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Schönfeld D, Koss S, Vohl N, Friess F, Drescher D, Pretsch T. Dual Stimuli-Responsive Orthodontic Aligners: An In Vitro Study. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3094. [PMID: 37109929 PMCID: PMC10145520 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Aligner therapy for orthodontic tooth movement is gaining importance in orthodontics. The aim of this contribution is to introduce a thermo- and water-responsive shape memory polymer (SMP), which could lay the foundation for a new type of aligner therapy. The thermal, thermo-mechanical, and shape memory properties of thermoplastic polyurethane were studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and various practical experiments. The glass transition temperature of the SMP relevant for later switching was determined to be 50 °C in the DSC, while the tan δ peak was detected at 60 °C in the DMA. A biological evaluation was carried out using mouse fibroblast cells, which showed that the SMP is not cytotoxic in vitro. On a digitally designed and additively manufactured dental model, four aligners were fabricated from an injection-molded foil using a thermoforming process. The aligners were then heated and placed on a second denture model which had a malocclusion. After cooling, the aligners were in a programmed shape. The movement of a loose, artificial tooth and thus the correction of the malocclusion could be realized by thermal triggering the shape memory effect, at which the aligner corrected a displacement with an arc length of approximately 3.5 mm. The developed maximum force was separately determined to be about 1 N. Moreover, shape recovery of another aligner was realized within 20 h in 37 °C water. In perspective, the present approach can help to reduce the number of orthodontic aligners in therapy and thus avoid excessive material waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Schönfeld
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Samantha Koss
- Department of Orthodontics, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nils Vohl
- Department of Orthodontics, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fabian Friess
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dieter Drescher
- Department of Orthodontics, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thorsten Pretsch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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2
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Naveen BS, Jose NT, Krishnan P, Mohapatra S, Pendharkar V, Koh NYH, Lim WY, Huang WM. Evolution of Shore Hardness under Uniaxial Tension/Compression in Body-Temperature Programmable Elastic Shape Memory Hybrids. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4872. [PMID: 36432998 PMCID: PMC9697891 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Body-temperature programmable elastic shape memory hybrids (SMHs) have great potential for the comfortable fitting of wearable devices. Traditionally, shore hardness is commonly used in the characterization of elastic materials. In this paper, the evolution of shore hardness in body-temperature programmable elastic SMHs upon cyclic loading, and during the shape memory cycle, is systematically investigated. Upon cyclic loading, similar to the Mullins effect, significant softening appears, when the applied strain is over a certain value. On the other hand, after programming, in general, the measured hardness increases with increase in programming strain. However, for certain surfaces, the hardness decreases slightly and then increases rapidly. The underlying mechanism for this phenomenon is explained by the formation of micro-gaps between the inclusion and the matrix after programming. After heating, to melt the inclusions, all samples (both cyclically loaded and programmed) largely recover their original hardness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasundaram Selvan Naveen
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Nivya Theresa Jose
- Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Pranav Krishnan
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Subham Mohapatra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, India
| | - Vivek Pendharkar
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Nicholas Yuan Han Koh
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Woon Yong Lim
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Wei Min Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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3
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Basak S, Bandyopadhyay A. Styrene‐butadiene‐styrene
‐based shape memory polymers: Evolution and the current state of art. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Basak
- Department of Polymer Science & Technology University of Calcutta Kolkata West Bengal India
| | - Abhijit Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Polymer Science & Technology University of Calcutta Kolkata West Bengal India
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4
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Shape Memory Materials from Rubbers. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14237216. [PMID: 34885377 PMCID: PMC8658094 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Smart materials are much discussed in the current research scenario. The shape memory effect is one of the most fascinating occurrences in smart materials, both in terms of the phenomenon and its applications. Many metal alloys and polymers exhibit the shape memory effect (SME). Shape memory properties of elastomers, such as rubbers, polyurethanes, and other elastomers, are discussed in depth in this paper. The theory, factors impacting, and key uses of SME elastomers are all covered in this article. SME has been observed in a variety of elastomers and composites. Shape fixity and recovery rate are normally analysed through thermomechanical cycle studies to understand the effectiveness of SMEs. Polymer properties such as chain length, and the inclusion of fillers, such as clays, nanoparticles, and second phase polymers, will have a direct influence on the shape memory effect. The article discusses these aspects in a simple and concise manner.
