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Di Sacco F, de Jong L, Pelras T, Portale G. Confined crystallization and polymorphism in iPP thin films. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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2
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Huber M, Archodoulaki VM, Pomakhina E, Pukánszky B, Zinöcker E, Gahleitner M. Environmental degradation and formation of secondary microplastics from packaging material: A polypropylene film case study. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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3
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Paulik C, Tranninger C, Wang J, Shutov P, Mileva D, Gahleitner M. Catalyst Type Effects on Structure/Property Relations of Polypropylene Random Copolymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Paulik
- Institute for Chemical Technology of Organic Materials Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Str. 69 Linz 4040 Austria
| | - Cornelia Tranninger
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH Innovation Headquarters St. Peterstr. 25 Linz 40921 Austria
| | - Jingbo Wang
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH Innovation Headquarters St. Peterstr. 25 Linz 40921 Austria
| | - Pavel Shutov
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH Innovation Headquarters St. Peterstr. 25 Linz 40921 Austria
| | - Daniela Mileva
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH Innovation Headquarters St. Peterstr. 25 Linz 40921 Austria
| | - Markus Gahleitner
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH Innovation Headquarters St. Peterstr. 25 Linz 40921 Austria
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Mileva D, Wang J, Androsch R, Jariyavidyanont K, Gahleitner M, Bernreitner K. Crystallization of Random Metallocene-Catalyzed Propylene-Based Copolymers with Ethylene and 1-Hexene on Rapid Cooling. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2091. [PMID: 34202038 PMCID: PMC8272238 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Propylene-based random copolymers with either ethylene or 1-hexene as comonomer, produced using a metallocene catalyst, were studied regarding their crystallization behaviors, with a focus on rapid cooling. To get an impression of processing effects, fast scanning chip calorimetry (FSC) was used in addition to the characterization of the mechanical performance. When comparing the comonomer type and the relation to commercial grades based on Ziegler-Natta-type catalysts, both an interaction with the catalyst-related regio-defects and a significant difference between ethylene and 1-hexene was observed. A soluble-type nucleating agent was found to modify the behavior, but to an increasingly lesser degree at high cooling rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mileva
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, Sankt Peterstrasse 25, 4021 Linz, Austria; (J.W.); (M.G.); (K.B.)
| | - Jingbo Wang
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, Sankt Peterstrasse 25, 4021 Linz, Austria; (J.W.); (M.G.); (K.B.)
| | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-Oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany; (R.A.); (K.J.)
| | - Katalee Jariyavidyanont
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-Oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany; (R.A.); (K.J.)
| | - Markus Gahleitner
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, Sankt Peterstrasse 25, 4021 Linz, Austria; (J.W.); (M.G.); (K.B.)
| | - Klaus Bernreitner
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, Sankt Peterstrasse 25, 4021 Linz, Austria; (J.W.); (M.G.); (K.B.)
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Di Sacco F, Gahleitner M, Wang J, Portale G. Systematic Investigation on the Structure-Property Relationship in Isotactic Polypropylene Films Processed via Cast Film Extrusion. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12081636. [PMID: 32717873 PMCID: PMC7464016 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of cast film extrusion processing conditions, such as the chill-roll temperature, temperature of the melt, and line speed, on the structure of different isotactic polypropylene homo- and random copolymers has been investigated by means of Small- and Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS and WAXS) and correlated to stiffness and haze. Stiffness and transparency have been found to be strongly dependent on the temperature of the chill-roll. Interestingly, line speed has been found to affect the total crystallinity when the chill-roll temperature is increased, while an overall minor effect of the melt temperature was found for all cast films. The polymer characteristics, defined by the catalyst nature and comonomer content, affect the final material performance, with the single-site catalyzed grades performing better in both mechanics and optics. Haze levels were found to correlate with the mesophase content rather than to α-crystallinity and to be dependent on the domain size for all grades. The remarkably low haze levels reached by the single-site grade with higher isotacticity can arise from high nucleation rate and orientational effects, which ultimately yield smaller and smoother scattering domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Di Sacco
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands;
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jingbo Wang
- Borealis AG, St. Peterstr. 25, A-4021 Linz, Austria; (M.G.); (J.W.)
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands;
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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Gaska K, Manika GC, Gkourmpis T, Tranchida D, Gitsas A, Kádár R. Mechanical Behavior of Melt-Mixed 3D Hierarchical Graphene/Polypropylene Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1309. [PMID: 32521812 PMCID: PMC7361869 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of novel low percolation melt-mixed 3D hierarchical graphene/polypropylene nanocomposites are analyzed in this study. The analysis spans a broad range of techniques and time scales, from impact to tensile, dynamic mechanical behavior, and creep. The applicability of the time-temperature superposition principle and its limitations in the construction of the master curve for the isotactic polypropylene (iPP)-based graphene nanocomposites has been verified and presented. The Williams-Landel-Ferry method has been used to evaluate the dynamics and also Cole-Cole curves were presented to verify the thermorheological character of the nanocomposites. Short term (quasi-static) tensile tests, creep, and impact strength measurements were used to evaluate the load transfer efficiency. A significant increase of Young's modulus with increasing filler content indicates reasonably good dispersion and adhesion between the iPP and the filler. The Young's modulus results were compared with predicted modulus values using Halpin-Tsai model. An increase in brittleness resulting in lower impact strength values has also been recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Gaska
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Division of Engineering Materials, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; (G.C.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Georgia C. Manika
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Division of Engineering Materials, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; (G.C.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Thomas Gkourmpis
- Innovation & Technology, Borealis AB, SE-444 86 Stenungsund, Sweden;
| | - Davide Tranchida
- Innovation & Technology, Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, St.-Peter-Straße 25, 4021 Linz, Austria; (D.T.); (A.G.)
