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Rahimnia SM, Saeedi M, Akbari J, Morteza-Semnani K, Hedayatizadeh-Omran A, Yazdian-Robati R. Development, Optimization, and in vitro Evaluation of Silybin-loaded PLGA Nanoparticles and Decoration with 5TR1 Aptamer for Targeted Delivery to Colorectal Cancer Cells. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:141. [PMID: 38898204 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02858-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic agents often lack specificity, intratumoral accumulation, and face drug resistance. Targeted drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles (NPs) mitigate these issues. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is a well-studied polymer, commonly modified with aptamers (Apts) for cancer diagnosis and therapy. In this study, silybin (SBN), a natural agent with established anticancer properties, was encapsulated into PLGA NPs to control delivery and improve its poor solubility. The field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) showed spherical and uniform morphology of optimum SBN-PLGA NPs with 138.57±1.30nm diameter, 0.202±0.004 polydispersity index (PDI), -16.93±0.45mV zeta potential (ZP), and 70.19±1.63% entrapment efficiency (EE). The results of attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) showed no chemical interaction between formulation components, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms confirmed efficient SBN entrapment in the carrier. Then, the optimum formulation was functionalized with 5TR1 Apt for active targeted delivery of SBN to colorectal cancer (CRC) cells in vitro. The SBN-PLGA-5TR1 nanocomplex released SBN at a sustained and constant rate (zero-order kinetic), favoring passive delivery to acidic CRC environments. The MTT assay demonstrated the highest cytotoxicity of the SBN-PLGA-5TR1 nanocomplex in C26 and HT29 cells and no significant cytotoxicity in normal cells. Apoptosis analysis supported these results, showing early apoptosis induction with SBN-PLGA-5TR1 nanocomplex which indicated this agent could cause programmed death more than necrosis. This study presents the first targeted delivery of SBN to cancer cells using Apts. The SBN-PLGA-5TR1 nanocomplex effectively targeted and suppressed CRC cell proliferation, providing valuable insights into CRC treatment without harmful effects on healthy tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Mobin Rahimnia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Majid Saeedi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Jafar Akbari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Katayoun Morteza-Semnani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Rezvan Yazdian-Robati
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Amisha, Das Gupta G, Singh H, Singh S, Singh A. QbD-assisted optimisation of liposomes in chitosan gel for dermal delivery of aceclofenac as synergistic approach to combat pain and inflammation. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s13346-024-01514-z. [PMID: 38291224 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01514-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Aceclofenac (ACE) is a drug that was precisely devised to circumvent the shortcomings associated with diclofenac. However, ACE too corresponds to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-related adverse effects, but with a lower amplitude. The present investigation seeks to develop liposomes loaded with ACE adopting a central composite design (CCD) and formulate a chitosan-based hydrogel for synergistic anti-inflammatory efficacy and improved ACE dermal administration. On the basis of preliminary vesicle size, Poly Dispersity Index (PDI), and drug entrapment, the composition of lipid, cholesterol, and vitamin E TPGS were chosen as independent variables. The formulation composition met the specifications for an optimum liposomal formulation, with total lipid concentration (13.5% w/w), cholesterol concentration (10% w/w), and surfactant concentration (2% w/w). With particle size and PDI of 174.22 ± 5.46 nm and 0.285 ± 0.01 respectively, the optimised formulation achieved an entrapment effectiveness of 92.08 ± 3.56%. Based on the CCD design, the optimised formulation Acec-Lipo opt was chosen and was subsequently transformed to a chitosan-based gel formulation for in vitro drug release, penetration through the skin, in vivo analgesic therapeutic activity, and skin irritation testing. % age oedema inhibition was found to be greatest with the Acec-Lipo opt gel formulation, followed by Acec gel. These results reinforce the notion that the inclusion of chitosan resulted in a synergistic effect despite the same strength of the drug. The findings suggested that Acec-Lipo incorporated in chitosan gel for skin targeting might be an effective formulation for topical ACE administration in clinical subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amisha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142 001, India
| | | | - Harmanpreet Singh
- GEM Lab, Department of Pathology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Shamsher Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, India
| | - Amrinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142 001, India.
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India.
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Kassem AA, Asfour MH, Abd El-Alim SH, Khattab MA, Salama A. Topical caffeine-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for enhanced treatment of cellulite: A 3 2 full factorial design optimization and in vivo evaluation in rats. Int J Pharm 2023; 643:123271. [PMID: 37499772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was the development and evaluation of semisolid caffeine (CAF) loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) for topical treatment of cellulite. CAF-loaded NLC formulations were prepared via high-speed homogenization followed by ultrasonication. A 32 full factorial design was employed for formulation optimization. The total lipid content (%) and the liquid lipid content per total lipids (%) were chosen as factors, whereas particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (|ZP|) and viscosity (VIS) were selected as responses. The design suggested CAF-NLC3 as the optimum formulation consisting of a total lipid content of 15% w/w (palmitic acid and soft paraffin/isopropyl myristate, 7:3 w/w) and a surfactant content of 10% w/w (Tween 80/lecithin, 8:1.2 w/w). CAF-NLC3 revealed PS, PDI, ZP, VIS and CAF content values of 318.8 nm, 0.253, -41.1 mV, 18.0 Pa.s and 97.57%, respectively. It showed a pseudoplastic rheological behavior, acceptable pH value (5.25), good spreadability (1.12 mm2/g) and spherical shape employing transmission electron microscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction demonstrated the amorphization of CAF in CAF-NLC3. CAF-NLC3 remained stable for 3 months at room and refrigeration conditions. A single topical application of CAF-NLC3 on shaved abdominal skins of Wistar rats revealed enhanced skin retention of CAF by 2-fold and 1.4-fold after 4 h when compared with plain CAF gel (CAF-P) and marketed CAF gel (CAF-M), respectively. Furthermore, CAF-NLC3 exhibited a superior anti-cellulite activity in comparison with CAF-P and CAF-M through elevating extracellular matrix components (collagen 1, elastin and hyaluronic acid) and stimulating the brown adipose tissue thermogenesis via up-regulating UCP1 and PPAR-γ expression. In addition, CAF-NLC3 prominently increased lipolysis through HSL activity and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines such as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 after 30 days of treatment on a high fat diet-induced cellulite rat model. These findings were further confirmed by histopathological examination supported by morphometric analysis. Therefore, incorporation of CAF in a semisolid NLC formulation would be a promising cosmetic approach for the topical treatment of cellulite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alaa Kassem
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, National Research Centre, El- Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt.
