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Borgiani G, Possidente C, Fabbri C, Oliva V, Bloemendaal M, Arias Vasquez A, Dinan TG, Vieta E, Menchetti M, De Ronchi D, Serretti A, Fanelli G. The bidirectional interaction between antidepressants and the gut microbiota: are there implications for treatment response? Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2024:00004850-990000000-00121. [PMID: 38991101 DOI: 10.1097/yic.0000000000000533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
This review synthesizes the evidence on associations between antidepressant use and gut microbiota composition and function, exploring the microbiota's possible role in modulating antidepressant treatment outcomes. Antidepressants exert an influence on measures of gut microbial diversity. The most consistently reported differences were in β-diversity between those exposed to antidepressants and those not exposed, with longitudinal studies supporting a potential causal association. Compositional alterations in antidepressant users include an increase in the Bacteroidetes phylum, Christensenellaceae family, and Bacteroides and Clostridium genera, while a decrease was found in the Firmicutes phylum, Ruminococcaceae family, and Ruminococcus genus. In addition, antidepressants attenuate gut microbial differences between depressed and healthy individuals, modulate microbial serotonin transport, and influence microbiota's metabolic functions. These include lyxose degradation, peptidoglycan maturation, membrane transport, and methylerythritol phosphate pathways, alongside gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism. Importantly, baseline increased α-diversity and abundance of the Roseburia and Faecalibacterium genera, in the Firmicutes phylum, are associated with antidepressant response, emerging as promising biomarkers. This review highlights the potential for gut microbiota as a predictor of treatment response and emphasizes the need for further research to elucidate the mechanisms underlying antidepressant-microbiota interactions. More homogeneous studies and standardized techniques are required to confirm these initial findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Borgiani
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Possidente
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Departament de Medicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (UB)
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospìtal Clinic de Barcelona
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chiara Fabbri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Vincenzo Oliva
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Departament de Medicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (UB)
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospìtal Clinic de Barcelona
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mirjam Bloemendaal
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department for Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt-Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alejandro Arias Vasquez
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ted G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Departament de Medicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (UB)
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospìtal Clinic de Barcelona
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Menchetti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Diana De Ronchi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Kore University of Enna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fanelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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2
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Kelly JR, Clarke G, Harkin A, Corr SC, Galvin S, Pradeep V, Cryan JF, O'Keane V, Dinan TG. Seeking the Psilocybiome: Psychedelics meet the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2023; 23:100349. [PMID: 36605409 PMCID: PMC9791138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Moving towards a systems psychiatry paradigm embraces the inherent complex interactions across all levels from micro to macro and necessitates an integrated approach to treatment. Cortical 5-HT2A receptors are key primary targets for the effects of serotonergic psychedelics. However, the therapeutic mechanisms underlying psychedelic therapy are complex and traverse molecular, cellular, and network levels, under the influence of biofeedback signals from the periphery and the environment. At the interface between the individual and the environment, the gut microbiome, via the gut-brain axis, plays an important role in the unconscious parallel processing systems regulating host neurophysiology. While psychedelic and microbial signalling systems operate over different timescales, the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis, as a convergence hub between multiple biofeedback systems may play a role in the preparatory phase, the acute administration phase, and the integration phase of psychedelic therapy. In keeping with an interconnected systems-based approach, this review will discuss the gut microbiome and mycobiome and pathways of the MGB axis, and then explore the potential interaction between psychedelic therapy and the MGB axis and how this might influence mechanism of action and treatment response. Finally, we will discuss the possible implications for a precision medicine-based psychedelic therapy paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Kelly
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Sinead C. Corr
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen Galvin
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Vishnu Pradeep
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John F. Cryan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Veronica O'Keane
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Ireland
