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Bacillus cereus Invasive Infections in Preterm Neonates: an Up-to-Date Review of the Literature. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0008821. [PMID: 35138121 PMCID: PMC8826972 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00088-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus group species are widespread, Gram-positive, spore-forming environmental bacteria. B. cereus sensu stricto is one of the major causes of food poisoning worldwide. In high-risk individuals, such as preterm neonates, B. cereus infections can cause fatal infections. It is important to note that the phenotypic identification methods commonly used in clinical microbiology laboratories make no distinction between B. cereus sensu stricto and the other members of the group (Bacillus anthracis excluded). As a result, all the invasive infections attributed to B. cereus are not necessarily due to B. cereus sensu stricto but likely to other closely related species of the B. cereus group. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) should be used to characterize the whole genome of the strains belonging to the B. cereus group. This could confirm whether the strains involved in previously reported B. cereus invasive infections preferentially belong to formerly known or emerging individual species. Moreover, infections related to B. cereus group species have probably been overlooked, since their isolation in human bacteriological samples has for a long time been regarded as an environmental contaminant of the cultures. Recent studies have questioned the emergence or reemergence of B. cereus invasive infections in preterm infants. This review reports our current understanding of B. cereus infections in neonates, including taxonomical updates, microbiological characteristics, bacterial identification, clinical features, host-pathogen interactions, environmental sources of contamination, and antimicrobial resistance.
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A Case of Persistent Bacillus cereus Bacteremia Responding to a Combination of Vancomycin and Gentamicin. Case Rep Infect Dis 2022; 2022:8725102. [PMID: 35313466 PMCID: PMC8934234 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8725102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A 56-year-old woman with a history of connective tissue disease developed fever, and Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) was detected in blood cultures. Therefore, treatment with vancomycin (VCM) was initiated. Since her blood cultures persistently detected B. cereus despite peripheral intravenous catheter replacement and VCM treatment, concomitant treatment with gentamicin (GM) was started. Blood cultures then became negative. Persistent B. cereus bacteremia responded to combination therapy with VCM and GM. This combination therapy may increase the risk of developing renal dysfunction, but the risk can be mitigated by appropriate therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and dose adjustments to achieve successful treatment.
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Incidence, toxin gene profiling, antimicrobial susceptibility, and genetic diversity of Bacillus cereus isolated from quick-frozen food in China. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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The Food Poisoning Toxins of Bacillus cereus. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020098. [PMID: 33525722 PMCID: PMC7911051 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a ubiquitous soil bacterium responsible for two types of food-associated gastrointestinal diseases. While the emetic type, a food intoxication, manifests in nausea and vomiting, food infections with enteropathogenic strains cause diarrhea and abdominal pain. Causative toxins are the cyclic dodecadepsipeptide cereulide, and the proteinaceous enterotoxins hemolysin BL (Hbl), nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe) and cytotoxin K (CytK), respectively. This review covers the current knowledge on distribution and genetic organization of the toxin genes, as well as mechanisms of enterotoxin gene regulation and toxin secretion. In this context, the exceptionally high variability of toxin production between single strains is highlighted. In addition, the mode of action of the pore-forming enterotoxins and their effect on target cells is described in detail. The main focus of this review are the two tripartite enterotoxin complexes Hbl and Nhe, but the latest findings on cereulide and CytK are also presented, as well as methods for toxin detection, and the contribution of further putative virulence factors to the diarrheal disease.
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Bacillus cereus Subacute Native Valve Infective Endocarditis and Its Multiple Complications. Case Rep Cardiol 2020; 2020:8826956. [PMID: 32655954 PMCID: PMC7330644 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8826956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus causing infective endocarditis (IE) in a native valve is an extremely rare event, but it is reported mostly in intravenous drug abusers and other risk factors as immunosuppression, malignancy, and valvular heart disease including prosthetic heart valves. We report a case of B.cereus native mitral valve infective endocarditis in a 58-year-old Sri Lankan male who is not a drug abuser who presented with painless hematuria with reduced urine output. During hospital stay, he developed frequent episodes of brief focal seizures. He had undergone multiple investigations that revealed splenic abscesses, cerebral vasculitis, and glomerular nephritis with positive rheumatoid factor, cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (C-ANCA), and cryoglobulin. The appropriate antibiotic was the prime therapeutic intervention which carried an excellent prognosis. This case highlights an unusual organism in the blood culture that caused IE warranting thorough physical examination and investigations.
