1
|
Cai T, Shang K, Wang X, Qi X, Liu R, Wang X. Integration of Glutamate Dehydrogenase and Nanoporous Gold for Electrochemical Detection of Glutamate. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:1023. [PMID: 38131783 PMCID: PMC10741451 DOI: 10.3390/bios13121023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate, a non-essential amino acid produced by fermentation, plays a significant role in disease diagnosis and food safety. It is important to enable the real-time monitoring of glutamate concentration for human health and nutrition. Due to the challenges in directly performing electrochemical oxidation-reduction reactions of glutamate, this study leverages the synergistic effect of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) and nanoporous gold (NPG) to achieve the indirect and accurate detection of glutamate within the range of 50 to 700 μM by measuring the generated quantity of NADH during the enzymatic reaction. The proposed biosensor demonstrates remarkable performance characteristics, including a detection sensitivity of 1.95 μA mM-1 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 6.82 μM. The anti-interference tests indicate an average recognition error ranging from -3.85% to +2.60%, spiked sample recovery rates between 95% and 105%, and a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 4.97% for three replicate experiments. Therefore, the GLDH-NPG/GCE biosensor presented in this work exhibits excellent accuracy and repeatability, providing a novel alternative for rapid glutamate detection. This research contributes significantly to enhancing the precise monitoring of glutamate concentration, thereby offering more effective guidance and control for human health and nutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (T.C.); (K.S.); (X.W.); (X.Q.); (R.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Faraji F, Tavakoli H, Jafari M, Eidi A, Divsalar A. Electrochemical study of the effect of radiofrequency on glutamate oxidase activity using a glutamate oxidase-based biosensor. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15911. [PMID: 37223709 PMCID: PMC10200849 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A biosensor based on glutamate oxidase (GluOx) was developed to measure glutamate concentration. The main function of this type of biosensor is related to the structure and catalytic activity of GluOx. Since radiofrequency, as the widest spectrum of electromagnetic fields, can affect the catalytic activity and structure of GluOx, in this study, the effect of these fields on the analytical parameters of the fabricated biosensor was investigated. To build the biosensor a sol-gel solution of chitosan and native GluOx were prepared and then immobilized on the surface of the platinum electrode. Similarly, to investigate the effect of radiofrequency fields on the analytical parameters of the biosensor, instead of the native GluOx, irradiated GluOx was used to build the biosensor. To evaluate the biosensor responses, cyclic voltammetry experiments were performed and voltammograms were considered as biosensor responses. To determine the analytical parameters including detection limit, linear range, and saturation region of the responses, calibration curves were drawn for each of the biosensors. Also the long-term stability and selectivity of the fabricated biosensor were evaluated. Thereafter, the optimum pH and temperature for each of these two biosensors were examined. The results showed that radiofrequency waves harmed the detection and response of biosensors in the saturation region, while they had little effect on the linear region. Such results could be due to the effect of radiofrequency waves on the structure and function of glutamate oxidase. In general, the results indicate that when a glutamate oxidase-based biosensor is used to measure glutamate in radiofrequency fields, corrective coefficients for this type of biosensor should be considered to accurately measure glutamate concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Faraji
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Tavakoli
- Radiation Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahvash Jafari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Eidi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adeleh Divsalar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
A Peptide Aptamer Based Electrochemical Amperometric Sensor for Sensitive L-Glutamate Detection. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 146:108165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
4
|
Song H, Liu Y, Fang Y, Zhang D. Carbon-Based Electrochemical Sensors for In Vivo and In Vitro Neurotransmitter Detection. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:955-974. [PMID: 34752170 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1997571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
