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Wang JY, Zhang LH, Hong YH, Cai LN, Storey KB, Zhang JY, Zhang SS, Yu DN. How Does Mitochondrial Protein-Coding Gene Expression in Fejervarya kawamurai (Anura: Dicroglossidae) Respond to Extreme Temperatures? Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3015. [PMID: 37835622 PMCID: PMC10571990 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Unusual climates can lead to extreme temperatures. Fejervarya kawamurai, one of the most prevalent anurans in the paddy fields of tropical and subtropical regions in Asia, is sensitive to climate change. The present study focuses primarily on a single question: how do the 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes (PCGs) respond to extreme temperature change compared with 25 °C controls? Thirty-eight genes including an extra tRNA-Met gene were identified and sequenced from the mitochondrial genome of F. kawamurai. Evolutionary relationships were assessed within the Dicroglossidae and showed that Dicroglossinae is monophyletic and F. kawamurai is a sister group to the clade of (F. multistriata + F. limnocharis). Transcript levels of mitochondrial genes in liver were also evaluated to assess responses to 24 h exposure to low (2 °C and 4 °C) or high (40 °C) temperatures. Under 2 °C, seven genes showed significant changes in liver transcript levels, among which transcript levels of ATP8, ND1, ND2, ND3, ND4, and Cytb increased, respectively, and ND5 decreased. However, exposure to 4 °C for 24 h was very different in that the expressions of ten mitochondrial protein-coding genes, except ND1, ND3, and Cytb, were significantly downregulated. Among them, the transcript level of ND5 was most significantly downregulated, decreasing by 0.28-fold. Exposure to a hot environment at 40 °C for 24 h resulted in a marked difference in transcript responses with strong upregulation of eight genes, ranging from a 1.52-fold increase in ND4L to a 2.18-fold rise in Cytb transcript levels, although COI and ND5 were reduced to 0.56 and 0.67, respectively, compared with the controls. Overall, these results suggest that at 4 °C, F. kawamurai appears to have entered a hypometabolic state of hibernation, whereas its mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation was affected at both 2 °C and 40 °C. The majority of mitochondrial PCGs exhibited substantial changes at all three temperatures, indicating that frogs such as F. kawamurai that inhabit tropical or subtropical regions are susceptible to ambient temperature changes and can quickly employ compensating adjustments to proteins involved in the mitochondrial electron transport chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Li-Hua Zhang
- Taishun County Forestry Bureau, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yue-Huan Hong
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Ling-Na Cai
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Kenneth B. Storey
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Jia-Yong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Key Lab of Wildlife Biotechnology, Conservation and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Zhang
- Key Lab of Wildlife Biotechnology, Conservation and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Zhejiang Wuyanling National Nature Reserve, Wenzhou 325500, China
| | - Dan-Na Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Key Lab of Wildlife Biotechnology, Conservation and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
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Zhang J, Miao G, Hu S, Sun Q, Ding H, Ji Z, Guo P, Yan S, Wang C, Kan X, Nie L. Quantification and evolution of mitochondrial genome rearrangement in Amphibians. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:19. [PMID: 33563214 PMCID: PMC7871395 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01755-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rearrangement is an important topic in the research of amphibian mitochondrial genomes ("mitogenomes" hereafter), whose causes and mechanisms remain enigmatic. Globally examining mitogenome rearrangements and uncovering their characteristics can contribute to a better understanding of mitogenome evolution. RESULTS Here we systematically investigated mitogenome arrangements of 232 amphibians including four newly sequenced Dicroglossidae mitogenomes. The results showed that our new sequenced mitogenomes all possessed a trnM tandem duplication, which was not exclusive to Dicroglossidae. By merging the same arrangements, the mitogenomes of ~ 80% species belonged to the four major patterns, the major two of which were typical vertebrate arrangement and typical neobatrachian arrangement. Using qMGR for calculating rearrangement frequency (RF) (%), we found that the control region (CR) (RF = 45.04) and trnL2 (RF = 38.79) were the two most frequently rearranged components. Forty-seven point eight percentage of amphibians possessed rearranged mitogenomes including all neobatrachians and their distribution was significantly clustered in the phylogenetic trees (p < 0.001). In addition, we argued that the typical neobatrachian arrangement may have appeared in the Late Jurassic according to possible occurrence time estimation. CONCLUSION It was the first global census of amphibian mitogenome arrangements from the perspective of quantity statistics, which helped us to systematically understand the type, distribution, frequency and phylogenetic characteristics of these rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifeng Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, Anhui, 232001, People's Republic of China.
