for the production of the vaccine, such as ultrasonic, chemotherapeutics and freeze-thawing, have some juridical or therapeutic constraints. Therefore, the present study used high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) to inactivate malignant cells, and treated B16-F10 tumor cells with different pressures (≥50 MPa) and different durations (≥1 min). It was identified that tumor cells in vitro lost their proliferative ability, but retained their immunogenicity following treatment. Furthermore, the vaccination of the melanoma cells significantly suppressed their oncogenesis. Collectively, the present results suggest that HHP treatment may be an economically viable and effective measure to develop a melanoma vaccine, when pressure was ≥200 MPa and the treatment duration was ≥30 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Yan
- Department of Operating Room, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Zhanchuan Ma
- Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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5
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Annexin A5 as an immune checkpoint inhibitor and tumor-homing molecule for cancer treatment. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1137. [PMID: 32111835 PMCID: PMC7048819 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14821-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between immune cells and phosphatidylserine (PS) molecules exposed on the surface of apoptotic-tumor bodies, such as those induced by chemotherapies, contributes to the formation of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Annexin A5 (AnxA5) binds with high affinity to PS externalized by apoptotic cells, thereby hindering their interaction with immune cells. Here, we show that AnxA5 administration rescue the immunosuppressive state of the TME induced by chemotherapy. Due to the preferential homing of AnxA5 to the TME enriched with PS+ tumor cells, we demonstrate in vivo that fusing tumor-antigen peptide to AnxA5 significantly enhances its immunogenicity and antitumor efficacy when administered after chemotherapy. Also, the therapeutic antitumor effect of an AnxA5-peptide fusion can be further enhanced by administration of other immune checkpoint inhibitors. Our findings support the administration of AnxA5 following chemotherapy as a promising immune checkpoint inhibitor for cancer treatment. AnnexinV has been shown to bind phosphatidylserine expressed by chemotherapy-induced apoptotic cells increasing their immunogeneicity. Here, the authors demonstrate in a preclinical tumor model that fusing tumor-antigen peptide to Annexin V enhances its efficacy when administered after chemotherapy and with other immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Bollinger AL, Bollinger T, Rupp J, Shima K, Gross N, Padayachy L, Chicheportiche R, Puga Yung GL, Seebach JD. Annexin V expression on CD4 + T cells with regulatory function. Immunology 2019; 159:205-220. [PMID: 31642515 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells induce immunologic tolerance by suppressing effector functions of conventional lymphocytes in the periphery. On the other hand, immune silencing is mediated by recognition of phosphatidylserine (PS) on apoptotic cells by phagocytes. Here we describe expression of the PS-binding protein Annexin V (ANXA5) in CD4+ CD25hi Treg cells at the mRNA and protein levels. CD4+ ANXA5+ T cells constitute about 0·1%-0·6% of peripheral blood CD3+ T cells, exhibit co-expression of several Treg markers, such as Forkhead box P3, programmed cell death protein-1, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 and CD38. In vitro, ANXA5+ Treg cells showed enhanced adhesion to PS+ endothelial cells. Stimulated by anti-CD3 and PS+ syngeneic antigen-presenting cells CD4+ ANXA5+ T cells expanded in the absence of exogenous interleukin-2. CD4+ ANXA5+ T cells suppressed CD4+ ANXA5- T-cell proliferation and mammalian target of rapamycin phosphorylation, partially dependent on cell contact. CD4+ ANXA5+ T-cell-mediated suppression was allo-specific and accompanied by an increased production of anti-inflammatory mediators. In vivo, using a model of delayed type hypersensitivity, murine CD4+ ANXA5+ T cells inhibited T helper type 1 responses. In conclusion, we report for the first time expression of ANXA5 on a subset of Treg cells that might bridge classical regulatory Treg function with immune silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Bollinger
- Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bollinger
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jan Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kensuke Shima
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Natalie Gross
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Laura Padayachy
- Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rachel Chicheportiche
- Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gisella L Puga Yung
- Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Dieter Seebach
- Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
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7
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Shin SA, Moon SY, Park D, Park JB, Lee CS. Apoptotic cell clearance in the tumor microenvironment: a potential cancer therapeutic target. Arch Pharm Res 2019; 42:658-671. [PMID: 31243646 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-019-01169-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Millions of cells in the human body undergo apoptosis not only under normal physiological conditions but also under pathological conditions such as infection or other diseases related to acute tissue injury. Swift apoptotic cell clearance is essential for tissue homeostasis. Defective clearance of dead cells is linked to pathogenesis of diseases such as inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis, neurological disease, and cancer. Significance of apoptotic cell clearance has been emerging as an interesting field for disease treatment. Efficient apoptotic cell clearance plays an important role in reducing inflammation through the suppression of inappropriate inflammatory responses under healthy and diseased conditions. However, apoptotic cell clearance related to cancer pathogenesis is more complex in tumor microenvironments. Chronic inflammation resulting from the failure of apoptotic cell clearance can contribute to tumor progression. Conversely, tumor cells can exploit the anti-inflammatory effect of apoptotic cell clearance to generate an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In this review, focus is on the current understanding of apoptotic cell clearance in the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, we discuss how signaling molecules (PtdSer and PtdSer recognition receptor) mediating apoptotic cell clearance are aberrantly expressed in the tumor microenvironment and their current development state as potential therapeutic targets for clinical cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Ah Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Moon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeho Park
- School of Life Sciences and Aging Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Bae Park
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, 10408, Republic of Korea.,Department of System Cancer Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Sup Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Kumar S, Calianese D, Birge RB. Efferocytosis of dying cells differentially modulate immunological outcomes in tumor microenvironment. Immunol Rev 2018; 280:149-164. [PMID: 29027226 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (apoptosis) is an integral part of tissue homeostasis in complex organisms, allowing for tissue turnover, repair, and renewal while simultaneously inhibiting the release of self antigens and danger signals from apoptotic cell-derived constituents that can result in immune activation, inflammation, and autoimmunity. Unlike cells in culture, the physiological fate of cells that die by apoptosis in vivo is their rapid recognition and engulfment by phagocytic cells (a process called efferocytosis). To this end, apoptotic cells express specific eat-me signals, such as externalized phosphatidylserine (PS), that are recognized in a specific context by receptors to initiate signaling pathways for engulfment. The importance of carefully regulated recognition and clearance pathways is evident in the spectrum of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders caused by defects in PS receptors and signaling molecules. However, in recent years, several additional cell death pathways have emerged, including immunogenic cell death, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and netosis that interweave different cell death pathways with distinct innate and adaptive responses from classical apoptosis that can shape long-term host immunity. In this review, we discuss the role of different cell death pathways in terms of their immune potential outcomes specifically resulting in specific cell corpse/phagocyte interactions (phagocytic synapses) that impinge on host immunity, with a main emphasis on tolerance and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Kumar
- New Jersey Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - David Calianese
- New Jersey Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Raymond B Birge
- New Jersey Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
