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Mrówka M, Franke D, Ošlejšek M, Jureczko M. Influence of Citrus Fruit Waste Filler on the Physical Properties of Silicone-Based Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6569. [PMID: 37834706 PMCID: PMC10573941 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Silicones have been used as protective coatings due to their resistance to hydrolytic degradation and UV (ultraviolet) degradation. There is a growing problem with managing organic waste, which can be used as fillers in composites. This research demonstrated the use of organic waste from citrus peels, including grapefruit, lime, lemon, and orange peels. Silicone-based composites were prepared by gravity-casting using 2.5, 5, and 10 wt.% waste filler. Samples made from the composite panels were subjected to static tensile, density, hardness, pin-on-disc, and Schopper-Schlobach abrasion tests. The test results showed that lower tensile strength values characterized the composite materials compared to the silicone used as a filler. All materials had greater hardness than the silicone without the addition. At the same time, composites with a mass density of the filler of 2.5 and 5 wt.% showed more excellent abrasion resistance than the silicone used as a matrix. This research showed that the samples containing 2.5 wt.% grapefruit filler had the best mechanical properties and the lowest abrasive wear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Mrówka
- Department of Material Technologies, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland
- Material Innovations Laboratory, Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland
| | - Dawid Franke
- Department of Geoengineering and Resource Exploitation, Faculty of Mining, Safety Engineering and Industrial Automation, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Martin Ošlejšek
- Department of English and American Studies, Faculty of Arts, Palacký University Olomouc, Křížkovského 10, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Mariola Jureczko
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
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Novel hybrid materials based on poly (4,4′-Diaminodiphenyl sulfone) and TiO2 nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, physical and electrochemical properties. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-022-04676-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Mrówka M, Woźniak A, Nowak J, Wróbel G, Sławski S. Determination of Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Silicone-Based Composites Filled with Manganese Waste. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14164459. [PMID: 34442982 PMCID: PMC8398512 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High-tonnage industrial processes generate high amount of waste. This is a growing problem in the whole world. Neutralizing such waste can be time consuming and costly. One of the possibilities of their reuse is to use them as fillers in polymer composites. Introduction of the filler in polymer matrix causes change in its mechanical and tribological properties. In the article, the effect of introducing fillers from post-production waste, and its effect on changing the physical properties of silicone-based composites filled with manganese (II) oxide and waste manganese residue was investigated. The composites were made by gravity casting. Composites with 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 wt% of the fillers were examined. The composite materials were subjected to tests such as: density, hardness, resilience, tensile test, abrasion resistance, and ball-on-disc. Microscopic images showed that, the particles of the fillers are uniformly distributed in silicone matrix with the formation of smaller agglomerates. Such agglomerates introduced a discontinuity in the structure of the polymer material, which caused a decrease in the tensile strength and elongation at break for all tested compositions in comparison with the mechanical properties of the silicone used as the matrix. However, it was found that all silicone-based composites filled with manganese (II) oxide and manganese residue showed a reduction in abrasive wear, compared to the reference sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Mrówka
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (M.M.); (G.W.)
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Anna Woźniak
- Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Jerzy Nowak
- Zakłady Górniczo-Hutnicze “Bolesław” S.A. Capital Group, Kolejowa 37, 32-332 Bukowno, Poland;
| | - Gabriel Wróbel
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (M.M.); (G.W.)
| | - Sebastian Sławski
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (M.M.); (G.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-32-237-12-87
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Shabaniverki S, Juárez JJ. Directed Assembly of Particles for Additive Manufacturing of Particle-Polymer Composites. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:935. [PMID: 34442557 PMCID: PMC8401964 DOI: 10.3390/mi12080935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Particle-polymer dispersions are ubiquitous in additive manufacturing (AM), where they are used as inks to create composite materials with applications to wearable sensors, energy storage materials, and actuation elements. It has been observed that directional alignment of the particle phase in the polymer dispersion can imbue the resulting composite material with enhanced mechanical, electrical, thermal or optical properties. Thus, external field-driven particle alignment during the AM process is one approach to tailoring the properties of composites for end-use applications. This review article provides an overview of externally directed field mechanisms (e.g., electric, magnetic, and acoustic) that are used for particle alignment. Illustrative examples from the AM literature show how these mechanisms are used to create structured composites with unique properties that can only be achieved through alignment. This article closes with a discussion of how particle distribution (i.e., microstructure) affects mechanical properties. A fundamental description of particle phase transport in polymers could lead to the development of AM process control for particle-polymer composite fabrication. This would ultimately create opportunities to explore the fundamental impact that alignment has on particle-polymer composite properties, which opens up the possibility of tailoring these materials for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Shabaniverki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Jaime J. Juárez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
- Center for Multiphase Flow Research and Education, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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The Influence of Zinc Waste Filler on the Tribological and Mechanical Properties of Silicone-Based Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040585. [PMID: 33672066 PMCID: PMC7919691 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Silicones are often used for various types of coatings, but due to their poor mechanical properties, they often require modification to meet specific requirements. At the same time, various production processes throughout the world generate different types of waste, the disposal of which is harmful to the environment. One possible solution is to use production waste as a filler. In this paper, the authors investigated how the use of metallurgical production waste products as fillers changed the mechanical properties of silicone composites prepared by casting. Composite samples were characterized using tensile tests, resilience, pin-on-disc, Schopper–Schlobach abrasion, hardness, and density measurements. Based on the obtained results, the authors assessed the effect of each of the fillers used in different weight proportions. The results showed that the silicone composite filled with 5 wt% zinc dust showed the lowest decrease in tensile strength and Young’s modulus, with a simultaneous significant reduction in abrasion compared with the reference sample. This research shows that zinc waste can be successfully introduced into a silicone matrix in cases where it is important to reduce abrasive wear.