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5
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Naveen BS, Naseem ABM, Ng CJL, Chan JW, Lee RZX, Teo LET, Wang T, Nripan M, Huang WM. Body-Temperature Programmable Soft-Shape Memory Hybrid Sponges for Comfort Fitting. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3501. [PMID: 34685259 PMCID: PMC8537981 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porous shape memory hybrids are fabricated with different matrix (silicone) hardness and different inclusion (polycaprolactone, PCL) ratios. They are characterized to obtain their mechanical response to cyclic loads (with/without pre-straining/programming) and their shape memory performances after body-temperature programming are investigated. These materials are lightweight due to their porous structures. Wetted hydrogels used in the fabrication process for creating pores are reusable and hence this process is eco-friendly. These porous shape memory hybrids exhibit the good shape memory effect of around 90% with higher inclusion (PCL) ratios, which is better than the solid versions reported in the literature. Hence, it is concluded that these materials have great potential to be used in, for instance, insoles and soles for comfort fitting, as demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasundaram Selvan Naveen
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (B.S.N.); (A.B.M.N.); (C.J.L.N.); (J.W.C.); (R.Z.X.L.); (L.E.T.T.)
| | - Azharuddin Bin Mohamed Naseem
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (B.S.N.); (A.B.M.N.); (C.J.L.N.); (J.W.C.); (R.Z.X.L.); (L.E.T.T.)
| | - Catherine Jia Lin Ng
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (B.S.N.); (A.B.M.N.); (C.J.L.N.); (J.W.C.); (R.Z.X.L.); (L.E.T.T.)
| | - Jun Wei Chan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (B.S.N.); (A.B.M.N.); (C.J.L.N.); (J.W.C.); (R.Z.X.L.); (L.E.T.T.)
| | - Rayner Zheng Xian Lee
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (B.S.N.); (A.B.M.N.); (C.J.L.N.); (J.W.C.); (R.Z.X.L.); (L.E.T.T.)
| | - Leonard Ee Tong Teo
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (B.S.N.); (A.B.M.N.); (C.J.L.N.); (J.W.C.); (R.Z.X.L.); (L.E.T.T.)
| | - Taoxi Wang
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao Street, Nanjing 210016, China;
| | - Mathews Nripan
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore;
| | - Wei Min Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (B.S.N.); (A.B.M.N.); (C.J.L.N.); (J.W.C.); (R.Z.X.L.); (L.E.T.T.)
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6
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Basak S, Bandyopadhyay A. Solvent Responsive Shape Memory Polymers‐ Evolution, Current Status, and Future Outlook. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Basak
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology University of Calcutta 92, A.P.C Road Kolkata West Bengal 700 009 India
| | - Abhijit Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology University of Calcutta 92, A.P.C Road Kolkata West Bengal 700 009 India
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7
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Stimulus-Responsive Shrinkage in Electrospun Membranes: Fundamentals and Control. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12080920. [PMID: 34442542 PMCID: PMC8401720 DOI: 10.3390/mi12080920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Shrinkage is observed in many electrospun membranes. The stretched conformation of the macromolecular chains has been proposed as the possible cause. However, so far, our understanding of the fundamentals is still qualitative and cannot provide much help in the shrinkage control. In this paper, based on the crimped fibers after stimulus-induced shrinkage, a clear evidence of buckling, the gradient pre-strain field in the cross-section of the electrospun fibers, which is the result of a gradient solidification field and a tensile force in the fibers during electrospinning, is identified as the underlying mechanism for the stimulus-induced shrinkage. Subsequently, two buckling conditions are derived. Subsequently, a series of experiments are carried out to reveal the influence of four typical processing parameters (namely, the applied voltage, solution concentration, distance between electrodes, and rotation speed of collector), which are highly relevant to the formation of the gradient pre-strain field. It is concluded that there are some different ways to achieve the required shrinkage ratios in two in-plane directions (i.e., the rotational and transverse directions of the roller collector). Some of the combinations of these parameters are more effective at achieving high uniformity than others. Hence, it is possible to optimize the processing parameters to produce high-quality membranes with well-controlled shrinkage in both in-plane directions.