| | - Marwa Hasanein Asfour
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, National Research Centre, El- Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Sameh Hosam Abd El-Alim
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, National Research Centre, El- Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | | | - Abeer Salama
- Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre, El- Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
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Ryan A, Patel P, Ratrey P, O'Connor PM, O'Sullivan J, Ross RP, Hill C, Hudson SP. The development of a solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN)-based lacticin 3147 hydrogel for the treatment of wound infections. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023:10.1007/s13346-023-01332-9. [PMID: 36964439 PMCID: PMC10382363 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01332-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Chronic wounds affect millions of people globally. This number is set to rise with the increasing incidence of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which impair the healing of chronic wounds. Lacticin 3147 is a two-peptide chain bacteriocin produced by Lactococcus lactis that is active against S. aureus including MRSA strains. Previously, poor physicochemical properties of the peptides were overcome by the encapsulation of lacticin 3147 into solid lipid nanoparticles. Here, a lacticin 3147 solid lipid nanoparticle gel is proposed as a topical treatment for S. aureus and MRSA wound infections. Initially, lacticin 3147's antimicrobial activity against S. aureus was determined before encapsulation into solid lipid nanoparticles. An optimised gel formulation with the desired physicochemical properties for topical application was developed, and the lacticin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and free lacticin 3147 aqueous solution were incorporated into separate gels. The release of lacticin 3147 from both the solid lipid nanoparticle and free lacticin gels was measured where the solid lipid nanoparticle gel exhibited increased activity for a longer period (11 days) compared to the free lacticin gel (9 days). Both gels displayed potent activity ex vivo against S. aureus-infected pig skin with significant bacterial eradication (> 75%) after 1 h. Thus, a long-acting potent lacticin 3147 solid lipid nanoparticle gel with the required physicochemical properties for topical delivery of lacticin 3147 to the skin for the potential treatment of S. aureus-infected chronic wounds was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoibhín Ryan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Pratikkumar Patel
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Poonam Ratrey
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Paula M O'Connor
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Julie O'Sullivan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sarah P Hudson
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
- SSPC the SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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Waghule T, Saha RN, Alexander A, Singhvi G. Tailoring the multi-functional properties of phospholipids for simple to complex self-assemblies. J Control Release 2022; 349:460-474. [PMID: 35841998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The unique interfacial properties, huge diversity, and biocompatible nature of phospholipids make them an attractive pharmaceutical excipient. The amphiphilic nature of these molecules offers them the property to self-assemble into distinct structures. The solubility, chemical and structural properties, surface charge, and critical packing parameters of phospholipids play an essential role during formulation design. This review focuses on the relationship between the structural features of a phospholipid molecule and the formation of different lipid-based nanocarrier drug delivery systems. This provides a rationale and guideline for the selection of appropriate phospholipids while designing a drug delivery system. Finally, we refer to relevant recent case studies covering different types of phospholipid-based systems including simple to complex assemblies. Different carriers in the size range of 50 nm to a few microns can be prepared using phospholipids. The carriers can be delivered through oral, intravenous, nasal, dermal, transmucosal, and subcutaneous routes. A wide range of applicability can be achieved by incorporating various hydrophilic and lipophilic additives in the phospholipid bilayer. Advanced research has led to the discovery of phospholipid complexes and cell membrane mimicking lipids. Overall, phospholipids remain a versatile pharmaceutical excipient for drug delivery. They play multiple roles as solubilizer, emulsifier, surfactant, permeation enhancer, coating agent, release modifier, and liposome former.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejashree Waghule
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, India
| | - Ranendra Narayan Saha
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, India
| | - Amit Alexander
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, India.
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6
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Oshi MA, Haider A, Siddique MI, Zeb A, Jamal SB, Khalil AAK, Naeem M. Nanomaterials for chronic inflammatory diseases: the current status and future prospects. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-02019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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Hassan TH, Salman SS, Elkhoudary MM, Gad S. Refinement of Simvastatin and Nifedipine combined delivery through multivariate conceptualization and optimization of the nanostructured lipid carriers. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Recent Advances in Nanomaterials for Dermal and Transdermal Applications. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids5010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The stratum corneum, the most superficial layer of the skin, protects the body against environmental hazards and presents a highly selective barrier for the passage of drugs and cosmetic products deeper into the skin and across the skin. Nanomaterials can effectively increase the permeation of active molecules across the stratum corneum and enable their penetration into deeper skin layers, often by interacting with the skin and creating the distinct sites with elevated local concentration, acting as reservoirs. The flux of the molecules from these reservoirs can be either limited to the underlying skin layers (for topical drug and cosmeceutical delivery) or extended across all the sublayers of the epidermis to the blood vessels of the dermis (for transdermal delivery). The type of the nanocarrier and the physicochemical nature of the active substance are among the factors that determine the final skin permeation pattern and the stability of the penetrant in the cutaneous environment. The most widely employed types of nanomaterials for dermal and transdermal applications include solid lipid nanoparticles, nanovesicular carriers, microemulsions, nanoemulsions, and polymeric nanoparticles. The recent advances in the area of nanomaterial-assisted dermal and transdermal delivery are highlighted in this review.