| | - Timothy G. Dinan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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3
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Dong Z, Shen X, Hao Y, Li J, Xu H, Yin L, Kuang W. Gut microbiome: A potential indicator for predicting treatment outcomes in major depressive disorder. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:813075. [PMID: 35937875 PMCID: PMC9354493 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.813075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic outcomes in major depressive disorder (MDD), one of the most common and heterogeneous mental illnesses, are affected by factors that remain unclear and often yield unsatisfactory results. Herein, we characterized the composition and metabolic function of the gut microbiota of patients with MDD during antidepressant treatment, based on 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolomics. The microbial signatures at baseline differed significantly between responder and non-responder groups. The gut microbiota of the non-responder group was mainly characterized by increased relative abundances of the phylum Actinobacteria, families Christensenellaceae and Eggerthellaceae, and genera Adlercreutzia and Christensenellaceae R7 group compared to that of the responder group. Additionally, the gut microbiota composition of the responder and non-responder groups differed significantly before and after treatment, especially at the genus level. Moreover, 20 differential metabolites between the responder and non-responder groups were identified that were mainly involved in lipid metabolism (cholestane steroids and steroid esters). Eggerthellaceae and Adlercreutzia displayed strong co-occurrence relationships with certain metabolites, suggesting alternations in the gut microbiome, and associated metabolites may be potential mediators of successful antidepressant treatment. Overall, our study demonstrates that alterations in gut microbiota composition and metabolic function might be relevant to the response to antidepressants, thereby providing insight into mechanisms responsible for their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiquan Dong
- Mental Health Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoling Shen
- Mental Health Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanni Hao
- Mental Health Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Li
- Mental Health Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haizhen Xu
- Mental Health Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Yin
- Mental Health Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weihong Kuang
- Mental Health Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Weihong Kuang,
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Ketamine used in the therapy of depressive disorders impacts protein profile, proliferation rate, and phagocytosis resistance of enterococci. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/ahem-2022-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
A low concentration of ketamine is used to cause an anti-depressive effect. The mechanism of ketamine's action in depression is believed to result, among others, from its anti-inflammatory activity. Despite the fact that only high concentrations of ketamine inhibit bacterial growth, it is clear that even a sub-inhibitory concentration of chemicals may change bacterial properties. Considering the above, in the current study we aimed to evaluate the in vitro influence of ketamine on proliferation of enterococci and their interactions with monocytes.
Materials and Methods
The studied strains were isolated as etiological agents of infection at Medical University of Gdansk. The proliferation and metabolic activity were determined using the FACSVerse flow cytometer after addition of CFDA-SE to bacterial suspension. For the determination of phagocytosis resistance, THP-1 human monocytes cell line was used. Suspension of monocytes which engulfed CFDA-SE–stained bacteria was then stained with propidium iodide to evaluate cytotoxicity of enterococci.
Results
The result of the study showed unexpected response of bacterial cells to ketamine at an early stage of culture. In 57.7% of strains, both proliferation rate and metabolic activity were boosted. This group of strains was also less susceptible to phagocytosis than in culture without ketamine. Different response of isolates to ketamine was also visible in changes of proteins’ profile determined by MALDI-TOF.
Conclusions
The analysis of bacteria at an early stage in the growth curve demonstrated the bacterial diversity in response to ketamine and let us set the hypothesis that microbiome susceptibility to ketamine may be one of the elements which should be taken into consideration when planning the successful pharmacotherapy of depression
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Coutinho TDNP, Barroso FDD, da Silva CR, da Silva AR, Cabral VPDF, Sá LGDAV, Cândido TM, da Silva LJ, Ferreira TL, da Silva WMB, Silva J, Marinho ES, Cavalcanti BC, Moraes MO, Nobre Júnior H, Andrade Neto JBD. EFFECTS OF KETAMINE IN METHICILLIN RESISTANT S. aureus AND IN SILICO INTERACTION WITH SORTASE A. Can J Microbiol 2021; 67:885-893. [PMID: 34314621 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2021-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the main human pathogens and is responsible for many diseases ranging from skin infections to more invasive infections. These infections are dangerous and expensive to treat because these strains are resistant to a large number of conventional antibiotics. Having said that, Antibacterial effect of ketamine against MRSA strains, its mechanism of action and in silico interaction with sortase A was evaluated. The antibacterial effect of ketamine was assessed by the broth microdilution method. Subsequently, the mechanism of action was assessed using flow cytometry and molecular docking assays with sortase A. Our results showed that Ketamine has a significant antibacterial activity against MRSA strains in the range of 2.49 to 3.73 mM. Their mechanism of action involves alterations in the membrane integrity and DNA damage, reducing cell viability that provoke death by apoptosis. In addition, Ketamine compound had affinity for S. aureus sortase A. These results indicate that this compound can be an alternative to develop new strategies to combat of infections caused by MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jacilene Silva
