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Almeida FC, Simmons NB, Giannini NP. A Species-Level Phylogeny of Old World Fruit Bats with a New Higher-Level Classification of the Family Pteropodidae. AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES 2020. [DOI: 10.1206/3950.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Cunha Almeida
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nancy B. Simmons
- Department of Mammalogy, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York
| | - Norberto P. Giannini
- Department of Mammalogy, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York
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Tsang SM, Wiantoro S, Veluz MJ, Sugita N, Nguyen YL, Simmons NB, Lohman DJ. Dispersal out of Wallacea spurs diversification of Pteropus flying foxes, the world's largest bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera). JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY 2020; 47:527-537. [PMID: 33041434 PMCID: PMC7546435 DOI: 10.1111/jbi.13750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
AIM Islands provide opportunities for isolation and speciation. Many landmasses in the Indo-Australian Archipelago (IAA) are oceanic islands, and founder-event speciation is expected to be the predominant form of speciation of volant taxa on these islands. We studied the biogeographic history of flying foxes, a group with many endemic species and a predilection for islands, to test this hypothesis and infer the biogeographic origin of the group. LOCATION Australasia, Indo-Australian Archipelago, Madagascar, Pacific Islands. TAXON Pteropus (Pteropodidae). METHODS To infer the biogeographic history of Pteropus, we sequenced up to 6169 bp of genetic data from 10 markers and reconstructed a multilocus species tree of 34 currently recognized Pteropus species and subspecies with 3 Acerodon outgroups using BEAST and subsequently estimated ancestral areas using models implemented in BioGeoBEARS. RESULTS Species-level resolution was occasionally low because of slow rates of molecular evolution and/or recent divergences. Older divergences, however, were more strongly supported and allow the evolutionary history of the group to be inferred. The genus diverged in Wallacea from its common ancestor with Acerodon; founder-event speciation out of Wallacea was a common inference. Pteropus species in Micronesia and the western Indian Ocean were also inferred to result from founder-event speciation. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Dispersal between regions of the IAA and the islands found therein fostered diversification of Pteropus throughout the IAA and beyond. Dispersal in Pteropus is far higher than in most other volant taxa studied to date, highlighting the importance of inter-island movement in the biogeographic history of this large clade of large bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M. Tsang
- Biology Department, City College, City University of New York, NY 10031, USA
- Biology Ph.D. Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, NY 10034, USA
- Department of Mammalogy, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, NY 10024, USA
- Mammalogy Section, National Museum of Natural History, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Sigit Wiantoro
- Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Centre for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences-LIPI, Bogor 16911, Indonesia
| | - Maria Josefa Veluz
- Mammalogy Section, National Museum of Natural History, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Norimasa Sugita
- Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tokyo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Y-Lan Nguyen
- Biology Department, City College, City University of New York, NY 10031, USA
- Macaulay Honors College, City University of New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Nancy B. Simmons
- Department of Mammalogy, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, NY 10024, USA
| | - David J. Lohman
- Biology Department, City College, City University of New York, NY 10031, USA
- Biology Ph.D. Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, NY 10034, USA
- Entomology Section, National Museum of Natural History, Manila 1000, Philippines
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Haplotype and network analysis of island flying fox (Pteropus hypomelanus) using D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA to confirm subspecies designation. MAMMAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-019-00468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Phalen DN, Hall J, Ganesh G, Hartigan A, Smith C, De Jong C, Field H, Rose K. Genetic diversity and phylogeny of the Christmas Island flying fox (Pteropus melanotus natalis). J Mammal 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyx001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Bat Systematics in the Light of Unconstrained Analyses of a Comprehensive Molecular Supermatrix. J MAMM EVOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-016-9363-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Each flying fox on its own branch: A phylogenetic tree for Pteropus and related genera (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 77:83-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Buden DW, Helgen KM, Wiles GJ. Taxonomy, distribution, and natural history of flying foxes (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae) in the Mortlock Islands and Chuuk State, Caroline Islands. Zookeys 2013:97-135. [PMID: 24194666 PMCID: PMC3817444 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.345.5840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The taxonomy, biology, and population status of flying foxes (Pteropus spp.) remain little investigated