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8
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Shape Memory Biomaterials and Their Clinical Applications. Biomed Mater 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49206-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Haskew MJ, Hardy JG. A Mini-Review of Shape-Memory Polymer-Based Materials : Stimuli-responsive shape-memory polymers. JOHNSON MATTHEY TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1595/205651319x15754757916993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Shape-memory polymers (SMPs) enable the production of stimuli-responsive polymer-based materials with the ability to undergo a large recoverable deformation upon the application of an external stimulus. Academic and industrial research interest in the shape-memory effects (SMEs) of
these SMP-based materials is growing for task-specific applications. This mini-review covers interesting aspects of SMP-based materials, their properties, how they may be investigated and highlights examples of the potential applications of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew J. Haskew
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Institute, Faraday Building, Lancaster University Lancaster, LA1 4YB UK
| | - John G. Hardy
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Institute, Faraday Building, Lancaster University Lancaster, LA1 4YB UK
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10
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Zou S, Lv R, Tong Z, Na B, Fu K, Liu H. In situ hydrogen-bonding complex mediated shape memory behavior of PAA/PEO blends. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Sabzi M, Ranjbar‐Mohammadi M, Zhang Q, Kargozar S, Leng J, Akhtari T, Abbasi R. Designing triple‐shape memory polymers from a miscible polymer pair through dual‐electrospinning technique. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sabzi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of Maragheh Maragheh 55181‐83111 Iran
| | | | - Qiwei Zhang
- Center for Composite Materials and StructuresHarbin Institute of Technology (HIT) Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
| | - Saeid Kargozar
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of MedicineMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad 917794‐8564 Iran
| | - Jinsong Leng
- Center for Composite Materials and StructuresHarbin Institute of Technology (HIT) Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
| | - Tahereh Akhtari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of Maragheh Maragheh 55181‐83111 Iran
| | - Robabeh Abbasi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of Maragheh Maragheh 55181‐83111 Iran
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12
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Dorigato A, Pegoretti A. Shape memory epoxy nanocomposites with carbonaceous fillers and in‐situ generated silver nanoparticles. POLYM ENG SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dorigato
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research UnitUniversity of Trento Trento Italy
| | - Alessandro Pegoretti
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research UnitUniversity of Trento Trento Italy
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13
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Ghobadi E, Elsayed M, Krause-Rehberg R, Steeb H. Demonstrating the Influence of Physical Aging on the Functional Properties of Shape-Memory Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10020107. [PMID: 30966144 PMCID: PMC6415025 DOI: 10.3390/polym10020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers that allow the adjustment of Shape-Memory properties by the variation of physical parameters during programming are advantageous compared with their counterparts requiring synthesis of new material. Here, we explored the influence of hydrolytic (physical) aging on the Shape-Memory properties of the polyetherurethane system Estane, programmed in repeated thermomechanical cycles under torsional load. We were able to demonstrate that physical aging occurred through water adsorption influencing the existing free volume of the samples as well as the functional properties of Estane. Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis determined the glass transition temperatures of dry and hydrolytically aged samples. According to our results, Estane takes up to 3 wt % water for two weeks (at an ambient temperature of θ = 20 °C). The glass transition temperatures of dry samples decreased within this period from 55 to 48 °C as a consequence of a plasticization effect. Next, for both samples, six subsequent thermomechanical cycles under torsional loading conditions were performed. We were able to confirm that hydrolytically aged samples showed higher shape recovery ratios of Rr ≥ 97%, although dry samples revealed better shape fixity values of about 98%. Moreover, it was observed that the shape fixity ratio of both dry and hydrolytically (physically) aged samples remained almost unchanged even after six successive cycles. Besides this, the shape recovery ratio values of the aged samples were nearly unaltered, although the shape recovery values of the dry samples increased from Rr = 81% in the first cycle to 96% at the end of six repeated cycles. Further, the evolution of the free volume as a function of temperature was studied using Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy. It was shown that the uptake of two other organic solvents (acetone and ethanol) resulted in much higher specific free volume inside the samples and, consequently, a softening effect was observed. We anticipate that the presented approach will assist in defining design criteria for self-sufficiently moving scaffolds within a knowledge-based development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Ghobadi