As essential neurological chemical messengers, neurotransmitters play an integral role in the maintenance of normal mammalian physiology. Aberrant neurotransmitter activity is associated with a range of neurological conditions including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease. Many studies to date have tested different approaches to detecting neurotransmitters, yet the detection of these materials within the brain, due to the complex environment of the brain and the rapid metabolism of neurotransmitters, remains challenging and an area of active research. There is a clear need for the development of novel neurotransmitter sensing technologies capable of rapidly and sensitively monitoring specific analytes within the brain without adversely impacting the local microenvironment in which they are implanted. Owing to their excellent sensitivity, portability, ease-of-use, amenability to microprocessing, and low cost, electrochemical sensors methods have been widely studied in the context of neurotransmitter monitoring. The present review, thus, surveys current progress in this research field, discussing developed electrochemical neurotransmitter sensors capable of detecting dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), acetylcholine (Ach), glutamate (Glu), nitric oxide (NO), adenosine (ADO), and so on. Of these technologies, those based on carbon nanostructures-modified electrodes including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene (GR), gaphdiyne (GDY), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), and derivatives thereof hold particular promise owing to their excellent biocompatibility and electrocatalytic performance. The continued development of these and related technologies is, thus, likely to lead to major advances in the clinical diagnosis of neurological diseases and the detection of novel biomarkers thereof.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Song
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, College of Acumox and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, College of Acumox and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yuxin Fang
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, College of Acumox and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Di Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang H, Wang J, Zhang J, Cai J, Pi J, Xu JF. Inspirations of Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticle Based Anticancer Therapeutics. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101599. [PMID: 34683892 PMCID: PMC8538820 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cobalt is essential to the metabolism of all animals due to its key role in cobalamin, also known as vitamin B12, the primary biological reservoir of cobalt as an ultra-trace element. Current cancer treatment strategies, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, have been seriously restricted by their side effects and low efficiency for a long time, which urges us to develop new technologies for more effective and much safer anticancer therapies. Novel nanotechnologies, based on different kinds of functional nanomaterials, have been proved to act as effective and promising strategies for anticancer treatment. Based on the important biological roles of cobalt, cobalt oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely developed for their attractive biomedical applications, especially their potential for anticancer treatments due to their selective inhibition of cancer cells. Thus, more and more attention has been attracted to the preparation, characterization and anticancer investigation of cobalt oxide nanoparticles in recent years, which is expected to introduce novel anticancer treatment strategies. In this review, we summarize the synthesis methods of cobalt oxide nanoparticles to discuss the advantages and restrictions for their preparation. Moreover, we emphatically discuss the anticancer functions of cobalt oxide nanoparticles as well as their underlying mechanisms to promote the development of cobalt oxide nanoparticles for anticancer treatments, which might finally benefit the current anticancer therapeutics based on functional cobalt oxide nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanshao Huang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China; (H.H.); (J.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China; (H.H.); (J.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Junai Zhang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China; (H.H.); (J.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jiye Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China;
| | - Jiang Pi
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China; (H.H.); (J.W.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (J.-F.X.)
