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Ribeiro KHC, da Silva RBP, Roseno ACB, Barreto AJM, Bacelar ACZ, Ervolino E, Duarte MAH, Fakhouri WD, Chaves-Neto AH, Biguetti CC, Matsumoto MA. Dose-response effect of Montelukast on post-extraction dental socket repair and skeletal phenotype of mice. Odontology 2023; 111:891-903. [PMID: 36920595 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-023-00800-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Bone metabolism and repair are directly regulated by arachidonic acid metabolites. At present, we analyzed the dose-response effects of a selective cysteinyl leukotriene receptor type-1 antagonist during bone repair after tooth extraction and on non-injured skeleton. Sixty-three 129 Sv/Ev male mice composed the groups: C-Control (saline solution); MTK2-2 mg/Kg of Montelukast (MTK) and MTK4-4 mg/Kg of MTK, daily administered by mouth throughout all experimental periods set at 7, 14, and 21 days post-operative. Dental sockets were analyzed by computed microtomography (microCT), histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. Femurs, L5 vertebra and organs were also removed for observation. Blood was collected for plasma bone and liver markers. Histopathology and microCT analysis revealed early socket repair of MTK2 and MTK4 animals, with significant increased BV/TV at days 14 and 21 compared to C. Higher plasma calcium was detected at days 7 and 21 in MTK4 in comparison to C, while phosphate was significantly increased in MTK2 in the same periods in comparison to C and MTK4. No significant differences were found regarding plasma ALP and TRAP, neither for local TRAP and Runx2 immunolabeling at the healing sockets. Organs did not present histological abnormalities. Increased AST levels have been detected in distinct groups and periods. In general, femur phenotype was improved in MTK treated animals. Collectively, MTK promoted early bone formation after tooth extraction and increased bone quality of femurs and vertebra in a time-dose-dependent manner, and should be considered as an alternative therapy when improved post-extraction socket repair or skeleton preservation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Henderson Carmo Ribeiro
- Department of Oral Surgery and Dental Clinics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University-Unesp, Rua José Bonifácio 1192, Araçatuba, São Paulo, CEP 160188-05, Brazil
| | - Raquel Barroso Parra da Silva
- Department of Oral Surgery and Dental Clinics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University-Unesp, Rua José Bonifácio 1192, Araçatuba, São Paulo, CEP 160188-05, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolyna Becher Roseno
- Department of Basic Sciences, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, SãoPauloStateUniversity-Unesp, Rua José Bonifácio 1192, CEP 160188-05, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ana Julia Moreno Barreto
- Department of Basic Sciences, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, SãoPauloStateUniversity-Unesp, Rua José Bonifácio 1192, CEP 160188-05, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ana Carolina Zucon Bacelar
- Department of Oral Surgery and Dental Clinics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University-Unesp, Rua José Bonifácio 1192, Araçatuba, São Paulo, CEP 160188-05, Brazil
| | - Edilson Ervolino
- Department of Basic Sciences, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, SãoPauloStateUniversity-Unesp, Rua José Bonifácio 1192, CEP 160188-05, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Marco Antônio Húngaro Duarte
- Department of DentistryEndodontics and Dental MaterialsSchool of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Otávio Pinheiro Brisola, 9-20, BauruBauru, São Paulo, CEP 7012-901, Brazil
| | - Walid D Fakhouri
- School of Dentistry, The University of Texas at Health Science Center at Houston (UTH), 1941 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Antonio Hernandes Chaves-Neto
- Department of Basic Sciences, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, SãoPauloStateUniversity-Unesp, Rua José Bonifácio 1192, CEP 160188-05, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Cláudia Cristina Biguetti
- School of Podiatric Medicine, The University of Texas at Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV), 2120 Treasure Hills Blvd. Harlingen, Harlingen, TX, 78550, USA
| | - Mariza Akemi Matsumoto
- Department of Basic Sciences, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, SãoPauloStateUniversity-Unesp, Rua José Bonifácio 1192, CEP 160188-05, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil.
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Amadeu de Oliveira F, Tokuhara CK, Veeriah V, Domezi JP, Santesso MR, Cestari TM, Ventura TMO, Matos AA, Dionísio T, Ferreira MR, Ortiz RC, Duarte MAH, Buzalaf MAR, Ponce JB, Sorgi CA, Faccioli LH, Buzalaf CP, de Oliveira RC. The Multifarious Functions of Leukotrienes in Bone Metabolism. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:1135-1153. [PMID: 37314430 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs) are derived from arachidonic acid metabolism by the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) enzyme. The production of LTs is stimulated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis, and periodontitis, with a relevant contribution to bone resorption. However, its role in bone turnover, particularly the suppression of bone formation by modulating the function of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, remains unclear. We investigated the effects of LTs on bone metabolism and their impact on osteogenic differentiation and osteoclastogenesis using a 5-LO knockout (KO) mouse model. Results from micro-computed tomography (μCT) analysis of femur from 8-week-old 5-LO-deficient mice showed increased cortical bone and medullary region in females and males and decreased trabecular bone in females. In the vertebra, we observed increased marrow area in both females and males 5-LO KO and decreased trabecular bone only in females 5-LO KO. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis showed higher levels of osteogenic markers tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) and osteopontin (OPN) and lower expression of osteoclastogenic marker tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in the femurs of 5-LO KO mice versus wild-type (WT). Alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization assay results showed that the 5-LO absence enhances osteoblasts differentiation and mineralization but decreases the proliferation. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Bglap, and Sp7 gene expression were higher in 5-LO KO osteoblasts compared to WT cells. Eicosanoids production was higher in 5-LO KO osteoblasts except for thromboxane 2, which was lower in 5-LO-deficient mice. Proteomic analysis identified the downregulation of proteins related to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) metabolism in 5-LO KO osteoblasts, and the upregulation of transcription factors such as the adaptor-related protein complex 1 (AP-1 complex) in long bones from 5-LO KO mice leading to an increased bone formation pattern in 5-LO-deficient mice. We observed enormous differences in the morphology and function of osteoclasts with reduced bone resorption markers and impaired osteoclasts in 5-LO KO compared to WT osteoclasts. Altogether, these results demonstrate that the absence of 5-LO is related to the greater osteogenic profile. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Amadeu de Oliveira
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Cintia K Tokuhara
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Vimal Veeriah
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - João Paulo Domezi
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Tania M Cestari
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana A Matos
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago Dionísio
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcel R Ferreira
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael C Ortiz
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco A H Duarte
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | - José B Ponce
- Department of Medicine, University Center of Adamantina, Adamantina, SP, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Faculdades de Dracena, Dracena, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Sorgi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucia H Faccioli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Kefir peptides promote osteogenic differentiation to enhance bone fracture healing in rats. Life Sci 2022; 310:121090. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kurapaty SS, Hsu WK. Sex-Based Difference in Bone Healing: A Review of Recent Pre-clinical Literature. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2022; 15:651-658. [PMID: 36378466 PMCID: PMC9789279 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-022-09803-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent literature has sought to understand differences in fusion failure, specifically considering how patient sex may play a role. Overall, there exists inconclusive data regarding any sex-based differences in bone healing. RECENT FINDINGS In vitro studies examining the roles of sex hormones, 5-LO, IGF-1, VEGF, osteoclasts, and OPCs seem to show sexually dimorphic actions. Additionally, donor characteristics and stem cell environment seem to also determine osteogenic potential. Building on this biomolecular basis, in vivo work investigates the aforementioned elements. Broadly, males tend to have a more robust healing compared to females. Taking these findings together, differences in sex hormones levels, their timing and action, and composition of the inflammatory milieu underlie variations in bone healing by sex. Clinically, a robust understanding of bone healing mechanics can inform care of the transgender patient. Transgender patients undergoing hormone therapy present a clinically nuanced scenario for which limited long-term data exist. Such advances would help inform treatment for sports-related injury due to hormonal changes in biomechanics and treatment of transgender youth. While recent advances provide more clarity, conclusive answers remain elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven S. Kurapaty