- Institute of Mechanics (CE), University of Stuttgart, 70565 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Mohamed Elsayed
- Faculty of Natural Sciences II-Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics, Martin-Luther-University Halle, 06120 Halle, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Minia University, 61519 Minia, Egypt.
| | - Reinhard Krause-Rehberg
- Faculty of Natural Sciences II-Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics, Martin-Luther-University Halle, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Holger Steeb
- Institute of Mechanics (CE), University of Stuttgart, 70565 Stuttgart, Germany.
- SimTech, University of Stuttgart, 70565 Stuttgart, Germany.
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14
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Wang TX, Renata C, Chen HM, Huang WM. Elastic Shape Memory Hybrids Programmable at Around Body-Temperature for Comfort Fitting. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9120674. [PMID: 30965970 PMCID: PMC6418555 DOI: 10.3390/polym9120674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of silicone based elastic shape memory hybrids are fabricated. Their shape memory performance, mechanical behaviors at room temperature with/without programming and during fitting at 37 °C are investigated. It is found that these materials have good shape memory effect and are always highly elastic. At 37 °C, there are 10 min or more for fitting. Thus, it is concluded that this type of material has great potential as an elastic shape memory material for comfort fitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xi Wang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Chris Renata
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Hong Mei Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China.
| | - Wei Min Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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15
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Boumezgane O, Messori M. Poly(ethylene glycol)-based shape-memory polymers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2017.1324589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Boumezgane
- Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Massimo Messori
- Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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16
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Fang Z, Kuang Y, Zhou P, Ming S, Zhu P, Liu Y, Ning H, Chen G. Programmable Shape Recovery Process of Water-Responsive Shape-Memory Poly(vinyl alcohol) by Wettability Contrast Strategy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:5495-5502. [PMID: 28106368 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b14868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Water-responsive shape-memory polymers (SMPs) are desirable for biomedical applications, but their limited shape recovery process is problematic. Herein, we demonstrate a shape-memory poly(vinyl alcohol) (SM-PVA) with programmable multistep shape recovery processes in water via a wettability contrast strategy. A hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS)-treated SiO2 nanoparticle layer with varying loading weights was rationally deposited onto the surface of SM-PVA, aiming to create surface-wettability contrast. The varying wettability led to different water adsorption behaviors of SM-PVA that could be well-described by the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The results calculated from the kinetic model showed that both the pseudo-first order-adsorption rate constant and the saturated water absorption of SM-PVA demonstrated a declining trend as the loading weight of SiO2 increased, which laid the foundation for the local regulation of the water-responsive rate of SM-PVA. Finally, two proof-of-concept drug-delivery devices with diverse three-dimensional structures and actuations are presented based on the water-responsive SM-PVA with preprogrammed multistep shape recovery processes. We believe the programmable shape-memory behavior of water-responsive SM-PVA could highly extend its use in drug delivery, tissue engineering scaffolds, and smart implantable devices, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yudi Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Panpan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Siyi Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Penghui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Honglong Ning
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
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17
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Wu XL, Huang WM, Lu HB, Wang CC, Cui HP. Characterization of polymeric shape memory materials. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2015-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
After a short discussion of various shape memory related phenomena and the basic working mechanisms behind the shape memory effect (SME) in polymeric shape memory materials (SMMs), standard techniques and procedures to characterize these types of materials are reviewed in details (including the concerns in the selection of testing methods and parameters). Although the focus of this paper is on the heating-responsive SME, important issues in the chemo-responsive SME are addressed. Furthermore, some other shape memory related phenomena, such as various kinds of temperature memory effect (TME), and multiple-SME etc., and optimization of the shape memory performance of a shape memory polymer (SMP) via tailoring the programming parameters are included.