- State University of Ceara, 67843, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil;
| | | | | | | | - Hélio Nobre Júnior
- Federal University of Ceará, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Rua Capitão Francisco Pedro, 1210 - Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Brazil, 60430-370;
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Wilkowska A, Szałach ŁP, Cubała WJ. Gut Microbiota in Depression: A Focus on Ketamine. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:693362. [PMID: 34248517 PMCID: PMC8261217 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.693362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the WHO, major depressive disorder is the leading cause of disability worldwide, and it is a major contributor to the overall global burden of disease. The pathophysiology of this common and chronic disease is still not completely understood. The gut microbiome is an increasingly recognized environmental factor that can have a role in depression, acting through the gut-microbiota-brain axis. The available treatment for depression is still insufficient since 30% of patients are treatment-resistant. There is an unquestionable need for novel strategies. Ketamine is an effective antidepressant in treatment-resistant patients. It is suggested that the antidepressant effect of ketamine may be partially mediated by the modification of gut microbiota. In this study, we presented a review of data on gut microbiota in depression with special attention to the effect of ketamine on the microbiome in animal models of depression. Earlier reports are preliminary and are still insufficient to draw firm conclusion, but further studies in this field might help to understand the role of the gut-brain axis in the treatment of depression and might be the ground for developing new effective treatment strategies.
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Emerging role of Gut-microbiota-brain axis in depression and therapeutic implication. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 106:110138. [PMID: 33075447 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human body can be considered a superorganism in which it's eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic microorganisms coexist. Almost every organ system of the body lives a symbiotic life with these commensal bacteria. Intestinal microbiota has an important role in shaping, organizing and maintaining mental functions from as early as the intrauterine period. Microbiota-based approaches are becoming more prominent in understanding and treating the etiopathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders, especially depression. Antidepressant drugs, which are the first-line option in the treatment of depression today, also contain antimicrobial and immunomodulatory mechanisms of action. Treatment options for directly modifying the microbiota composition include prebiotics, probiotics (psychobiotics) and fecal microbiota transplantation. There are few preclinical and clinical studies on the efficacy and reliability of these treatment options in depression. This article will review pertinent studies on the role of intestinal microbiota in depression and discuss the treatment potential of altering ones gut microbiome.
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8
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Antimicrobial effect of local anesthetics on Helicobacter pylori. JOURNAL OF SURGERY AND MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.28982/josam.741301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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9
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de Andrade Neto JB, da Silva CR, Barroso FD, do Amaral Valente Sá LG, de Sousa Campos R, S Aires do Nascimento FB, Sampaio LS, da Silva AR, da Silva LJ, de Sá Carneiro I, Queiroz HA, de Mesquita JRL, Cavalcanti BC, de Moraes MO, Nobre Júnior HV. Synergistic effects of ketamine and azole derivatives on Candida spp. resistance to fluconazole. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:177-188. [PMID: 32077323 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of Candida spp. with resistance to antifungal molecules, mainly the azole class, is an increasing complication in hospitals around the globe. Aim: In the present research, we evaluated the synergistic effects of ketamine with two azole derivatives, itraconazole and fluconazole, on strains of Candida spp. to fluconazole. Materials & methods: The drug synergy was evaluated by quantifying the fractional inhibitory concentration index and by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry techniques. Results: Our achievements showed a synergistic effect between ketamine in addition to the two antifungal agents (fluconazole and itraconazole) against planktonic cells and biofilms of Candida spp. Conclusion: This combination promoted alteration of membrane integrity, generation of reactive oxygen species, damage to and DNA and externalization of phosphatidylserine.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Batista de Andrade Neto
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil.,Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, CE, 60160-230, Brazil
| | - Cecília Rocha da Silva
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil
| | - Fátima Daiana Barroso
