Anticancer Activity of Camel Milk via Induction of Autophagic Death in Human Colorectal and Breast Cancer Cells

Immune cells and checkpoints in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: Association with clinical and pathological characteristics

INTRODUCTION

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is an extremely aggressive neoplasm, with many challenges to be overcome in order to achieve a truly effective treatment. It is characterized by a mostly immunosuppressed environment, with dysfunctional immune cells and active immunoinhibitory pathways that favor tumor evasion and progression. Thus, the study and understanding of the tumor microenvironment and the various cells subtypes and their functional capacities are essential to achieve more effective treatments, especially with the use of new immunotherapeutics.

METHODS

Seventy cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma divided into two groups 43 with resectable disease and 27 with unresectable disease were analyzed using immunohistochemical methods regarding the expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), programmed cell death ligand 2 (PD-L2), and human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) molecules as well as the populations of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and M2 macrophages (MM2). Several statistical tests, including multivariate analyses, were performed to examine how those immune cells and immunoinhibitory molecules impact the evolution and prognosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

RESULTS

CD8+ T lymphocytes and M2 macrophages predominated in the group operated on, and PD-L2 expression predominated in the unresectable group. PD-L2 was associated with T stage, lymph node metastasis, and clinical staging, while in survival analysis, PD-L2 and HLA-G were associated with a shorter survival. In the inoperable cases, Tregs cells, MM2, PD-L1, PD-L2, and HLA-G were positively correlated.

CONCLUSIONS

PD-L2 and HLA-G expression correlated with worse survival in the cases studied. Tumor microenvironment was characterized by a tolerant and immunosuppressed pattern, mainly in unresectable lesions, where a broad positive influence was observed between immunoinhibitory cells and immune checkpoint proteins expressed by tumor cells.

Assessment of Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Anticancer Potential of Lactoferrin Extracted from Camel Milk

Lactoferrin is a multifunctional glycoprotein present in mammalian milk. It possesses antimicrobial, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and several biological functions. Owing to the current trend of increasing antibiotic resistance, our study was designed to purify lactoferrin from camel milk colostrum using cation exchange chromatography on the SP-Sepharose high-performance column. The purity and molecular weight of lactoferrin were checked by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The chromatogram of the purification procedure illustrated a single peak corresponding to lactoferrin, while the SDS-PAGE revealed 78 kDa molecular weight protein. Furthermore, lactoferrin protein and its hydrolysate form were assessed for its antimicrobial potential. The highest inhibitory effect of whole lactoferrin at the concentration (4 mg/ml) was observed against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and S. aureus, while 10 mg/ml concentration was effective against K. pneumonia, and 27 mg/ml was potent against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, P. aeruginosa. Likewise, MRSA was more sensitive toward iron-free lactoferrin (2 mg/ml) and hydrolyzed lactoferrin (6 mg/ml). The tested lactoferrin forms showed variability in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) among tested bacteria. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis images revealed distortions of the bacterial cells exposed to lactoferrin. The antibiofilm effect differed depending on the concentration and the type of the bacteria; biofilm inhibition ranged from 12.5 to 91.3% in the tested pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, the anticancer activity of lactoferrin forms exhibited a dose-dependent cytotoxicity against human lung cancer cell line (A549).

Facile Synthesis of Multifunctional Carbon Dots Derived from Camel Milk for Mn7+ Sensing and Antiamyloid and Anticancer Activities

Carbon dots (CDs) are promising biocompatible fluorescent nanoparticles mainly used in bioimaging, drug delivery, sensing, therapeutics, and various other applications. The utilization of natural sources and green synthetic approaches is resulting in highly biocompatible and nontoxic nanoparticles. Herein, we report an unprecedented facile and green synthesis of highly luminescent carbon dots derived from camel milk (CM) for sensing manganese (Mn7+) ions and for identifying the anticancer potential and antiamyloid activity against α-synuclein amyloids. α-Synuclein amyloid formation due to protein misfolding (genetic and environmental factors) has gained significant attention due to its association with Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies. The as-synthesized CM-CDs possess an average hydrodynamic diameter ranging from 3 to 15 nm and also exhibit strong photoluminescence (PL) emission in the blue region. The CM-CDs possess good water dispersibility, stable fluorescence under different physical states, and outstanding photostability. Moreover, the CM-CDs are validated as an efficient sensor for the detection of Mn7+ ions in DI water and in metal ion-polluted tap water. In addition, the CM-CDs have demonstrated a very good quantum yield (QY) of 24.6% and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.58 μM for Mn7+ ions with no incubation time. Consequently, the exceptional properties of CM-CDs make them highly suitable for a diverse array of biomedical applications.

