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Aouadi A, Hamada Saud D, Rebiai A, Achouri A, Benabdesselam S, Mohamed Abd El-Mordy F, Pohl P, Ahmad SF, Attia SM, Abulkhair HS, Ararem A, Messaoudi M. Introducing the antibacterial and photocatalytic degradation potentials of biosynthesized chitosan, chitosan-ZnO, and chitosan-ZnO/PVP nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14753. [PMID: 38926522 PMCID: PMC11208610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65579-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of nanomaterials has been speedily established in recent years, yet nanoparticles synthesized by traditional methods suffer unacceptable toxicity and the sustainability of the procedure for synthesizing such nanoparticles is inadequate. Consequently, green biosynthesis, which employs biopolymers, is gaining attraction as an environmentally sound alternative to less sustainable approaches. Chitosan-encapsulated nanoparticles exhibit exceptional antibacterial properties, offering a wide range of uses. Chitosan, obtained from shrimp shells, aided in the environmentally friendly synthesis of high-purity zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) with desirable features such as the extraction yield (41%), the deacetylation (88%), and the crystallinity index (74.54%). The particle size of ZnO NPs was 12 nm, while that of chitosan-ZnO NPs was 21 nm, and the bandgap energies of these nanomaterials were 3.98 and 3.48, respectively. The strong antibacterial action was demonstrated by ZnO NPs, chitosan-ZnO NPs, and chitosan-ZnO/PVP, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria, making them appropriate for therapeutic use. The photocatalytic degradation abilities were also assessed for all nanoparticles. At a concentration of 6 × 10-5 M, chitosan removed 90.5% of the methylene blue (MB) dye, ZnO NPs removed 97.4%, chitosan-coated ZnO NPs removed 99.6%, while chitosan-ZnO/PVP removed 100%. In the case of toluidine blue (TB), at a concentration of 4 × 10-3 M, the respective efficiencies were 96.8%, 96.8%, 99.5%, and 100%, respectively. Evaluation of radical scavenger activity revealed increased scavenging of ABTS and DPPH radicals by chitosan-ZnO/PVP compared to individual zinc oxide or chitosan-ZnO, where the IC50 results were 0.059, 0.092, 0.079 mg/mL, respectively, in the ABTS test, and 0.095, 0.083, 0.061, and 0.064 mg/mL in the DPPH test, respectively. Moreover, in silico toxicity studies were conducted to predict the organ-specific toxicity through ProTox II software. The obtained results suggest the probable safety and the absence of organ-specific toxicity with all the tested samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelatif Aouadi
- Process Engineering Laboratory, Applied Sciences Faculty, Kasdi Merbah University, 30000, Ouargla, Algeria
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of Hamma Lakhdar El-Oued, B.P.789, 39000, El-Oued, Algeria
| | - Djamila Hamada Saud
- Process Engineering Laboratory, Applied Sciences Faculty, Kasdi Merbah University, 30000, Ouargla, Algeria
| | - Abdelkrim Rebiai
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of Hamma Lakhdar El-Oued, B.P.789, 39000, El-Oued, Algeria
| | - Abdelhak Achouri
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of Hamma Lakhdar El-Oued, B.P.789, 39000, El-Oued, Algeria
- Water, Environment and Sustainable Development Laboratory (2E2D), Faculty of Technology, University of Blida 1, Route Soumâa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria
| | - Soulef Benabdesselam
- Laboratory of Water and Environmental Engineering in the Saharan Environment, Process Engineering Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Kasdi Merbah-Ouargla University, Ouargla, Algeria
| | - Fatma Mohamed Abd El-Mordy
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11754, Egypt
| | - Pawel Pohl
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamada S Abulkhair
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, International Coastal Road, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
| | - Abderrahmane Ararem
- Nuclear Research Centre of Birine, P.O. Box 180, 17200, Ain Oussera, Djelfa, Algeria
| | - Mohammed Messaoudi
- Nuclear Research Centre of Birine, P.O. Box 180, 17200, Ain Oussera, Djelfa, Algeria.