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18
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Abstract
A twin-netpoint-switch structure model for animal hair has been proposed for interpreting different shape memory abilities when exposure on different external stimuli, where a twin-netpoint/single-switch structure is for the stimulus of water, heat and UV-light, and a single-netpoint/twin-switch structure is for the stimulus of redox agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Xiao
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing
- the Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles
- Ministry of Education
| | - Jinlian Hu
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing
- the Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- China
| | - Xiaoting Gui
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing
- the Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- China
| | - Jing Lu
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing
- the Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- China
| | - Hongsheng Luo
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- PR China
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19
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Boba K, Bianchi M, McCombe G, Gatt R, Griffin AC, Richardson RM, Scarpa F, Hamerton I, Grima JN. Blocked Shape Memory Effect in Negative Poisson's Ratio Polymer Metamaterials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:20319-20328. [PMID: 27377708 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a new class of negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) open cell PU-PE foams produced by blocking the shape memory effect in the polymer. Contrary to classical NPR open cell thermoset and thermoplastic foams that return to their auxetic phase after reheating (and therefore limit their use in technological applications), this new class of cellular solids has a permanent negative Poisson's ratio behavior, generated through multiple shape memory (mSM) treatments that lead to a fixity of the topology of the cell foam. The mSM-NPR foams have Poisson's ratio values similar to the auxetic foams prior their return to the conventional phase, but compressive stress-strain curves similar to the ones of conventional foams. The results show that by manipulating the shape memory effect in polymer microstructures it is possible to obtain new classes of materials with unusual deformation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Boba
- Advanced Composites Centre for Innovation and Science (ACCIS), University of Bristol , BS8 1TR Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Bianchi
- Advanced Composites Centre for Innovation and Science (ACCIS), University of Bristol , BS8 1TR Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Greg McCombe
- Advanced Composites Centre for Innovation and Science (ACCIS), University of Bristol , BS8 1TR Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ruben Gatt
- Metamaterials Unit, University of Malta , Msida MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Anselm C Griffin
- Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 801 Ferst Drive North West, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-029, United States
| | - Robert M Richardson
- H H Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol , Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrizio Scarpa
- Advanced Composites Centre for Innovation and Science (ACCIS), University of Bristol , BS8 1TR Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Hamerton
- Advanced Composites Centre for Innovation and Science (ACCIS), University of Bristol , BS8 1TR Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph N Grima
- Metamaterials Unit, University of Malta , Msida MSD 2080, Malta
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20
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Ramdas MR, Kumar KSS, Nair CPR. Heat and solvent responsive polytriazole: shape recovery properties in different solvents. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11776g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Shape memory polytriazole actuatable by both heat and solvents is presented. Hydrogen bonding solvents exhibit strong influence on shape recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ragin Ramdas
- Polymers and Special Chemicals Division
- Propellants and Special Chemicals Group
- Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
- Thiruvananthapuram-695022
- India
| | - K. S. Santhosh Kumar
- Polymers and Special Chemicals Division
- Propellants and Special Chemicals Group
- Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
- Thiruvananthapuram-695022
- India
| | - C. P. Reghunadhan Nair
- Polymers and Special Chemicals Division
- Propellants and Special Chemicals Group
- Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
- Thiruvananthapuram-695022
- India
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21
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Cavicchi KA. Shape Memory Polymers from Blends of Elastomers and Small Molecule Additives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201500064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A. Cavicchi
- Department of Polymer Engineering; The University of Akron; 250 S. Forge St. Akron OH 44325-0301
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22
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Yang Z, Wang Q, Bai Y, Wang T. AO-resistant shape memory polyimide/silica composites with excellent thermal stability and mechanical properties. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12293g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Shape memory polyimide/silica composite films show AO-resistant performance, good thermal stability and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Qihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yongkang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Tingmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