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9
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Frey B, Rückert M, Deloch L, Rühle PF, Derer A, Fietkau R, Gaipl US. Immunomodulation by ionizing radiation-impact for design of radio-immunotherapies and for treatment of inflammatory diseases. Immunol Rev 2018; 280:231-248. [PMID: 29027224 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is often regarded as an element of danger. But, danger responses on the cellular and molecular level are often beneficial with regard to the induction of anti-tumor immunity and for amelioration of inflammation. We outline how in dependence of radiation dose and fraction, radiation itself-and especially in combination with immune modulators-impacts on the innate and adaptive immune system. Focus is set on radiation-induced changes of the tumor cell phenotype and the cellular microenvironment including immunogenic cancer cell death. Mechanisms how anti-tumor immune responses are triggered by radiotherapy in combination with hyperthermia, inhibition of apoptosis, the adjuvant AnnexinA5, or vaccination with high hydrostatic pressure-killed autologous tumor cells are discussed. Building on this, feasible multimodal radio-immunotherapy concepts are reviewed including overcoming immune suppression by immune checkpoint inhibitors and by targeting TGF-β. Since radiation-induced tissue damage, inflammation, and anti-tumor immune responses are interconnected, the impact of lower doses of radiation on amelioration of inflammation is outlined. Closely meshed immune monitoring concepts based on the liquid biopsy blood are suggested for prognosis and prediction of cancer and non-cancer inflammatory diseases. Finally, challenges and visions for the design of cancer radio-immunotherapies and for treatment of benign inflammatory diseases are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Frey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Rückert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lisa Deloch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paul F Rühle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja Derer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fietkau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Udo S Gaipl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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10
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Muñoz LE, Leppkes M, Fuchs TA, Hoffmann M, Herrmann M. Missing in action-The meaning of cell death in tissue damage and inflammation. Immunol Rev 2018; 280:26-40. [PMID: 29027227 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Billions of cells die every day in higher organisms as part of the normal process of tissue homeostasis. During special conditions like in development, acute infections, mechanical injuries, and immunity, cell death is a common denominator and it exerts profound effects in the outcome of these scenarios. To prevent the accumulation of aged, superfluous, infected, damaged and dead cells, professional phagocytes act in a rapid and efficient manner to clear the battle field and avoid spread of the destruction. Neutrophils are the most abundant effector immune cells that extravasate into tissues and can turn injured tissues into gory battle fields. In peace times, neutrophils tend to patrol tissues without provoking inflammatory reactions. We discuss in this review actual and forgotten knowledge about the meaning of cell death during homeostatic processes and drive the attention to the importance of the action of neutrophils during patrolling and for the maintenance or recovery of the homeostatic state once the organism gets attacked or injured, respectively. In this fashion, we disclose several disease conditions that arise as collateral damage of physiological responses to death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Muñoz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Moritz Leppkes
- Department of Internal Medicine 1 - Gastroenterology, Pulmonology and Endocrinology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias A Fuchs
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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11
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Rückert M, Deloch L, Fietkau R, Frey B, Hecht M, Gaipl US. Immune modulatory effects of radiotherapy as basis for well-reasoned radioimmunotherapies. Strahlenther Onkol 2018; 194:509-519. [PMID: 29500551 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-018-1287-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy (RT) has been known for decades as a local treatment modality for malign and benign disease. In order to efficiently exploit the therapeutic potential of RT, an understanding of the immune modulatory properties of ionizing radiation is mandatory. These should be used for improvement of radioimmunotherapies for cancer in particular. METHODS We here summarize the latest research and review articles about immune modulatory properties of RT, with focus on radiation dose and on combination of RT with selected immunotherapies. Based on the knowledge of the manifold immune mechanisms that are triggered by RT, thought-provoking impulse for multimodal radioimmunotherapies is provided. RESULTS It has become obvious that ionizing radiation induces various forms of cell death and associated processes via DNA damage initiation and triggering of cellular stress responses. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is of special interest since it activates the immune system via release of danger signals and via direct activation of immune cells. While RT with higher single doses in particular induces ICD, RT with a lower dose is mainly responsible for immune cell recruitment and for attenuation of an existing inflammation. The counteracting immunosuppression emanating from tumor cells can be overcome by combining RT with selected immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibition, TGF-β inhibitors, and boosting of immunity with vaccination. CONCLUSION In order to exploit the full power of RT and thereby develop efficient radioimmunotherapies, the dose per fraction used in RT protocols, the fractionation, the quality, and the quantity of certain immunotherapies need to be qualitatively and chronologically well-matched to the individual immune status of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rückert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsstr. 27, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lisa Deloch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsstr. 27, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fietkau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsstr. 27, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Frey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsstr. 27, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Hecht
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsstr. 27, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Udo S Gaipl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsstr. 27, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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12
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Sulciner ML, Serhan CN, Gilligan MM, Mudge DK, Chang J, Gartung A, Lehner KA, Bielenberg DR, Schmidt B, Dalli J, Greene ER, Gus-Brautbar Y, Piwowarski J, Mammoto T, Zurakowski D, Perretti M, Sukhatme VP, Kaipainen A, Kieran MW, Huang S, Panigrahy D. Resolvins suppress tumor growth and enhance cancer therapy. J Exp Med 2017; 215:115-140. [PMID: 29191914 PMCID: PMC5748851 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapy reduces tumor burden by killing tumor cells, yet it simultaneously creates tumor cell debris that may stimulate inflammation and tumor growth. Sulciner et al. demonstrate that specific resolvins (RvD1, RvD2, and RvE1) inhibit tumor growth and enhance cancer therapy through the clearance of tumor cell debris. Cancer therapy reduces tumor burden by killing tumor cells, yet it simultaneously creates tumor cell debris that may stimulate inflammation and tumor growth. Thus, conventional cancer therapy is inherently a double-edged sword. In this study, we show that tumor cells killed by chemotherapy or targeted therapy (“tumor cell debris”) stimulate primary tumor growth when coinjected with a subthreshold (nontumorigenic) inoculum of tumor cells by triggering macrophage proinflammatory cytokine release after phosphatidylserine exposure. Debris-stimulated tumors were inhibited by antiinflammatory and proresolving lipid autacoids, namely resolvin D1 (RvD1), RvD2, or RvE1. These mediators specifically inhibit debris-stimulated cancer progression by enhancing clearance of debris via macrophage phagocytosis in multiple tumor types. Resolvins counterregulate the release of cytokines/chemokines, including TNFα, IL-6, IL-8, CCL4, and CCL5, by human macrophages stimulated with cell debris. These results demonstrate that enhancing endogenous clearance of tumor cell debris is a new therapeutic target that may complement cytotoxic cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Sulciner
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Molly M Gilligan
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Dayna K Mudge
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jaimie Chang
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Allison Gartung
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kristen A Lehner
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Diane R Bielenberg