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Durai RD, Nallakkannu J, Rajaraman K, Bodethala Narayanan VH. Dual Drug Loaded Bilayer Hydrogel Coated with Citric Acid for the Treatment of Dry Mouth Syndrome. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2021; 19:139-152. [PMID: 33646014 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2020.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to formulate the bilayer hydrogel of Aceclofenac and Itraconazole followed by surface spray coating with citric acid to treat inflammation, oral candidiasis, and xerostomia conditions in HIV patients. The hydrogel was prepared by the chemical cross-linking method using polyvinyl alcohol as polymer at the concentrations of 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9% w/v, for both the individual drugs and the combination bilayer. The amount of cross-linking agent (glutaraldehyde 1% v/v) and the catalyst (concentrated hydrochloric acid [HCl], dilute HCl, and acetic acid) was optimized at the level of 0.1 mL each in every hydrogel system, based on the required physical properties. The hydrogels were subjected for various evaluation parameters like weight variation (0.054-0.300 g), diameter (9.5-12.5 mm), thickness (2.5-4.0 mm), drug content (2.5-2.8 mg/mL), and swelling study. The increase in the polymer composition had led to a significant increase in the thickness and weight of the hydrogel and a corresponding decrease in the swelling index. Other characterization techniques like Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, ThermoGravimetry-Differential Scanning Calorimetry, and optical microscopy analysis were carried out to study physicochemical interactions, crystallinity, thermal, and surface properties of the optimized hydrogel, respectively. The in vitro drug release studies by United States Pharmacopeia dissolution basket model and ex vivo permeation studies using Franz diffusion cell with goat buccal skin were carried out for 6 h, in different media such as distilled water, phosphate buffer pH 6.8, and simulated salivary fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Devi Durai
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be-University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jaya Nallakkannu
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be-University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kalaimagal Rajaraman
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be-University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vedha Hari Bodethala Narayanan
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be-University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
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Liu M, Wen J, Sharma M. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Topical Drug Delivery: Mechanisms, Dosage Form Perspectives, and Translational Status. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 26:3203-3217. [PMID: 32452322 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200526145706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have shown potential as a novel lipid-based drug delivery system for the topical applications of innumerable therapeutic compounds. However, the mechanisms governing the absorption and cellular uptake of SLNs through topical route, along with the mechanism of drug release from SLNs are still ambiguous, and require further investigation. In addition, the selection of an appropriate dosage form/formulation base is essential for ease of application of SLNs and to enhance dermal and transdermal delivery. Upscaling and regulatory approvals are other challenges that may impede the clinical translation of SLNs. Therefore, this review focusses on different mechanisms involved in skin penetration and cellular uptake of SLNs. This is followed by a comprehensive discussion on the physicochemical properties of SLNs including various formulation and dosage form factors, which might influence the absorption of SLNs through the skin. Finally, translational status with respect to scale-up and regulatory aspects are also discussed. This review will be useful to researchers with an interest in topical applications of SLNs for the efficient delivery of drugs and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jingyuan Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Manisha Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Garg NK, Tandel N, Bhadada SK, Tyagi RK. Nanostructured Lipid Carrier-Mediated Transdermal Delivery of Aceclofenac Hydrogel Present an Effective Therapeutic Approach for Inflammatory Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:713616. [PMID: 34616297 PMCID: PMC8488093 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.713616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aceclofenac (ACE), a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, is the derivative of the diclofenac group that has been in use for the symptomatic treatment of systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease, rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Partial solubility, high lipophilic nature, and stability challenge its use in developing topical formulations. Hence, we developed and characterized nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC)-based ACE (ACE-NLC) hydrogel for an efficient transdermal delivery. NLC microemulsion was prepared using different lipids by various methods and was characterized with respect to particle size, zeta potential, surface morphology, and drug encapsulation efficiency. The optimized NLC formulation was incorporated into Carbopol® 940 gel, and this arrangement was characterized and compared with the existing marketed gel (Mkt-gel) formulation to assess in vitro drug release, rheology, texture profile, in vivo skin retention and permeation, and stability. Furthermore, prepared and characterized ACE-loaded NLC formulation was evaluated for skin integrity and fitted in a dermatokinetic model. The results of this study confirmed the spherical shape; smooth morphology and nanometric size attested by Zetasizer and scanning and transmission electron microcopy; and stability of the ACE-NLC formulation. The ACE-NLC-gel formulation showed good rheological and texture characteristics, and better skin distribution in the epidermis and dermis. Moreover, ACE-NLC permeated deeper in the skin layers and kept the skin integrity intact. Overall, NLC-based gel formulation of ACE might be a promising nanoscale lipid carrier for topical application when compared with the conventional Mkt-gel formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj K. Garg
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nikunj Tandel
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Bhadada
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajeev K. Tyagi
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-Immunology Lab, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
- *Correspondence: Rajeev K. Tyagi, ,
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12
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Scioli Montoto S, Muraca G, Ruiz ME. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery: Pharmacological and Biopharmaceutical Aspects. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:587997. [PMID: 33195435 PMCID: PMC7662460 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.587997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the golden age of pharmaceutical nanocarriers, we are witnessing a maturation stage of the original concepts and ideas. There is no doubt that nanoformulations are extremely valuable tools for drug delivery applications; the current challenge is how to optimize them to ensure that they are safe, effective and scalable, so that they can be manufactured at an industrial level and advance to clinical use. In this context, lipid nanoparticles have gained ground, since they are generally regarded as non-toxic, biocompatible and easy-to-produce formulations. Pharmaceutical applications of lipid nanocarriers are a burgeoning field for the transport and delivery of a diversity of therapeutic agents, from biotechnological products to small drug molecules. This review starts with a brief overview of the characteristics of solid lipid nanoparticles and discusses the relevancy of performing systematic preformulation studies. The main applications, as well as the advantages that this type of nanovehicles offers in certain therapeutic scenarios are discussed. Next, pharmacokinetic aspects are described, such as routes of administration, absorption after oral administration, distribution in the organism (including brain penetration) and elimination processes. Safety and toxicity issues are also addressed. Our work presents an original point of view, addressing the biopharmaceutical aspects of these nanovehicles by means of descriptive statistics of the state-of-the-art of solid lipid nanoparticles research. All the presented results, trends, graphs and discussions are based in a systematic (and reproducible) bibliographic search that considered only original papers in the subject, covering a 7 years range (2013-today), a period that accounts for more than 60% of the total number of publications in the topic in the main bibliographic databases and search engines. Focus was placed on the therapeutic fields of application, absorption and distribution processes and current efforts for the translation into the clinical practice of lipid-based nanoparticles. For this, the currently active clinical trials on lipid nanoparticles were reviewed, with a brief discussion on what achievements or milestones are still to be reached, as a way of understanding the reasons for the scarce number of solid lipid nanoparticles undergoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Scioli Montoto
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Bioactivos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Giuliana Muraca
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Bioactivos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- Instituto Nacional de Medicamentos (INAME, ANMAT), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Esperanza Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Bioactivos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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González-Ortega LA, Acosta-Osorio AA, Grube-Pagola P, Palmeros-Exsome C, Cano-Sarmiento C, García-Varela R, García HS. Anti-inflammatory Activity of Curcumin in Gel Carriers on Mice with Atrial Edema. J Oleo Sci 2020; 69:123-131. [PMID: 32023579 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess19212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is a bioactive compound with proven antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, but has low water solubility and dermal absorption. The inflammatory process is considered as the biological response to damage induced by various stimuli. If this process fails to self-regulate, it becomes a potential risk of cancer. The objective of this work was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin administered to mice with induced atrial edema using two topical vehicles: organogels and O/W-type nanogels at pH 7, Organogels and O/W-type nanogels at pH 7 were prepared, characterized and the anti-inflammatory activity was assessed. A histopathological analysis of mouse ears was performed and two gel formulations were selected. Thermograms of organogels indicated that increasing the gelling agent improved the stability of the system. Deformation sweeps confirmed a viscoelastic behavior characteristic of gels in both systems. During the anti-inflammatory activity evaluations, the nanogels demonstrated greater activity (61.8 %) than organogels; Diclofenac® (2-(2,6-dichloranilino) phenylacetic acid), used as a control medication achieved the highest inhibition (85.4%); however, the drug produced the death of 2 (40%) of the study subjects caused by secondary adverse events. Histopathological analysis confirmed the data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rebeca García-Varela
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin at Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias
| | - Hugo S García
- UNIDA, Tecnológico Nacional de México/IT de Veracruz
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Maged A, Mahmoud AA, Salah S, Abd-elmonsif NM, Ghorab MM. Spray-Dried Rosuvastatin Nanoparticles for Promoting Hair Growth. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:205. [PMID: 32715367 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01746-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this research, we examined the effect of rosuvastatin calcium-loaded nanoparticles on the hair growth-promoting activity on Albino rats. Nanoparticles were prepared using 2:1 weight ratio of drug to methyl-β-cyclodextrin with 10, 20, and 30% stabilizers (phospholipid, polyvinyl pyrrolidone K30, and Compritol 888 ATO) using nanospray dryer. Subsequently, the prepared nanoparticles were evaluated for their process yield, particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and in vitro drug release as well as in vivo studies. The dried nanoparticles showed process yield values up to 84% with particle size values ranging from 218 to 6258 nm, polydispersity index values ranging from 0.32 to 0.99, and zeta potential values ranging from - 6.1 to - 11.9 mV. Combination of methyl-β-cyclodextrin with 10% polyvinyl pyrrolidone K30 accomplished nanoparticles with the lowest particle size (218 nm) and polydispersity index (0.32) values. These nanoparticles had suitable process yield value (70.5%) and were able to retard drug release. The hair growth-promoting activity for the selected nanoparticles revealed the highest hair length values in Albino rats after 14 days of the hair growth study compared with non-medicated nanoparticles, nanoparticles' physical mixture, rosuvastatin solution, and marketed minoxidil preparation groups as well as the control group. The immunohistochemistry images for both selected nanoparticles and marketed minoxidil groups showed a significant increase in the diameter of hair follicle and percent area fraction of cytokeratin 19 in the outer root sheath of hair follicle compared with other tested groups. Rosuvastatin nanoparticles prepared by nanospray drying technique could be a good competitor to minoxidil for hair growth-promoting activity. Graphical abstract.
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Souto EB, Baldim I, Oliveira WP, Rao R, Yadav N, Gama FM, Mahant S. SLN and NLC for topical, dermal, and transdermal drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:357-377. [PMID: 32064958 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1727883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: From a biopharmaceutical standpoint, the skin is recognized as an interesting route for drug delivery. In general, small molecules are able to penetrate the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin. In contrast, the delivery of larger molecules, such as peptides and proteins, remains a challenge. Nanoparticles have been exploited not only to enhance skin penetration of drugs but also to expand the range of molecules to be clinically used.Areas covered: This review focus on Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for skin administration. We discuss the selection criteria for lipids, surfactants, and surface modifiers commonly in use in SLN/NLC, their production techniques, and the range of drugs loaded in these lipid nanoparticles for the treatment of skin disorders.Expert opinion: Depending on the lipid and surfactant composition, different nanoparticle morphologies can be generated. Both SLN and NLC are composed of lipids that resemble those of the skin and sebum, which contribute to their enhanced biocompatibility, with limited toxicological risk. SLN and NLC can be loaded with very chemically different drugs, may provide a tunable release profile, can be produced in a sterilized environment, and be scaled-up without the need for organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana B Souto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Coimbra, Portugal.,CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Iara Baldim
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wanderley P Oliveira
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rekha Rao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, India
| | - Nitesh Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, India
| | - Francisco M Gama
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sheefali Mahant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, India