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 1350, Chicago, IL 6061 USA ,Simpson Querrey Institute, Center for Regenerative Nanomedicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Wellington K. Hsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 1350, Chicago, IL 6061 USA ,Simpson Querrey Institute, Center for Regenerative Nanomedicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
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Alveolar socket healing in 5-lipoxygenase knockout aged female mice treated or not with high dose of zoledronic acid. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19535. [PMID: 34599216 PMCID: PMC8486749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98713-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the role 5-lypoxigenase (5-LO) on alveolar socket healing in aged female mice treated with zoledronic acid (ZL). Forty 129/Sv female mice (64–68 weeks old), 20 wild type (WT) and 20 5-LO knockout (5LOKO) were equally distributed according to ZL treatment: WT Control, WT ZL, 5LOKO Control, and 5LOKO ZL. ZL groups were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of 250 µg/Kg of ZL, while controls were treated with saline. Treatments were administered once a week, starting four weeks before surgery for tooth extraction and until 7 and 21 days post-surgery. Mice were euthanized for a comprehensive microscopic analysis (microCT, histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry). WT ZL mice presented intense inflammatory infiltrate (7 days), delayed bone formation (21 days), reduced collagenous matrix quality, and a deficiency in Runx-2 + , TRAP + , and macrophages as compared to controls. 5LOKO ZL animals presented decreased number of Runx-2 + cells in comparison to 5LOKO Control at 7 days, but no major changes in bone healing as compared to WT or 5LOKO mice at 21 days. The knockout of 5LO favored intramembranous bone healing in aged female mice, with a direct impact on inflammatory response and bone metabolism on the development of ONJ-like lesions.
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Lack of 5-lipoxygenase in intramembranous and endochondral 129Sv mice skeleton and intramembranous healing. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 131:105266. [PMID: 34571394 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the lack of 5-lipoxygenase (5LO) on dental socket healing and post-natal phenotype of intramembranous and endochondral bones. DESIGN Wild type (WT) 129/SvEv (n = 20) and 5LO knockout (5LOKO) (n = 20) male mice underwent tooth extraction of the upper right incisor and were euthanized after 7, 14, and 30 day time points for the evaluation of dental socket healing and histological phenotyping of intramembranous (IM) and endochondral (EC) bones. Microscopic analysis of alveolar sockets included histopathological description, histomorphometry, and immunohistochemistry for 5LO, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). RESULTS Histological phenotyping revealed thicker cortical bone in EC bones (femur and vertebra) of 5LOKO mice compared to WTs, with no differences in collagenous content. Although dental socket healing was similarly observed in both groups, WT mice revealed increased numbers of COX-2+ and 5LO+ cells during bone maturing stage, with a decrease of TRAP+ cells at day 30. On the other hand, an increased quantity of fibroblasts was observed at day 7 in 5LOKO group, as well as increased inflammatory infiltrate and significantly decreased TRAP+ cells at final stages of alveolar socket healing in comparison to WTs. CONCLUSIONS The lack of 5LO in 5LOKO mice resulted in thicker cortical of EC, but not of IM post natal bones. Furthermore, genetic deletion of 5LO in the 5LOKO mice directly affected the inflammatory response during socket healing, influencing initial and late phases of bone repair in a model of post-tooth extraction in 129Sv WT and 5LOKO mice.
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Shen H, Gardner AM, Vyas J, Ishida R, Tawfik VL. Modeling Complex Orthopedic Trauma in Rodents: Bone, Muscle and Nerve Injury and Healing. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:620485. [PMID: 33597884 PMCID: PMC7882733 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.620485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthopedic injury can occur from a variety of causes including motor vehicle collision, battlefield injuries or even falls from standing. Persistent limb pain is common after orthopedic injury or surgery and presents a unique challenge, as the initiating event may result in polytrauma to bone, muscle, and peripheral nerves. It is imperative that we understand the tissue-specific and multicellular response to this unique type of injury in order to best develop targeted treatments that improve healing and regeneration. In this Mini Review we will first discuss current rodent models of orthopedic trauma/complex orthotrauma. In the second section, we will focus on bone-specific outcomes including imaging modalities, biomechanical testing and immunostaining for markers of bone healing/turnover. In the third section, we will discuss muscle-related pathology including outcome measures of fibrosis, muscle regeneration and tensile strength measurements. In the fourth section, we will discuss nervous system-related pathology including outcome measures of pain-like responses, both reflexive and non-reflexive. In all sections we will consider parallels between preclinical outcome measures and the functional and mechanistic findings of the human condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaishuang Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Aysha M Gardner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Juhee Vyas
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ryosuke Ishida
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Vivianne L Tawfik
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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Saul D, Hohl FE, Franz MK, Meyer I, Taudien S, Roch PJ, Sehmisch S, Komrakova M. Inhibition of Lipoxygenases Showed No Benefit for the Musculoskeletal System in Estrogen Deficient Rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:706504. [PMID: 34354672 PMCID: PMC8329538 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.706504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In previous studies, we reported the beneficial impact of two lipoxygenase-inhibitors, Baicalein and Zileuton, on osteoporotic bone in a postmenopausal rat model. Whereas subcutaneous Baicalein predominantly improved cortical bone, Zileuton enhanced vertebral and femoral trabecular bone. In this study, we aimed to reveal whether the oral administration of Baicalein caused similar effects on bone and whether a combined administration of Baicalein and Zileuton could act synergistically to ameliorate the formerly reported effects in the musculoskeletal system. METHODS We treated ovariectomized (OVX) female Sprague-Dawley rats either with Baicalein (10mg/kg BW), Zileuton (10mg/kg BW) or a combination of both (each 10mg/kg BW) for 13 weeks and compared with untreated OVX and NON-OVX groups (n=12-16 rats per group). Lumbar vertebral bodies and femora were analyzed. Tibiae were osteotomized, plate-stabilized (at week 8 after OVX) and likewise analyzed by biomechanical, histological, micro-computed tomographical and ashing tests. The skeletal muscle structure was analyzed. RESULTS Oral administration of Baicalein did not confirm the reported favorable cortical effects in neither vertebra nor femur. Zileuton showed a beneficial effect on trabecular vertebra, while the femur was negatively affected. Callus formation was enhanced by all treatments; however, its density and biomechanical properties were unaltered. Lipoxygenase inhibition did not show a beneficial effect on skeletal muscle. The combination therapy did not ameliorate OVX-induced osteoporosis but induced even more bone loss. CONCLUSIONS The preventive anti-osteoporotic treatments with two lipoxygenase inhibitors applied either alone or in combination showed no benefit for the musculoskeletal system in estrogen deficient rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Saul
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Dominik Saul,
| | - Friederike Eva Hohl
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Max Konrad Franz
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ilka Meyer
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Taudien
- Division of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Paul Jonathan Roch
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Sehmisch
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Marina Komrakova
