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Ray ME, Rothstein TL. Human VH4-34 antibodies derived from B1 cells are more frequently autoreactive than VH4-34 antibodies derived from memory cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1259827. [PMID: 38162664 PMCID: PMC10754998 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1259827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Human B1 cells produce natural antibodies characterized by overutilization of heavy chain variable region VH4-34 in comparison to other B cell populations. VH4-34-containing antibodies have been reported to be autoreactive and to be associated with lupus and other autoimmune dyscrasias. However, it has been unclear to what extent VH4-34 antibodies manifest autoreactivity in B1 cells or other B cell populations-in other words, are VH4-34 containing antibodies autoreactive wherever found, or mainly within the B1 cell population? To address this issue we sort purified single human B1 and memory B cells and then amplified, sequenced, cloned and expressed VH4-34-containing antibodies from 76 individual B cells. Each of these antibodies was tested for autoreactivity by HEp-2 IFA and autoantigen ELISA. Antibodies were scored as autoreactive if positive by either assay. We found VH4-34 antibodies rescued from B1 cells were much more frequently autoreactive (14/48) than VH4-34 antibodies rescued from memory B cells (2/28). Among B1 cell antibodies, 4 were HEp-2+, 6 were dsDNA+ and 4 were positive for both. Considering only HEp-2+ antibodies, again these were found more frequently among B1 cell VH4-34 antibodies (8/48) than memory B cell VH4-34 antibodies (1/28). We found autoreactivity was associated with greater CDR3 length, as expected; however, we found no association between autoreactivity and a previously described FR1 "hydrophobic patch". Our results indicate that autoreactive VH4-34-containing antibodies tend to reside within the human B1 cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas L. Rothstein
- Center for Immunobiology and Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
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2
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Crawford JJ, Feng J, Brightbill HD, Johnson AR, Wright M, Kolesnikov A, Lee W, Castanedo GM, Do S, Blaquiere N, Staben ST, Chiang PC, Fan PW, Baumgardner M, Wong S, Godemann R, Grabbe A, Wiegel C, Sujatha-Bhaskar S, Hymowitz SG, Liau N, Hsu PL, McEwan PA, Ismaili MHA, Landry ML. Filling a nick in NIK: extending the half-life of a NIK inhibitor through structure-based drug design. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 89:129277. [PMID: 37105490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK) has been pursued as a promising therapeutic target for autoimmune disorders due to its highly regulated role in key steps of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Previously reported NIK inhibitors from our group were shown to be potent, selective, and efficacious, but had higher human dose projections than desirable for immunology indications. Herein we report the clearance-driven optimization of a NIK inhibitor guided by metabolite identification studies and structure-based drug design. This led to the identification of an azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanone motif that attenuated in vitro and in vivo clearance while maintaining NIK potency and increasing selectivity over other kinases, resulting in a greater than ten-fold reduction in predicted human dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Crawford
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jianwen Feng
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hans D Brightbill
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Adam R Johnson
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Matthew Wright
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Aleksandr Kolesnikov
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wendy Lee
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Steven Do
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Nicole Blaquiere
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Steven T Staben
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Po-Chang Chiang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter W Fan
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Matt Baumgardner
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Susan Wong
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Robert Godemann
- Evotec SE., Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen 7, Hamburg 22419, Germany
| | - Alice Grabbe
- Evotec SE., Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen 7, Hamburg 22419, Germany
| | - Catharina Wiegel
- Evotec SE., Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen 7, Hamburg 22419, Germany
| | | | - Sarah G Hymowitz
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Nicholas Liau
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter L Hsu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Paul A McEwan
- Evotec SE., Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen 7, Hamburg 22419, Germany
| | | | - Matthew L Landry
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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3
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Cheng J, Feng X, Li Z, Zhou F, Yang JM, Zhao Y. Pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) with small molecules for the treatment of human diseases. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:552-565. [PMID: 34046627 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00361a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NIK is a key kinase required for the activation of alternative NF-κB signaling pathways. Overactivation of NIK in patients has been observed and is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, B-cell malignances, and solid tumors. Over the past decade, inhibition of NIK overactivation with small molecules has been pursued as an attractive strategy for drug discovery, where numerous potent and selective NIK inhibitors with novel pharmacophores have been identified. This review summarizes the structural features and key efficacy studies of the NIK inhibitors reported, which justify the mechanism of action of such inhibitors in animal models driven by NIK overactivation. Given the strong pathological associations between overactivation of NIK and human diseases, human clinical trials of NIK inhibitors as drug candidates are eagerly awaited. Information showcased in this review article might be helpful for the discovery and clinical development of the next generation of NIK inhibitors in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Rd. Shanghai 201203 China +86 21 50800608.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xuexin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Rd. Shanghai 201203 China +86 21 50800608.,School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University Yancheng Jiangsu 224051 China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Rd. Shanghai 201203 China +86 21 50800608.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Feilong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Rd. Shanghai 201203 China +86 21 50800608