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil
| | - Lívia Gurgel do Amaral Valente Sá
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil
| | - Rosana de Sousa Campos
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil.,Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, CE, 60160-230, Brazil
| | - Francisca Bruna S Aires do Nascimento
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil
| | - Letícia Serpa Sampaio
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil
| | - Anderson Ramos da Silva
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil
| | - Lisandra Juvêncio da Silva
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil
| | - Igor de Sá Carneiro
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil
| | - Helaine Almeida Queiroz
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Coelho Cavalcanti
- Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-276, Brazil
| | - Manoel Odorico de Moraes
- Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-276, Brazil
| | - Hélio Vitoriano Nobre Júnior
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil
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Gajdács M, Spengler G. The Role of Drug Repurposing in the Development of Novel Antimicrobial Drugs: Non-Antibiotic Pharmacological Agents as Quorum Sensing-Inhibitors. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:E270. [PMID: 31861228 PMCID: PMC6963710 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) is a global public health issue, severely hindering clinicians in administering appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Drug repurposing is a drug development strategy, during which new pharmacological applications are identified for already approved drugs. From the viewpoint of the development of virulence inhibitors, inhibition of quorum sensing (QS) is a promising route because various important features in bacterial physiology and virulence are mediated by QS-dependent gene expression. Methods: Forty-five pharmacological agents, encompassing a wide variety of different chemical structures and mechanisms of action, were tested during our experiments. The antibacterial activity of the compounds was tested using the broth microdilution method. Screening and semi-quantitative assessment of QS-inhibition by the compounds was performed using QS-signal molecule-producing and indicator strains. Results: Fourteen pharmaceutical agents showed antibacterial activity in the tested concentration range, while eight drugs (namely 5-fluorouracil, metamizole-sodium, cisplatin, methotrexate, bleomycin, promethazine, chlorpromazine, and thioridazine) showed dose-dependent QS-inhibitory activity in the in vitro model systems applied during the experiments. Conclusions: Virulence inhibitors represent an attractive alternative strategy to combat bacterial pathogens more efficiently. Some of the tested compounds could be considered potential QS-inhibitory agents, warranting further experiments involving additional model systems to establish the extent of their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márió Gajdács
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Gabriella Spengler
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
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Norizadeh Tazehkand M, Yılmaz MB. Klorzoksazonun antibakteriyel etkisinin belirlenmesi. CUKUROVA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.17826/cumj.459036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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12
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Kesici U, Demirci M, Kesici S. Antimicrobial effects of local anaesthetics. Int Wound J 2019; 16:1029-1033. [PMID: 31148374 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
After the introduction of cocaine to the medical practice, local anaesthetics (LA) became essential in pain control. LA infiltration along the incision may be used to provide surgical anaesthesia or postoperative analgesia. This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial effects of the topical antimicrobial agent mupirocine with those of the LA lidocaine and the combination of lidocaine and adrenalin. In our study, the in vitro antimicrobial effects of 1 mL sterile saline, 20 mg/mL mupirocine, 20 mg/mL Lidocaine, and 20 mg/mL Lidocaine and Adrenaline were tested against Staphylococcus aureus American type culture collection (ATCC) 29213, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 as Group C (Control), Group M (Mupirocine), Group L (Lidocaine), and Group LA (Lidocaine + adrenaline), respectively. S aureus ATCC 29213, P aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and E coli ATCC 25922 were cultured onto Mueller-Hinton agar (Oxoid, UK) plates for 18 to 24 hours at 37°C. Colonies from these plates were suspended in sterile saline and a 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard suspension (corresponding to 1.5 × 108 CFU/mL) of each isolate was prepared. S Aureus ATCC 29213 inhibition zone diameter values of Group M, Group LA, and Group L were significantly higher compared with the group C (P ˂ 0.05). P aeruginosa ATCC 27853 inhibition zone diameter values of Group M and Group LA were significantly higher compared with the group C (P ˂ 0.05). E coli ATCC 25922 inhibition zone diameter values of Group M, Group LA, and Group L were significantly higher compared to the group C (P ˂ 0.05). LA infiltration along the incision may be used to provide surgical anaesthesia or postoperative analgesia. Considering that LAs show antimicrobial effects besides their analgesic effects, they may contribute to preventing the development and reducing the rate of surgical infections, decreasing the requirement to administer antibiotics. However, caution should be exercised not to antagonise the effective treatment of surgical infections, remembering that controversy on the antimicrobial effects of LAs remains in the literature. Therefore, further comprehensive studies with larger patient populations are warranted to demonstrate the antimicrobial effects of LAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Kesici