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Zhao Y, Su L, Li K, Zhao B. Discovery of novel PC‐PLC activity inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 95:380-387. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- YanChun Zhao
- Jinan Hangchen Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Jinan China
| | - Le Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking School of Bioengineering Shandong Academy of Sciences Qilu University of Technology Jinan China
| | - Kunlun Li
- Jinan Hangchen Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Jinan China
| | - BaoXiang Zhao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University Jinan China
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Ikram S, Heikal A, Finke S, Hofgaard A, Rehman Y, Sabri AN, Økstad OA. Bacillus cereus biofilm formation on central venous catheters of hospitalised cardiac patients. BIOFOULING 2019; 35:204-216. [PMID: 30950292 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2019.1586889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Formation of bacterial biofilms is a risk with many in situ medical devices. Biofilm-forming Bacillus species are associated with potentially life-threatening catheter-related blood stream infections in immunocompromised patients. Here, bacteria were isolated from biofilm-like structures within the lumen of central venous catheters (CVCs) from two patients admitted to cardiac hospital wards. Isolates belonged to the Bacillus cereus group, exhibited strong biofilm formation propensity, and mapped phylogenetically close to the B. cereus emetic cluster. Together, whole genome sequencing and quantitative PCR confirmed that the isolates constituted the same strain and possessed a range of genes important for and up-regulated during biofilm formation. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing demonstrated resistance to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, clindamycin, penicillin and ampicillin. Inspection of the genome revealed several chromosomal β-lactamase genes and a sulphonamide resistant variant of folP. This study clearly shows that B. cereus persisting in hospital ward environments may constitute a risk factor from repeated contamination of CVCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samman Ikram
- a Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
- b Centre for Integrative Microbial Evolution and Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Adam Heikal
- b Centre for Integrative Microbial Evolution and Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Sarah Finke
- b Centre for Integrative Microbial Evolution and Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Antje Hofgaard
- c Department of Biosciences , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Yasir Rehman
- a Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Anjum Nasim Sabri
- a Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Ole Andreas Økstad
- b Centre for Integrative Microbial Evolution and Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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Drewett G, Abeyaratne A, Priyadarshana K, Majoni SW, Sundaram M. Recurrent peritonitis secondary to Bacillus cereus. Nephrology (Carlton) 2018; 23:703. [PMID: 30133970 DOI: 10.1111/nep.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George Drewett
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, Northwest Territories, Australia
| | - Asanga Abeyaratne
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, Northwest Territories, Australia
| | - Kelum Priyadarshana
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, Northwest Territories, Australia
| | - Sandawana W Majoni
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, Northwest Territories, Australia
| | - Madhivanan Sundaram
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, Northwest Territories, Australia
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Glasset B, Herbin S, Granier SA, Cavalié L, Lafeuille E, Guérin C, Ruimy R, Casagrande-Magne F, Levast M, Chautemps N, Decousser JW, Belotti L, Pelloux I, Robert J, Brisabois A, Ramarao N. Bacillus cereus, a serious cause of nosocomial infections: Epidemiologic and genetic survey. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194346. [PMID: 29791442 PMCID: PMC5966241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is the 2nd most frequent bacterial agent responsible for food-borne outbreaks in France and the 3rd in Europe. In addition, local and systemic infections have been reported, mainly describing individual cases or single hospital setting. The real incidence of such infection is unknown and information on genetic and phenotypic characteristics of the incriminated strains is generally scarce. We performed an extensive study of B. cereus strains isolated from patients and hospital environments from nine hospitals during a 5-year study, giving an overview of the consequences, sources and pathogenic patterns of B. cereus clinical infections. We demonstrated the occurrence of several hospital-cross-contaminations. Identical B. cereus strains were recovered from different patients and hospital environments for up to 2 years. We also clearly revealed the occurrence of inter hospital contaminations by the same strain. These cases represent the first documented events of nosocomial epidemy by B. cereus responsible for intra and inter hospitals contaminations. Indeed, contamination of different patients with the same strain of B. cereus was so far never shown. In addition, we propose a scheme for the characterization of B. cereus based on biochemical properties and genetic identification and highlight that main genetic signatures may carry a high pathogenic potential. Moreover, the characterization of antibiotic resistance shows an acquired resistance phenotype for rifampicin. This may provide indication to adjust the antibiotic treatment and care of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Glasset
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Université Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sabine Herbin
- Université Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sophie A. Granier
- Université Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Laurent Cavalié
- CHU Toulouse, Service de Bactériologie-Hygiène, IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Emilie Lafeuille
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, U1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Cyprien Guérin
- MaiAGE, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Raymond Ruimy
- CHU Nice, Laboratoire de bactériologie, Nice, France
| | | | - Marion Levast
- Hôpital de Chambéry, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, Chambéry, France
| | | | - Jean-Winoc Decousser
- Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud Antoine Béclère, Laboratoire Hygiène, Clamart, France
| | - Laure Belotti
- CHU Strasbourg, Laboratoire d’hygiène hospitalière, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Jerôme Robert
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, U1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Anne Brisabois
- Université Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nalini Ramarao
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail:
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Gopinathan A, Kumar A, Sen AC, Sudha S, Varma P, Gs S, Eapen M, Dinesh KR. A Case Series and Review of Bacillus Cereus Endocarditis from India. Open Microbiol J 2018; 12:28-33. [PMID: 29785213 PMCID: PMC5897960 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801812010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Bacillus cereus is a gram positive bacilli found commonly in the soil and environment. It is a bacteria rarely associated with endocarditis. Case History: Intravenous drug abuse, presence of valvular defects, pacemakers, immunodeficiency are some of the known risk factors for B.cereus endocarditis. We present here a case series of two patients with B.cereus endocarditis along with a review of the literature. Conclusion: This is the first report of B.cereus endocarditis from India to the best of our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Gopinathan
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita University, Clinical Assistant Professor, AIMS Ponekkara, Edappally, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita University, Clincial Professor, AIMS Ponekkara, Edappally, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Amitabh C Sen
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical care medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita University, Clinical Assistant Professor, AIMS Ponekkara, Edappally, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Srisruthy Sudha
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita University, Junior resident, AIMS Ponekkara, Edappally, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Praveen Varma
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita University, Clinical professor and Head, AIMS Ponekkara, Edappally, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Sunil Gs
- Department of Paediatric and Congenital heart surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita University, Clinical professor, AIMS Ponekkara, Edappally, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Malini Eapen
- Department of Pathology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita University,, Clinical Professor, AIMS Ponekkara, Edappally, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Kavitha R Dinesh
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita University, Clinical Professor, AIMS Ponekkara, Edappally, Kochi 682041, India
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