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Birgitta Schmidt
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jesmond Dalli
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Emily R Greene
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yael Gus-Brautbar
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Julia Piwowarski
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Tadanori Mammoto
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David Zurakowski
- Department of Anesthesia, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mauro Perretti
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, England, UK
| | - Vikas P Sukhatme
- Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Arja Kaipainen
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Mark W Kieran
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA .,Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sui Huang
- Institute of Systems Biology, Seattle, WA
| | - Dipak Panigrahy
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA .,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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13
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Wilms D, Andrä J. Comparison of patient-derived high and low phosphatidylserine-exposing colorectal carcinoma cells in their interaction with anti-cancer peptides. J Pept Sci 2017; 23:56-67. [PMID: 28066958 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Current cancer treatment is frequently compromised by severe adverse effects on healthy cells and tissues as well as by the increasing burden of (multi-)drug resistances. Some representatives of small, amphipathic peptides known as host defense peptides possess the potential to overcome these limitations and to evolve as future anti-cancer therapeutics. Peptide NK-2, derived from porcine NK-lysin, was originally discovered due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. Today, also potent anti-cancer activity is proven and accompanied by low toxicity towards normal human cells. The molecular basis underlying this target selectivity remains rather elusive. Nevertheless, it is presumptive that preferential peptide interactions with surface factors non-abundant on healthy human cells play a key role. Here, we investigated the cytotoxicity of peptide NK-2 and structurally improved anti-cancer variants thereof against two patient-derived colorectal cancer cell lines, exposing high and low levels of phosphatidylserine on their cell surfaces, respectively. Concluding from a range of in vitro tests involving cellular as well as lipid vesicle-based methods, it is proposed that the magnitude of the accessible membrane surface charge is not a primarily decisive factor for selective peptide interactions. Instead, it is suggested that the level of membrane surface-exposed phosphatidylserine is of crucial importance for the activity of peptide NK-2 and enhanced variants thereof in terms of their cancer cell selectivity, the overall efficacy, as well as the underlying mode of action and kinetics. Copyright © 2017 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Wilms
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Ulmenliet 20, D-21033, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Andrä
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Ulmenliet 20, D-21033, Hamburg, Germany
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14
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Rice DR, Clear KJ, Smith BD. Imaging and therapeutic applications of zinc(ii)-dipicolylamine molecular probes for anionic biomembranes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:8787-801. [PMID: 27302091 PMCID: PMC4949593 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03669d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This feature article describes the development of synthetic zinc(ii)-dipicolylamine (ZnDPA) receptors as selective targeting agents for anionic membranes in cell culture and living subjects. There is a strong connection between anionic cell surface charge and disease, and ZnDPA probes have been employed extensively for molecular imaging and targeted therapeutics. Fluorescence and nuclear imaging applications include detection of diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration, arthritis, and microbial infection, and also quantification of cell death caused by therapy. Therapeutic applications include selective targeting of cytotoxic agents and drug delivery systems, photodynamic inactivation, and modulation of the immune system. The article concludes with a summary of expected future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 IN, USA.
| | - Kasey J Clear
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 IN, USA.
| | - Bradley D Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 IN, USA.
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15
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Birge RB, Boeltz S, Kumar S, Carlson J, Wanderley J, Calianese D, Barcinski M, Brekken RA, Huang X, Hutchins JT, Freimark B, Empig C, Mercer J, Schroit AJ, Schett G, Herrmann M. Phosphatidylserine is a global immunosuppressive signal in efferocytosis, infectious disease, and cancer. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:962-78. [PMID: 26915293 PMCID: PMC4987730 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved and tightly regulated cell death modality. It serves important roles in physiology by sculpting complex tissues during embryogenesis and by removing effete cells that have reached advanced age or whose genomes have been irreparably damaged. Apoptosis culminates in the rapid and decisive removal of cell corpses by efferocytosis, a term used to distinguish the engulfment of apoptotic cells from other phagocytic processes. Over the past decades, the molecular and cell biological events associated with efferocytosis have been rigorously studied, and many eat-me signals and receptors have been identified. The externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS) is arguably the most emblematic eat-me signal that is in turn bound by a large number of serum proteins and opsonins that facilitate efferocytosis. Under physiological conditions, externalized PS functions as a dominant and evolutionarily conserved immunosuppressive signal that promotes tolerance and prevents local and systemic immune activation. Pathologically, the innate immunosuppressive effect of externalized PS has been hijacked by numerous viruses, microorganisms, and parasites to facilitate infection, and in many cases, establish infection latency. PS is also profoundly dysregulated in the tumor microenvironment and antagonizes the development of tumor immunity. In this review, we discuss the biology of PS with respect to its role as a global immunosuppressive signal and how PS is exploited to drive diverse pathological processes such as infection and cancer. Finally, we outline the rationale that agents targeting PS could have significant value in cancer and infectious disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Birge
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - S Boeltz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - J Carlson
- Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, 14282 Franklin Avenue, Tustin, CA 92780, USA
| | - J Wanderley
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - D Calianese
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - M Barcinski
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R A Brekken
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA
| | - X Huang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA
| | - J T Hutchins
- Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, 14282 Franklin Avenue, Tustin, CA 92780, USA
| | - B Freimark
- Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, 14282 Franklin Avenue, Tustin, CA 92780, USA
| | - C Empig
- Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, 14282 Franklin Avenue, Tustin, CA 92780, USA
| | - J Mercer
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - A J Schroit
- Simmons Cancer Center and the Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - G Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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16
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Derer A, Deloch L, Rubner Y, Fietkau R, Frey B, Gaipl US. Radio-Immunotherapy-Induced Immunogenic Cancer Cells as Basis for Induction of Systemic Anti-Tumor Immune Responses - Pre-Clinical Evidence and Ongoing Clinical Applications. Front Immunol 2015; 6:505. [PMID: 26500646 PMCID: PMC4597129 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) primarily aims to locally destroy the tumor via the induction of DNA damage in the tumor cells. However, the so-called abscopal, namely systemic and immune–mediated, effects of RT move over more and more in the focus of scientists and clinicians since combinations of local irradiation with immune therapy have been demonstrated to induce anti-tumor immunity. We here summarize changes of the phenotype and microenvironment of tumor cells after exposure to irradiation, chemotherapeutic agents, and immune modulating agents rendering the tumor more immunogenic. The impact of therapy-modified tumor cells and damage-associated molecular patterns on local and systemic control of the primary tumor, recurrent tumors, and metastases will be outlined. Finally, clinical studies affirming the bench-side findings of interactions and synergies of radiation therapy and immunotherapy will be discussed. Focus is set on combination of radio(chemo)therapy (RCT) with immune checkpoint inhibitors, growth factor inhibitors, and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. Well-deliberated combination of RCT with selected immune therapies and growth factor inhibitors bear the great potential to further improve anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Derer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Lisa Deloch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Yvonne Rubner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Rainer Fietkau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Benjamin Frey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Udo S Gaipl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen , Germany