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Elmowafy E, Cespi M, Bonacucina G, Soliman ME. In situ composite ion-triggered gellan gum gel incorporating amino methacrylate copolymer microparticles: a therapeutic modality for buccal applicability. Pharm Dev Technol 2019; 24:1258-1271. [PMID: 31437077 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2019.1659314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current investigation is to delineate the buccal applicability of an in situ composite gel containing aceclofenac (AC) amino methacrylate copolymer microparticles (MPs), surmounting limitations of oral existing conventional therapy. AC Eudragit RL100 MPs were fabricated and statistically optimized using 2241 factorial design. Better buccal applicability and enhanced localization were achieved by combining the optimum MPs with in situ ion-activated gellan gum gel. The crosslinking and gelation of in situ gel were investigated by morphological and solid state characterizations. Suitability for buccal delivery and in vivo therapeutic efficacy in inflammation model of rats were also assessed. Results showed that the best performing formula displayed particle size (PS) of 51.00 µm and high entrapment efficiency (EE%) of 94.73%. MPs were successfully entrapped inside the gel network of the composite system. Gelation tendency, pH, shear-thinning properties and mucoadhesivity of the prepared in situ composite gel guaranteed its buccal suitability. Sustained AC release features and promising in vitro anti-arthritic response were also demonstrated. Moreover, consistent and prolonged in vivo anti-inflammatory effect was achieved, relative to standard AC. Taken together; this study proves the potential of in situ composite gel as an appropriate therapeutic proposal for AC buccal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas Elmowafy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Marco Cespi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino , Camerino , Italy
| | | | - Mahmoud E Soliman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
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Kapoor H, Aqil M, Imam SS, Sultana Y, Ali A. Formulation of amlodipine nano lipid carrier: Formulation design, physicochemical and transdermal absorption investigation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Janakiraman K, Krishnaswami V, Rajendran V, Natesan S, Kandasamy R. Novel nano therapeutic materials for the effective treatment of rheumatoid arthritis-recent insights. MATERIALS TODAY. COMMUNICATIONS 2018; 17:200-213. [PMID: 32289062 PMCID: PMC7104012 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common complex multifactorial joint related autoimmune inflammatory disease with unknown etiology accomplished with increased cardiovascular risks. RA is characterized by the clinical findings of synovial inflammation, autoantibody production, and cartilage/bone destruction, cardiovascular, pulmonary and skeletal disorders. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were responsible for the induction of inflammation in RA patients. Drawbacks such as poor efficacy, higher doses, frequent administration, low responsiveness, and higher cost and serious side effects were associated with the conventional dosage forms for RA treatment. Nanomedicines were recently gaining more interest towards the treatment of RA, and researchers were also focusing towards the development of various anti-inflammatory drug loaded nanoformulations with an aid to both actively/passively targeting the inflamed site to afford an effective treatment regimen for RA. Alterations in the surface area and nanoscale size of the nanoformulations elicit beneficial physical and chemical properties for better pharmacological activities. These drug loaded nanoformulations may enhances the solubility of poorly water soluble drugs, improves the bioavailability, affords targetability and may improve the therapeutic activity. In this regimen, the present review focus towards the novel nanoparticulate formulations (nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanomicelles, and nanocapsules) utilized for the treatment of RA. The recent advancements such as siRNA, peptide and targeted based nanoparticulate systems for RA treatment were also discussed. Special emphasis was provided regarding the pathophysiology, prevalence and symptoms towards the development of RA.
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Key Words
- A-SLN, actarit loaded solid lipid nanoparticles
- ACF-SLN, aceclofenac loaded solid lipid nanoparticles
- AIA, antigen-induced arthritis
- ALP, alkaline phosphate
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- C-SLN, curcumin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles
- CEL-TS-LN, celecoxib loaded tristearin based lipidic nanoparticles
- CFA, complete freund’s adjuvant
- CHNP, chitosan nanoparticle
- CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscopy
- COX- 1, cyclooxygenase - 1
- COX- 2, cyclooxygenase - 2
- DEX, dexamethasone
- DEX-PMs, dexamethasone-loaded polymeric micelles
- DMARD, disease modifying antirheumatic drugs
- FA, folic acid
- FR-β, folate receptor-beta
- GC, glucocorticoid
- HA- AuNP/TCZ, hyaluronate gold nanoparticle/Tocilizumab
- HEKcells, human embryonic kidney cells
- HSA-NCs, human serum albumin nanocapsules
- HUVEC, human umbilical vein cells
- IL, interleukin
- IND-NMs, indomethacin loaded polymeric micelles
- Ig, immunoglobulin
- Ind-NCs, indomethacin-loaded nanocapsules
- Inflammation
- LDE, lipidic nanoemulsion
- LX-NMs, larnoxicam loaded nanomicelles
- MTX-LCNCs, methotrexate-loaded lipidic core nanocapsules
- NSAIDs, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- Nanoformulation
- Nanoparticles
- P-SLN, piperine loaded solid lipid nanoparticle
- PCL, polycaprolactone
- PCL-PEG, poly (ethylene glycol)-block-poly (ε-caprolactone)
- PSA, polysialic acid
- PSA-PCL-CyA-NMs, polysialic acid- polycaprolactone cyclosporine A nanomicelles
- Pir-SLN, piroxicam solid lipid nanoparticles
- RA, rheumatoid arthritis
- RGD, arginine-glycine aspartic acid
- RNAi, RNA interference
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- SLN, solid lipid nanoparticles
- TAC-HSA-NPs, tacrolimus human serum albumin nanoparticle
- TAC-LCNCs, tacrolimus loaded lipidic core nanocapsules
- TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor
- VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- shRNA, short hairpin RNA
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Janakiraman
- National Facility for Drug Development for Academia, Pharmaceutical and Allied Industries (NFDD), Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational REsearch (CENTRE), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkateshwaran Krishnaswami
- National Facility for Drug Development for Academia, Pharmaceutical and Allied Industries (NFDD), Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational REsearch (CENTRE), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vijaya Rajendran
- National Facility for Drug Development for Academia, Pharmaceutical and Allied Industries (NFDD), Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational REsearch (CENTRE), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subramanian Natesan
- National Facility for Drug Development for Academia, Pharmaceutical and Allied Industries (NFDD), Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational REsearch (CENTRE), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ruckmani Kandasamy
- National Facility for Drug Development for Academia, Pharmaceutical and Allied Industries (NFDD), Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational REsearch (CENTRE), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