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23
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Zhou Y, Huang WM. Shape Memory Effect in Polymeric Materials: Mechanisms and Optimization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.piutam.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Cui Y, Tan M, Zhu A, Guo M. Non-covalent interaction cooperatively induced stretchy, tough and stimuli-responsive polyurethane–urea supramolecular (PUUS) hydrogels. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:2834-2841. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00095e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic effect cooperatively induced stretchy, tough and stimuli-responsive polyurethane–urea supramolecular hydrogels were easily prepared and studied in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Cui
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Mei Tan
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Aidi Zhu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Mingyu Guo
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
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25
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Advanced Shape Memory Technology to Reshape Product Design, Manufacturing and Recycling. Polymers (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/polym6082287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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26
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Chitosan Membranes Exhibiting Shape Memory Capability by the Action of Controlled Hydration. Polymers (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/polym6041178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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27
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Correia CO, Mano JF. Chitosan scaffolds with a shape memory effect induced by hydration. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:3315-3323. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00226a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan-based porous scaffolds exhibit a shape memory effect triggered by hydration, and they are candidates for applications in minimally invasive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina O. Correia
- 3B's Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics
- Department of Polymer Engineering
- University of Minho
- Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; AvePark
- Zona Industrial da Gandra S. Cláudio do Barco
| | - João F. Mano
- 3B's Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics
- Department of Polymer Engineering
- University of Minho
- Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; AvePark
- Zona Industrial da Gandra S. Cláudio do Barco
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28
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Xiao L, Wei M, Zhan M, Zhang J, Xie H, Deng X, Yang K, Wang Y. Novel triple-shape PCU/PPDO interpenetrating polymer networks constructed by self-complementary quadruple hydrogen bonding and covalent bonding. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01476b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Cui Y, Tan M, Zhu A, Guo M. Mechanically strong and stretchable PEG-based supramolecular hydrogel with water-responsive shape-memory property. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:2978-2982. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00315b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A stretchable and elastic supramolecular hydrogel with water-responsive shape-memory behavior, which can be realized under mild and green conditions, was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou, China
| | - Mei Tan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou, China
| | - Aidi Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou, China
| | - Mingyu Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou, China
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31
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Wu XL, Huang WM, Ding Z, Tan HX, Yang WG, Sun KY. Characterization of the thermoresponsive shape-memory effect in poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK). J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Lian Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Jiangsu University; 301 Xuefu Road Zhenjiang 212013 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Min Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 639798 Singapore
| | - Zhen Ding
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 639798 Singapore
| | - Hui Xin Tan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 639798 Singapore
| | - Wen Guang Yang
- Nanjing ComTech Materials Company; Limited, 18 Tangtong Road Nanjing 211162 People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Yuan Sun
- Nanjing ComTech Materials Company; Limited, 18 Tangtong Road Nanjing 211162 People's Republic of China
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32
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Paakinaho K, Hukka TI, Kastinen T, Kellomäki M. Demonstrating the mechanism and efficacy of water-induced shape memory and the influence of water on the thermal properties of oriented poly(d,l-lactide). J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Terttu Inkeri Hukka
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering; Tampere University of Technology; Korkeakoulunkatu 8, P.O. Box 541, FI-33101; Tampere; Finland
| | - Tuuva Kastinen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering; Tampere University of Technology; Korkeakoulunkatu 8, P.O. Box 541, FI-33101; Tampere; Finland
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33