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17
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Gaipl US, Multhoff G, Scheithauer H, Lauber K, Hehlgans S, Frey B, Rödel F. Kill and spread the word: stimulation of antitumor immune responses in the context of radiotherapy. Immunotherapy 2015; 6:597-610. [PMID: 24896628 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides the direct, targeted effects of ionizing irradiation (x-ray) on cancer cells, namely DNA damage and cell death induction, indirect, nontargeted ones exist, which are mediated in large part by the immune system. Immunogenic forms of tumor cell death induced by x-ray, including immune modulating danger signals like the heat shock protein 70, adenosine triphosphate, and high-mobility group box 1 protein are presented. Further, antitumor effects exerted by cells of the innate (natural killer cells) as well as adaptive immune system (T cells activated by dendritic cells) are outlined. Tumor cell death inhibiting molecules such as survivin are introduced as suitable target for molecularly tailored therapies in combination with x-ray. Finally, reasonable combinations of immune therapies with radiotherapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo S Gaipl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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18
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Chaurio RA, Muñoz LE, Maueröder C, Janko C, Harrer T, Fürnrohr BG, Niederweis M, Bilyy R, Schett G, Herrmann M, Berens C. The progression of cell death affects the rejection of allogeneic tumors in immune-competent mice - implications for cancer therapy. Front Immunol 2014; 5:560. [PMID: 25426116 PMCID: PMC4227513 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Large amounts of dead and dying cells are produced during cancer therapy and allograft rejection. Depending on the death pathway and stimuli involved, dying cells exhibit diverse features, resulting in defined physiological consequences for the host. It is not fully understood how dying and dead cells modulate the immune response of the host. To address this problem, different death stimuli were studied in B16F10 melanoma cells by regulated inducible transgene expression of the pro-apoptotic active forms of caspase-3 (revCasp-3), Bid (tBid), and the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-necrosis inducing toxin (CpnTCTD). The immune outcome elicited for each death stimulus was assessed by evaluating the allograft rejection of melanoma tumors implanted subcutaneously in BALB/c mice immunized with dying cells. Expression of all proteins efficiently killed cells in vitro (>90%) and displayed distinctive morphological and physiological features as assessed by multiparametric flow cytometry analysis. BALB/c mice immunized with allogeneic dying melanoma cells expressing revCasp-3 or CpnTCTD showed strong rejection of the allogeneic challenge. In contrast, mice immunized with cells dying either after expression of tBid or irradiation with UVB did not, suggesting an immunologically silent cell death. Surprisingly, immunogenic cell death induced by expression of revCasp-3 or CpnTCTD correlated with elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels at the time point of immunization. Conversely, early mitochondrial dysfunction induced by tBid expression or UVB irradiation accounted for the absence of intracellular ROS accumulation at the time point of immunization. Although ROS inhibition in vitro was not sufficient to abrogate the immunogenicity in our allo-immunization model, we suggest that the point of ROS generation and its intracellular accumulation may be an important factor for its role as damage associated molecular pattern in the development of allogeneic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Chaurio
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Luis E Muñoz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Christian Maueröder
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany ; Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Christina Janko
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section for Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), University Hospital Erlangen , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Thomas Harrer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Barbara G Fürnrohr
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany ; Division of Biological Chemistry, Medical University Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Michael Niederweis
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA
| | - Rostyslav Bilyy
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine , Lviv , Ukraine
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Christian Berens
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
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19
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Rekers NH, Troost EGC, Zegers CML, Germeraad WTV, Dubois LJ, Lambin P. Stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy combined with immunotherapy: present status and future perspectives. Cancer Radiother 2014; 18:391-5. [PMID: 25179250 DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is along with surgery and chemotherapy one of the prime treatment modalities in cancer. It is applied in the primary, neoadjuvant as well as the adjuvant setting. Radiation techniques have rapidly evolved during the past decade enabling the delivery of high radiation doses, reducing side-effects in tumour-adjacent normal tissues. While increasing local tumour control, current and future efforts ought to deal with microscopic disease at a distance of the primary tumour, ultimately responsible for disease-progression. This review explores the possibility of bimodal treatment combining radiotherapy with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Rekers
- Department of radiation oncology (MaastRO Lab), GROW - School for oncology and developmental biology, Maastricht university medical center, UNS 50/23, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - E G C Troost
- Department of radiation oncology (MaastRO Lab), GROW - School for oncology and developmental biology, Maastricht university medical center, UNS 50/23, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - C M L Zegers
- Department of radiation oncology (MaastRO Lab), GROW - School for oncology and developmental biology, Maastricht university medical center, UNS 50/23, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - W T V Germeraad
- Department of internal medicine, GROW - School for oncology and developmental biology, Maastricht university medical centre, UNS 50/23, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - L J Dubois
- Department of radiation oncology (MaastRO Lab), GROW - School for oncology and developmental biology, Maastricht university medical center, UNS 50/23, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - P Lambin
- Department of radiation oncology (MaastRO Lab), GROW - School for oncology and developmental biology, Maastricht university medical center, UNS 50/23, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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20
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Maueröder C, Munoz LE, Chaurio RA, Herrmann M, Schett G, Berens C. Tumor immunotherapy: lessons from autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:212. [PMID: 24860574 PMCID: PMC4026709 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Maueröder
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Luis Enrique Munoz
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Ricardo Alfredo Chaurio
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Christian Berens
- Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
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21
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Cicchelero L, de Rooster H, Sanders NN. Various ways to improve whole cancer cell vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:721-35. [PMID: 24758597 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.911093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy based on whole cancer cell vaccines is regarded as a promising avenue for cancer treatment. However, limited efficacy in the first human clinical trials calls for more optimized whole cancer cell vaccines and better patient selection. It is suggested that whole cancer cell vaccines consist preferably of immunogenically killed autologous cancer stem cells associated with dendritic cells. Adjuvants should stimulate both immune effector cells and memory cells, which could be achieved through their correct dosage and timing of administration. There are indications that whole cancer cell vaccination is less effective in patients who are immunocompromised, who have specific genetic defects in their immune or cancer cells, as well as in patients in an advanced cancer stage. However, such patients form the bulk of enrolled patients in clinical trials, prohibiting an objective evaluation of the true potential of whole cancer cell immunotherapy. Each key point will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Cicchelero