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Jijie R, Barras A, Boukherroub R, Szunerits S. Nanomaterials for transdermal drug delivery: beyond the state of the art of liposomal structures. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:8653-8675. [PMID: 32264260 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02529g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of biomedical materials have been proposed to meet the different needs for controlled oral or intravenous drug delivery. The advantages of oral delivery such as self-administration of a pre-determined drug dose at defined time intervals makes it the most convenient means for the delivery of small molecular drugs. It fails however to delivery therapeutic macromolecules due to rapid degradation in the stomach and size-limited transport across the epithelium. The primary mode of administration of macromolecules is presently via injection. This administration mode is not without limitations, as the invasive nature of injections elicits pain and decreases patients' compliance. Alternative routes for drug delivery have been looked for, one being the skin. Delivery of drugs via the skin is based on the therapeutics penetrating the stratum corneum (SC) with the advantage of overcoming first-pass metabolism of drugs, to deliver drugs with a short-half-life time more easily and to eliminate frequent administrations to maintain constant drug delivery. The transdermal market still remains limited to a narrow range of drugs. The low permeability of the SC to water-soluble and macromolecular drugs poses significant challenges to transdermal administration via passive diffusion through the skin, as is the case for all topically administered drug formulations intended to bring the therapeutic into the general circulation. To widen the scope of drugs for transdermal delivery, new procedures to enhance skin permeation to hydrophilic drugs and macromolecules are under development. Next to the integration of skin enhancers into pharmaceutical formulations, nanoparticles based on lipid carriers have been widely considered and reviewed. While being briefly reviewed here, the main focus of this article is on current advancements using polymeric and metallic nanoparticles. Next to these passive technologies, the handful of active technologies for local and systemic transdermal drug delivery will be discussed and put into perspective. While passive approaches dominate the literature and the transdermal market, active delivery based on microneedles or iontophoresis approaches have shown great promise for transdermal drug delivery and have entered the market, in the last decade. This review gives an overall idea of the current activities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Jijie
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Univ. Valenciennes, UMR 8520, IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France.
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Baruah UK, Gowthamarajan K, Ravisankar V, Karri VVSR, Simhadri PK, Singh V, Babu PP. Design, characterization and antimalarial efficacy of PEGylated galactosylated nano lipid carriers of primaquine phosphate. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:1809-1829. [PMID: 29087218 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1394870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to design and optimize primaquine phosphate (PQ) loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) using response surface methodology. The optimized NLCs were evaluated for various physical and morphological characterizations. The in vitro studies for drug release showed that PQ loaded NLCs had a sustained release up to 72 h and the stability studies confirmed that the PQ-NLCs were stable for 90 d at 4 °C and 25 °C. In vitro erythrocyte toxicity revealed that PQ-NLCs were less toxic than the pure drug. In vitro parasite growth inhibition assay showed an IC50 value of 71.11 ± 6.47 ng/ml for the 3D7 Plasmodium falciparum (CQ sensitive) strain and 263.86 ± 5.68 ng/ml for RKL9 P. falciparum (CQ resistant) strain for the PQ-NLCs. Enhanced parasitaemia suppression of 99.46% at 2 mg/kg/d, a better suppression of parasitaemia of about 28% more than pure drug and a higher survivality rate of 66.66% even after the 35th day was observed for the PQ loaded NLCs. Also from the comparative fluorescent imaging study, it was clearly observed that accumulation of PQ-NLCs in the liver was more that of the pure drug. These results clearly indicated that the limitations of antimalarial drug PQ can be overcomed by loading it into the NLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday Krishna Baruah
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , JSS College of Pharmacy, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University , Ootacamund , India
| | - Kuppusamy Gowthamarajan
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , JSS College of Pharmacy, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University , Ootacamund , India
| | - Vanka Ravisankar
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , JSS College of Pharmacy, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University , Ootacamund , India
| | | | - Praveen Kumar Simhadri
- b Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics , School of life Sciences, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India
| | - Vineeta Singh
- c National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR) , Dwarka , India
| | - Phanithi Prakash Babu
- b Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics , School of life Sciences, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India
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Baruah UK, Gowthamarajan K, Ravisankar V, Karri VVSR, Simhadri PK, Singh V. Optimisation of chloroquine phosphate loaded nanostructured lipid carriers using Box–Behnken design and its antimalarial efficacy. J Drug Target 2017; 26:576-591. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2017.1390671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Uday Krishna Baruah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, Affiliated to Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University-Mysuru, Ootacamund, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kuppusamy Gowthamarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, Affiliated to Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University-Mysuru, Ootacamund, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vanka Ravisankar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, Affiliated to Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University-Mysuru, Ootacamund, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Praveen Kumar Simhadri
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Vineeta Singh
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Dwarka, New Delhi, India
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Stoicea N, Fiorda-Diaz J, Joseph N, Shabsigh M, Arias-Morales C, Gonzalez-Zacarias AA, Mavarez-Martinez A, Marjoribanks S, Bergese SD. Advanced Analgesic Drug Delivery and Nanobiotechnology. Drugs 2017; 77:1069-1076. [PMID: 28470586 PMCID: PMC5488073 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-017-0744-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transdermal administration of analgesic medications offers several benefits over alternative routes of administration, including a decreased systemic drug load with fewer side effects, and avoidance of drug degradation by the gastrointestinal tract. Transdermal administration also offers a convenient mode of drug administration over an extended period of time, particularly desirable in pain medicine. A transdermal administration route may also offer increased safety for drugs with a narrow therapeutic window. The primary barrier to transdermal drug absorption is the skin itself. Transdermal nanotechnology offers a novel method of achieving enhanced dermal penetration with an extended delivery profile for analgesic drugs, due to their small size and relatively large surface area. Several materials have been used to enhance drug duration and transdermal penetration. The application of nanotechnology in transdermal delivery of analgesics has raised new questions regarding safety and ethical issues. The small molecular size of nanoparticles enables drug delivery to previously inaccessible body sites. To ensure safety, the interaction of nanoparticles with the human body requires further investigation on an individual drug basis, since different formulations have unique properties and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Stoicea
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 410 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Juan Fiorda-Diaz