- College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, People's Republic of China.
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Low Temperature Co-Fired Materials, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, 232001, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Prevention and Control and Occupational Health and Safety, Ministry of Education, Huainan, 232001, People's Republic of China.
- Anhui Shanhe Pharmaceutical Excipients Co., Ltd., Huainan, 232001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guopen Miao
- School of Biological Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, Anhui, 232001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunjie Hu
- School of Biological Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, Anhui, 232001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Sun
- School of Biological Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, Anhui, 232001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengwu Ding
- College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhicheng Ji
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Pen Guo
- Life Science and Food Engineering College, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, 644000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shoubao Yan
- School of Biological Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, Anhui, 232001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengrun Wang
- School of Biological Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, Anhui, 232001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianzhao Kan
- College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liuwang Nie
- College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, People's Republic of China.
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Jiang LC, Lv GH, Jia XD, Ruan QP, Chen W. Mitogenome, Gene Rearrangement and Phylogeny of Dicroglossidae Revisited. ANN ZOOL FENN 2020. [DOI: 10.5735/086.057.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chun Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Biopharmaceutics, School of Life Science and Technology, Mianyang Normal University, CN-621000 Mianyang, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Gui-Hua Lv
- Dongyang Institute of Maize Research, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, CN-322100 Dongyang, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Jia
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Biopharmaceutics, School of Life Science and Technology, Mianyang Normal University, CN-621000 Mianyang, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Ping Ruan
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Biopharmaceutics, School of Life Science and Technology, Mianyang Normal University, CN-621000 Mianyang, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, CN-621000 Mianyang, Sichuan, P.R. China
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Zhang JY, Luu BE, Yu DN, Zhang LP, Al-attar R, Storey KB. The complete mitochondrial genome of Dryophytes versicolor: Phylogenetic relationship among Hylidae and mitochondrial protein-coding gene expression in response to freezing and anoxia. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 132:461-469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Jiang L, You Z, Yu P, Ruan Q, Chen W. The first complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Nanorana parkeri and Nanorana ventripunctata (Amphibia: Anura: Dicroglossidae), with related phylogenetic analyses. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:6972-6987. [PMID: 30073060 PMCID: PMC6065340 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Nanorana genus (family Dicroglossidae) are often referred to as excellent model species with which to study amphibian adaptations to extreme environments and also as excellent keystone taxa for providing insights into the evolution of the Dicroglossidae. However, a complete mitochondrial genome is currently only available for Nanorana pleskei. Thus, we analyzed the complete mitochondrial genomes of Nanorana parkeri and Nanorana ventripunctata to investigate their evolutionary relationships within Nanorana and their phylogenetic position in the family Dicroglossidae. Our results showed that the genomes of N. parkeri (17,837 bp) and N. ventripunctata (18,373 bp) encode 13 protein‐coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA genes, 23 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and a noncoding control region. Overall sequences and genome structure of the two species showed high degree of similarity with N. pleskei, although the motif structures and repeat sequences of the putative control region showed clear differences among these three Nanorana species. In addition, a tandem repeat of the tRNA‐Met gene was found located between the tRNA‐Gln and ND2 genes. On both the 5′ and 3′‐sides, the control region possessed distinct repeat regions; however, the CSB‐2 motif was not found in N. pleskei. Based on the nucleotide sequences of 13 PCGs, our phylogenetic analyses, using Bayesian inference and maximum‐likelihood methods, illustrate the taxonomic status of Nanorana with robust support showing that N. ventripunctata and N. pleskei are more closely related than they are to N. parkeri. In conclusion, our analyses provide a more robust and reliable perspective on the evolutionary history of Dicroglossidae than earlier analyses, which used only a single species (N. pleskei).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Jiang