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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22
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Frey B, Rubner Y, Kulzer L, Werthmöller N, Weiss EM, Fietkau R, Gaipl US. Antitumor immune responses induced by ionizing irradiation and further immune stimulation. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:29-36. [PMID: 24052136 PMCID: PMC11028436 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1474-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The therapy of cancer emerged as multimodal treatment strategy. The major mode of action of locally applied radiotherapy (RT) is the induction of DNA damage that triggers a network of events that finally leads to tumor cell cycle arrest and cell death. Along with this, RT modifies the phenotype of the tumor cells and their microenvironment. Either may contribute to the induction of specific and systemic antitumor immune responses. The latter are boosted when additional immune therapy (IT) is applied at distinct time points during RT. We will focus on therapy-induced necrotic tumor cell death that is immunogenic due to the release of damage-associated molecular patterns. Immune-mediated distant bystander (abscopal) effects of RT when combined with dendritic cell-based IT and the role of fractionation of radiation in the induction of immunogenic tumor cell death will be discussed. Autologous whole-tumor-cell-based vaccines generated by high hydrostatic pressure technology will be introduced and the influence of cytokines and the immune modulator AnnexinA5 on the ex vivo generated or in situ therapy-induced vaccine efficacy will be outlined. RT should be regarded as immune adjuvant for metastatic disease and as a tool for the generation of an in situ vaccine when applied at distinct fractionation doses or especially in combination with IT to generate immune memory against the tumor. To identify the most beneficial combination and chronology of RT with IT is presumably one of the biggest challenges of innovative tumor research and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Frey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Rubner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lorenz Kulzer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nina Werthmöller
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Weiss
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fietkau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Udo S. Gaipl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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23
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Lara PC, López-Peñalver JJ, Farias VDA, Ruiz-Ruiz MC, Oliver FJ, Ruiz de Almodóvar JM. Direct and bystander radiation effects: a biophysical model and clinical perspectives. Cancer Lett 2013; 356:5-16. [PMID: 24045041 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In planning treatment for each new patient, radiation oncologists pay attention to the aspects that they control. Thus their attention is usually focused on volume and dose. The dilemma for the physician is how to protract the treatment in a way that maximizes control of the tumor and minimizes normal tissue injury. The initial radiation-induced damage to DNA may be a biological indicator of the quantity of energy transferred to the DNA. However, until now the biophysical models proposed cannot explain either the early or the late adverse effects of radiation, and a more general theory appears to be required. The bystander component of tumor cell death after radiotherapy measured in many experimental works highlights the importance of confirming these observations in a clinical situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Carlos Lara
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr Negrín, Barranco de La Ballena s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, CP 35010, Spain
| | - Jesús Joaquín López-Peñalver
- Instituto de Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Conocimiento 2, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Virgínea de Araújo Farias
- Instituto de Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Conocimiento 2, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - M Carmen Ruiz-Ruiz
- Instituto de Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Conocimiento 2, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Oliver
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, Avda. Conocimiento 4, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - José Mariano Ruiz de Almodóvar
- Instituto de Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Conocimiento 2, 18016 Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Avda. Dr. Olóriz s/n, 18012 Granada, Spain.
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24
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Smith BA, Harmatys KM, Xiao S, Cole EL, Plaunt AJ, Wolter W, Suckow MA, Smith BD. Enhanced cell death imaging using multivalent zinc(II)-bis(dipicolylamine) fluorescent probes. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:3296-303. [PMID: 23915311 DOI: 10.1021/mp300720k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is a clinical need for imaging technologies that can accurately detect cell death in a multitude of pathological conditions. Zinc(II)-bis(dipicolylamine) (Zn2BDPA) coordination complexes are known to associate with the anionic phosphatidylserine that is exposed on the surface of dead and dying cells, and fluorescent monovalent Zn2BDPA probes are successful cell death imaging agents. This present study compared the membrane targeting ability of two structurally related deep-red fluorescent probes, bis-Zn2BDPA-SR and tetra-Zn2BDPA-SR, with two and four appended Zn2BDPA units, respectively. Vesicle and cell microscopy studies indicated that a higher number of Zn2BDPA targeting units improved probe selectivity for phosphatidylserine-rich vesicles, and increased probe localization at the plasma membrane of dead and dying cells. The fluorescent probes were also tested in three separate animal models, (1) necrotic prostate tumor rat model, (2) thymus atrophy mouse model, and (3) traumatic brain injury mouse model. In each case, there was more tetra-Zn2BDPA-SR accumulation at the site of cell death than bis-Zn2BDPA-SR. The results indicate that multivalent Zn2BDPA probes are promising molecules for effective imaging of cell death processes in cell culture and in living subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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25
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Chaurio R, Janko C, Schorn C, Maueröder C, Bilyy R, Gaipl U, Schett G, Berens C, Frey B, Munoz LE. UVB-irradiated apoptotic cells induce accelerated growth of co-implanted viable tumor cells in immune competent mice. Autoimmunity 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.754433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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26
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Kaur P, Asea A. Radiation-induced effects and the immune system in cancer. Front Oncol 2012; 2:191. [PMID: 23251903 PMCID: PMC3523399 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy and radiation therapy (RT) are standard therapeutic modalities for patients with cancers, and could induce various tumor cell death modalities, releasing tumor-derived antigens as well as danger signals that could either be captured for triggering anti-tumor immune response. Historic studies examining tissue and cellular responses to RT have predominantly focused on damage caused to proliferating malignant cells leading to their death. However, there is increasing evidence that RT also leads to significant alterations in the tumor microenvironment, particularly with respect to effects on immune cells and infiltrating tumors. This review will focus on immunologic consequences of RT and discuss the therapeutic reprogramming of immune responses in tumors and how it regulates efficacy and durability to RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punit Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine Atlanta, GA, USA
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27