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Banerjee P, Ulker OC. Combinative ex vivo studies and in silico models ProTox-II for investigating the toxicity of chemicals used mainly in cosmetic products. Toxicol Mech Methods 2022; 32:542-548. [PMID: 35287538 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2022.2053623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Human data on remains sparse and of varying quality and reproducibility. Ex vivo experiments and animal experiments currently is the most preferred way to predict the skin sensitization approved by the regulatory agencies across the world. However, there is a constant need and demand to reduce animal experiments and provide the scope of alternative methods to animal testing. In this study, we have compared the predictive performance of the published computational tools such as ProTox-II, SuperCYPsPred with the data obtained from ex-vivo experiments. From the results of the retrospective analysis, it can be observed that the computational predictions are in agreement with the experimental results. The computational models used here are generative models based on molecular structures and machine learning algorithms and can be applied also for the prediction of skin sensitization. Besides prediction of the toxicity endpoints, the models can also provide deeper insights into the molecular mechanisms and adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) associated with the chemicals used in cosmetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Banerjee
- Institute of Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Philippstrasse 12, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ozge Cemiloglu Ulker
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Ankara,06560, Turkey
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Badger-Emeka LI, Emeka PM, Thirugnanasambantham K, Ibrahim HIM. Anti-Allergic Potential of Cinnamaldehyde via the Inhibitory Effect of Histidine Decarboxylase (HDC) Producing Klebsiella pneumonia. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235580. [PMID: 33261109 PMCID: PMC7730296 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergy is an immunological disorder that develops in response to exposure to an allergen, and histamines mediate these effects via histidine decarboxylase (HDC) activity at the intracellular level. In the present study, we developed a 3D model of Klebsiella pneumoniae histidine decarboxylase (HDC) and analyzed the HDC inhibitory potential of cinnamaldehyde (CA) and subsequent anti-allergic potential using a bacterial and mammalian mast cell model. A computational and in vitro study using K. pneumonia revealed that CA binds to HDC nearby the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) binding site and inhibited histamine synthesis in a bacterial model. Further study using a mammalian mast cell model also showed that CA decreased the levels of histamine in the stimulated RBL-2H3 cell line and attenuated the release of β-hexoseaminidase and cell degranulation. In addition, CA treatment also significantly suppressed the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 and the nitric oxide (NO) level in the stimulated mast cells. A gene expression and Western blotting study revealed that CA significantly downregulated the expressions of MAPKp38/ERK and its downstream pro-allergic mediators that are involved in the signaling pathway in mast cell cytokine synthesis. This study further confirms that CA has the potential to attenuate mast cell activation by inhibiting HDC and modifying the process of allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorina I. Badger-Emeka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-(0)5-3654-2793
| | - Promise Madu Emeka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Hairul Islam M. Ibrahim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
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Abstract
Guidance for managing potential dermal exposures has historically been qualitative in nature, for example, in the form of a DSEN notation. We propose a method that can provide quantitative guidance on how to establish and use surface wipe limits for skin sensitizers. The murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) is a validated test that not only identifies potential skin sensitizers but also provides an effective concentration (EC3) value. This provides quantitative dose-response information on induction of skin sensitization that permits estimates of sensitization thresholds and potency. Building upon the previously established correlation between LLNA EC3 values and human repeat insult patch testing no-effect levels, we present a quantitative method for setting surface wipe guidelines using the LLNA EC3. These limits can be used to assign compounds to occupational exposure bands and provide handling guidance for skin sensitizers of varying potency, supporting both exposure assessment and control strategies. A table is included that suggests a band of reasonable surface wipe limits (mg/100 cm2) for potentially all chemical sensitizers. When used in conjunction with a comprehensive industrial hygiene program that includes hazard communication, engineering controls, and personal protective equipment, skin exposure and consequent skin sensitization risks in the workplace can be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan F Arnold
- University of Minnesota, Division of Environmental Sciences, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) continues to be an occupational and environmental health issue. Consequently, there is a need to employ predictive tests to reduce the incidence of skin sensitization leading to clinical manifestations of ACD. For more than a decade, the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) has been the method of choice for the identification of skin sensitizers. While the original LLNA protocol has been extensively evaluated and subjected to exhaustive validation, the use of radioisotope (i.e., tritiated thymidine; 3HTdR) has discouraged utilization of this powerful assay in some countries. To promote further utilization of this method, the original LLNA protocol was refined to use 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, a nonradioactive analog of 3HTdR. The LLNA:BrdU-ELISA has been reviewed, validated, and approved for use internationally, and its performance is regarded as equivalent to the traditional LLNA. Here, we provide guidance on how to perform and interpret data from this assay.