| | - Jun-Fa Xu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China; (H.H.); (J.W.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (J.-F.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun Y, Nguyen TNH, Anderson A, Cheng X, Gage TE, Lim J, Zhang Z, Zhou H, Rodolakis F, Zhang Z, Arslan I, Ramanathan S, Lee H, Chubykin AA. In Vivo Glutamate Sensing inside the Mouse Brain with Perovskite Nickelate-Nafion Heterostructures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:24564-24574. [PMID: 32383375 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate, one of the main neurotransmitters in the brain, plays a critical role in communication between neurons, neuronal development, and various neurological disorders. Extracellular measurement of neurotransmitters such as glutamate in the brain is important for understanding these processes and developing a new generation of brain-machine interfaces. Here, we demonstrate the use of a perovskite nickelate-Nafion heterostructure as a promising glutamate sensor with a low detection limit of 16 nM and a response time of 1.2 s via amperometric sensing. We have designed and successfully tested novel perovskite nickelate-Nafion electrodes for recording of glutamate release ex vivo in electrically stimulated brain slices and in vivo from the primary visual cortex (V1) of awake mice exposed to visual stimuli. These results demonstrate the potential of perovskite nickelates as sensing media for brain-machine interfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Sun
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tran N H Nguyen
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Adam Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Thomas E Gage
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jongcheon Lim
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Zhan Zhang
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Hua Zhou
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Fanny Rodolakis
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ilke Arslan
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Shriram Ramanathan
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hyowon Lee
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Alexander A Chubykin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A Highly Sensitive Amperometric Glutamate Oxidase Microbiosensor Based on a Reduced Graphene Oxide/Prussian Blue Nanocube/Gold Nanoparticle Composite Film-Modified Pt Electrode. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20102924. [PMID: 32455706 PMCID: PMC7284453 DOI: 10.3390/s20102924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A simple method that relies only on an electrochemical workstation has been investigated to fabricate a highly sensitive glutamate microbiosensor for potential neuroscience applications. In this study, in order to develop the highly sensitive glutamate electrode, a 100 µm platinum wire was modified by the electrochemical deposition of gold nanoparticles, Prussian blue nanocubes, and reduced graphene oxide sheets, which increased the electroactive surface area; and the chitosan layer, which provided a suitable environment to bond the glutamate oxidase. The optimization of the fabrication procedure and analytical conditions is described. The modified electrode was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy, impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The results exhibited its excellent sensitivity for glutamate detection (LOD = 41.33 nM), adequate linearity (50 nM-40 µM), ascendant reproducibility (RSD = 4.44%), and prolonged stability (more than 30 repetitive potential sweeps, two-week lifespan). Because of the important role of glutamate in neurotransmission and brain function, this small-dimension, high-sensitivity glutamate electrode is a promising tool in neuroscience research.
Collapse
|
8
|
Dalkıran B. Amperometric determination of heavy metal using an HRP inhibition biosensor based on ITO nanoparticles-ruthenium (III) hexamine trichloride composite: Central composite design optimization. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 135:107569. [PMID: 32464529 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme inhibition biosensor based on indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles, hexaammineruthenium (III) chloride (RUT), and chitosan (CH) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was developed. The biosensor fabrication process was investigated using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The amounts of ITO nanoparticles and RUT were optimized using a 22 central composite design for the optimization of electrode composition. The detection limits were determined as 8 nM, 3 nM, and 1 nM for Pb2+, Ni2+, and Cd2+, respectively. The inhibition calibration curves of the biosensor were found to be within the range of 0.009-0.301 µM with a sensitivity of 11.97 µA µM-1 cm-2 (0.85 µA µM-1) for Pb2+, 0.011-0.368 µM with a sensitivity of 10.84 µA µM-1 cm-2 (0.77 µA µM-1) for Ni2+, and 0.008-0.372 µM with a sensitivity of 10.99 µA µM-1 cm-2 (0.78 µA µM-1) for Cd2+. The type of HRP inhibition by Pb2+, Ni2+ and Cd2+ was investigated by the Dixon and Cornish-Bowden plots. The effects of possible interfering species on the biosensor response were examined. The analysis of Pb2+, Ni2+, and Cd2+ in tap water was demonstrated using the HRP/ITO-RUT-CH/GCE with satisfactory experimental results. The proposed method agreed with the atomic absorption spectrometry results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berna Dalkıran
- Ankara University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Arumugasamy SK, Chellasamy G, Gopi S, Govindaraju S, Yun K. Current advances in the detection of neurotransmitters by nanomaterials: An update. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
10
|