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Smith BA, Smith BD. Biomarkers and molecular probes for cell death imaging and targeted therapeutics. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1989-2006. [PMID: 22989049 DOI: 10.1021/bc3003309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell death is a critically important biological process. Disruption of homeostasis, either by excessive or deficient cell death, is a hallmark of many pathological conditions. Recent research advances have greatly increased our molecular understanding of cell death and its role in a range of diseases and therapeutic treatments. Central to these ongoing research and clinical efforts is the need for imaging technologies that can locate and identify cell death in a wide array of in vitro and in vivo biomedical samples with varied spatiotemporal requirements. This review article summarizes community efforts over the past five years to identify useful biomarkers for dead and dying cells, and to develop molecular probes that target these biomarkers for optical, radionuclear, or magnetic resonance imaging. Apoptosis biomarkers are classified as either intracellular (caspase enzymes, mitochondrial membrane potential, cytosolic proteins) or extracellular (plasma membrane phospholipids, membrane potential, surface exposed histones). Necrosis, autophagy, and senescence biomarkers are described, as well as unexplored cell death biomarkers. The article discusses possible chemotherapeutic and theranostic strategies, and concludes with a summary of current challenges and expected eventual rewards of clinical cell death imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Notre Dame Integrated Imaging Facility, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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28
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Lauber K, Ernst A, Orth M, Herrmann M, Belka C. Dying cell clearance and its impact on the outcome of tumor radiotherapy. Front Oncol 2012; 2:116. [PMID: 22973558 PMCID: PMC3438527 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of tumor cell death is one of the major goals of radiotherapy and has been considered to be the central determinant of its therapeutic outcome for a long time. However, accumulating evidence suggests that the success of radiotherapy does not only derive from direct cytotoxic effects on the tumor cells alone, but instead might also depend – at least in part – on innate as well as adaptive immune responses, which can particularly target tumor cells that survive local irradiation. The clearance of dying tumor cells by phagocytic cells of the innate immune system represents a crucial step in this scenario. Dendritic cells and macrophages, which engulf, process and present dying tumor cell material to adaptive immune cells, can trigger, skew, or inhibit adaptive immune responses, respectively. In this review we summarize the current knowledge of different forms of cell death induced by ionizing radiation, the multi-step process of dying cell clearance, and its immunological consequences with special regard toward the potential exploitation of these mechanisms for the improvement of tumor radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Lauber
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Munich, Germany
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29
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Herrmann M, Schäfer C, Heiss A, Gräber S, Kinkeldey A, Büscher A, Schmitt MM, Bornemann J, Nimmerjahn F, Herrmann M, Helming L, Gordon S, Jahnen-Dechent W. Clearance of Fetuin-A–Containing Calciprotein Particles Is Mediated by Scavenger Receptor-A. Circ Res 2012; 111:575-84. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.261479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marietta Herrmann
- From Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Group (M.H., C.S., A.H., S.G., A.K., A.B., W.J.-D.), Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.M.N.S.), and Department of Pathology, Electron Microscopic Facility (J.B.), RWTH Aachen University, Germany; the Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (F.N.); the Department for Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University
| | - Cora Schäfer
- From Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Group (M.H., C.S., A.H., S.G., A.K., A.B., W.J.-D.), Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.M.N.S.), and Department of Pathology, Electron Microscopic Facility (J.B.), RWTH Aachen University, Germany; the Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (F.N.); the Department for Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University
| | - Alexander Heiss
- From Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Group (M.H., C.S., A.H., S.G., A.K., A.B., W.J.-D.), Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.M.N.S.), and Department of Pathology, Electron Microscopic Facility (J.B.), RWTH Aachen University, Germany; the Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (F.N.); the Department for Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University
| | - Steffen Gräber
- From Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Group (M.H., C.S., A.H., S.G., A.K., A.B., W.J.-D.), Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.M.N.S.), and Department of Pathology, Electron Microscopic Facility (J.B.), RWTH Aachen University, Germany; the Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (F.N.); the Department for Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University
| | - Anne Kinkeldey
- From Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Group (M.H., C.S., A.H., S.G., A.K., A.B., W.J.-D.), Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.M.N.S.), and Department of Pathology, Electron Microscopic Facility (J.B.), RWTH Aachen University, Germany; the Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (F.N.); the Department for Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University
| | - Andrea Büscher
- From Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Group (M.H., C.S., A.H., S.G., A.K., A.B., W.J.-D.), Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.M.N.S.), and Department of Pathology, Electron Microscopic Facility (J.B.), RWTH Aachen University, Germany; the Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (F.N.); the Department for Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University
| | - Martin M.N. Schmitt
- From Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Group (M.H., C.S., A.H., S.G., A.K., A.B., W.J.-D.), Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.M.N.S.), and Department of Pathology, Electron Microscopic Facility (J.B.), RWTH Aachen University, Germany; the Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (F.N.); the Department for Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University
| | - Jörg Bornemann
- From Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Group (M.H., C.S., A.H., S.G., A.K., A.B., W.J.-D.), Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.M.N.S.), and Department of Pathology, Electron Microscopic Facility (J.B.), RWTH Aachen University, Germany; the Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (F.N.); the Department for Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- From Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Group (M.H., C.S., A.H., S.G., A.K., A.B., W.J.-D.), Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.M.N.S.), and Department of Pathology, Electron Microscopic Facility (J.B.), RWTH Aachen University, Germany; the Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (F.N.); the Department for Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University
| | - Martin Herrmann
- From Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Group (M.H., C.S., A.H., S.G., A.K., A.B., W.J.-D.), Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.M.N.S.), and Department of Pathology, Electron Microscopic Facility (J.B.), RWTH Aachen University, Germany; the Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (F.N.); the Department for Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University
| | - Laura Helming
- From Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Group (M.H., C.S., A.H., S.G., A.K., A.B., W.J.-D.), Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.M.N.S.), and Department of Pathology, Electron Microscopic Facility (J.B.), RWTH Aachen University, Germany; the Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (F.N.); the Department for Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University
| | - Siamon Gordon
- From Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Group (M.H., C.S., A.H., S.G., A.K., A.B., W.J.-D.), Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.M.N.S.), and Department of Pathology, Electron Microscopic Facility (J.B.), RWTH Aachen University, Germany; the Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (F.N.); the Department for Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University
| | - Willi Jahnen-Dechent
- From Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Group (M.H., C.S., A.H., S.G., A.K., A.B., W.J.-D.), Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.M.N.S.), and Department of Pathology, Electron Microscopic Facility (J.B.), RWTH Aachen University, Germany; the Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (F.N.); the Department for Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University
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30