Analysis of metabolites of bactrain camel milk in Alxa of China before and after fermentation with fermenting agent TR1 based on untargeted LC-MS/MS based metabolomics

Camel milk produces many beneficial functional compounds and affects body health through metabolism. The differential metabolites of bactrain camel milk in Alxa before and after fermentation were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry based metabolomics (LC-MS/MS). The differential metabolite pathway types were also identified in this paper. We obtained the following results that 148 and 82 differential metabolites were detected in positive and negative ion mode respectively, 85 differential metabolites were shown a significant upward trend and 63 with downward trend after fermentation in positive ion mode. Meanwhile, 32 differential metabolites characterized upward trend and 50 characterized downward trend in negative ion mode. The differential metabolites were mainly organic acids, amino acids, esters, vitamins and other substances contained in camel milk. Among them, most up-regulated substances had the functions of lowering blood pressure, lowering blood sugar, treatment of inflammation, antibiosis and other effects. Many harmful substances were significantly down-regulated after camel milk fermentation. However, there were also some metabolites whose prebiotic functions have been weakened by camel milk fermentation, which may provide reference values for healthcare function, exploitation and application of camel milk.

Camel (Camelus dromedarius) raw milk’s hypotensive roles within chemical induced hypertension model in rats

Dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) inhabit not only arid areas but are among common domestic animals that are normally kept for numerous uses. It’s raw milk (CM) is believed to have exceptional nutraceutical value in addition to it’s other uses similar to camel itself. This study aimed to evaluate hypotensive efficacy of raw CM within context of chemical induced hypertension model in albino rats. Rats received the chemical; L-NAME (50 mg/kg body weight/day, p.o.) and amlodipine (10 mg/kg/day, p.o.) as negative and positive controls for 4 weeks. Rats of treatment group received concurrently L-NAME (50 mg/kg body weight /day, p.o.) and raw milk of camel at (100, 300, and 500 mg/kg body weight/day p.o.) respectively for 4 weeks. Result showed significant decrease (p <  0.001) in treatment relative to negative control in all measured parameters viz systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures in accordance to the used dosages. Also elevated levels of liver/kidney biomarkers in negative control became reduced compared to normal and positive controls courtesy of CM treatment. In conclusion, obtained data revealed CM to be effective in controlling hypertension. The bioactive constituents present in CM appeared likely to be responsible for the observed effect of antioxidant action and ACE inhibition. Evidence is thus provided from research findings that raw CM can afford efficient hypotensive effect.

Camels' biological fluids contained nanobodies: promising avenue in cancer therapy

Cancer is a major health concern and accounts for one of the main causes of death worldwide. Innovative strategies are needed to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of different types of cancers. Recently, there has been an evolving interest in utilizing nanobodies of camel origin as therapeutic tools against cancer. Nanotechnology uses nanobodies an emerging attractive field that provides promises to researchers in advancing different scientific sectors including medicine and oncology. Nanobodies are characteristically small-sized biologics featured with the ability for deep tissue penetration and dissemination and harbour high stability at high pH and temperatures. The current review highlights the potential use of nanobodies that are naturally secreted in camels’ biological fluids, both milk and urine, in the development of nanotechnology-based therapy for treating different typesQuery of cancers and other diseases. Moreover, the role of nano proteomics in the invention of novel therapeutic agents specifically used for cancer intervention is also illustrated.