| | - Antonis Gitsas
- Innovation & Technology, Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, St.-Peter-Straße 25, 4021 Linz, Austria; (D.T.); (A.G.)
| | - Roland Kádár
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Division of Engineering Materials, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; (G.C.M.); (R.K.)
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Melt-Mixed 3D Hierarchical Graphene/Polypropylene Nanocomposites with Low Electrical Percolation Threshold. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9121766. [PMID: 31835842 PMCID: PMC6956219 DOI: 10.3390/nano9121766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Graphene-based materials are a family of carbonaceous structures that can be produced using a variety of processes either from graphite or other precursors. These materials are typically a few layered sheets of graphene in the form of platelets and maintain some of the properties of pristine graphene (such as two-dimensional platelet shape, aspect ratio, and graphitic bonding). In this work we present melt mixed graphene-based polypropylene systems with significantly reduced percolation threshold. Traditionally melt-mixed systems suffer from poor dispersion that leads to high electrical percolation values. In contrast in our work, graphene was added into an isotactic polypropylene matrix, achieving an electrical percolation threshold of ~1 wt.%. This indicates that the filler dispersion process has been highly efficient, something that leads to the suppression of the β phase that have a strong influence on the crystallization behavior and subsequent thermal and mechanical performance. The electrical percolation values obtained are comparable with reported solution mixed systems, despite the use of simple melt mixing protocols and the lack of any pre or post-treatment of the final compositions. The latter is of particular importance as the preparation method used in this work is industrially relevant and is readily scalable.
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Wang B, Menyhard A, Alfonso GC, Müller AJ, Cavallo D. Differential scanning calorimetry study of cross-nucleation between polymorphs in isotactic poly(1-butene). POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; University of Genova; Genova Italy
| | - Alfred Menyhard
- Laboratory of Plastics and Rubber Technology, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science; Budapest University of Technology and Economics; Budapest Hungary
| | - Giovanni C Alfonso
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; University of Genova; Genova Italy
| | - Alejandro J Müller
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; San Sebastián Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science; Bilbao Spain
| | - Dario Cavallo
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; University of Genova; Genova Italy
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Mileva D, Tranchida D, Gahleitner M. Designing polymer crystallinity: An industrial perspective. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mileva
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH Innovation Headquarters, 4021 Linz Austria
| | - Davide Tranchida
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH Innovation Headquarters, 4021 Linz Austria
| | - Markus Gahleitner
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH Innovation Headquarters, 4021 Linz Austria
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Schawe JEK, Budde F, Alig I. Non-isothermal crystallization of polypropylene with sorbitol-type nucleating agents at cooling rates used in processing. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Felix Budde
- Division Plastics; Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF; Darmstadt Germany
| | - Ingo Alig
- Division Plastics; Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF; Darmstadt Germany
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Schick C, Androsch R, Schmelzer JWP. Homogeneous crystal nucleation in polymers. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:453002. [PMID: 28708065 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa7fe0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathway of crystal nucleation significantly influences the structure and properties of semi-crystalline polymers. Crystal nucleation is normally heterogeneous at low supercooling, and homogeneous at high supercooling, of the polymer melt. Homogeneous nucleation in bulk polymers has been, so far, hardly accessible experimentally, and was even doubted to occur at all. This topical review summarizes experimental findings on homogeneous crystal nucleation in polymers. Recently developed fast scanning calorimetry, with cooling and heating rates up to 106 K s-1, allows for detailed investigations of nucleation near and even below the glass transition temperature, including analysis of nuclei stability. As for other materials, the maximum homogeneous nucleation rate for polymers is located close to the glass transition temperature. In the experiments discussed here, it is shown that polymer nucleation is homogeneous at such temperatures. Homogeneous nucleation in polymers is discussed in the framework of the classical nucleation theory. The majority of our observations are consistent with the theory. The discrepancies may guide further research, particularly experiments to progress theoretical development. Progress in the understanding of homogeneous nucleation is much needed, since most of the modelling approaches dealing with polymer crystallization exclusively consider homogeneous nucleation. This is also the basis for advancing theoretical approaches to the much more complex phenomena governing heterogeneous nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schick
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18051 Rostock, Germany. Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, Competence Centre CALOR, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 25, 18051 Rostock, Germany. Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia
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