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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Biguetti CC, Couto MCR, Silva ACR, Shindo JVTC, Rosa VM, Shinohara AL, Andreo JC, Duarte MAH, Wang Z, Brotto M, Matsumoto MA. New Surgical Model for Bone-Muscle Injury Reveals Age and Gender-Related Healing Patterns in the 5 Lipoxygenase (5LO) Knockout Mouse. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:484. [PMID: 32849277 PMCID: PMC7431610 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling lipid mediators released from 5 lipoxygenase (5LO) pathways influence both bone and muscle cells, interfering in their proliferation and differentiation capacities. A major limitation to studying inflammatory signaling pathways in bone and muscle healing is the inadequacy of available animal models. We developed a surgical injury model in the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle and femur in 129/SvEv littermates mice to study simultaneous musculoskeletal (MSK) healing in male and female, young (3 months) and aged (18 months) WT mice compared to mice lacking 5LO (5LOKO). MSK defects were surgically created using a 1-mm punch device in the VA muscle followed by a 0.5-mm round defect in the femur. After days 7 and 14 post-surgery, the specimens were removed for microtomography (microCT), histopathology, and immunohistochemistry analyses. In addition, non-injured control skeletal muscles along with femur and L5 vertebrae were analyzed. Bones were microCT phenotyped, revealing that aged female WT mice presented reduced BV/TV and trabecular parameters compared to aged males and aged female 5LOKO mice. Skeletal muscles underwent a customized targeted lipidomics investigation for profiling and quantification of lipid signaling mediators (LMs), evidencing age, and gender related-differences in aged female 5LOKO mice compared to matched WT. Histological analysis revealed a suitable bone-healing process with osteoid deposition at day 7 post-surgery, followed by woven bone at day 14 post-surgery, observed in all young mice. Aged WT females displayed increased inflammatory response at day 7 post-surgery, delayed bone matrix maturation, and increased TRAP immunolabeling at day 14 post-surgery compared to 5LOKO females. Skeletal muscles of aged animals showed higher levels of inflammation in comparison to young controls at day 14 post-surgery; however, inflammatory process was attenuated in aged 5LOKO mice compared to aged WT. In conclusion, this new model shows that MSK healing is influenced by age, gender, and the 5LO pathway, which might serve as a potential target to investigate therapeutic interventions and age-related MSK diseases. Our new model is suitable for bone-muscle crosstalk studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cristina Biguetti
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Maira Cristina Rondina Couto
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Do Sagrado Coração, Bauru, Brazil
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, FOB-USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vinicius Mateus Rosa
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | | | - Jesus Carlos Andreo
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, FOB-USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Zhiying Wang
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Marco Brotto
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Mariza Akemi Matsumoto
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
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Giannobile WV, Berglundh T, Al-Nawas B, Araujo M, Bartold PM, Bouchard P, Chapple I, Gruber R, Lundberg P, Sculean A, Lang NP, Lyngstadaas P, Kebschull M, Galindo-Moreno P, Schwartz Z, Shapira L, Stavropoulos A, Reseland J. Biological factors involved in alveolar bone regeneration: Consensus report of Working Group 1 of the 15 th European Workshop on Periodontology on Bone Regeneration. J Clin Periodontol 2019; 46 Suppl 21:6-11. [PMID: 31215113 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To describe the biology of alveolar bone regeneration. MATERIAL AND METHODS Four comprehensive reviews were performed on (a) mesenchymal cells and differentiation factors leading to bone formation; (b) the critical interplay between bone resorbing and formative cells; (c) the role of osteoimmunology in the formation and maintenance of alveolar bone; and (d) the self-regenerative capacity following bone injury or tooth extraction were prepared prior to the workshop. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS This summary information adds to the fuller understanding of the alveolar bone regenerative response with implications to reconstructive procedures for patient oral rehabilitation. The group collectively formulated and addressed critical questions based on each of the reviews in this consensus report to advance the field. The report concludes with identified areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- William V Giannobile
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tord Berglundh
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bilal Al-Nawas
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, J. Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - P Mark Bartold
- School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Iain Chapple
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pernilla Lundberg
- Department of Odontology, Division of Molecular Periodontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Moritz Kebschull
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Lior Shapira
- Department of Periodontology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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11
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Esser-von Bieren J. Eicosanoids in tissue repair. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:279-288. [PMID: 30680784 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Trauma or infection can result in tissue damage, which needs to be repaired in a well-orchestrated manner to restore tissue function and homeostasis. Lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid (termed eicosanoids) play central and versatile roles in the regulation of tissue repair. Here, I summarize the current state-of the-art regarding the functional activities of eicosanoids in tissue repair responses during homeostasis and disease. I also describe how eicosanoids are produced during tissue damage and repair in a time-, cell- and tissue-dependent fashion. In particular, recent insights into the roles of eicosanoids in epithelial barrier repair are reviewed. Furthermore, the distinct roles of different eicosanoids in settings of pathological tissue repair such as chronic wounds, scarring or fibrosis are discussed. Finally, an outlook is provided on how eicosanoids may be targeted by future therapeutic strategies to achieve physiological tissue repair and prevent scarring and loss of tissue function in various disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Esser-von Bieren
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, 80802, Munich, Germany
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12
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Saul D, Weber M, Zimmermann MH, Kosinsky RL, Hoffmann DB, Menger B, Taudien S, Lehmann W, Komrakova M, Sehmisch S. Effect of the lipoxygenase inhibitor baicalein on bone tissue and bone healing in ovariectomized rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2019; 16:4. [PMID: 30651746 PMCID: PMC6329162 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-018-0327-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoporosis is one of the world's major medical burdens in the twenty-first century. Pharmaceutical intervention currently focusses on decelerating bone loss, but phytochemicals such as baicalein, which is a lipoxygenase inhibitor, may rescue bone loss. Studies evaluating the effect of baicalein in vivo are rare. METHODS We administered baicalein to sixty-one three-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats. They were divided into five groups, four of which were ovariectomized (OVX) and one non-ovariectomized (NON-OVX). Eight weeks after ovariectomy, bilateral tibial osteotomy with plate osteosynthesis was performed and bone formation quantified. Baicalein was administered subcutaneously using three doses (C1: 1 mg/kg BW; C2: 10 mg/kg BW; and C3: 100 mg/kg BW) eight weeks after ovariectomy for four weeks. Finally, femora and tibiae were collected. Biomechanical tests, micro-CT, ashing, histological and gene expression analyses were performed. RESULTS Biomechanical properties were unchanged in tibiae and reduced in femora. In tibiae, C1 treatment enhanced callus density and cortical width and decreased callus area. In the C3 group, callus formation was reduced during the first 3 weeks after osteotomy, correlating to a higher mRNA expression of Osteocalcin, Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and Rankl. In femora, baicalein treatments did not alter bone parameters. CONCLUSIONS Baicalein enhanced callus density and cortical width but impaired early callus formation in tibiae. In femora, it diminished the biomechanical properties and calcium-to-phosphate ratio. Thus, it is not advisable to apply baicalein to treat early bone fractures. To determine the exact effects on bone healing, further studies in which baicalein treatments are started at different stages of healing are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Saul
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Marie Weber
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Marc Hendrik Zimmermann
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Robyn Laura Kosinsky
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Bernd Hoffmann
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Björn Menger
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Taudien
- Division of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lehmann
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Marina Komrakova
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Sehmisch
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