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Rubner Y, Wunderlich R, Rühle PF, Kulzer L, Werthmöller N, Frey B, Weiss EM, Keilholz L, Fietkau R, Gaipl US. How does ionizing irradiation contribute to the induction of anti-tumor immunity? Front Oncol 2012; 2:75. [PMID: 22848871 PMCID: PMC3404483 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) with ionizing irradiation is commonly used to locally attack tumors. It induces a stop of cancer cell proliferation and finally leads to tumor cell death. During the last years it has become more and more evident that besides a timely and locally restricted radiation-induced immune suppression, a specific immune activation against the tumor and its metastases is achievable by rendering the tumor cells visible for immune attack. The immune system is involved in tumor control and we here outline how RT induces anti-inflammation when applied in low doses and contributes in higher doses to the induction of anti-tumor immunity. We especially focus on how local irradiation induces abscopal effects. The latter are partly mediated by a systemic activation of the immune system against the individual tumor cells. Dendritic cells are the key players in the initiation and regulation of adaptive anti-tumor immune responses. They have to take up tumor antigens and consecutively present tumor peptides in the presence of appropriate co-stimulation. We review how combinations of RT with further immune stimulators such as AnnexinA5 and hyperthermia foster the dendritic cell-mediated induction of anti-tumor immune responses and present reasonable combination schemes of standard tumor therapies with immune therapies. It can be concluded that RT leads to targeted killing of the tumor cells and additionally induces non-targeted systemic immune effects. Multimodal tumor treatments should therefore tend to induce immunogenic tumor cell death forms within a tumor microenvironment that stimulates immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Rubner
- Radiation Immunobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen, Germany
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31
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Frey B, Stache C, Rubner Y, Werthmöller N, Schulz K, Sieber R, Semrau S, Rödel F, Fietkau R, Gaipl US. Combined treatment of human colorectal tumor cell lines with chemotherapeutic agents and ionizing irradiation can in vitro induce tumor cell death forms with immunogenic potential. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 9:301-13. [PMID: 22800185 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2012.693547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic agents (CT) and ionizing radiation (X-ray) induce DNA damage and primarily aim to stop the proliferation of tumor cells. However, multimodal anti-cancer therapies should finally result in tumor cell death and, best, in the induction of systemic anti-tumor immunity. Since distinct therapy-induced tumor cell death forms may create an immune activating tumor microenvironment, this study examined whether sole treatment with CT that are used in the therapy for colorectal cancer or in combination with X-ray result in colorectal tumor cell death with immunogenic potential. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), Oxaliplatin (Oxp), or Irinotecan (Irino) in combination with X-ray were all potent inhibitors of colorectal tumor cell colony formation. This study then examined the forms of cell death with AnnexinA5-FITC/Propidium Iodide staining. Necrosis was the prominent form of cell death induced by CT and/or X-ray. While only a combination of Irino with X-ray leads to death induction already 1 day after treatment, also the combinations of Oxp or 5-FU with X-ray and X-ray alone resulted in high necrosis rates at later time points after treatment. Inhibition of apoptosis increased the amount of necrotic tumor cells, suggesting that a programmed form of necrosis can be induced by CT + X-ray. 5-FU and Oxp alone or in combination with X-ray and Irino plus X-ray were most effective in increasing the expression of RIP, IRF-5, and p53, proteins involved in necrotic and apoptotic cell death pathways. All treatments further resulted in the release of the immune activating danger signals high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). The supernatants of the treated tumor cells induced maturation of dendritic cells. It is, therefore, concluded that combination of CT with X-ray is capable of inducing in vitro cell death forms of colorectal tumors with immunogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Frey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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32
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Frey B, Weiss EM, Rubner Y, Wunderlich R, Ott OJ, Sauer R, Fietkau R, Gaipl US. Old and new facts about hyperthermia-induced modulations of the immune system. Int J Hyperthermia 2012; 28:528-42. [PMID: 22690925 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2012.677933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperthermia (HT) is a potent sensitiser for radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy (CT) and has been proven to modulate directly or indirectly cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. We will focus in this article on how anti-tumour immunity can be induced by HT. In contrast to some in vitro assays, in vivo examinations showed that natural killer cells and phagocytes like granulocytes are directly activated against the tumour by HT. Since heat also activates dendritic cells (DCs), HT should be combined with further death stimuli (RT, CT or immune therapy) to allocate tumour antigen, derived from, for example, necrotic tumour cells, for uptake by DCs. We will outline that induction of immunogenic tumour cells and direct tumour cell killing by HT in combination with other therapies contributes to immune activation against the tumour. Studies will be presented showing that non-beneficial effects of HT on immune cells are mostly timely restricted. A special focus is set on immune activation mediated by extracellular present heat shock proteins (HSPs) carrying tumour antigens and further danger signals released by dying tumour cells. Local HT treatment in addition to further stress stimuli exerts abscopal effects and might be considered as in situ tumour vaccination. An increased natural killer (NK) cell activity, lymphocyte infiltration and HSP-mediated induction of immunogenic tumour cells have been observed in patients. Treatments with the addition of HT therefore can be considered as a personalised cancer treatment approach by specifically activating the immune system against the individual unique tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Frey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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33
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Smith BA, Xiao S, Wolter W, Wheeler J, Suckow MA, Smith BD. In vivo targeting of cell death using a synthetic fluorescent molecular probe. Apoptosis 2011; 16:722-31. [PMID: 21499791 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0601-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A synthetic, near-infrared, fluorescent probe, named PSS-794 was assessed for its ability to detect cell death in two animal models. The molecular probe contains a zinc(II)-dipicolylamine (Zn(2+)-DPA) affinity ligand that selectively targets exposed phosphatidylserine on the surface of dead and dying cells. The first animal model used rats that were treated with dexamethasone to induce thymic atrophy. Ex vivo fluorescence imaging and histological analysis of excised organs showed thymus uptake of PSS-794 was four times higher than a control fluorophore that lacked the Zn(2+)-DPA affinity ligand. In addition, the presence of PSS-794 produced a delayed and higher build up of dead and dying cells in the rat thymus. The second animal model employed focal beam radiation to induce cell death in tumor-bearing rats. Whole-body and ex vivo imaging showed that the amount of PSS-794 in a radiation-treated tumor was almost twice that in a non-treated tumor. The results indicate that PSS-794 may be useful for preclinical optical detection of tumor cell death due to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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34
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Wagner BJ, Lindau D, Ripper D, Stierhof YD, Glatzle J, Witte M, Beck H, Keppeler H, Lauber K, Rammensee HG, Königsrainer A. Phagocytosis of dying tumor cells by human peritoneal mesothelial cells. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:1644-54. [PMID: 21525033 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.078907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal carcinomatosis is an advanced form of metastatic disease characterized by cancer cell dissemination onto the peritoneum. It is commonly observed in ovarian and colorectal cancers and is associated with poor patient survival. Novel therapies consist of cytoreductive surgery in combination with intraperitoneal chemotherapy, aiming at tumor cell death induction. The resulting dying tumor cells are considered to be eliminated by professional as well as semi-professional phagocytes. In the present study, we have identified a hitherto unknown type of 'amateur' phagocyte in this environment: human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HMCs). We demonstrate that HMCs engulf corpses of dying ovarian and colorectal cancer cells, as well as other types of apoptotic cells. Flow cytometric, confocal and electron microscopical analyses revealed that HMCs ingest dying cell fragments in a dose- and time-dependent manner and the internalized material subsequently traffics into late phagolysosomes. Regarding the mechanisms of prey cell recognition, our results show that HMCs engulf apoptotic corpses in a serum-dependent and -independent fashion and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses revealed that diverse opsonin receptor systems orchestrating dying cell clearance are expressed in HMCs at high levels. Our data strongly suggest that HMCs contribute to dying cell removal in the peritoneum, and future studies will elucidate in what manner this influences tumor cell dissemination and the antitumor immune response.