Identification of milk quality and adulteration by surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy coupled to artificial neural networks using citrate-capped silver nanoislands

Milk is one of the most important multicomponent superfoods owing to its rich macronutrient composition. It requires quality control at all the production stages from the farm to the finished products. A localized surface plasmon resonance optical sensor based on a citrate-capped silver nanoparticle (Cit-AgNP)–coated glass substrate was developed. The fabrication of such sensors involved a single-step synthesis of Cit-AgNPs followed by surface modification of glass slides to be coated with the nanoparticles. The scanning electron microscope micrographs demonstrated that the nanoparticles formed monolayer islands on glass slides. The developed surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRA) sensor was coupled to artificial neural networking (ANN) for the qualitative differentiation between cow, camel, goat, buffalo, and infants’ formula powdered milk types. Moreover, it can be used for the quantitative determination of the main milk components such as fat, casein, urea, and lactose in each milk type. The qualitative results showed that the obtained FTIR spectra of cow and buffalo milk have high similarity, whereas camel milk resembled infant formula powdered milk. The most difference in FTIR characteristics was evidenced in the case of goat milk. The developed sensor adds several advantages over the traditional techniques of milk analysis using MilkoScan™ such as less generated waste, elimination of pre-treatment steps, minimal sample volume, low operation time, and on-site analysis.

Prospective Role of Bioactive Molecules and Exosomes in the Therapeutic Potential of Camel Milk against Human Diseases: An Updated Perspective

Camel milk (CM) constitutes an important dietary source in the hot and arid regions of the world. CM is a colloidal mixture of nutritional components (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, and minerals) and non-nutritional components (hormones, growth factors, cytokines, immunoglobulins, and exosomes). Although the majority of previous research has been focused on the nutritional components of CM; there has been immense interest in the non-nutritional components in the recent past. Reckoning with these, in this review, we have provided a glimpse of the recent trends in CM research endeavors and attempted to provide our perspective on the therapeutic efficacy of the nutritional and non-nutritional components of CM. Interestingly, with concerted efforts from the research fraternities, convincing evidence for the better understanding of the claimed traditional health benefits of CM can be foreseen with great enthusiasm and is indeed eagerly anticipated.

Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Promotes Cell Growth, Stemness Like Characteristics, and Metastasis in Human Ovarian Cancer via Activation of PI3K/Akt, β-Catenin, and Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition Pathways

Ovarian cancer (OC) ranks first in cancer-related deaths out of all female reproductive malignancies with high-pitched tumor relapse and chemoresistance. Several reports correlate cancer occurrences with exposure to xenobiotics via induction of a protein receptor named aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). However, the effect of AhR on OC proliferation, expansion, and chemoresistance remains unrevealed. For this purpose, OC cells A2780 and A2780cis cells were treated with AhR activator, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), and the effects were determined by Real-Time Cell Analyzer, clonogenic assay, flow cytometry, immunoblotting and wound healing assay. Our results showed that activation of AhR by TCDD in A2780 cells induced the PI3K/AKT pathway followed by induction of anti-apoptotic proteins BCL-2, BCL-xl, and MCL-1. In addition, a significant increase in stemness marker aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH1) was observed. This effect was also associated with an accumulation of β-catenin, a Wnt transcription factor. Moreover, we observed induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) upon AhR activation. In conclusion, the results from the current study confirm that AhR mediates OC progression, stemness characteristics, and metastatic potential via activation of PI3K/Akt, Wnt/β-catenin, and EMT. This study provides a better insight into the modulatory role of AhR that might help in developing novel therapeutic strategies for OC treatment.

The Application of Natural Camel Milk Products to Treat Autism-Spectrum Disorders: Risk Assessment and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

Camel milk is better tolerated than the milk of other ruminants, potentially expanding its consumer appeal. It also contains essential vitamins, minerals, and immunoglobulins, providing the milk with antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. These properties may reduce oxidative stress in camel milk consumers, ameliorating many conditions, including those of the CNS, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in which camel milk administration (boiled or raw) was examined as an ASD treatment intervention. The primary endpoint was participants' total autism scores, determined using the Childhood Autistic Responsiveness Scale (CARS). A comparison of the responsiveness in these ASD intervention groups yielded a mean difference (MD) of 1.99 (0.89, 3.08) in those consuming boiled camel milk, MD = 2.77 (1.92, 3.61) in raw camel milk consumers, and MD = -1.02 (-0.10, 2.13) in cow milk consumers. Heterogeneity was notably low among the examined studies. Treatment of ASD with raw and boiled camel milk resulted in significantly lower CARS scores than the placebo. Our findings support the development of larger, more populated RCTs to establish camel milk's overall potential as a therapeutic intervention for CNS disorders.