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Iacona JR, Monteleone NJ, Lutz CS. miR-146a suppresses 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP) expression and Leukotriene B4 production in lung cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:26751-26769. [PMID: 29928483 PMCID: PMC6003571 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) can be converted into prostaglandins (PGs) or leukotrienes (LTs) by the enzymatic actions of cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) or 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), respectively. PGs and LTs are lipid signaling molecules that have been implicated in various diseases, including multiple cancers. 5-LO and its activating protein (FLAP) work together in the first two conversion steps of LT production. Previous work has suggested a role for LTs in cancer development and progression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally, and have previously been shown to be involved in cancer. Here, we show that high FLAP expression is associated with lower overall survival in lung adenocarcinoma patients, and FLAP protein is overexpressed in lung cancer cells compared to normal lung cells. Our lab has previously shown that miR-146a regulates COX-2 in lung cancer cells, and this miRNA is also predicted to target FLAP. Transient and stable transfections of miR-146a repress endogenous FLAP expression in lung cancer cells, and reporter assays show this regulation occurs through a direct interaction between the FLAP 3′ untranslated region (UTR) and miR-146a. Restoration of miR-146a also results in decreased cancer cell Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production. Additionally, methylation analysis indicates the miR-146a promoter is hypermethylated in lung cancer cell lines. Taken together, this study and previous work from our lab suggest miR-146a is an endogenous dual inhibitor of AA metabolism in lung cancer cells by regulating both PG and LT production through direct targeting of the COX-2 and FLAP 3’ UTRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Iacona
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School and the School of Graduate Studies, Health Sciences Campus, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Nicholas J Monteleone
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School and the School of Graduate Studies, Health Sciences Campus, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Carol S Lutz
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School and the School of Graduate Studies, Health Sciences Campus, Newark, NJ, USA
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14
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The inhibition of 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) products leukotriene B4 (LTB 4 ) and cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) modulates the inflammatory response and improves cutaneous wound healing. Clin Immunol 2018; 190:74-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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Lopes DEM, Jabr CL, Dejani NN, Saraiva AC, de Aquino SG, Medeiros AI, Rossa Junior C. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase attenuates inflammation and BONE resorption in lipopolysaccharide-induced periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2017; 89:235-245. [PMID: 29381190 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2017.170210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arachidonate-5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) activity and increased leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production have been implicated in various inflammatory conditions. Increased production of leukotrienes has been associated with periodontal diseases; however, their relative contribution to tissue destruction is unknown. In this study, an orally active specific 5-LO inhibitor is used to assess its role in inflammation and bone resorption in a murine model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced periodontal disease. METHODS Periodontal disease was induced in Balb/c mice by direct injections of LPS into the palatal gingival tissues adjacent to the maxillary first molars three times per week for 4 weeks. Animals were treated with biochemical inhibitor (2 mg/kg/daily) or the same volume of the vehicle by oral gavage. Microcomputed tomography analysis was used to assess bone resorption. Enzyme immunoassay determined LTB4, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays quantified tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-12, and IL-10 in gingival tissues. Histologic sections were used for the morphometric analysis (number of neutrophils and mononuclear cells). Osteoclasts were counted in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-stained sections. RESULTS Administration of 5-LO inhibitor effectively reduced production of LTB4 (23.7% decrease) and significantly reduced TNF and IL-12 levels in gingival tissues. Moreover, reduction of LTB4 levels in gingival tissues was associated with a significant decrease in bone resorption and a marked reduction in number of osteoclasts and inflammatory cells. CONCLUSION 5-LO activity plays a relevant role in inflammation and bone resorption associated with the LPS model of experimental periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora E M Lopes
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila L Jabr
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Naiara N Dejani
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University
| | - Amanda C Saraiva
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University
| | - Sabrina G de Aquino
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Health Sciences Center, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Alexandra I Medeiros
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University
| | - Carlos Rossa Junior
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Wu Y, Sun H, Yang B, Liu X, Wang J. 5-Lipoxygenase Knockout Aggravated Apical Periodontitis in a Murine Model. J Dent Res 2017; 97:442-450. [PMID: 29125911 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517741261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) plays a vital role in the host innate immune response, including bacteria-induced inflammation. Apical periodontitis (AP) is due to immune disorders caused by imbalances between bacterial invasion and subsequent host defense response. In this work, we investigated the role of 5-lipoxygenase in AP by using 5- lo knockout mice (5- lo-/- mice). Results showed that 5- lo-/- mice had greater periapical bone loss and more osteoclasts positive for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining than did wild-type mice, as determined by micro-computed tomography and histologic staining. The inflammation- and osteoclastogenesis-related factors IL-1β, TNF-α, RANK, and RANKL were also significantly elevated in 5- lo-/- mice, whereas osteoprotegerin was reduced. Furthermore, peritoneal macrophages from 5- lo-/- mice revealed an obviously impaired ability to phagocytose the AP pathogenic bacteria Fusobacterium nucleatum. In vivo experiments confirmed that 5- lo knockout led to decreased macrophage recruitment and increased F. nucleatum infection around the periapical area due to decreased leukotriene B4 and LXA4 production. All these results showed that 5- lo knockout impaired the host innate immune system to promote the release of bone resorption-related factors. Therefore, 5- lo deficiency aggravated AP in an experimental murine AP model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wu
- 1 The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - H Sun
- 1 The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - B Yang
- 1 The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - X Liu
- 1 The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - J Wang
- 1 The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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17
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Saul D, Gleitz S, Nguyen HH, Kosinsky RL, Sehmisch S, Hoffmann DB, Wassmann M, Menger B, Komrakova M. Effect of the lipoxygenase-inhibitors baicalein and zileuton on the vertebra in ovariectomized rats. Bone 2017; 101:134-144. [PMID: 28455215 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is one of the most common diseases worldwide. In osteoporosis, vertebral fractures represent a major burden. Lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitors such as baicalein and zileuton may represent a promising therapeutic option owing to their antioxidative effects and suppression of various inflammatory processes in muscle and bone. The effect of these LOX inhibitors on the spine was studied in osteopenic rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided two times into five groups: four groups each were ovariectomized (OVX) and one control group was non-ovariectomized (NON-OVX). Eight weeks after ovariectomy, three concentrations of baicalein (1mg/kg body weight [BW], 10mg/kgBW, and 100mg/kgBW) were administered subcutaneously daily in three OVX groups for 4weeks. Similarly, zileuton was administered in three concentrations via food for 5weeks. In vivo computed tomography (pQCT) of the spine was performed before the treatments and at the end of the experiment. Lumbar vertebrae were subjected to a compression test, micro-CT, and ashing analyses. After baicalein treatment, cortical bone mineral density (BMD) was improved; trabecular connectivity and trabecular BMD were diminished at high dose. After zileuton treatment, the total BMD, anorganic weight, trabecular nodes, and trabecular area were improved. The in vivo stress-strain index was increased and alkaline phosphatase activity in serum was enhanced after both treatments. A dose-dependent effect was not clearly observed after both treatments. The treatments using baicalein for 4 and zileuton for 5weeks were not sufficient to change the biomechanical properties and bone volume fraction (BV/TV). Overall, baicalein improved the cortical bone parameters whereas zileuton had a favorable effect on the trabecular structure. Moreover, both treatments increased the bone formation rate. Longer trials, a combination of both LOX inhibitors, and their effect at the cellular and molecular levels should be investigated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Saul
- Department of Trauma, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - S Gleitz
- Department of Trauma, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - H H Nguyen
- Department of Trauma, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - R L Kosinsky
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - S Sehmisch
