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Dasaesamoh A, Khotmungkhun K, Subannajui K. Natural Rigid and Hard Plastic Fabricated from Elastomeric Degradation of Natural Rubber Composite with Ultra-High Magnesium Carbonate Content. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3078. [PMID: 37514467 PMCID: PMC10384260 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that natural rubber is an elastomeric polymer; hence, the main uses are usually limited to soft applications. For the process to reverse the elastomeric effect of natural rubber to obtain rigid plastic from a natural material, an ultra-high amount of magnesium carbonate particles was added to the natural rubber to study the effect of magnesium carbonate in the reduction of elastomeric properties. High magnesium carbonate ratios of 80-180 phr were mixed in the natural rubber in the latex form to maximize the mixing capability since it was more difficult to achieve these mixture ratios with only two roll mill or extruder processes. The more magnesium carbonate powders in the composite, the higher torques were measured from the moving die rheometer (MDR) test. The powder was thoroughly mixed inside the composite, which was observed from energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) mapping; however, the matrix of composites was filled with porosity due to the CO2 formation when latex with magnesium carbonate was assimilated with acid during the vulcanization process. The strength of the composite dropped, and the elongations were shortened. On the other hand, the hardness of composites was drastically increased. The composite lost the elastomeric property, and the hard natural rubber composites were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abedeen Dasaesamoh
- Material Science and Engineering Program, School of Materials Science and Innovation, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kittikhun Khotmungkhun
- Material Science and Engineering Program, School of Materials Science and Innovation, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kittitat Subannajui
- Material Science and Engineering Program, School of Materials Science and Innovation, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Vaikuntam SR, Stöckelhuber KW, Subramani Bhagavatheswaran E, Wießner S, Scheler U, Saalwächter K, Formanek P, Heinrich G, Das A. Entrapped Styrene Butadiene Polymer Chains by Sol-Gel-Derived Silica Nanoparticles with Hierarchical Raspberry Structures. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:2010-2022. [PMID: 29350918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b11792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A sol-gel transformation of liquid silica precursor to solid silica particles was carried out in a one-pot synthesis way, where a solution of styrene butadiene elastomer was present. The composites, thus produced, offered remarkable improvements of mechanical and dynamic mechanical performances compared to precipitated silica. The morphological analysis reveals that the alkoxy-based silica particles resemble a raspberry structure when the synthesis of the silica was carried out in the presence of polymer molecules and represent a much more open silica-network structure. However, in the absence of the polymer, the morphology of the silica particles is found to be different. It is envisaged that the special morphology of the in situ synthesized silica particles contributes to the superior reinforcement effects, which are associated with a strong silica-rubber interaction by rubber chains trapped inside the raspberry-like silica aggregates. Therefore, the interfaces are characterized in detail by low-field solid-state 1H NMR spectroscopy, 29Si solid-state NMR spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Low-field 1H NMR-based double-quantum experiments provide a quantitative information about the cross-link density of the silica-filled rubber composites and about the influence of silane coupling agent on the chemical cross-link density of the network and correlates well with equilibrium swelling measurements. The special microstructure of the alkoxy-based silica was found to be associated with the interaction between alkoxy-based silica and rubber chains as a consequence of particle growth in the presence of rubber chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Raman Vaikuntam
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung , Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.,Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaft, Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Eshwaran Subramani Bhagavatheswaran
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung , Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.,Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaft, Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sven Wießner
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung , Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.,Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaft, Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich Scheler
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung , Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kay Saalwächter
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg , 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Petr Formanek
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung , Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gert Heinrich
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung , Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.,Institut für Textilmaschinen und Textile Hochleistungswerkstofftechnik, Technische Universität Dresden , D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Amit Das
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung , Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.,Tampere University of Technology , Korkeakoulunkatu 16, 33101 Tampere, Finland
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