Detection of Ovine or Bovine Milk Components in Commercial Camel Milk Powder Using a PCR-Based Method

Food ingredient adulteration, especially the adulteration of milk and dairy products, is one of the important issues of food safety. The large price difference between camel milk powder, ovine, and bovine milk powder may be an incentive for the incorporation of ovine and bovine derived foods in camel milk products. This study evaluated the use of ordinary PCR and real-time PCR for the detection of camel milk powder adulteration based on the presence of ovine and bovine milk components. DNA was extracted from camel, ovine, and bovine milk powder using a deep-processed product column DNA extraction kit. The quality of the extracted DNA was detected by amplifying the target sequence from the mitochondrial Cytb gene, and the extracted DNA was used for the identification of milk powder based on PCR analysis. In addition, PCR-based methods (both ordinary PCR and real-time PCR) were used to detect laboratory adulteration models of milk powder using primers targeting mitochondrial genes. The results show that the ordinary PCR method had better sensitivity and could qualitatively detect ovine and bovine milk components in the range of 1% to 100% in camel milk powder. The commercial camel milk powder was used to verify the practicability of this method. The real-time PCR normalization system has a good exponential correlation (R² = 0.9822 and 0.9923) between ovine or bovine content and Ct ratio (specific/internal reference gene) and allows for the quantitative determination of ovine or bovine milk contents in adulterated camel milk powder samples. Accuracy was effectively validated using simulated adulterated samples, with recoveries ranging from 80% to 110% with a coefficient of variation of less than 7%, exhibiting sufficient parameters of trueness. The ordinary PCR qualitative detection and real-time PCR quantitative detection method established in this study proved to be a specific, sensitive, and effective technology, which is expected to be used for market detection.

The Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of Camel Milk

Camel milk (CM) has been found to have several health benefits, including antiviral, antibacterial, anti-tumor, anti-fungal, antioxidant, hypoglycaemic and anti-cancer activities. In addition, CM can counter signs of aging and may be a useful naturopathic treatment for autoimmune diseases. The composition of CM varies with geographic origin, feeding conditions, seasonal and physiological changes, genetics and camel health status. In the present review, we collate the diverse scientific literature studying antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of CM and its bioactive compounds. The databases Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched until the end of September 2021 using the keywords: camel milk, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of CM in various inflammatory disorders was consistently reported to be through modulating inflammatory cells and mediators. The common anti-inflammatory bioactive components of CM seem to be lactoferrin. The antioxidant effects of α-lactalbumin, β-caseins and vitamin C of CM work by reducing or inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydroxyl radicals, nitric oxide (NO), superoxide anions and peroxyl radicals, likely alleviating oxidative stress. Higher levels of protective proteins such as lysozyme, IgG and secretory IgA compared to cow's milk, and insulin-like protein activity of CM on ß cells appear to be responsible for the immunomodulatory properties of CM. The evidence indicates that CM and its bioactive components has the potential to be a therapeutic value for diseases that are caused by inflammation, oxidative stress and/or immune-dysregulation.

Activation of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPAR-α/γ) and the Fatty Acid Metabolizing Enzyme Protein CPT1A by Camel Milk Treatment Counteracts the High-Fat Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Camel milk (CM) has a unique composition rich in antioxidants, trace elements, immunoglobulins, insulin, and insulin-like proteins. Treatment by CM demonstrated protective effects against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) induced by a high-fat cholesterol-rich diet (HFD-C) in rats. CM dampened the steatosis, inflammation, and ballooning degeneration of the hepatocytes. It also counteracted hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance (IR), glucose intolerance, and oxidative stress. The commencement of NAFLD triggered the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α), carnitine palmitoyl-transferase-1 (CPT1A), and fatty acid-binding protein-1 (FABP1) and decreased the PPAR-γ expression in the tissues of the animals on HFD-C. This was associated with increased levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α and leptin and declined levels of the anti-inflammatory adiponectin. Camel milk treatment to the NAFLD animals remarkably upregulated PPARs (α, γ) and the downstream enzyme CPT1A in the metabolically active tissues involved in cellular uptake and beta-oxidation of fatty acids. The enhanced lipid metabolism in the CM-treated animals was linked with decreased expression of FABP1 and suppression of IL-6, TNF-α, and leptin release with augmented adiponectin production. The protective effects of CM against the histological and biochemical features of NAFLD are at least in part related to the activation of the hepatic and extrahepatic PPARs (α, γ) with consequent activation of the downstream enzymes involved in fat metabolism. Camel milk treatment carries a promising therapeutic potential to NAFLD through stimulating PPARs actions on fat metabolism and glucose homeostasis. This can protect against hepatic steatosis, IR, and diabetes mellitus in high-risk obese patients.

