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Powell CJ, Kapeghian JC, Bernal JC, Foster JR. Hepatitis A Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Monkeys Confounds the Safety Evaluation of a Drug Candidate. Int J Toxicol 2024; 43:368-376. [PMID: 38501993 PMCID: PMC11155213 DOI: 10.1177/10915818241237992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
In a 3-month toxicity study in cynomolgus monkeys at a European contract laboratory, animals were infected with HAV, initially resulting in hepatic injury being incorrectly attributed to the test compound. Elevated serum ALT/AST/GLDH (5- to 10-fold) were noted in individual animals from all groups including controls, with no apparent dose, exposure, or time-related relationship. Liver histopathology revealed minimal to slight inflammatory cell accumulation in periportal zones of most animals, and minimal to slight hepatocyte degeneration/necrosis in 10/42 animals from all groups. As these findings were more pronounced in 6 drug-treated animals, including 2/6 in the low dose group, the draft report concluded: "treatment-related hepatotoxicity at all dose levels precluded determination of a NOAEL." However, the unusual pattern of hepatotoxicity suggested a factor other than drug exposure might have caused the hepatic effects. Therefore, snap-frozen liver samples were tested for hepatitis viruses using a PCR method. Tests for hepatitis B, C, and E virus were negative; however, 20/42 samples were positive for hepatitis A virus (HAV). Infection was strongly associated with increased serum ALT/GLDH, and/or hepatocyte degeneration/necrosis. Re-evaluation of the study in light of these data concluded that the hepatic injury was not drug-related. A subsequent 6-month toxicology study in HAV-vaccinated cynomolgus monkeys confirmed the absence of hepatotoxicity. Identification of HAV infection supported progression of the drug candidate into later clinical trials. Although rarely investigated, subclinical HAV infection has occasionally been reported in laboratory primates, including those used for toxicology studies and it may be more prevalent than the literature indicates.
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Xu L, Yang Y, Li Y, Lu Y, Gao C, Bian X, Liu Z, Sun Q. Characterizing the Pathogenicity and Immunogenicity of Simian Retrovirus Subtype 8 (SRV-8) Using SRV-8-Infected Cynomolgus Monkeys. Viruses 2023; 15:1538. [PMID: 37515223 PMCID: PMC10384433 DOI: 10.3390/v15071538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Simian retrovirus subtype 8 (SRV-8) infections have been reported in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in China and America, but its pathogenicity and immunogenicity are rarely reported. In this work, the SRV-8-infected monkeys were identified from the monkeys with anemia, weight loss, and diarrhea. To clarify the impact of SRV-8 infection on cynomolgus monkeys, infected monkeys were divided into five groups according to disease progression. Hematoxylin (HE) staining and viral loads analysis showed that SRV-8 mainly persisted in the intestine and spleen, causing tissue damage. Additionally, the dynamic variations of blood routine indexes, innate and adaptive immunity, and the transcriptomic changes in peripheral blood cells were analyzed during SRV-8 infection. Compared to uninfected animals, red blood cells, hemoglobin, and white blood cells were reduced in SRV-8-infected monkeys. The percentage of immune cell populations was changed after SRV-8 infection. Furthermore, the number of hematopoietic stem cells decreased significantly during the early stages of SRV-8 infection, and returned to normal levels after antibody-mediated viral clearance. Finally, global transcriptomic analysis in PBMCs from SRV-8-infected monkeys revealed distinct gene expression profiles across different disease stages. In summary, SRV-8 infection can cause severe pathogenicity and immune disturbance in cynomolgus monkeys, and it might be responsible for fatal virus-associated immunosuppressive syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libing Xu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yunpeng Yang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yandong Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yong Lu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Changshan Gao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xinyan Bian
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zongping Liu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Ohta E. Pathologic characteristics of infectious diseases in macaque monkeys used in biomedical and toxicologic studies. J Toxicol Pathol 2023; 36:95-122. [PMID: 37101957 PMCID: PMC10123295 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2022-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates (NHPs), which have many advantages in scientific research and are often the only relevant animals to use in assessing the safety profiles and biological or pharmacological effects of drug candidates, including biologics. In scientific or developmental experiments, the immune systems of animals can be spontaneously compromised possibly due to background infection, experimental procedure-associated stress, poor physical condition, or intended or unintended mechanisms of action of test articles. Under these circumstances, background, incidental, or opportunistic infections can seriously can significantly complicate the interpretation of research results and findings and consequently affect experimental conclusions. Pathologists and toxicologists must understand the clinical manifestations and pathologic features of infectious diseases and the effects of these diseases on animal physiology and experimental results in addition to the spectrum of infectious diseases in healthy NHP colonies. This review provides an overview of the clinical and pathologic characteristics of common viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infectious diseases in NHPs, especially macaque monkeys, as well as methods for definitive diagnosis of these diseases. Opportunistic infections that can occur in the laboratory setting have also been addressed in this review with examples of cases of infection disease manifestation that was observed or influenced during safety assessment studies or under experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Ohta