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Elkama A, Ulker OC, Teker E, Karakaya A, Karakaya AE. Investigation of hypersensitivity potential of diacetyl by determining cytokine profiles. Hum Exp Toxicol 2017; 37:265-274. [PMID: 29233007 DOI: 10.1177/0960327117695636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to chemicals in workplace settings leads to significant occupational diseases related to hypersensitivity reactions. In recent years, diacetyl which is used as a food additive is thought to be as an important hazard due to its sensitization potency for worker's health. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the sensitization potency of diacetyl for the purpose of its hazard evaluation. Nonradioactive ex vivo local lymph node assay: BrdU-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method with short-term and long-term exposure protocols were conducted based on animal welfare principles. As end points, lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine releases, and total serum IgE levels were measured by ELISA method. After short-term dermal exposure to diacetyl, primary Th1 cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) and Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 levels were significantly increased relatively to vehicle control, whereas such significant increases were not observed in long-term exposure. According to our measurements of IgE levels after long-term dermal exposures to chemicals, diacetyl led to significant increase. In conclusion, the findings that showed significant increases in IL-13 and total serum IgE levels induced with diacetyl can be relevant to respiratory sensitizing hazard of this chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Elkama
- 1 Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - O C Ulker
- 2 Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - E Teker
- 2 Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - A Karakaya
- 2 Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - A E Karakaya
- 1 Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Lidén C, Yazar K, Johansen JD, Karlberg AT, Uter W, White IR. Comparative sensitizing potencies of fragrances, preservatives, and hair dyes. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 75:265-275. [PMID: 27633650 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The local lymph node assay (LLNA) is used for assessing sensitizing potential in hazard identification and risk assessment for regulatory purposes. Sensitizing potency on the basis of the LLNA is categorized into extreme (EC3 value of ≤0.2%), strong (>0.2% to ≤2%), and moderate (>2%). To compare the sensitizing potencies of fragrance substances, preservatives, and hair dye substances, which are skin sensitizers that frequently come into contact with the skin of consumers and workers, LLNA results and EC3 values for 72 fragrance substances, 25 preservatives and 107 hair dye substances were obtained from two published compilations of LLNA data and opinions by the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety and its predecessors. The median EC3 values of fragrances (n = 61), preservatives (n = 19) and hair dyes (n = 59) were 5.9%, 0.9%, and 1.3%, respectively. The majority of sensitizing preservatives and hair dyes are thus strong or extreme sensitizers (EC3 value of ≤2%), and fragrances are mostly moderate sensitizers. Although fragrances are typically moderate sensitizers, they are among the most frequent causes of contact allergy. This indicates that factors other than potency need to be addressed more rigorously in risk assessment and risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Lidén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kerem Yazar
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jeanne D Johansen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen/Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ian R White
- Department of Cutaneous Allergy, St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Abstract
Dermal exposure to chemicals may result in allergic or irritant contact dermatitis. In this study, we performed ex vivo local lymph node assay: bromodeoxyuridine-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (LLNA: BrdU-ELISA) to compare the differences between irritation and sensitization potency of some chemicals in terms of the 3 end points: lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine profiles (interleukin 2 [IL-2], interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-4, IL-5, IL-1, and tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α]), and ear swelling. Different concentrations of the following well-known sensitizers and irritant chemicals were applied to mice: dinitrochlorobenzene, eugenol, isoeugenol, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), and croton oil. According to the lymph node results; the auricular lymph node weights and lymph node cell counts increased after application of both sensitizers and irritants in high concentrations. On the other hand, according to lymph node cell proliferation results, there was a 3-fold increase in proliferation of lymph node cells (stimulation index) for sensitizer chemicals and SLS in the applied concentrations; however, there was not a 3-fold increase for croton oil and negative control. The SLS gave a false-positive response. Cytokine analysis demonstrated that 4 cytokines including IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-5 were released in lymph node cell cultures, with a clear dose trend for sensitizers whereas only TNF-α was released in response to irritants. Taken together, our results suggest that the ex vivo LLNA: BrdU-ELISA method can be useful for discriminating irritants and allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ozge Cemiloglu Ulker