Research Development on Anti-Microbial and Antioxidant Properties of Camel Milk and Its Role as an Anti-Cancer and Anti-Hepatitis Agent

Camel milk is a rich source of vitamin C, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), beta-caseins and milk whey proteins, including lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, alpha-lactalbumin and immunoglobulin. The lactoferrin plays a key role in several physiological functions, such as conferring antioxidant, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory functions in cells. Similarly, the camel milk alpha-lactalbumin has shown greater antioxidative activity because of its higher antioxidant amino acid residues. The antioxidant properties of camel milk have also been ascribed to the structural conformation of its beta-caseins. Upon hydrolysis, the beta-caseins lead to some bioactive peptides having antioxidant activities. Consequently, the vitamin C in camel milk has a significant antioxidant effect and can be used as a source of vitamin C when the climate is harsh. Furthermore, the lysozyme and immunoglobulins in camel milk have anti-microbial and immune regulatory properties. The LAB isolated from camel milk have a protective role against both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Moreover, the LAB can be used as a probiotic and may restore the oxidative status caused by various pathogenic bacterial infections. Various diseases such as cancer and hepatitis have been associated with oxidative stress. Camel milk could increase antiproliferative effects and regulate antioxidant genes during cancer and hepatitis, hence ameliorating oxidative stress. In the current review, we have illustrated the anti-microbial and antioxidant properties of camel milk in detail. In addition, the anti-cancer and anti-hepatitis properties of camel milk have also been discussed.

Evaluation of camel milk: gross composition-a scientific overview

Several works have been dedicated to the study of the composition of camel milk around the world. In this review, camel milk basic nutrients (protein, fat, lactose, minerals, and vitamin) have been reviewed. Many researchers stated that camel milk has several therapeutic properties due to its particular composition, especially its low cholesterol content and high content of vitamin C. It contains higher percentage of total salts, calcium, protective proteins, and some of the oligoelements, such as iron, copper, and zinc. This extraordinary and unique composition of camel milk makes it an excellent food for populations who live in regions (arid and semi-arid) where plants (fruits and vegetable) are uncommon. This scientific insight into the gross composition of camel milk could encourage consumers to incorporate this food into their diet and encourages dairy industry operators to consider the possible transformation of camel milk and its use as an ingredient in food.

Exploring the genomic resources of seven domestic Bactrian camel populations in China through restriction site-associated DNA sequencing

The domestic Bactrian camel is a valuable livestock resource in arid desert areas. Therefore, it is essential to understand the roles of important genes responsible for its characteristics. We used restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) to detect single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in seven domestic Bactrian camel populations. In total, 482,786 SNPs were genotyped. The pool of all remaining others were selected as the reference population, and the Nanjiang, Sunite, Alashan, Dongjiang, Beijiang, Qinghai, and Hexi camels were the target populations for selection signature analysis. We obtained 603, 494, 622, 624, 444, 588, and 762 selected genes, respectively, from members of the seven target populations. Gene Ontology classifications and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses were performed, and the functions of these genes were further studied using Genecards to identify genes potentially related to the unique characteristics of the camel population, such as heat resistance and stress resistance. Across all populations, cellular process, single-organism process, and metabolic process were the most abundant biological process subcategories, whereas cell, cell part, and organelle were the most abundant cellular component subcategories. Binding and catalytic activity represented the main molecular functions. The selected genes in Alashan camels were mainly enriched in ubiquitin mediated proteolysis pathways, the selected genes in Beijiang camels were mainly enriched in MAPK signaling pathways, the selected genes in Dongjiang camels were mainly enriched in RNA transport pathways, the selected genes in Hexi camels were mainly enriched in endocytosis pathways, the selected genes in Nanjiang camels were mainly enriched in insulin signaling pathways, while the selected genes in Qinghai camels were mainly enriched in focal adhesion pathways; these selected genes in Sunite camels were mainly enriched in ribosome pathways. We also found that Nanjiang (HSPA4L and INTU), and Alashan camels (INO80E) harbored genes related to the environment and characteristics. These findings provide useful insights into the genes related to the unique characteristics of domestic Bactrian camels in China, and a basis for genomic resource development in this species.