- Global Drug Safety, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai,
Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
- *Corresponding author: E Ohta (e-mail: )
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Yee JL, Strelow LI, White JA, Rosenthal AN, Barry PA. Horizontal transmission of endemic viruses among rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): Implications for human cytomegalovirus vaccine/challenge design. J Med Primatol 2023; 52:53-63. [PMID: 36151734 PMCID: PMC9825633 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rhesus macaques are natural hosts to multiple viruses including rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV), rhesus rhadinovirus (RRV), and Simian Foamy Virus (SFV). While viral infections are ubiquitous, viral transmissions to uninfected animals are incompletely defined. Management procedures of macaque colonies include cohorts that are Specific Pathogen Free (SPF). Greater understanding of viral transmission would augment SPF protocols. Moreover, vaccine/challenge studies of human viruses would be enhanced by leveraging transmission of macaque viruses to recapitulate expected challenges of human vaccine trials. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study characterizes viral transmissions to uninfected animals following inadvertent introduction of RhCMV/RRV/SFV-infected adults to a cohort of uninfected juveniles. Following co-housing with virus-positive adults, juveniles were serially evaluated for viral infection. RESULTS Horizontal viral transmission was rapid and absolute, reaching 100% penetrance between 19 and 78 weeks. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into viral natural histories with implications for colony management and modeling vaccine-mediated immune protection studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn L Yee
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California, USA
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Lisa I Strelow
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California, USA
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jessica A White
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California, USA
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ann N Rosenthal
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California, USA
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Peter A Barry
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California, USA
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Davis, California, USA
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Yee JL, Grant R, Haertel AJ, Allers C, Carpenter AB, Van Rompay KKA, Roberts JA. Multi-site proficiency testing for validation and standardization of assays to detect specific pathogen-free viruses, coronaviruses, and other agents in nonhuman primates. J Med Primatol 2022; 51:234-245. [PMID: 35426147 PMCID: PMC9851150 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In efforts to increase rigor and reproducibility, the USA National Primate Research Centers (NPRCs) have focused on qualification of reagents, cross-laboratory validations, and proficiency testing for methods to detect infectious agents and accompanying immune responses in nonhuman primates. The pathogen detection working group, comprised of laboratory scientists, colony managers, and leaders from the NPRCs, has championed the effort to produce testing that is reliable and consistent across laboratories. Through multi-year efforts with shared proficiency samples, testing percent agreement has increased from as low as 67.1% for SRV testing in 2010 to 92.1% in 2019. The 2019 average agreement for the four basic SPF agents improved to >96% (86.5% BV, 98.9 SIV, 92.1 SRV, and 97.0 STLV). As new pathogens such as SARS coronavirus type 2 emerge, these steps can now be quickly replicated to develop and implement new assays that ensure rigor, reproducibly, and quality for NHP pathogen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn L. Yee
- Primate Assay Laboratory, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Richard Grant
- Primate Pathogen Detection Services Laboratory, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Andrew J. Haertel
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Carolina Allers
- Pathogen Detection and Quantification Core, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA
| | - Amanda B. Carpenter
- Primate Assay Laboratory, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Koen K. A. Van Rompay
- Primate Assay Laboratory, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA,Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis , CA
| | - Jeffrey A. Roberts
- Primate Assay Laboratory, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA,Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
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Saepuloh U, Iskandriati D, Pamungkas J, Solihin DD, Mariya SS, Sajuthi D. Construction of A Preliminary Three-Dimensional Structure Simian betaretrovirus Serotype-2 (SRV-2) Reverse Transcriptase Isolated from Indonesian Cynomolgus Monkey. Trop Life Sci Res 2020; 31:47-61. [PMID: 33214855 PMCID: PMC7652245 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2020.31.