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35
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Smith BA, Gammon ST, Xiao S, Wang W, Chapman S, McDermott R, Suckow MA, Johnson JR, Piwnica-Worms D, Gokel GW, Smith BD, Leevy WM. In vivo optical imaging of acute cell death using a near-infrared fluorescent zinc-dipicolylamine probe. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:583-90. [PMID: 21323375 DOI: 10.1021/mp100395u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cell death is a fundamental biological process that is present in numerous disease pathologies. Fluorescent probes that detect cell death have been developed for a myriad of research applications ranging from microscopy to in vivo imaging. Here we describe a synthetic near-infrared (NIR) conjugate of zinc(II)-dipicolylamine (Zn²+-DPA) for in vivo imaging of cell death. Chemically induced in vivo models of myopathy were established using an ionphore, ethanol, or ketamine as cytotoxins. The Zn²+-DPA fluorescent probe or corresponding control was subsequently injected, and whole animal fluorescence imaging demonstrated probe uptake at the site of muscle damage, which was confirmed by ex vivo and histological analyses. Further, a comparative study with a NIR fluorescent conjugate Annexin V showed less intense uptake at the site of muscle damage and high accumulation in the bladder. The results indicate that the fluorescent Zn²+-DPA conjugate is an effective probe for in vivo cell death detection and in some cases may be an appropriate alternative to fluorescent Annexin V conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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36
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Weiss EM, Meister S, Janko C, Ebel N, Schlücker E, Meyer-Pittroff R, Fietkau R, Herrmann M, Gaipl US, Frey B. High hydrostatic pressure treatment generates inactivated mammalian tumor cells with immunogeneic features. J Immunotoxicol 2011; 7:194-204. [PMID: 20205624 DOI: 10.3109/15476911003657414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the classical therapies for solid tumors have limitations in achieving long-lasting anti-tumor responses. Therefore, treatment of cancer requires additional and multimodal therapeutic strategies. One option is based on the vaccination of cancer patients with autologous inactivated intact tumor cells. The master requirements of cell-based therapeutic tumor vaccines are the: (a) complete inactivation of the tumor cells; (b) preservation of their immunogenicity; and (c) need to remain in accordance with statutory provisions. Physical treatments like freeze-thawing and chemotherapeutics are currently used to inactivate tumor cells for vaccination purposes, but these techniques have methodological, therapeutic, or legal restrictions. For this reason, we have proposed the use of a high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment (p >or= 100 MPa) as an alternative method for the inactivation of tumor cells. HHP is a technique that has been known for more than 100 years to successfully inactivate micro-organisms and to alter biomolecules. In the studies here, we show that the treatment of MCF7, B16-F10, and CT26 tumor cells with HHP >or= 300 MPa results in mainly necrotic tumor cell death forms displaying degraded DNA. Only CT26 cells yielded a notable amount of apoptotic cells after the application of HHP. All tumor cells treated with >or= 200 MPa lost their ability to form colonies in vitro. Furthermore, the pressure-inactivated cells retained their immunogenicity, as tested in a xenogeneic as well as syngeneic mouse models. We conclude that the complete tumor cell inactivation, the degradation of the cell's nuclei, and the retention of the immunogeneic potential of these dead tumor cells induced by HHP favor the use of this technique as a powerful and low-cost technique for the inactivation of tumor cells to be used as a vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Weiss
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Weiss EM, Frey B, Rödel F, Herrmann M, Schlücker E, Voll RE, Fietkau R, Gaipl US. Ex vivo- and in vivo-induced dead tumor cells as modulators of antitumor responses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1209:109-17. [PMID: 20958323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05743.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Joint application of standard tumor therapies like radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy with immune therapy has long been considered not to fit. However, it has become accepted that immune responses may contribute to the elimination of cancer cells. We present how in vivo-induced tumor cell death by irradiation, chemotherapeutic agents, or hyperthermia can be rendered more immunogenic. High hydrostatic pressure is introduced as an innovative inactivation method for tumor cells used as vaccines. Annexin A5, being a natural occurring ligand for phosphatidylserine that is exposed by dying tumor cells, renders apoptotic tumor cells immunogenic and induces tumor regression. Combinations of irradiation with hyperthermia may also foster antitumor responses. For preparation of autologous tumor cell vaccines, high hydrostatic pressure is suitable to induce immunogenic cancer cell death. Future work will be aimed toward evaluating which combination and chronological sequence of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hyperthermia, annexin A5, and/or autologous tumor cell vaccines will induce specific and long-lasting antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Weiss
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Locher C, Conforti R, Aymeric L, Ma Y, Yamazaki T, Rusakiewicz S, Tesnière A, Ghiringhelli F, Apetoh L, Morel Y, Girard JP, Kroemer G, Zitvogel L. Desirable cell death during anticancer chemotherapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1209:99-108. [PMID: 20958322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The concept of immunogenic chemotherapy that has recently emerged relies upon the capacity of a cytotoxic compound to trigger a cell-death modality. This modality elicits cross-priming by dendritic cells of tumor antigen-specific T cells that will contribute to the tumoricidal activity of the compound and protect the host against relapse. In contrast, most anticancer drugs elicit nonimmunogenic apoptosis that is not accompanied with an immunizing property. This review will discuss some molecular and metabolic changes required at the level of the tumor that must engage key pathways at the level of the host for the induction of Tc1 polarized-protective T cell responses during chemotherapy. We will summarize the immune adjuvants that can boost the immunogenicity of cell death to augment the efficacy of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Locher
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1015, Villejuif, France
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Frey B, Gaipl US. The immune functions of phosphatidylserine in membranes of dying cells and microvesicles. Semin Immunopathol 2010; 33:497-516. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-010-0228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Phospholipids: key players in apoptosis and immune regulation. Molecules 2009; 14:4892-914. [PMID: 20032867 PMCID: PMC6255253 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14124892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS), a phospholipid predominantly found in the inner leaflet of eukaryotic cellular membranes, plays important roles in many biological processes. During apoptosis, the asymmetric distribution of phospholipids of the plasma membrane gets lost and PS is translocated to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. There, PS acts as one major “eat me” signal that ensures efficient recognition and uptake of apoptotic cells by phagocytes. PS recognition of activated phagocytes induces the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-10 and transforming grow factor-beta. Deficiencies in the clearance of apoptotic cells result in the occurrence of secondarily necrotic cells. The latter have lost the membrane integrity and release immune activating danger signals, which may induce inflammatory responses. Accumulation of dead cells containing nuclear autoantigens in sites of immune selection may provide survival signals for autoreactive B-cells. The production of antibodies against nuclear structures determines the initiation of chronic autoimmunity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Since PS on apoptotic cells is an important modulator of the immune response, natural occurring ligands for PS like annexinA5 have profound effects on immune responses against dead and dying cells, including tumour cells. In this review we will focus on the role of PS exposure in the clearance process of dead cells and its implications in clinical situations where apoptosis plays a relevant role, like in cancer, chronic autoimmunity, and infections. Relevance of other phospholipids during the apoptosis process is also discussed.
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