| | - Jin-Ming Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University Yancheng Jiangsu 224051 China
| | - Yujun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Rd. Shanghai 201203 China +86 21 50800608.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
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4
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Fava A, Petri M. Systemic lupus erythematosus: Diagnosis and clinical management. J Autoimmun 2019; 96:1-13. [PMID: 30448290 PMCID: PMC6310637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a worldwide chronic autoimmune disease which may affect every organ and tissue. Genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and the hormonal milieu, interplay in disease development and activity. Clinical manifestations and the pattern of organ involvement are widely heterogenous, reflecting the complex mosaic of disrupted molecular pathways converging into the SLE clinical phenotype. The SLE complex pathogenesis involves multiple cellular components of the innate and immune systems, presence of autoantibodies and immunocomplexes, engagement of the complement system, dysregulation of several cytokines including type I interferons, and disruption of the clearance of nucleic acids after cell death. Use of immunomodulators and immunosuppression has altered the natural course of SLE. In addition, morbidity and mortality in SLE not only derive from direct immune mediated tissue damage but also from SLE and treatment associated complications such as accelerated coronary artery disease and increased infection risk. Here, we review the diagnostic approach as well as the etiopathogenetic rationale and clinical evidence for the management of SLE. This includes 1) lifestyle changes such as avoidance of ultraviolet light; 2) prevention of comorbidities including coronary artery disease, osteoporosis, infections, and drug toxicities; 3) use of immunomodulators (i.e. hydroxychloroquine and vitamin D); and 4) immunosuppressants and targeted therapy. We also review new upcoming agents and regimens currently under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fava
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Suite 7500, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michelle Petri
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Suite 7500, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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5
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Blaquiere N, Castanedo GM, Burch JD, Berezhkovskiy LM, Brightbill H, Brown S, Chan C, Chiang PC, Crawford JJ, Dong T, Fan P, Feng J, Ghilardi N, Godemann R, Gogol E, Grabbe A, Hole AJ, Hu B, Hymowitz SG, Alaoui Ismaili MH, Le H, Lee P, Lee W, Lin X, Liu N, McEwan PA, McKenzie B, Silvestre HL, Suto E, Sujatha-Bhaskar S, Wu G, Wu LC, Zhang Y, Zhong Z, Staben ST. Scaffold-Hopping Approach To Discover Potent, Selective, and Efficacious Inhibitors of NF-κB Inducing Kinase. J Med Chem 2018; 61:6801-6813. [PMID: 29940120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) is a protein kinase central to the noncanonical NF-κB pathway downstream from multiple TNF receptor family members, including BAFF, which has been associated with B cell survival and maturation, dendritic cell activation, secondary lymphoid organ development, and bone metabolism. We report herein the discovery of lead chemical series of NIK inhibitors that were identified through a scaffold-hopping strategy using structure-based design. Electronic and steric properties of lead compounds were modified to address glutathione conjugation and amide hydrolysis. These highly potent compounds exhibited selective inhibition of LTβR-dependent p52 translocation and transcription of NF-κB2 related genes. Compound 4f is shown to have a favorable pharmacokinetic profile across species and to inhibit BAFF-induced B cell survival in vitro and reduce splenic marginal zone B cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Blaquiere
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Georgette M Castanedo
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Jason D Burch
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | | | - Hans Brightbill
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Suzanne Brown
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Connie Chan
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Po-Chang Chiang
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - James J Crawford
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Teresa Dong
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Peter Fan
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Jianwen Feng
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Nico Ghilardi
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Robert Godemann
- Evotec AG , Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen , Hamburg 22419 , Germany
| | - Emily Gogol
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Alice Grabbe
- Evotec AG , Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen , Hamburg 22419 , Germany
| | - Alison J Hole
- Evotec AG , Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen , Hamburg 22419 , Germany
| | - Baihua Hu
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd. , 6 Taihe Road, BDA , Beijing 100176 , P. R. China
| | - Sarah G Hymowitz
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | | | - Hoa Le
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Patrick Lee
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Wyne Lee
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Xingyu Lin
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd. , 6 Taihe Road, BDA , Beijing 100176 , P. R. China
| | - Ning Liu
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Paul A McEwan
- Evotec AG , Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen , Hamburg 22419 , Germany
| | - Brent McKenzie
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | | | - Eric Suto
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | | | - Guosheng Wu