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, University of Beykent, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Demirci
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, University of Beykent, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Kesici
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
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Cussotto S, Clarke G, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Psychotropics and the Microbiome: a Chamber of Secrets…. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1411-1432. [PMID: 30806744 PMCID: PMC6598948 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-5185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human gut contains trillions of symbiotic bacteria that play a key role in programming different aspects of host physiology in health and disease. Psychotropic medications act on the central nervous system (CNS) and are used in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders. There is increasing emphasis on the bidirectional interaction between drugs and the gut microbiome. An expanding body of evidence supports the notion that microbes can metabolise drugs and vice versa drugs can modify the gut microbiota composition. In this review, we will first give a comprehensive introduction about this bidirectional interaction, then we will take into consideration different classes of psychotropics including antipsychotics, antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, anticonvulsants/mood stabilisers, opioid analgesics, drugs of abuse, alcohol, nicotine and xanthines. The varying effects of these widely used medications on microorganisms are becoming apparent from in vivo and in vitro studies. This has important implications for the future of psychopharmacology pipelines that will routinely need to consider the host microbiome during drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Cussotto
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Room 3.86, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Room 3.86, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland.
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Torres G, Hoehmann CL, Cuoco JA, Hitscherich K, Pavia C, Hadjiargyrou M, Leheste JR. Ketamine intervention limits pathogen expansion in vitro. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4819281. [PMID: 29365093 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is one of several clinically important drugs whose therapeutic efficacy is due in part to their ability to act upon ion channels prevalent in nearly all biological systems. In studying eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms in vitro, we show that ketamine short-circuits the growth and spatial expansion of three microorganisms, Stachybotrys chartarum, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Borrelia burgdorferi, at doses efficient at reducing depression-like behaviors in mouse models of clinical depression. Although our findings do not reveal the mechanism(s) by which ketamine mediates its antifungal and antibacterial effects, we hypothesize that a function of L-glutamate signal transduction is associated with the ability of ketamine to limit pathogen expansion. In general, our findings illustrate the functional similarities between fungal, bacterial and human ion channels, and suggest that ketamine or its metabolites not only act in neurons, as previously thought, but also in microbial communities colonizing human body surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Torres
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Blvd, Old Westbury, NY 11568-8000, USA
| | - Christopher L Hoehmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Blvd, Old Westbury, NY 11568-8000, USA
| | - Joshua A Cuoco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Blvd, Old Westbury, NY 11568-8000, USA
| | - Kyle Hitscherich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Blvd, Old Westbury, NY 11568-8000, USA
| | - Charles Pavia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Blvd, Old Westbury, NY 11568-8000, USA
| | - Michael Hadjiargyrou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Blvd, Old Westbury, NY 11568-8000, USA
| | - Joerg R Leheste
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Blvd, Old Westbury, NY 11568-8000, USA
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Abstract
One of the most fascinating drugs in the anesthesiologist's armament is ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist with a myriad of uses. The drug is a dissociative anesthetic and has been used more often as an analgesic in numerous hospital units, outpatient pain clinics, and in the prehospital realm. It has been used to treat postoperative pain, chronic pain, complex regional pain syndrome, phantom limb pain, and other neuropathic conditions requiring analgesia. Research has also demonstrated its efficacy as an adjunct in psychotherapy, as a treatment for both depression and posttraumatic stress disorder, as a procedural sedative, and as a treatment for respiratory and neurologic conditions. Ketamine is not without its adverse effects, some of which can be mitigated with certain efforts. Such effects make it necessary for the clinician to use the drug only in situations where it will provide the greatest benefit with the fewest adverse effects. To the best of our knowledge, none of the reviews regarding ketamine have taken a comprehensive look at the drug's uses in all territories of medicine. This review will serve to touch on its chemical data, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, medical uses, and adverse effects while focusing specifically on the drugs usage in anesthesia and analgesia.