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Mianyang Normal University Mianyang Sichuan China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Biopharmaceutics School of Life Science and Technology Mianyang Normal University Mianyang Sichuan China
| | - Zhangqiang You
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Mianyang Normal University Mianyang Sichuan China
| | - Peng Yu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Biopharmaceutics School of Life Science and Technology Mianyang Normal University Mianyang Sichuan China
| | - Qiping Ruan
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Biopharmaceutics School of Life Science and Technology Mianyang Normal University Mianyang Sichuan China
| | - Wei Chen
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Mianyang Normal University Mianyang Sichuan China
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Cheng JX, Cai YT, Zheng YJ, Zhang JY, Storey KB, Bao YX, Yu DN. The complete mitochondrial genome of Fejervarya kawamurai (Anura: Dicroglossidae) and its phylogeny. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2018; 3:551-553. [PMID: 33474236 PMCID: PMC7800800 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2018.1467219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial genome of Fejervarya kawamurai is a circular molecule of 17,650 bp in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 23 tRNA genes (including an extra tRNA-Met), and the control region. The AT content of the whole genome is 56.9%. In Bayesian inference (BI) and Maximum likelihood (ML) analyses, we found that F. kawamurai is a sister clade to F. multistriata and F. limnocharis. The monophyly of Fejervarya, Quasipaa, Nanorana was well supported (1.00 in BI and 100% in ML).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xiang Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Yu-Ting Cai
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Yu-Jie Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Jia-Yong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- Key Lab of Wildlife Biotechnology, Conservation and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | | | - Yi-Xin Bao
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- Key Lab of Wildlife Biotechnology, Conservation and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Dan-Na Yu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- Key Lab of Wildlife Biotechnology, Conservation and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
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Cai YT, Ma L, Xu CJ, Li P, Zhang JY, Storey KB, Yu DN. The complete mitochondrial genome of the hybrid of Hoplobatrachus chinensis (♀)× H. rugulosus (♂) and its phylogeny. MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2018; 3:344-345. [PMID: 33474164 PMCID: PMC7799566 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2018.1450661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the hybrid of Hoplobatrachus chinensis (♀) × H. rugulosus (♂) was obtained in this study. The circular mitochondrial genome was 20,282 bp in length (including extra ND5 genes). Compared with the complete mitogenome of the parents, the results indicated that the mitochondria of the hybrid tiger frog was consistent with a maternal inheritance. Phylogenetic analyses using concatenated nucleotide sequences of the 11 protein-coding genes with two different methods (maximum likelihood and MrBayes analysis) both highly supported a close relationship of the hybrid frogs with the Chinese tiger frog (=H. chinensis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Cai
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lin Ma
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chen-Jie Xu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jia-Yong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Lab of Wildlife Biotechnology, Conservation and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China
| | | | - Dan-Na Yu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Lab of Wildlife Biotechnology, Conservation and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China
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8