Camel whey protein hydrolysates induced G2/M cellcycle arrest in human colorectal carcinoma

Camel milk has been gaining immmense importance due to high nutritious value and medicinal properties. Peptides from milk proteins is gaining popularity in various therapeutics including human cancer. The study was aimed to investigate the anti-cancerous and anti-inflammatory properties of camel whey protein hydrolysates (CWPHs). CWPHs were generated at three temperatures (30 ℃, 37 ℃, and 45 ℃), two hydrolysis timepoints (120 and 360 min) and with three different enzyme concentrations (0.5, 1 and 2 %). CWPHs demonstrated an increase in anti-inflammatory effect between 732.50 (P-6.1) and 3779.16 (P-2.1) µg Dicolfenac Sodium Equivalent (DSE)/mg protein. CWPHs (P-4.3 & 5.2) inhibited growth of human colon carcinoma cells (HCT116) with an IC₅₀ value of 231 and 221 μg/ml, respectively. P-4.3 induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and modulated the expression of Cdk1, p-Cdk1, Cyclin B1, p-histone H3, p21 and p53. Docking of two peptides (AHLEQVLLR and ALPNIDPPTVER) from CWPHs (P-4.3) identified Polo like kinase 1 as a potential target, which strongly supports our in vitro data and provides an encouraging insight into developing a novel peptide-based anticancer formulation. These results suggest that the active component, CWPHs (P-4.3), can be further studied and modeled to form a small molecule anti-cancerous therapy.

Purine metabolism promotes radioresistance and is a therapeutic target in glioblastoma

Profound intratumoral genomic heterogeneity has limited the ability of targeted therapies to overcome therapy resistance in glioblastoma. We have defined purine metabolism as a key mediator of DNA repair and radiation resistance in glioblastoma. Because many glioblastoma oncogenic drivers activate purine metabolism, its inhibition may overcome therapy resistance despite intratumoral genomic heterogeneity.

Population genetic analysis of the domestic Bactrian camel in China by RAD-seq

Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) is one of the most effective high-throughput sequencing technologies for SNP development and utilization and has been applied to studying the origin and evolution of various species. The domestic Bactrian camels play an important role in economic trade and cultural construction. They are precious species resources and indispensable animals in China's agricultural production. Recently, the rapid development of modern transportation and agriculture, and the deterioration of the environment have led to a sharp decline in the number of camels. Although there have been some reports on the evolution history of the domestic Bactrian camel in China, the origin, evolutionary relationship, and genetic diversity of the camels are unclear due to the limitations of sample size and sequencing technology. Therefore, 47 samples of seven domestic Bactrian camel species from four regions (Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Qinghai, and Xinjiang) were prepared for RAD-seq analysis to study the evolutionary relationship and genetic diversity. In addition, seven domestic Bactrian camel species are located in different ecological zones, forming different characteristics and having potential development value. A total of 6,487,849 SNPs were genotyped. On the one hand, the filtered SNP information was used to conduct polymorphism mapping construction, LD attenuation analysis, and nucleotide diversity analysis. The results showed that the number of SNPs in Dongjiang camel was the highest, the LD coefficient decayed the fastest, and the nucleotide diversity was the highest. It indicates that Dongjiang camel has the highest genetic diversity. On the other hand, the filtered SNPs information was used to construct the phylogenetic tree, and F ST analysis, inbreeding coefficient analysis, principal component analysis, and population structure analysis were carried out. The results showed that Nanjiang camel and Beijiang camels grouped together, and the other five Bactrian camel populations gathered into another branch. It may be because the mountains in the northern part of Xinjiang and the desert in the middle isolate the two groups from the other five groups.