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Mrówka M, Szymiczek M, Skonieczna M. The Impact of Wood Waste on the Properties of Silicone-Based Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:polym13010007. [PMID: 33375118 PMCID: PMC7792924 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of wood waste on the mechanical and biological properties of silicone-based composites was investigated using wood waste from oak, hornbeam, beech, and spruce trees. The density, abrasion resistance, resilience, hardness, and static tensile properties of the obtained WPC (wood-plastic composites) were tested. The results revealed slight changes in the density, increased abrasion resistance, decreased resilience, increased hardness, and decreased strain at break and stress at break compared with untreated silicone. The samples also showed no cytotoxicity to normal human dermal fibroblast, NHDF. The possibility of using prepared composites as materials to create structures on the seabed was also investigated by placing samples in a marine aquarium for one week and then observing sea algae growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Mrówka
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18 A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Szymiczek
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18 A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-32-237-12-43
| | - Magdalena Skonieczna
- Department of Systems Biology and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Kherroub DE, Boulaouche T. Maghnite: novel inorganic reinforcement for single-step synthesis of PDMS nanocomposites with improved thermal, mechanical and textural properties. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-020-04257-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Nilagiri Balasubramanian KB, Ramesh T. Role, effect, and influences of micro and nano-fillers on various properties of polymer matrix composites for microelectronics: A review. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Jang SH, Na SH, Park YL. Magnetically Assisted Bilayer Composites for Soft Bending Actuators. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10060646. [PMID: 28773007 PMCID: PMC5554027 DOI: 10.3390/ma10060646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a soft pneumatic bending actuator using a magnetically assisted bilayer composite composed of silicone polymer and ferromagnetic particles. Bilayer composites were fabricated by mixing ferromagnetic particles to a prepolymer state of silicone in a mold and asymmetrically distributed them by applying a strong non-uniform magnetic field to one side of the mold during the curing process. The biased magnetic field induces sedimentation of the ferromagnetic particles toward one side of the structure. The nonhomogeneous distribution of the particles induces bending of the structure when inflated, as a result of asymmetric stiffness of the composite. The bilayer composites were then characterized with a scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The bending performance and the axial expansion of the actuator were discussed for manipulation applications in soft robotics and bioengineering. The magnetically assisted manufacturing process for the soft bending actuator is a promising technique for various applications in soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hwan Jang
- Robotics Institute, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 14213, USA.
- Novel Aerospace Materials, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, Delft 2629 HS, The Netherlands.
| | - Seon-Hong Na
- Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Yong-Lae Park
- Robotics Institute, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 14213, USA.
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Institute of Advanced Machines and Design, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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Jang SH, Park YL, Yin H. Influence of Coalescence on the Anisotropic Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Nickel Powder/Polydimethylsiloxane Composites. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9040239. [PMID: 28773365 PMCID: PMC5502886 DOI: 10.3390/ma9040239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional polymer-based composites have been widely used in various research and industrial applications, such as flexible and stretchable electronics and sensors and sensor-integrated smart structures. This study investigates the influence of particle coalescence on the mechanical and electrical properties of spherical nickel powder (SNP)/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composites in which SNP was aligned using an external magnetic field. With the increase of the volume fraction of the SNP, the aligned SNP/PDMS composites exhibited a higher tensile strength and a lower ultimate strain. In addition, the composites with aligned SNP showed a lower percolation threshold and a higher electrical conductivity compared with those with randomly dispersed SNP. However, when the concentration of the SNP reached a certain level (40 vol. %), the anisotropy of the effective material property became less noticeable than that of the lower concentration (20 vol. %) composites due to the change of the microstructure of the particles caused by the coalescence of the particles at a high concentration. This work may provide rational methods for the fabrication of aligned composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hwan Jang
- Robotics Institute, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Yong-Lae Park
- Robotics Institute, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Huiming Yin
- Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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Ziraki S, Zebarjad SM, Hadianfard MJ. A study on the tensile properties of silicone rubber/polypropylene fibers/silica hybrid nanocomposites. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 57:289-96. [PMID: 26874087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metacarpophalangeal joint implants have been usually made of silicone rubber. In the current study, silica nano particles and polypropylene fibers were added to silicone rubber to improve silicone properties. The effect of the addition of silica nano particles and polypropylene fibers on the tensile behavior of the resultant composites were investigated. Composite samples with different content of PP fibers and Silica nano particles (i. e. 0, 1 and 2wt%) as well as the hybrid composite of silicone rubber with 1wt% SiO2 and 1wt% PP fiber were prepared. Tensile tests were done at constant cross head speed. To study the body fluid effect on the mechanical properties of silicone rubber composites, samples soaked in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37°C were also tested. The morphology of the samples were studied by scanning electron microscope. Results of analysis revealed that an increase in PP fibers and silica nano particles content to 2wt%, increases the tensile strength of silicone rubber of about 75% and 42% respectively. It was found out that the strength of the samples decreases after being soaked in simulated body fluid, though composites with PP fibers as the reinforcement showed less property degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Ziraki
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiraz University, Zand Avenue, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mojtaba Zebarjad
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiraz University, Zand Avenue, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Jafar Hadianfard
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiraz University, Zand Avenue, Shiraz, Iran.
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Madsen FB, Daugaard AE, Hvilsted S, Skov AL. The Current State of Silicone-Based Dielectric Elastomer Transducers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:378-413. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederikke B. Madsen
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Søltofts Plads, building 227 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Anders E. Daugaard
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Søltofts Plads, building 227 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Søren Hvilsted
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Søltofts Plads, building 227 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Anne L. Skov
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Søltofts Plads, building 227 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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