- Department of Trauma, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - D B Hoffmann
- Department of Trauma, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - M Wassmann
- Medical Institute of General Hygiene and Environmental Health, University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - B Menger
- Department of Trauma, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - M Komrakova
- Department of Trauma, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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18
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Madeira MFM, Queiroz-Junior CM, Corrêa JD, Werneck SMC, Machado FS, Cunha TM, Garlet GP, Teixeira MM, Silva TA, Souza DG. The role of 5-lipoxygenase in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans-induced alveolar bone loss. J Clin Periodontol 2017; 44:793-802. [PMID: 28569991 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Leukotrienes (LTs) are pro-inflammatory lipid mediators formed by the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO). The involvement of 5-LO metabolites in periodontal disease (PD) is not well defined. This study aimed to assess the role of 5-LO in experimental PD induced by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa). MATERIAL AND METHODS In vivo experiments were carried out using SV129 wild-type (WT) and 5-LO-deficient (5lo-/- ) mice inoculated with Aa. Osteoclasts were stimulated in vitro with AaLPS in the presence or not of selective inhibitors of the 5-LO pathway, or LTB4 or platelet-activating factor (PAF), as PAF has already been shown to increase osteoclast activity. RESULTS In 5lo-/- mice, there were no loss of alveolar bone and less TRAP-positive osteoclasts in periodontal tissues, after Aa inoculation, despite local production of TNF-α and IL-6. The differentiation and activity of osteoclasts stimulated with AaLPS were diminished in the presence of BLT1 antagonist or 5-LO inhibitor, but not in the presence of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist. The osteoclast differentiation induced by PAF was impaired by the BLT1 antagonism. CONCLUSION In conclusion, LTB4 but not CysLTs is important for Aa-induced alveolar bone loss. Overall, LTB4 affects osteoclast differentiation and activity and is a key intermediate of PAF-induced osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila F M Madeira
- Department of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Celso M Queiroz-Junior
- Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jôice D Corrêa
- Department of Oral Pathology and Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sílvia M C Werneck
- Department of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabiana S Machado
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo P Garlet
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tarcília A Silva
- Department of Oral Pathology and Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniele G Souza
- Department of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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19
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Tätting L, Sandberg O, Bernhardsson M, Ernerudh J, Aspenberg P. Isolated metaphyseal injury influences unrelated bones. Acta Orthop 2017; 88:223-230. [PMID: 28128005 PMCID: PMC5385120 DOI: 10.1080/17453674.2016.1274587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose - Fracture healing involves different inflammatory cells, some of which are not part of the traditional bone field, such as B-cells and cytotoxic T-cells. We wanted to characterize bone healing by flow cytometry using 15 different inflammatory cell markers in a mouse model of metaphyseal injury, and incidentally discovered a previously unknown general skeletal reaction to trauma. Material and methods - A bent needle was inserted and twisted to traumatize the cancellous bone in the proximal tibia of C57/Bl6 female mice. This is known to induce vivid bone formation locally in the marrow compartment. Cells were harvested from the injured region, the uninjured contralateral tibia, and the humerus. The compositions of the immune cell populations were compared to those in untraumatized control animals. Results - Tibial metaphyseal injury led to substantial changes in the cell populations over time. Unexpectedly, similar changes were also seen in the contralateral tibia and in the humerus, despite the lack of local trauma. Most leukocyte subsets were affected by this generalized reaction. Interpretation - A relatively small degree of injury to the proximal tibia led to systemic changes in the immune cell populations in the marrow of unrelated bones, and probably in the entire skeleton. The few changes that were specific for the injury site appeared to relate to modulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Love Tätting
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Orthopaedics
| | - Olof Sandberg
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Orthopaedics
| | | | - Jan Ernerudh
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Per Aspenberg
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Orthopaedics
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20
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Lin HN, Cottrell J, O'Connor JP. Variation in lipid mediator and cytokine levels during mouse femur fracture healing. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:1883-1893. [PMID: 26919197 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fracture healing is regulated by a variety of inflammatory mediators and growth factors which act over time to regenerate the injured tissue. This study used a mouse femur fracture model to quantify the temporal expression pattern of lipid mediators, cytokines, and related mRNAs during healing. Cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) derived lipid mediators, cytokines, and mRNA levels were quantified using mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), bead-based multiplex assays (xMAP), and quantitative PCR of cDNA (RTqPCR), respectively. Our analysis found that, the early inflammatory response (between 0 and 4 days after fracture) in the mouse femur fracture model coincided with elevated levels of COX-derived lipid mediators and inflammatory cytokines but with decreased levels of 5-LO-derived lipid mediators. Further, the COX-derived lipid mediators remained elevated for at least 7 days after fracture, suggesting that the COX-derived lipid mediators have additional functions during later phases of the fracture healing response. Differences were also found between mRNA levels and corresponding cytokines and lipid mediator levels, supporting a role for post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. The temporal changes in fracture callus lipid mediator levels and inflammatory cytokines support a general positive role for inflammatory cytokines and COX-derived lipid mediators on fracture healing and a general negative role for 5-lipoxygenase derived lipid mediators during the initial stages of repair. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1883-1893, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Ni Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, New Jersey 07103.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Jessica Cottrell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, New Jersey 07103.,Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, New Jersey 07079
| | - J Patrick O'Connor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, New Jersey 07103.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, New Jersey 07103
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21
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5-Lipoxygenase inhibitors suppress RANKL-induced osteoclast formation via NFATc1 expression. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:7069-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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22
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Subramanian S, Mitchell A, Yu W, Snyder S, Uhrich K, O'Connor JP. Salicylic Acid-Based Polymers for Guided Bone Regeneration Using Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:2013-24. [PMID: 25813520 PMCID: PMC4507132 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is used clinically to promote spinal fusion, treat complex tibia fractures, and to promote bone formation in craniomaxillofacial surgery. Excessive bone formation at sites where BMP-2 has been applied is an established complication and one that could be corrected by guided tissue regeneration methods. In this study, anti-inflammatory polymers containing salicylic acid [salicylic acid-based poly(anhydride-ester), SAPAE] were electrospun with polycaprolactone (PCL) to create thin flexible matrices for use as guided bone regeneration membranes. SAPAE polymers hydrolyze to release salicylic acid, which is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. PCL was used to enhance the mechanical integrity of the matrices. Two different SAPAE-containing membranes were produced and compared: fast-degrading (FD-SAPAE) and slow-degrading (SD-SAPAE) membranes that release salicylic acid at a faster and slower rate, respectively. Rat femur defects were treated with BMP-2 and wrapped with FD-SAPAE, SD-SAPAE, or PCL membrane or were left unwrapped. The effects of different membranes on bone formation within and outside of the femur defects were measured by histomorphometry and microcomputed tomography. Bone formation within the defect was not affected by membrane wrapping at BMP-2 doses of 12 μg or more. In contrast, the FD-SAPAE membrane significantly reduced bone formation outside the defect compared with all other treatments. The rapid release of salicylic acid from the FD-SAPAE membrane suggests that localized salicylic acid treatment during the first few days of BMP-2 treatment can limit ectopic bone formation. The data support development of SAPAE polymer membranes for guided bone regeneration applications as well as barriers to excessive bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Subramanian