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd. , 6 Taihe Road, BDA , Beijing 100176 , P. R. China
| | - Lawren C Wu
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Yamin Zhang
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd. , 6 Taihe Road, BDA , Beijing 100176 , P. R. China
| | - Zoe Zhong
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Steven T Staben
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
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6
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Brightbill HD, Suto E, Blaquiere N, Ramamoorthi N, Sujatha-Bhaskar S, Gogol EB, Castanedo GM, Jackson BT, Kwon YC, Haller S, Lesch J, Bents K, Everett C, Kohli PB, Linge S, Christian L, Barrett K, Jaochico A, Berezhkovskiy LM, Fan PW, Modrusan Z, Veliz K, Townsend MJ, DeVoss J, Johnson AR, Godemann R, Lee WP, Austin CD, McKenzie BS, Hackney JA, Crawford JJ, Staben ST, Alaoui Ismaili MH, Wu LC, Ghilardi N. NF-κB inducing kinase is a therapeutic target for systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Commun 2018; 9:179. [PMID: 29330524 PMCID: PMC5766581 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02672-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) mediates non-canonical NF-κB signaling downstream of multiple TNF family members, including BAFF, TWEAK, CD40, and OX40, which are implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here, we show that experimental lupus in NZB/W F1 mice can be treated with a highly selective and potent NIK small molecule inhibitor. Both in vitro as well as in vivo, NIK inhibition recapitulates the pharmacological effects of BAFF blockade, which is clinically efficacious in SLE. Furthermore, NIK inhibition also affects T cell parameters in the spleen and proinflammatory gene expression in the kidney, which may be attributable to inhibition of OX40 and TWEAK signaling, respectively. As a consequence, NIK inhibition results in improved survival, reduced renal pathology, and lower proteinuria scores. Collectively, our data suggest that NIK inhibition is a potential therapeutic approach for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans D Brightbill
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Eric Suto
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Nicole Blaquiere
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Nandhini Ramamoorthi
- Department of Biomarker Discovery, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Swathi Sujatha-Bhaskar
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Emily B Gogol
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Georgette M Castanedo
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Benjamin T Jackson
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Youngsu C Kwon
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Susan Haller
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Justin Lesch
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Karin Bents
- Evotec, Inc., Essener Bogen 7, Hamburg, 22419, Germany
| | - Christine Everett
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Pawan Bir Kohli
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Sandra Linge
- Evotec, Inc., Essener Bogen 7, Hamburg, 22419, Germany
| | - Laura Christian
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Kathy Barrett
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Allan Jaochico
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Leonid M Berezhkovskiy
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Peter W Fan
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Kelli Veliz
- Department of Laboratory Animal Resources, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Michael J Townsend
- Department of Biomarker Discovery, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Jason DeVoss
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Adam R Johnson
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | | | - Wyne P Lee
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Cary D Austin
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Brent S McKenzie
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Jason A Hackney
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - James J Crawford
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Steven T Staben
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Moulay H Alaoui Ismaili
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Lawren C Wu
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Nico Ghilardi
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA.
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7
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Kinetic analysis of changes in T- and B-lymphocytes after anti-CD20 treatment in renal pathology. Immunobiology 2016; 222:620-630. [PMID: 27986304 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The main objective of this study is to describe qualitatively and quantitatively the different immune lymphocyte phenotypes of patients with renal disease after treatment with anti-CD20. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two cohorts of transplanted and autoimmune kidney patients were compared: (1) Those who began treatment with Rituximab, matched (for sex, age and general clinical parameters) with (2) Non-treated control kidney patients. Different analyses were performed: (A) B-lymphocyte subpopulations; (B) T-cell subpopulations; (C) serum levels of BAFF, APRIL, Rituximab and anti-Rituximab; (D) rs396991 polymorphism of CD16a and at different time points for each type of analysis: (i) at baseline, (ii) day 15, (iii) at three and (iv) six months post-antiCD20. RESULTS (A) A depletion of all B cell subsets analysed was observed preferentially decreasing the CD40+memory B-cells, switched memory cells and plasmablasts. (B) A significant decreased percentage of CD4+T-lymphocytes was observed. A significant decrease of the percentage of memory T-cells and an increase in naïve T-cells was also observed. (C) A significant increase for APRIL was observed, as well as a positive correlation between the APRIL levels, and the differential of B-cells. (D) The presence of CD16a Valine-variant induced greater changes in the variations of total T-cell and T-naïve subpopulations. CONCLUSION Our results highlight that the treatment of renal disease with Rituximab affects T-cells, particularly naïve/memory balance, while APRIL could be also a secondary marker of this treatment. The sequential analysis of phenotypic alterations of B- and T-cells could help patient management, although further studies to identify periods of remission or clinical relapse are warranted.