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Singhal P, Boyle A, Brooks ML, Infanger S, Letts S, Small W, Maitland DJ, Wilson TS. Controlling the Actuation Rate of Low-Density Shape-Memory Polymer Foams in Water. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013; 214:1204-1214. [PMID: 25530688 PMCID: PMC4268140 DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
SMPs have been shown to actuate below their dry glass transition temperatures in the presence of moisture due to plasticization. This behavior has been proposed as a self-actuating mechanism of SMPs in water/physiological media. However, control over the SMP actuation rate, a critical factor for in vivo transcatheter device delivery applications, has not been previously reported. Here, a series of polyurethane SMPs with systematically varied hydrophobicity is described that permits control of the time for their complete shape recovery in water from under 2 min to more than 24 h. This control over the SMP actuation rate can potentially provide significant improvement in their delivery under conditions, which may expose them to high-moisture environments prior to actuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Singhal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX-77843, USA
| | - Anthony Boyle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX-77843, USA
| | - Marilyn L Brooks
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore CA-94550, USA
| | - Stephen Infanger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX-77843, USA
| | - Steve Letts
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore CA-94550, USA
| | - Ward Small
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore CA-94550, USA
| | - Duncan J Maitland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX-77843, USA
| | - Thomas S Wilson
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore CA-94550, USA
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Dallmeyer I, Chowdhury S, Kadla JF. Preparation and characterization of Kraft lignin-based moisture-responsive films with reversible shape-change capability. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:2354-63. [PMID: 23721395 DOI: 10.1021/bm400465p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Preparation of moisture-responsive Kraft lignin-based materials by electrospinning blends of Kraft lignin fractions with different physical properties is presented. The differences in thermal mobility between lignin fractions are shown to influence the degree of interfiber fusion occurring during oxidative thermostabilization of electrospun nonwoven fabrics, resulting in different material morphologies including submicrometer fibers, bonded nonwovens, porous films, and smooth films. The relative amount of different lignin fractions and degree of fiber flow and fiber fusion is shown to influence the tendency for the electrospun materials to be transformed into moisture-responsive materials capable of reversible changes in shape. Material characterization by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy as well characterization of the chemical and physical properties of Kraft lignin fractions by dynamic rheology, 1H and 13C NMR, and gel permeation chromatography combined with multiangle laser light scattering are presented. A proposed mechanism underlying moisture-responsiveness, shape change, and shape recovery is discussed based on the differences in chemical structure and physical properties of Kraft lignin fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Dallmeyer
- Advanced Biomaterials Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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35
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Shaping tissue with shape memory materials. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:515-35. [PMID: 22727746 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
After being severely and quasi-plastically deformed, shape memory materials are able to return to their original shape at the presence of the right stimulus. After a brief presentation about the fundamentals, including various shape memory effects, working mechanisms, and typical shape memory materials for biomedical applications, we summarize some major applications in shaping tissue with shape memory materials. The focus is on some most recent development. Outlook is also discussed at the end of this paper.
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36
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Recent advances in shape–memory polymers: Structure, mechanism, functionality, modeling and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 919] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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37
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Thermo/chemo-responsive shape memory effect in polymers: a sketch of working mechanisms, fundamentals and optimization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-012-9952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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38
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Lu H. State diagram of phase transition temperatures and solvent-induced recovery behavior of shape-memory polymer. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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39
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Han Y, Bai T, Liu Y, Zhai X, Liu W. Zinc Ion Uniquely Induced Triple Shape Memory Effect of Dipole-Dipole Reinforced Ultra-High Strength Hydrogels. Macromol Rapid Commun 2011; 33:225-31. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201100683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Sun L, Huang WM, Wang CC, Zhao Y, Ding Z, Purnawali H. Optimization of the shape memory effect in shape memory polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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