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Ashley Mitchell
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Weiling Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Sabrina Snyder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Kathryn Uhrich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - J. Patrick O'Connor
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
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Cottrell JA, Lin HN, O'Connor JP. Method for measuring lipid mediators, proteins, and messenger RNAs from a single tissue specimen. Anal Biochem 2014; 469:34-42. [PMID: 25447462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This article describes a new method for extracting RNA, protein, and lipid mediators from a single tissue specimen. Specifically, mouse bone fracture callus specimens were extracted into a single solution that was processed using three different procedures to measure messenger RNA (mRNA) levels by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RTqPCR), cytokines and growth factors using an xMAP method, and lipid mediators by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). This method has several advantages because it decreases the number of animals necessary for experimentation, allows division of the sample from a homogeneous mixture that reduces sample variability, and uses a solution that protects the integrity of the macromolecules during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Cottrell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Hsuan-Ni Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - J Patrick O'Connor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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24
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Fracture healing and lipid mediators. BONEKEY REPORTS 2014; 3:517. [PMID: 24795811 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2014.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lipid mediators regulate bone regeneration during fracture healing. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are well-known lipid mediators that regulate inflammation and are synthesized from the Ω-6 fatty acid, arachidonic acid. Cyclooxygenase (COX-1 or COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) catalyze the initial enzymatic steps in the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, respectively. Inhibition or genetic ablation of COX-2 activity impairs fracture healing in animal models. Genetic ablation of COX-1 does not affect the fracture callus strength in mice, suggesting that COX-2 activity is primarily responsible for regulating fracture healing. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is performed clinically to reduce heterotopic ossification, although clinical evidence that NSAID treatment impairs fracture healing remains controversial. In contrast, inhibition or genetic ablation of 5-LO activity accelerates fracture healing in animal models. Even though prostaglandins and leukotrienes regulate inflammation, loss of COX-2 or 5-LO activity appears to primarily affect chondrogenesis during fracture healing. Prostaglandin or prostaglandin analog treatment, prostaglandin-specific synthase inhibition and prostaglandin or leukotriene receptor antagonism also affect callus chondrogenesis. Unlike the Ω-6-derived lipid mediators, lipid mediators derived from Ω-3 fatty acids, such as resolvin E1 (RvE1), have anti-inflammatory activity. In vivo, RvE1 can inhibit osteoclastogenesis and limit bone resorption. Although Ω-6 and Ω-3 lipid mediators have clear-cut effects on inflammation, the role of these lipid mediators in bone regeneration is more complex, with apparent effects on callus chondrogenesis and bone remodeling.
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25
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Lin HN, O’Connor JP. Immunohistochemical localization of key arachidonic acid metabolism enzymes during fracture healing in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88423. [PMID: 24516658 PMCID: PMC3917894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the localization of critical enzymes involved in arachidonic acid metabolism during the initial and regenerative phases of mouse femur fracture healing. Previous studies found that loss of cyclooxygenase-2 activity impairs fracture healing while loss of 5-lipoxygenase activity accelerates healing. These diametric results show that arachidonic acid metabolism has an essential function during fracture healing. To better understand the function of arachidonic acid metabolism during fracture healing, expression of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase -2 (COX-2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), and leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) was localized by immunohistochemistry in time-staged fracture callus specimens. All four enzymes were detected in leukocytes present in the bone marrow and attending inflammatory response that accompanied the fracture. In the tissues surrounding the fracture site, the proportion of leukocytes expressing COX-1, COX-2, or LTA4H decreased while those expressing 5-LO remained high at 4 and 7 days after fracture. This may indicate an inflammation resolution function for 5-LO during fracture healing. Only COX-1 was consistently detected in fracture callus osteoblasts during the later stages of healing (day 14 after fracture). In contrast, callus chondrocytes expressed all four enzymes, though 5-LO appeared to be preferentially expressed in newly differentiated chondrocytes. Most interestingly, osteoclasts consistently and strongly expressed COX-2. In addition to bone surfaces and the growth plate, COX-2 expressing osteoclasts were localized at the chondro-osseous junction of the fracture callus. These observations suggest that arachidonic acid mediated signaling from callus chondrocytes or from callus osteoclasts at the chondro-osseous junction regulate fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Ni Lin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - J. Patrick O’Connor
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Chen YC, Lin YH, Wang SH, Lin SP, Shung KK, Wu CC. Monitoring tissue inflammation and responses to drug treatments in early stages of mice bone fracture using 50 MHz ultrasound. ULTRASONICS 2014; 54:177-186. [PMID: 23871514 PMCID: PMC4047674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bone fracture induces moderate inflammatory responses that are regulated by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) or 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) for initiating tissue repair and bone formation. Only a handful of non-invasive techniques focus on monitoring acute inflammation of injured bone currently exists. In the current study, we monitored in vivo inflammation levels during the initial 2 weeks of the inflammatory stage after mouse bone fracture utilizing 50 MHz ultrasound. The acquired ultrasonic images were correlated well with histological examinations. After the bone fracture in the tibia, dynamic changes in the soft tissue at the medial-posterior compartment near the fracture site were monitored by ultrasound on the days of 0, 2, 4, 7, and 14. The corresponding echogenicity increased on the 2nd, 4th, and 7th day, and subsequently declined to basal levels after the 14th day. An increase of cell death was identified by the positive staining of deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay and was consistent with ultrasound measurements. The increases of both COX-2 and Leukotriene B4 receptor 1 (BLT1, 5-LO-relative receptor), which are regulators for tissue inflammation, in the immunohistochemistry staining revealed their involvement in bone fracture injury. Monitoring the inflammatory response to various non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) treatments was investigated by treating injured mice with a daily oral intake of aspirin (Asp), indomethacin (IND), and a selective COX-2 inhibitor (SC-236). The Asp treatment significantly reduced fracture-increased echogenicity (hyperechogenicity, p<0.05) in ultrasound images as well as inhibited cell death, and expression of COX-2 and BLT1. In contrast, treatment with IND or SC-236 did not reduce the hyperechogenicity, as confirmed by cell death (TUNEL) and expression levels of COX-2 or BLT1. Taken together, the current study reports the feasibility of a non-invasive ultrasound method capable of monitoring post-fracture tissue inflammation that positively correlates with histological findings. Results of this study also suggest that this approach may be further applied to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of inflammatory processes and to develop therapeutic strategies for facilitating fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chu Chen
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsun Lin
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Hau Wang
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Medical Device and Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - K. Kirk Shung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Chia-Ching Wu
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Medical Device and Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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27
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Pountos I, Georgouli T, Pneumaticos S, Giannoudis PV. Fracture non-union: Can biomarkers predict outcome? Injury 2013; 44:1725-32. [PMID: 24075219 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Delayed bone healing and non-union occurs in approximately 10-15% of long bone fractures. Both pathologies may result in prolonged period of pain, disability and repetitive operative interventions. Despite intense investigations and progress done in understanding the pathophysiologic processes governing bone healing, the diagnostic tools have not been altered. The clinical findings and radiographic features remain the two important landmarks of diagnosing non-union and even when the diagnosis is established there is debate on the ideal timing and mode of intervention. Emerging evidence suggest that there are certain molecules and genes that can serve as predictors of potentially unsuccessful fracture union. This article summarises the current evidence on the available 'bio-markers'to predict fracture non-union.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Pountos
- Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, UK; Leeds Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK
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28
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Brogliato AR, Moor AN, Kesl SL, Guilherme RF, Georgii JL, Peters-Golden M, Canetti C, Gould LJ, Benjamim CF. Critical role of 5-lipoxygenase and heme oxygenase-1 in wound healing. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:1436-1445. [PMID: 24226420 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipid mediators derived from 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) metabolism can activate both pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways, but their role in wound healing remains largely unexplored. In this study we show that 5-LO knockout (5-LO(-/-)) mice exhibited faster wound healing than wild-type (WT) animals, and exhibited upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Furthermore, HO-1 inhibition in 5-LO(-/-) mice abolished the beneficial effect observed. Despite the fact that 5-LO(-/-) mice exhibited faster healing, in in vitro assays both migration and proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) were inhibited by the 5-LO pharmacologic inhibitor AA861. No changes were observed in the expression of fibronectin, transforming growth factor (I and III), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Interestingly, AA861 treatment significantly decreased ROS formation by stimulated fibroblasts. Similar to 5-LO(-/-) mice, induction of HO-1, but not superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD-2), was also observed in response to 5-LO (AA861) or 5-LO activating protein (MK886) inhibitors. HO-1 induction was independent of nuclear factor (erythroid derived-2) like2 (Nrf-2), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) products, or lipoxin action. Taken together, our results show that 5-LO disruption improves wound healing and alters fibroblast function by an antioxidant mechanism based on HO-1 induction. Overexpression of HO-1 in wounds may facilitate early wound resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane R Brogliato
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andrea N Moor
- Plastic Surgery, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA; Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Shannon L Kesl
- Plastic Surgery, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Rafael F Guilherme
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Janaína L Georgii
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marc Peters-Golden
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Claudio Canetti
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lisa J Gould
- Plastic Surgery, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA; Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Claudia F Benjamim
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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29
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Bishayee K, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. 5-lipoxygenase antagonist therapy: a new approach towards targeted cancer chemotherapy. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2013; 45:709-19. [PMID: 23752617 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmt064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes are the bioactive group of fatty acids and major constituents of arachidonic acid metabolism molded by the catalytic activity of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX). Evidence is accumulating in support of the direct involvement of 5-LOX in the progression of different types of cancer including prostate, lung, colon, and colorectal cancers. Several independent studies now support the correlation between the 5-LOX expression and cancer cell viability, proliferation, cell migration, invasion through extracellular matrix destruction, metastasis, and activation of anti-apoptotic signaling cascades. The involvement of epidermal growth factor receptor and 5-oxo-ETE receptor (OXER1) is the major talking point in the downstream of the 5-LOX pathway, which relates the cancer cells to the proliferative pathways. Antisense technology approaches and use of different kinds of blocker targeted to 5-LOX, FLAP (5-LOX-activating protein), and OXER1 have shown a greater efficiency in combating different cancer cell types. Lastly, suppression of 5-LOX activity that reduces the cell proliferation activity also induces intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in either p53-dependent or independent manner. Pharmacological agents that specifically inhibit the LOX-mediated signaling pathways have been used during last few years to treat inflammatory diseases such as asthma and arthritis. Studies of these well-characterized agents are therefore warranted for their use as possible candidates for chemotherapeutic studies against the killer disease cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kausik Bishayee
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
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30
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Abstract
Bone repair following a fracture is a complex, well orchestrated, physiological process in response to injury. Even though the exact number of the genes and expressed proteins involved in fracture healing remains unknown, the molecular complexity of the repair process has been demonstrated, and it involves numerous genes and molecules, such as extracellular matrix genes, growth and differentiation factors, matrix metalloproteinases, angiogenic factors and others. Discrepancies in fracture healing responses and final outcome seen in the clinical practice may be attributed among other factors to biological variations between patients and different genetic "profiles", resulting in "altered" signalling pathways that regulate the bone repair process. Preliminary human studies support a "genetic" component in the pathophysiology of impaired bone repair seen in atrophic non-unions by correlating genetic variations of specific molecules regulating fracture healing with non-union. However, the role of the genetic "profile" of each individual in fracture healing and final outcome, and its possible interaction with other exogenous factors remains a topic of extensive research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozalia Dimitriou
- Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
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31
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Blömer N, Pachel C, Hofmann U, Nordbeck P, Bauer W, Mathes D, Frey A, Bayer B, Vogel B, Ertl G, Bauersachs J, Frantz S. 5-Lipoxygenase facilitates healing after myocardial infarction. Basic Res Cardiol 2013; 108:367. [PMID: 23812248 PMCID: PMC3709074 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-013-0367-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Early healing after myocardial infarction (MI) is characterized by a strong inflammatory reaction. Most leukotrienes are pro-inflammatory and are therefore potential mediators of healing and remodeling after myocardial ischemia. The enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) has a key role in the transformation of arachidonic acid in leukotrienes. Thus, we tested the effect of 5-LOX on healing after MI. After chronic coronary artery ligation, early mortality was significantly increased in 5-LOX−/− when compared to matching wildtype (WT) mice due to left ventricular rupture. This effect could be reproduced in mice treated with the 5-LOX inhibitor Zileuton. A perfusion mismatch due to the vasoactive potential of leukotrienes is not responsible for left ventricular rupture since local blood flow assessed by magnetic resonance perfusion measurements was not different. However, after MI, there was an accentuation of the inflammatory reaction with an increase of pro-inflammatory macrophages. Yet, mortality was not changed in chimeric mice (WT vs. 5-LOX−/− bone marrow in 5-LOX−/− animals), indicating that an altered function of 5-LOX−/− inflammatory cells is not responsible for the phenotype. Collagen production and accumulation of fibroblasts were significantly reduced in 5-LOX−/− mice in vivo after MI. This might be due to an impaired migration of 5-LOX−/− fibroblasts, as shown in vitro to serum. In conclusion, a lack or inhibition of 5-LOX increases mortality after MI because of healing defects. This is not mediated by a change in local blood flow, but through an altered inflammation and/or fibroblast function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Blömer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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32
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The growing role of eicosanoids in tissue regeneration, repair, and wound healing. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2013; 104-105:130-8. [PMID: 23727457 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue repair and regeneration are essential processes in maintaining tissue homeostasis, especially in response to injury or stress. Eicosanoids are ubiquitous mediators of cell proliferation, differentiation, and angiogenesis, all of which are important for tissue growth. Eicosanoids regulate the induction and resolution of inflammation that accompany the tissue response to injury. In this review, we describe how this diverse group of molecules is a key regulator of tissue repair and regeneration in multiple organ systems and biologic contexts.