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8
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Abstract
The treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) has dramatically improved over the last two decades by the development of a series of targeted biological therapies. This paper focuses on new developments in the treatment of IMIDs. In particular, we discuss how different ways of targeting the same mediators can lead to different efficacy and safety profiles, using B cell targeting as example. In addition, we discuss the emerging field of 'small molecules' that target specifically intracellular processes related to cytokine signaling, cell activation, cell migration, and other processes relevant to tissue inflammation.
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9
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Sánchez-Ramón S, Valor L. [Therapy with intravenous gammaglobulins in systemic inflammatory autoimmune diseases: new indications?]. Med Clin (Barc) 2014; 143:130-3. [PMID: 24480286 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lara Valor
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España
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10
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Di Caro V, Phillips B, Engman C, Harnaha J, Trucco M, Giannoukakis N. Retinoic acid-producing, ex-vivo-generated human tolerogenic dendritic cells induce the proliferation of immunosuppressive B lymphocytes. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 174:302-17. [PMID: 23865694 PMCID: PMC3828834 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
While much is known about tolerogenic dendritic cell effects on forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)⁺ regulatory T cells, virtually nothing is known about their effects on another arm of immunoregulation that is mediated by a subpopulation of immunosuppressive B cells. These cells suppress rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and inflammatory bowel disease in mice, and functional defects have been reported in human lupus. We show that co-stimulation-impaired tolerogenic dendritic cells that prevent and reverse type 1 diabetes mellitus induce the proliferation of human immunosuppressive B cells in vitro. We also show that the suppressive properties of these B cells concentrate inside the CD19⁺ CD24⁺ B cell population and more specifically inside the CD19⁺ CD24⁺ CD38⁺ regulatory B cell population. We discovered that B cell conversion into suppressive cells in vitro is partially dependent on dendritic cell production of retinoic acid and also that CD19⁺ CD24⁺ CD38⁺ B regulatory cells express retinoic acid receptors. Taken together, our data suggest a model whereby part of the immunosuppressive properties of human tolerogenic dendritic cells could be mediated by retinoic acid which, in addition to its known role in favouring T cell differentiation to FoxP3⁺ regulatory T cells, acts to convert B cells into immunosuppressive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Di Caro
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunogenetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; RiMed Foundation, Palermo, Italy
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11
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Liu Z, Davidson A. Taming lupus-a new understanding of pathogenesis is leading to clinical advances. Nat Med 2012; 18:871-82. [PMID: 22674006 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by the loss of tolerance to nuclear self antigens, the production of pathogenic autoantibodies and damage to multiple organ systems. Over the years, patients with SLE have been managed largely with empiric immunosuppressive therapies, which are associated with substantial toxicities and do not always provide adequate control of the disease. The development of targeted therapies that specifically address disease pathogenesis or progression has lagged, largely because of the complex and heterogeneous nature of the disease, as well as difficulties in designing uniform outcome measures for clinical trials. Recent advances that could improve the treatment of SLE include the identification of genetic variations that influence the risk of developing the disease, an enhanced understanding of innate and adaptive immune activation and regulation of tolerance, dissection of immune cell activation and inflammatory pathways and elucidation of mechanisms and markers of tissue damage. These discoveries, together with improvements in clinical trial design, form a platform from which to launch the development of a new generation of lupus therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
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Wang QT, Ma YK, Huang B, Liu DD, Wei W. Effect of rhTACI-Ig fusion protein on antigen-specific T cell responses from keyhole limpet haemocyanin challenged mice. Mol Immunol 2011; 49:380-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Stohl W, Scholz JL, Cancro MP. Targeting BLyS in rheumatic disease: the sometimes-bumpy road from bench to bedside. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2011; 23:305-10. [PMID: 21330926 PMCID: PMC3154025 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e328344c15e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW BLyS family ligands and receptors are key players in the selection and survival of most mature B lymphocytes. The fundamental role of BLyS in transitional B cell selection, coupled with the relative BLyS-independence of memory B cells and plasma cells, suggests that BLyS may be a useful therapeutic target in strategies directed against preimmune B cell pools. Several agents that target BLyS are in clinical trials now, and we summarize recent results here, with a focus on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). RECENT FINDINGS Belimumab, a human neutralizing anti-BLyS monoclonal antibody, has delivered moderate but positive results in two separate phase III clinical trials for SLE, and was recently recommended for approval by an FDA advisory panel. Additional agents targeting BLyS or other members of this cytokine receptor family are also being tested in clinical trials. SUMMARY Together, these trials should yield novel therapies for a debilitating and often intractable illness and offer insights that in turn should foster subsequent generations of personalized, targeted therapies for rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Stohl