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Macedo D, Filho AJMC, Soares de Sousa CN, Quevedo J, Barichello T, Júnior HVN, Freitas de Lucena D. Antidepressants, antimicrobials or both? Gut microbiota dysbiosis in depression and possible implications of the antimicrobial effects of antidepressant drugs for antidepressant effectiveness. J Affect Disord 2017; 208:22-32. [PMID: 27744123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The first drug repurposed for the treatment of depression was the tuberculostatic iproniazid. At present, drugs belonging to new classes of antidepressants still have antimicrobial effects. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota was implicated in the development or exacerbation of mental disorders, such as major depressive disorder (MDD). Based on the current interest in the gut-brain axis, the focus of this narrative review is to compile the available studies regarding the influences of gut microbiota in behavior and depression and to show the antimicrobial effect of antidepressant drugs. A discussion regarding the possible contribution of the antimicrobial effect of antidepressant drugs to its effectiveness/resistance is included. METHODS The search included relevant articles from PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, PsycINFO, and ISI Web of Knowledge. RESULTS MDD is associated with changes in gut permeability and microbiota composition. In this respect, antidepressant drugs present antimicrobial effects that could also be related to the effectiveness of these drugs for MDD treatment. Conversely, some antimicrobials present antidepressant effects. CONCLUSION Both antidepressants and antimicrobials present neuroprotective/antidepressant and antimicrobial effects. Further studies are needed to evaluate the participation of antimicrobial mechanisms of antidepressants in MDD treatment as well as to determine the contribution of this effect to antidepressant resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Macedo
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Adriano José Maia Chaves Filho
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Caren Nádia Soares de Sousa
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Experimental Microbiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Hélio Vitoriano Nobre Júnior
- Laboratory of Bioprospection and Experiments in Yeast (LABEL), Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - David Freitas de Lucena
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Begec Z, Yucel A, Yakupogullari Y, Erdogan MA, Duman Y, Durmus M, Ersoy MO. The antimicrobial effects of ketamine combined with propofol: An in vitro study. Braz J Anesthesiol 2013; 63:461-5. [PMID: 24565343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjane.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Ketamine and propofol are the general anesthetics that also have antimicrobial and microbial growth-promoting effects, respectively. Although these agents are frequently applied together during clinical use, there is no data about their total effect on microbial growth when combined. In this study, we investigated some organisms' growth in a ketamine and propofol mixture. METHOD We used standard strains including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans in this study. Time-growth analysis was performed to assess microbial growth rates in 1% propofol. Antimicrobial activity of ketamine, alone and in propofol was studied with microdilution method. RESULTS In propofol, studied strains grew from 10(3)-10(4) cfu/mL to ≥10(5) cfu/mL concentrations within 8-16 hours depending on the type of organism. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) (for candida, minimal fungicidal concentration) of ketamine were determined as follows (MIC, MBC): E.coli 312.5, 312.5 μg/mL; S.aureus 19.5, 156 μg/mL; P.aeruginosa 312.5, 625 μg/mL; and C.albicans 156, 156 μg/ml. In ketamine+propofol mixture, ketamine exhibited antimicrobial activity to E.coli, P.aeruginosa and C.albicans as MBCs at 1250, 625 and 625 μg/mL, respectively. Growth of S. aureus was not inhibited in this mixture (ketamine concentration=1250 μg/mL). CONCLUSION Ketamine has sustained its antimicrobial activity in a dose-dependent manner against some organisms in propofol, which is a strong microbial growth-promoting solution. Combined use of ketamine and propofol in routine clinical application may reduce the risk of infection caused by accidental contamination. However, one must keep in mind that ketamine cannot reduce all pathogenic threats in propofol mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekine Begec
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, School of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Aytac Yucel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, School of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yakupogullari
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Erdogan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, School of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey.
| | - Yucel Duman
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Durmus
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, School of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - M Ozcan Ersoy
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, School of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
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Begec Z, Yucel A, Yakupogullari Y, Erdogan MA, Duman Y, Durmus M, Ersoy MO. Efeitos antimicrobianos de cetamina em combinação com propofol: Um estudo in vitro. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjan.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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