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 410 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Nicholas Joseph
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 410 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Muhammad Shabsigh
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 410 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Carlos Arias-Morales
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 410 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Alicia A Gonzalez-Zacarias
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 410 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ana Mavarez-Martinez
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 410 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Stephen Marjoribanks
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 410 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sergio D Bergese
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 410 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Raju Y P, N H, Chowdary V H, Nair RS, Basha D J, N T. In vitro assessment of non-irritant microemulsified voriconazole hydrogel system. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:1539-1547. [PMID: 27887040 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2016.1260579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Research was aimed on microemulsion-based hydrogel for voriconazole. Oleic acid and isopropyl myristate as lipid phases; tween 20: tween 80 as surfactants and PEG600 as cosurfactant were selected to formulate voriconazole microemulsions. The promising microemulsions in terms of zeta potential, pH, viscosity, and drug release were selected and developed into hydrogels using carbopol 934. Resulting microemulsion-based hydrogel (MBH) of voriconazole were evaluated for in vitro diffusion and ex vivo permeation. Antifungal potentials of MBH were assessed against selected fungal strains. Optimal MBH formulations, O6 and O8 had displayed their antifungal potentials with enlarged zone of inhibition against selected fungal strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Raju Y
- a Pharmaceutics Division , Sri Padmavathi School of Pharmacy , Tiruchanoor, Tirupati , India
| | - Hyndavi N
- a Pharmaceutics Division , Sri Padmavathi School of Pharmacy , Tiruchanoor, Tirupati , India
| | - Harini Chowdary V
- b Pharmaceutics Division , PES College of Pharmacy , Bangalore , India
| | - Rajesh S Nair
- c School of Pharmacy , The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, Semenyih , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Jamal Basha D
- b Pharmaceutics Division , PES College of Pharmacy , Bangalore , India
| | - Tejeswari N
- a Pharmaceutics Division , Sri Padmavathi School of Pharmacy , Tiruchanoor, Tirupati , India
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Yazdani-Arazi SN, Ghanbarzadeh S, Adibkia K, Kouhsoltani M, Hamishehkar H. Histological evaluation of follicular delivery of arginine via nanostructured lipid carriers: a novel potential approach for the treatment of alopecia. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:1379-1387. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2016.1241794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Narjes Yazdani-Arazi
- Biotechnology Research Center and Students’ Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Ghanbarzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Khosro Adibkia
- Dermatology & Dermopharmacy Research Team, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Kouhsoltani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Sahu KK, Pandey RS. Immunological evaluation of colonic delivered Hepatitis B surface antigen loaded TLR-4 agonist modified solid fat nanoparticles. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 39:343-352. [PMID: 27526270 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B is one of the leading liver diseases and remains a major global health problem. Currently available vaccines provide protection but often results in weaker/minimal mucosal immunity. Thus the present study is devoted to the development and in-vivo exploration of the colonically delivered biomimetic nanoparticles which capably enhance humoral as well as cellular immune response. In present work, Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) entrapped nanoparticles containing Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) (HB+L-NP) were prepared by solvent evaporation method and characterized for particle size (~210nm), shape, zeta potential (-24mV±0.68), entrapment efficiency (58.45±1.68%), in-vitro release and antigen integrity. Dose escalation study was done to confirm prophylactic immune response following defined doses of prepared nanoparticulate formulations with or without MPLA. Intramuscular administered alum based marketed HBsAg (Genevac B) was used as standard (10μg) and were able to induce significant systemic (IgG) but remarkably low mucosal immune (IgA) response. Notably, HB+L-NP (0.5ml-10μg) induced strong systemic and robust mucosal immunity (510 and 470 mIU/ml respectively, p<0.001) from which mucosal was more significant due to the involvement of Common Mucosal Immune System (CMIS). Likewise, significant cellular immune response was elicited by HB+L-NP through T-cell activation (mixed Th1 and Th2) as confirmed by significantly increased cytokines level (IL-2 and Interferon-γ) in spleen homogenates. This study supports that delivery of HBsAg to the colon may open new vista in designing oral vaccines later being one of most accepted route for potential vaccines in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kantrol Kumar Sahu
- SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, C.G. 495001, India
| | - Ravi Shankar Pandey
- SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, C.G. 495001, India.
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Lipid based noninvasive vesicular formulation of cytarabine: Nanodeformable liposomes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 88:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Moghddam SMM, Ahad A, Aqil M, Imam SS, Sultana Y. Optimization of nanostructured lipid carriers for topical delivery of nimesulide using Box–Behnken design approach. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:617-624. [DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2016.1167699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdul Ahad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd. Aqil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Syed Sarim Imam
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yasmin Sultana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
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Mishra A, Imam SS, Aqil M, Ahad A, Sultana Y, Ameeduzzafar, Ali A. Carvedilol nano lipid carriers: formulation, characterization and in-vivo evaluation. Drug Deliv 2016; 23:1486-94. [PMID: 26978072 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2016.1165314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop Carvedilol nanostructured lipid carriers (CAR-NLCs) using stearic acid and oleic acid as lipid, and to estimate the potential as oral delivery system for poorly water soluble drug. The particle-size analysis revealed that all the developed formulations were within the nanometer range. The EE and loading were found to be between 69.45-88.56% and 9.58-12.56%, respectively. The CAR-NLCopt showed spherical morphology with smooth surface under transmission electron microscope (TEM). The crystallization of the drug in NLC was investigated by powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and revealed that the drug was in an amorphous state in the NLC matrix. The ex vivo gut permeation study showed many folds increment in the permeation of CAR-NLCs compared to Carvedilol suspension (CAR-S). The oral bioavailability study of CAR was carried out using Wistar rats and relative bioavailability of CAR-NLCopt was found to be 3.95 fold increased in comparison with CAR-S. In vivo antihypertensive study in Wistar rats showed significant reduction in mean systolic BP by CAR-NLCopt vis-à-vis CAR-S (p < 0.05) owing to the drug absorption through lymphatic pathways. In conclusion, the NLC formulation remarkably improved the oral bioavailability of CAR and demonstrated a promising perspective for oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. The promising findings in this investigation suggest the practicability of these systems for the enhancement of bioavailability of CAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akansha Mishra