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Asuman Karakaya
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Ulker OC, Kaymak Y, Karakaya A. Investigation of Allergenicity of Some Cosmetic Mixtures by Using ex vivo Local Lymph Node Assay-BrdU Endpoints. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2014; 164:301-7. [DOI: 10.1159/000366102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Allergenicity evaluation of fragrance mix and its ingredients by using ex vivo local lymph node assay–BrdU endpoints. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 65:162-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Williams WC, Copeland C, Boykin E, Quell SJ, Lehmann DM. Development and utilization of an ex vivo bromodeoxyuridine local lymph node assay protocol for assessing potential chemical sensitizers. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:29-40. [PMID: 24532485 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) is widely used to identify chemicals that may cause allergic contact dermatitis. Exposure to a dermal sensitizer results in proliferation of local lymph node T cells, which has traditionally been measured by in vivo incorporation of [(3) H]methyl thymidine. A more recent non-isotopic variation of the assay utilizes bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation in vivo. To further improve the utility of this assay, we developed an ex vivo BrdU labeling procedure eliminating the need for in vivo injections. The results of this assay correctly identified a strong sensitizer (i.e., trimellitic anhydride) as well as weak/moderate sensitizers (i.e., eugenol, cinnamaldehyde and hexylcinnaminic aldehyde). As anticipated, neither non-sensitizers isopropanol and lactic acid nor the false negative chemical nickel II sulfate hexahydrate induced a positive threshold response in the assay. The results of this assay are in close agreement with those of the in vivo LLNA:BrdU-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay labeling procedure. We also used the ex vivo BrdU LLNA procedure to evaluate ammonium hexachloroplatinate, ammonium tetrachloroplatinate and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) and the assay correctly identified them as sensitizers based on the calculation of EC2 values. We conclude that this ex vivo BrdU labeling method offers predictive capacity comparable to previously established LLNA protocols while eliminating animal injections and the use of radioisotope. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Williams
- Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health, and Environmental Effects Laboratory (NHEERL), US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Wang J, Sun N, Zhou C, Zhou X, Lu J, Wang C, Che H. Food proteins from different allergen families sensitize Balb/c mice to family-specific immune responses. J Immunotoxicol 2013; 11:172-9. [PMID: 23961895 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2013.819053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The classification of food allergens based on the structure and function of proteins contributes to the study of the relationship between bioinformatics and potential allergenicity of allergens. Food allergens always share sequence similarity with the allergens in the same allergen families. For that reason, food proteins from different allergen families may induce different patterns of immune responses in animal models. Female Balb/c mice (3-4-weeks-old) were sensitized with food proteins once per week for 4 weeks, and then challenged 2 weeks later (on Day 42 of study). Blood was collected (to obtain serum levels of histamine and protein-specific IgG1 and IgE antibodies) and measures of vascular permeability were performed 20 min after the challenge. Five food proteins (11S globulin, OVA [ovalbumin], HAS [human serum albumin] and LRP [lysine-responsive storage protein] of different allergen families, and Cry 1Ab/Ac [crystal protein]) were used to assess patterns of immune responses for each allergen family and then bioinformatics and digestive stability in simulated gastric fluid were employed to assess the overall utility of the Balb/c. The assay results indicated that, in this model, histamine and protein-specific IgE antibody levels and vascular permeability could be used to identify allergenicity of 11S globulin, OVA, and PAP (potato acid phosphatase) only. However, the results of the protein-specific IgG1 measures could only distinguish allergic food proteins with negative control. Based on bioinformatic analyses, the five different food proteins clearly induced distinct patterns of immune responses in the Balb/c model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University , Beijing , PR China and
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