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Zhang JY, Zhang LP, Yu DN, Storey KB, Zheng RQ. Complete mitochondrial genomes of Nanorana taihangnica and N. yunnanensis (Anura: Dicroglossidae) with novel gene arrangements and phylogenetic relationship of Dicroglossidae. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:26. [PMID: 29486721 PMCID: PMC6389187 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complete mitochondrial (mt) genomes have been used extensively to test hypotheses about microevolution and to study population structure, phylogeography, and phylogenetic relationships of Anura at various taxonomic levels. Large-scale mt genomic reorganizations have been observed among many fork-tongued frogs (family Dicroglossidae). The relationships among Dicroglossidae and validation of the genus Feirana are still problematic. Hence, we sequenced the complete mt genomes of Nanorana taihangnica (=F. taihangnica) and N. yunnanensis as well as partial mt genomes of six Quasipaa species (dicroglossid taxa), two Odorrana and two Amolops species (Ranidae), and one Rhacophorus species (Rhacophoridae) in order to identify unknown mt gene rearrangements, to investigate the validity of the genus Feirana, and to test the phylogenetic relationship of Dicroglossidae. RESULTS In the mt genome of N. taihangnica two trnM genes, two trnP genes and two control regions were found. In addition, the trnA, trnN, trnC, and trnQ genes were translocated from their typical positions. In the mt genome of N. yunnanensis, three control regions were found and eight genes (ND6, trnP, trnQ, trnA, trnN, trnC, trnY and trnS genes) in the L-stand were translocated from their typical position and grouped together. We also found intraspecific rearrangement of the mitochondrial genomes in N. taihangnica and Quasipaa boulengeri. In phylogenetic trees, the genus Feirana nested deeply within the clade of genus Nanorana, indicating that the genus Feirana may be a synonym to Nanorana. Ranidae as a sister clade to Dicroglossidae and the clade of (Ranidae + Dicroglossidae) as a sister clade to (Mantellidae + Rhacophoridae) were well supported in BI analysis but low bootstrap in ML analysis. CONCLUSIONS We found that the gene arrangements of N. taihangnica and N. yunnanensis differed from other published dicroglossid mt genomes. The gene arrangements in N. taihangnica and N. yunnanensis could be explained by the Tandem Duplication and Random Loss (TDRL) and the Dimer-Mitogenome and Non-Random Loss (DMNR) models, respectively. The invalidation of the genus Feirana is supported in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yong Zhang
- Key lab of wildlife biotechnology, conservation and utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Le-Ping Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China
| | - Dan-Na Yu
- Key lab of wildlife biotechnology, conservation and utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China.
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China.
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rong-Quan Zheng
- Xingzhi College, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China
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Chen Z, Li H, Zhu Y, Feng Q, He Y, Chen X. Molecular phylogeny of the family Dicroglossidae (Amphibia: Anura) inferred from complete mitochondrial genomes. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Yuan S, Xia Y, Zheng Y, Zeng X. Next-generation sequencing of mixed genomic DNA allows efficient assembly of rearranged mitochondrial genomes in Amolops chunganensis and Quasipaa boulengeri. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2786. [PMID: 27994980 PMCID: PMC5162401 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent improvements in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies can facilitate the obtainment of mitochondrial genomes. However, it is not clear whether NGS could be effectively used to reconstruct the mitogenome with high gene rearrangement. These high rearrangements would cause amplification failure, and/or assembly and alignment errors. Here, we choose two frogs with rearranged gene order, Amolops chunganensis and Quasipaa boulengeri, to test whether gene rearrangements affect the mitogenome assembly and alignment by using NGS. The mitogenomes with gene rearrangements are sequenced through Illumina MiSeq genomic sequencing and assembled effectively by Trinity v2.1.0 and SOAPdenovo2. Gene order and contents in the mitogenome of A. chunganensis and Q. boulengeri are typical neobatrachian pattern except for rearrangements at the position of "WANCY" tRNA genes cluster. Further, the mitogenome of Q. boulengeri is characterized with a tandem duplication of trnM. Moreover, we utilize 13 protein-coding genes of A. chunganensis, Q. boulengeri and other neobatrachians to reconstruct the phylogenetic tree for evaluating mitochondrial sequence authenticity of A. chunganensis and Q. boulengeri. In this work, we provide nearly complete mitochondrial genomes of A. chunganensis and Q. boulengeri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Yuan
- Department of Herpetology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Xia
- Department of Herpetology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Yuchi Zheng
- Department of Herpetology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Xiaomao Zeng
- Department of Herpetology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
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