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33
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Cottrell JA, Keshav V, Mitchell A, O'Connor JP. Local inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase enhances bone formation in a rat model. Bone Joint Res 2013; 2:41-50. [PMID: 23610701 PMCID: PMC3626215 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.22.2000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Recent studies have shown that modulating inflammation-related
lipid signalling after a bone fracture can accelerate healing in
animal models. Specifically, decreasing 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) activity
during fracture healing increases cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression
in the fracture callus, accelerates chondrogenesis and decreases
healing time. In this study, we test the hypothesis that 5-LO inhibition
will increase direct osteogenesis. Methods Bilateral, unicortical femoral defects were used in rats to measure
the effects of local 5-LO inhibition on direct osteogenesis. The
defect sites were filled with a polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold
containing 5-LO inhibitor (A-79175) at three dose levels, scaffold
with drug carrier, or scaffold only. Drug release was assessed in
vitro. Osteogenesis was assessed by micro-CT and histology
at two endpoints of ten and 30 days. Results Using micro-CT, we found that A-79175, a 5-LO inhibitor, increased
bone formation in an apparent dose-related manner. Conclusions These results indicate that 5-LO inhibition could be used therapeutically
to enhance treatments that require the direct formation of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Cottrell
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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34
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Abstract
Atrophic non-union represents a complex clinical condition and research is ongoing in an effort to elucidate its pathophysiology and to offer new and more efficient treatment modalities. Differences seen in fracture healing responses and final outcome may be attributed among other factors to biological variations between patients resulting in a "disturbed" signalling pathway and an "inert or deficient local biology with reduced potentials for bone regeneration". The genetic contribution with or without the interaction of other exogenous factors in cases of impaired fracture healing, is yet to be elucidated. However, preliminary animal and human studies demonstrate the molecular basis of fracture non-unions and correlate genetic variants of the molecules regulating fracture healing and their expression patterns with impaired bone healing and fracture non-union. Further research is needed to clarify the genetic component and its role and interaction with other risk factors that may result in increased susceptibility of a patient to develop this complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dimitriou
- Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
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35
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Vennemann A, Gerstner A, Kern N, Ferreiros Bouzas N, Narumiya S, Maruyama T, Nüsing RM. PTGS-2-PTGER2/4 signaling pathway partially protects from diabetogenic toxicity of streptozotocin in mice. Diabetes 2012; 61:1879-87. [PMID: 22522619 PMCID: PMC3379658 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostanoids are suggested to participate in diabetes pathology, but their roles are controversially discussed. The purpose of the current study was to examine the role of cyclooxygenase (prostaglandin synthase [PTGS]) enzymes and prostaglandin (PG) E(2) signaling pathways in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes. Blood glucose, insulin, and survival rate were studied in mice with targeted disruption of the genes for PTGS and PGE receptors (PTGERs). PGE(2) was found as the main prostanoid formed by the pancreas. Contrarily to PTGS-1, deficiency of PTGS-2 activity significantly amplified STZ effect, causing dramatic loss of insulin production and rise in blood glucose and death rate. STZ metabolism was unaffected by PTGS deficiency. Diabetogenicity of STZ in PTGER1(-/-), PTGER2(-/-), PTGER3(-/-), and PTGER4(-/-) mice was comparable to control mice. In striking contrast, combined knockout of PTGER2 and PTGER4 by blocking PTGER4 in PTGER2(-/-) mice strongly enhanced STZ pathology. Treatment of PTGS-2(-/-) and wild-type mice with PTGER2/PTGER4 agonists partially protected against STZ-induced diabetes and restored β-cell function. Our data uncover a previously unrecognized protective role of PTGS-2-derived PGE(2) in STZ-induced diabetes mediated by the receptor types PTGER2 and PTGER4. These findings offer the possibility to intervene in early progression of type 1 diabetes by using PTGER-selective agonists.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/analysis
- Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Dinoprostone/biosynthesis
- Gene Deletion
- Insulin/blood
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Pancreas/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Vennemann
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Niklas Kern
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Shuh Narumiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Rolf M. Nüsing
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Corresponding author: Rolf M. Nüsing,
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36
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Mountziaris PM, Spicer PP, Kasper FK, Mikos AG. Harnessing and modulating inflammation in strategies for bone regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2011; 17:393-402. [PMID: 21615330 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2011.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is an immediate response that plays a critical role in healing after fracture or injury to bone. However, in certain clinical contexts, such as in inflammatory diseases or in response to the implantation of a biomedical device, the inflammatory response may become chronic and result in destructive catabolic effects on the bone tissue. Since our previous review 3 years ago, which identified inflammatory signals critical for bone regeneration and described the inhibitory effects of anti-inflammatory agents on bone healing, a multitude of studies have been published exploring various aspects of this emerging field. In this review, we distinguish between regenerative and damaging inflammatory processes in bone, update our discussion of the effects of anti-inflammatory agents on bone healing, summarize recent in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrating how inflammation can be modulated to stimulate bone regeneration, and identify key future directions in the field.
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