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian betaretrovirus serotype-2 (SRV-2) is an important pathogenic agent in Asian macaques. It is a potential confounding variable in biomedical research. SRV-2 also provides a valuable viral model compared to other retroviruses which can be used for understanding many aspects of retroviral-host interactions and immunosuppression, infection mechanism, retroviral structure, antiretroviral and vaccine development. In this study, we isolated the gene encoding reverse transcriptase enzyme (RT) of SRV-2 that infected Indonesian cynomolgus monkey (Mf ET1006) and predicted the three dimensional structure model using the iterative threading assembly refinement (I-TASSER) computational programme. This SRV-2 RT Mf ET1006 consisted of 547 amino acids at nucleotide position 3284–4925 of whole genome SRV-2. The polymerase active site located in the finger/palm subdomain characterised by three conserved catalytic aspartates (Asp90, Asp165, Asp166), and has a highly conserved YMDD motif as Tyr163, Met164, Asp165 and Asp166. We estimated that this SRV-2 RT Mf ET1006 structure has the accuracy of template modelling score (TM-score 0.90 ± 0.06) and root mean square deviation (RMSD) 4.7 ± 3.1Å, indicating that this model can be trusted and the accuracy can be seen from the appearance of protein folding in tertiary structure. The superpositionings between SRV-2 RT Mf ET1006 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) RT were performed to predict the structural in details and to optimise the best fits for illustrations. This SRV-2 RT Mf ET1006 structure model has the highest homology to HIV-1 RT (2B6A.pdb) with estimated accuracy at TM-score 0.911, RMSD 1.85 Å, and coverage of 0.953. This preliminary study of SRV-2 RT Mf ET1006 structure modelling is intriguing and provide some information to explore the molecular characteristic and biochemical mechanism of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uus Saepuloh
- Primate Research Centre, Bogor Agricultural University (PSSP LPPM IPB), Jalan Lodaya II/5 Bogor 16151, Indonesia
| | - Diah Iskandriati
- Primate Research Centre, Bogor Agricultural University (PSSP LPPM IPB), Jalan Lodaya II/5 Bogor 16151, Indonesia
| | - Joko Pamungkas
- Primate Research Centre, Bogor Agricultural University (PSSP LPPM IPB), Jalan Lodaya II/5 Bogor 16151, Indonesia.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Dedy Duryadi Solihin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Sela Septima Mariya
- Primate Research Centre, Bogor Agricultural University (PSSP LPPM IPB), Jalan Lodaya II/5 Bogor 16151, Indonesia
| | - Dondin Sajuthi
- Primate Research Centre, Bogor Agricultural University (PSSP LPPM IPB), Jalan Lodaya II/5 Bogor 16151, Indonesia.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
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Yee JL, Grant RF, Van Rompay KKA, Roberts JA, Kuller L, Cunningham JL, Simmons JH, Papin JF. In vitro and In vivo Susceptibility of Baboons ( Papio sp.) to Infection with and Apparent Antibody Reactivity to Simian Betaretrovirus (SRV). Comp Med 2020; 70:75-82. [PMID: 31747991 PMCID: PMC7024778 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Despite the lack of confirmed reports of an exogenous Simian betaretrovirus (SRV) isolated from baboons (Papio sp.), reports of simian endogenous gammaretrovirus (SERV) in baboons with complete genomes suggest that such viruses may be potentially infectious. In addition, serologic tests have repeatedly demonstrated antibody reactivity to SRV in baboons from multiple colonies. These findings complicate the management and use of such animals for research. To provide further insight into this situation, we performed in vitro and in vivo studies to determine if baboons are or can be infected with SRV. In our initial experiment, we were not able to isolate SRV from 6 seropositive or sero-indeterminate baboons by coculturing their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with macaque PBMC or permissive cell lines. In a subsequent experiment, we found that baboon PBMC infected in vitro with high dose SRV were permissive to virus replication. To test in vivo infectibil- ity, groups of naive baboons were infused intravenously with either (i) the same SRV tissue culture virus stocks used for the in vitro studies, (ii) SRV antibody positive and PCR positive macaque blood, (iii) SRV antibody positive or indeterminate, but PCR negative baboon blood, or (iv) SRV antibody and PCR negative baboon blood. Sustained SRV infection, as defined by reproducible PCR detection and/or antibody seroconversion, was confirmed in 2 of 3 baboons receiving tissue culture virus but not in any recipients of transfused blood from seropositive macaques or baboons. In conclusion, the data indicate that even though baboon cells can be infected experimentally with high doses of tissue culture grown SRV, baboons that are repeatedly SRV antibody positive and PCR negative are unlikely to be infected with exogenous SRV and thus are unlikely to transmit a virus that would threaten the SPF status of captive baboon colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn L Yee
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Richard F Grant
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Koen K A Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Jeffrey A Roberts
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - LaRene Kuller
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jesse L Cunningham
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Joe H Simmons
- Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas; and
| | - James F Papin
- Department of Pathology, Division of Comparative Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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8
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Yee JL, Grant R, Van Rompay KK, Kuller L, Carpenter A, Watanabe R, Huebner R, Agricola B, Smedley J, Roberts JA. Emerging diagnostic challenges and characteristics of simian betaretrovirus infections in captive macaque colonies. J Med Primatol 2018; 46:149-153. [PMID: 28748661 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To better understand Simian betaretrovirus (SRV) seropositivity in virus-negative macaques, we transfused blood from SRV-infected or suspect donors into immunosuppressed naive recipients. Our results do not support typical SRV1-5 infection as the cause, but provide evidence for several possibilities including serological artifact, new/different SRV, or an endogenous virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn L Yee
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Richard Grant
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Koen K Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - LaRene Kuller
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amanda Carpenter
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robin Watanabe
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rebeca Huebner
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brian Agricola
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Roberts