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Jean L. Scholz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 36th and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, 215-898-8067
| | - Michael P. Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 36th and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, 215-898-8067
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Leishman AJ, Sims GP, Sleeman M, Braddock M. Emerging small molecule and biological therapeutic approaches for the treatment of autoimmunity. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 20:23-39. [PMID: 21118058 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.540569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Biological therapeutics targeting TNF-α, IL-6, CD20 and CD80/86 is proving to be an important weapon in the clinicians' armory to fight autoimmunity alongside long-standing small molecule therapeutics such as methotrexate and glucocorticoids. However, there still remains a high unmet clinical need in the field of autoimmunity and many researchers are continuing to discover and develop new therapeutics to address this. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW A new wave of small molecule and biological therapeutics targeting different pathways is being developed which could generate exciting new options for clinicians. This review aims to highlight those emerging therapies that are most advanced in clinical development. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader will gain an appreciation of new approaches being developed to address the high unmet clinical need in the field of autoimmunity. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Despite recent success in the development of therapeutics to treat autoimmunity, new therapeutic strategies are being developed to address the remaining areas of a high unmet clinical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Leishman
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bioscience Department, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, UK.
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Scheinecker C, Bonelli M, Smolen JS. Pathogenetic aspects of systemic lupus erythematosus with an emphasis on regulatory T cells. J Autoimmun 2010; 35:269-75. [PMID: 20638240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2010.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of autoimmune diseases is characterized by the breakdown of mechanism(s) that are responsible for maintaining immunological tolerance against self-structures in the periphery. Several aberrations of immune cells have been described so far. Most recently quantitative and/or qualitative defects of T cells with the capacity to suppress or regulate the proliferation of effector T cells in vitro - subsequently termed regulatory T cells (Treg) - have been suggested to substantially contribute to the imbalance of peripheral tolerance and trigger the outbreak of autoimmune reactions. The aim of this article is to summarize current knowledge about pathomechanisms that are involved in the development of autoimmunity with a special emphasis on the role of Treg in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Scheinecker
- Division of Rheumatology, Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Watanabe R, Ishiura N, Nakashima H, Kuwano Y, Okochi H, Tamaki K, Sato S, Tedder TF, Fujimoto M. Regulatory B cells (B10 cells) have a suppressive role in murine lupus: CD19 and B10 cell deficiency exacerbates systemic autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:4801-9. [PMID: 20368271 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
B cells play critical roles in the pathogenesis of lupus. To examine the influence of B cells on disease pathogenesis in a murine lupus model, New Zealand Black and New Zealand White F(1) hybrid (NZB/W) mice were generated that were deficient for CD19 (CD19(-/-) NZB/W mice), a B cell-specific cell surface molecule that is essential for optimal B cell signal transduction. The emergence of anti-nuclear Abs was significantly delayed in CD19(-/-) NZB/W mice compared with wild type NZB/W mice. However, the pathologic manifestations of nephritis appeared significantly earlier, and survival was significantly reduced in CD19(-/-) NZB/W mice compared with wild type mice. These results demonstrate both disease-promoting and protective roles for B cells in lupus pathogenesis. Recent studies have identified a potent regulatory B cell subset (B10 cells) within the rare CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cell subset of the spleen that regulates acute inflammation and autoimmunity through the production of IL-10. In wild type NZB/W mice, the CD1d(hi)CD5(+)B220(+) B cell subset that includes B10 cells was increased by 2.5-fold during the disease course, whereas CD19(-/-) NZB/W mice lacked this CD1d(hi)CD5(+) regulatory B cell subset. However, the transfer of splenic CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells from wild type NZB/W mice into CD19(-/-) NZB/W recipients significantly prolonged their survival. Furthermore, regulatory T cells were significantly decreased in CD19(-/-) NZB/W mice, but the transfer of wild type CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells induced T regulatory cell expansion in CD19(-/-) NZB/W mice. These results demonstrate an important protective role for regulatory B10 cells in this systemic autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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