Ratnam KV, Manjunatha H, Janardan S, Babu Naidu KC, Ramesh S. Nonenzymatic electrochemical sensor based on metal oxide, MO (M= Cu, Ni, Zn, and Fe) nanomaterials for neurotransmitters: An abridged review. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2020.100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
|
11
|
Kucukkolbasi S, Erdogan ZO, Baslak C, Sogut D, Kus M. A Highly Sensitive Ascorbic Acid Sensor Based on Graphene Oxide/CdTe Quantum Dots-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193519010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
12
|
Nanomaterials-Based Electrochemical Sensors for In Vitro and In Vivo Analyses of Neurotransmitters. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8091504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are molecules that transfer chemical signals between neurons to convey messages for any action conducted by the nervous system. All neurotransmitters are medically important; the detection and analysis of these molecules play vital roles in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Among analytical strategies, electrochemical techniques have been identified as simple, inexpensive, and less time-consuming processes. Electrochemical analysis is based on the redox behaviors of neurotransmitters, as well as their metabolites. A variety of electrochemical techniques are available for the detection of biomolecules. However, the development of a sensing platform with high sensitivity and selectivity is challenging, and it has been found to be a bottleneck step in the analysis of neurotransmitters. Nanomaterials-based sensor platforms are fascinating for researchers because of their ability to perform the electrochemical analysis of neurotransmitters due to their improved detection efficacy, and they have been widely reported on for their sensitive detection of epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, acetylcholine, nitric oxide, and purines. The advancement of electroanalytical technologies and the innovation of functional nanomaterials have been assisting greatly in in vivo and in vitro analyses of neurotransmitters, especially for point-of-care clinical applications. In this review, firstly, we focus on the most commonly employed electrochemical analysis techniques, in conjunction with their working principles and abilities for the detection of neurotransmitters. Subsequently, we concentrate on the fabrication and development of nanomaterials-based electrochemical sensors and their advantages over other detection techniques. Finally, we address the challenges and the future outlook in the development of electrochemical sensors for the efficient detection of neurotransmitters.
Collapse
|
13
|
Lawal AT. Progress in utilisation of graphene for electrochemical biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 106:149-178. [PMID: 29414083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses recent graphene (GR) electrochemical biosensor for accurate detection of biomolecules, including glucose, hydrogen peroxide, dopamine, ascorbic acid, uric acid, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, DNA, metals and immunosensor through effective immobilization of enzymes, including glucose oxidase, horseradish peroxidase, and haemoglobin. GR-based biosensors exhibited remarkable performance with high sensitivities, wide linear detection ranges, low detection limits, and long-term stabilities. Future challenges for the field include miniaturising biosensors and simplifying mass production are discussed.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are chemicals that act as messengers in the synaptic transmission process. They are essential for human health and any imbalance in their activities can cause serious mental disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer’s disease. Hence, monitoring the concentrations of various neurotransmitters is of great importance in studying and diagnosing such mental illnesses. Recently, many researchers have explored the use of unique materials for developing biosensors for both in vivo and ex vivo neurotransmitter detection. A combination of nanomaterials, polymers, and biomolecules were incorporated to implement such sensor devices. For in vivo detection, electrochemical sensing has been commonly applied, with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry being the most promising technique to date, due to the advantages such as easy miniaturization, simple device architecture, and high sensitivity. However, the main challenges for in vivo electrochemical neurotransmitter sensors are limited target selectivity, large background signal and noise, and device fouling and degradation over time. Therefore, achieving simultaneous detection of multiple neurotransmitters in real time with long-term stability remains the focus of research. The purpose of this review paper is to summarize the recently developed sensing techniques with the focus on neurotransmitters as the target analyte, and to discuss the outlook of simultaneous detection of multiple neurotransmitter species. This paper is organized as follows: firstly, the common materials used for developing neurotransmitter sensors are discussed. Secondly, several sensor surface modification approaches to enhance sensing performance are reviewed. Finally, we discuss recent developments in the simultaneous detection capability of multiple neurotransmitters.
Collapse
|
15
|
Valizadeh A, Sohrabi N, Badrzadeh F. Electrochemical detection of HIV-1 by nanomaterials. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 45:1467-1477. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1282494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Valizadeh
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Sohrabi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fariba Badrzadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|