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Yee JL, Vanderford TH, Didier ES, Gray S, Lewis A, Roberts J, Taylor K, Bohm RP. Specific pathogen free macaque colonies: a review of principles and recent advances for viral testing and colony management. J Med Primatol 2016; 45:55-78. [PMID: 26932456 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Specific pathogen free (SPF) macaques provide valuable animal models for biomedical research. In 1989, the National Center for Research Resources [now Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (ORIP)] of the National Institutes of Health initiated experimental research contracts to establish and maintain SPF colonies. The derivation and maintenance of SPF macaque colonies is a complex undertaking requiring knowledge of the biology of the agents for exclusion and normal physiology and behavior of macaques, application of the latest diagnostic technology, facilitiy management, and animal husbandry. This review provides information on the biology of the four viral agents targeted for exclusion in ORIP SPF macaque colonies, describes current state-of-the-art viral diagnostic algorithms, presents data from proficiency testing of diagnostic assays between laboratories at institutions participating in the ORIP SPF program, and outlines management strategies for maintaining the integrity of SPF colonies using results of diagnostic testing as a guide to decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn L Yee
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth S Didier
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Stanton Gray
- Michael E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
| | - Anne Lewis
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jeffrey Roberts
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kerry Taylor
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Rudolf P Bohm
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
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SAEPULOH UUS, ISKANDRIATI DIAH, HOETAM FUNGKEY, SEPTIMA MARIYA SELA, DURYADI SOLIHIN DEDY, PAMUNGKAS JOKO, SAJUTHI DONDIN. Cloning and Expression of Serotype-2 Simian Betaretrovirus Reverse Transcriptase Gene Isolated from Indonesian Cynomolgus Monkey in Escherichia coli. MICROBIOLOGY INDONESIA 2013. [DOI: 10.5454/mi.7.2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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11
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Population dynamics of rhesus macaques and associated foamy virus in Bangladesh. Emerg Microbes Infect 2013; 2:e29. [PMID: 26038465 PMCID: PMC3675400 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2013.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Foamy viruses are complex retroviruses that have been shown to be transmitted from nonhuman primates to humans. In Bangladesh, infection with simian foamy virus (SFV) is ubiquitous among rhesus macaques, which come into contact with humans in diverse locations and contexts throughout the country. We analyzed microsatellite DNA from 126 macaques at six sites in Bangladesh in order to characterize geographic patterns of macaque population structure. We also included in this study 38 macaques owned by nomadic people who train them to perform for audiences. PCR was used to analyze a portion of the proviral gag gene from all SFV-positive macaques, and multiple clones were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis was used to infer long-term patterns of viral transmission. Analyses of SFV gag gene sequences indicated that macaque populations from different areas harbor genetically distinct strains of SFV, suggesting that geographic features such as forest cover play a role in determining the dispersal of macaques and SFV. We also found evidence suggesting that humans traveling the region with performing macaques likely play a role in the translocation of macaques and SFV. Our studies found that individual animals can harbor more than one strain of SFV and that presence of more than one SFV strain is more common among older animals. Some macaques are infected with SFV that appears to be recombinant. These findings paint a more detailed picture of how geographic and sociocultural factors influence the spectrum of simian-borne retroviruses.
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Monticello T, Bussiere J. Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of Drugs. Toxicol Pathol 2013. [DOI: 10.1201/b13783-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Liao Q, Guo H, Tang M, Touzjian N, Lerche NW, Lu Y, Yee JL. Simultaneous detection of antibodies to five simian viruses in nonhuman primates using recombinant viral protein based multiplex microbead immunoassays. J Virol Methods 2011; 178:143-52. [PMID: 21945221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Routine screening for infectious agents is critical in establishing and maintaining specific pathogen free (SPF) nonhuman primate (NHP) colonies. More efficient, higher throughput, less costly reagent, and reduced sample consumption multiplex microbead immunoassays (MMIAs) using purified viral lysates have been developed previously to address some disadvantages of the traditional individual enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. To overcome some of the technical and biosafety difficulties in preparing antigens from live viruses for viral lysate protein based MMIAs, novel MMIAs using recombinant glycoprotein D precursor (gD) protein of herpesvirus B and four viral gag proteins of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), simian T Cell lymphotropic virus (STLV), simian foamy virus (SFV), and simian betaretrovirus (SRV) as antigens have been developed in the current study. The data showed that the recombinant viral protein based MMIAs detected simultaneously antibodies to each of these five viruses with high sensitivity and specificity, and correlated well with viral lysate based MMIAs. Therefore, recombinant viral protein based MMIA is an effective and efficient routine screening method to determine the infection status of nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liao
- Vaccine Laboratory, NanKai University, Tianjin, China
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