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University , New Delhi , India
| | - Syed Sarim Imam
- b Department of Pharmaceutics , Glocal School of Pharmacy, The Glocal University , Saharanpur , Uttar Pradesh , India , and
| | - Mohammed Aqil
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University , New Delhi , India
| | - Abdul Ahad
- c Department of Pharmaceutics , College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasmin Sultana
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University , New Delhi , India
| | - Ameeduzzafar
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University , New Delhi , India
| | - Asgar Ali
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University , New Delhi , India
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Wan K, Sun L, Hu X, Yan Z, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Zhang J. Novel nanoemulsion based lipid nanosystems for favorable in vitro and in vivo characteristics of curcumin. Int J Pharm 2016; 504:80-8. [PMID: 27034002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to assess the enhanced elementary characteristics, in vitro release, anti-cancer cytotoxicity, in situ absorption and in vivo bioavailability of a novel nanoemulsion based lipid nanosystems containing curcumin (CNELNs) when administered orally. The CNELNs were first fabricated by loading water-in-oil nanoemulsions into lipid nanosystems using a nanoemulsion-film dispersion-sonication method. The gastro-intestinal absorption, in vitro release and in vivo kinetic property of CNELNs were investigated using an in situ perfusion method, a dialysis method and a concentration-time curve based method, respectively. The inhibitory effects of CNELNs on human lung cancer A549 cell growth were determined using MTT assay. The absorption constants and effective permeabilities of CNELNs in different gastro-intestinal tracts increased 2.29-4.04 times and 4.06-8.27 times that of curcumin (CUR), respectively. The relative bioavailability of CNELNs to free CUR was 733.59%. CNELNs inhibited A549 growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner. CNELNs markedly improved the oral bioavailability of CUR which was probably due to the increased gastro-intestinal absorption. CNELNs had stronger inhibitory effects on the viabilities of A549 cells than that of free CUR. CNELNs might be promising nanosystems for oral delivery of CUR to satisfy clinical requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wan
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Lili Sun
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Xueyuan Hu
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Zijun Yan
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Jingqing Zhang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
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Sun L, Wan K, Hu X, Zhang Y, Yan Z, Feng J, Zhang J. Functional nanoemulsion-hybrid lipid nanocarriers enhance the bioavailability and anti-cancer activity of lipophilic diferuloylmethane. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:085102. [PMID: 26808001 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/8/085102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the enhanced physicochemical characteristics, in vitro release behavior, anti-lung cancer activity, gastrointestinal absorption, in vivo bioavailability and bioequivalence of functional nanoemulsion-hybrid lipid nanocarriers containing diferuloylmethane (DNHLNs). The DNHLNs were first fabricated by loading water-in-oil nanoemulsions into hybrid lipid nanosystems using nanoemulsion-thin film-sonication dispersion technologies. The in situ absorption and in vitro and in vivo kinetic features of DNHLNs were measured using an in situ unidirectional perfusion method, a dynamic dialysis method and a plasma concentration-time profile-based method, respectively. The cytotoxic effects of DNHLNs in lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells were examined using MTT colorimetric analysis. The absorptive constants and permeabilities of DNHLNs in four gastrointestinal sections increased by 1.43-3.23 times and by 3.10-7.76 times that of diferuloylmethane (DIF), respectively. The relative bioavailability of DNHLNs to free DIF was 855.02%. DNHLNs inhibited cancer cell growth in a time- and dose-dependent manner. DNHLNs markedly improved the absorption and bioavailability of DIF after oral administration. DNHLNs had stronger inhibitory effects on the viability of A549 cells than that of free DIF. DNHLNs might be potentially promising nanocarriers for DIF delivery via the oral route to address unmet clinical needs.
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Raj R, Raj PM, Ram A. Preparation and characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with cytarabine via a micellar composition for leukemia. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra10111a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present investigation reports the fabrication, optimization and characterization of tristearin based cytarabine solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN). Higher sensitivity of the cytarabine SLN than drug solution on cell line demonstrated the potential of this developed carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Raj
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guru Ghasidas Vishvavidyalaya
- Bilaspur
- India
| | - Pooja Mongia Raj
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guru Ghasidas Vishvavidyalaya
- Bilaspur
- India
| | - Alpana Ram
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guru Ghasidas Vishvavidyalaya
- Bilaspur
- India
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Baig MS, Ahad A, Aslam M, Imam SS, Aqil M, Ali A. Application of Box-Behnken design for preparation of levofloxacin-loaded stearic acid solid lipid nanoparticles for ocular delivery: Optimization, in vitro release, ocular tolerance, and antibacterial activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 85:258-70. [PMID: 26740466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop and optimize levofloxacin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for the treatment of conjunctivitis. Box-Behnken experimental design was applied for optimization of solid lipid nanoparticles. The independent variables were stearic acid as lipid (X1), Tween 80 as surfactant (X2) and sodium deoxycholate as co-surfactant (X3) while particle size (Y1) and entrapment efficiency (Y2) were the dependent variables. Further in vitro release and antibacterial activity in vitro were also performed. The optimized formulation of levofloxacin provides particle size of 237.82 nm and showed 78.71% entrapment efficiency and achieved flux 0.2,493 μg/cm(2)/h across excised goat cornea. In vitro release study showed prolonged drug release from the optimized formulation following Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Antimicrobial study revealed that the developed formulation possesses antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli equivalent to marketed eye drops. HET-CAM test demonstrated that optimized formulation was found to be non-irritant and safe for topical ophthalmic use. Our results concluded that solid lipid nanoparticles are an efficient carrier for ocular delivery of levofloxacin and other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Salman Baig
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), M.B. Road, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Abdul Ahad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed Aslam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), M.B. Road, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Syed Sarim Imam
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Saharanpur, 247121 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Aqil
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), M.B. Road, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Asgar Ali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), M.B. Road, New Delhi 110062, India
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