in the Caroline Islands, Micronesia, where multiple endemic taxa occur. Our study evaluated the taxonomic relationships between the flying foxes of the Mortlock Islands (a subgroup of the Carolines) and two closely related taxa from elsewhere in the region, and involved the first ever field study of the Mortlock population. Through a review of historical literature, the name Pteropus pelagicus Kittlitz, 1836 is resurrected to replace the prevailing but younger name Pteropus phaeocephalus Thomas, 1882 for the flying fox of the Mortlocks. On the basis of cranial and external morphological comparisons, Pteropus pelagicus is united taxonomically with Pteropus insularis "Hombron and Jacquinot, 1842" (with authority herein emended to Jacquinot and Pucheran 1853), and the two formerly monotypic species are now treated as subspecies - Pteropus pelagicus pelagicus in the Mortlocks, and Pteropus phaeocephalus insularis on the islands of Chuuk Lagoon and Namonuito Atoll. The closest relative of Pteropus pelagicus is Pteropus tokudae Tate, 1934, of Guam, which is best regarded as a distinct species. Pteropus pelagicus pelagicus is the only known resident bat in the Mortlock Islands, a chain of more than 100 atoll islands with a total land area of <12 km(2). Based on field observations in 2004, we estimated a population size of 925-1,200 bats, most of which occurred on Satawan and Lukunor Atolls, the two largest and southernmost atolls in the chain. Bats were absent on Nama Island and possibly extirpated from Losap Atoll in the northern Mortlocks. Resident Mortlockese indicated bats were more common in the past, but that the population generally has remained stable in recent years. Most Pteropus phaeocephalus pelagicus roosted alone or in groups of 5-10 bats; a roost of 27 was the largest noted. Diet is comprised of at least eight plant species, with breadfruit (Artocarpus spp.) being a preferred food. Records of females with young (April, July) and pregnant females (July) suggest an extended breeding season. Pteropus pelagicus pelagicus appears most threatened by the prospect of sea level rise associated with global climate change, which has the potential to submerge or reduce the size of atolls in the Mortlocks. Occasional severe typhoons probably temporarily reduce populations on heavily damaged atolls, but hunting and ongoing habitat loss are not current problems for the subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald W Buden
- Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, College of Micronesia-FSM, P.O. Box 159, Kolonia, Pohnpei 96941, Federated States of Micronesia
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Olival KJ, Dick CW, Simmons NB, Morales JC, Melnick DJ, Dittmar K, Perkins SL, Daszak P, Desalle R. Lack of population genetic structure and host specificity in the bat fly, Cyclopodia horsfieldi, across species of Pteropus bats in Southeast Asia. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:231. [PMID: 23924629 PMCID: PMC3750525 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Population-level studies of parasites have the potential to elucidate patterns of host movement and cross-species interactions that are not evident from host genealogy alone. Bat flies are obligate and generally host-specific blood-feeding parasites of bats. Old-World flies in the family Nycteribiidae are entirely wingless and depend on their hosts for long-distance dispersal; their population genetics has been unstudied to date. Methods We collected a total of 125 bat flies from three Pteropus species (Pteropus vampyrus, P. hypomelanus, and P. lylei) from eight localities in Malaysia, Cambodia, and Vietnam. We identified specimens morphologically and then sequenced three mitochondrial DNA gene fragments (CoI, CoII, cytB; 1744 basepairs total) from a subset of 45 bat flies. We measured genetic diversity, molecular variance, and population genetic subdivision (FST), and used phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses to quantify parasite genetic structure across host species and localities. Results All flies were identified as Cyclopodia horsfieldi with the exception of two individuals of Eucampsipoda sundaica. Low levels of population genetic structure were detected between populations of Cyclopodia horsfieldi from across a wide geographic range (~1000 km), and tests for isolation by distance were rejected. AMOVA results support a lack of geographic and host-specific population structure, with molecular variance primarily partitioned within populations. Pairwise FST values from flies collected from island populations of Pteropus hypomelanus in East and West Peninsular Malaysia supported predictions based on previous studies of host genetic structure. Conclusions The lack of population genetic structure and morphological variation observed in Cyclopodia horsfieldi is most likely due to frequent contact between flying fox species and subsequent high levels of parasite gene flow. Specifically, we suggest that Pteropus vampyrus may facilitate movement of bat flies between the three Pteropus species in the region. We demonstrate the utility of parasite genetics as an additional layer of information to measure host movement and interspecific host contact. These approaches may have wide implications for understanding zoonotic, epizootic, and enzootic disease dynamics. Bat flies may play a role as vectors of disease in bats, and their competence as vectors of bacterial and/or viral pathogens is in need of further investigation.
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Almeida FC, Giannini NP, DeSalle R, Simmons NB. Evolutionary relationships of the old world fruit bats (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae): another star phylogeny? BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:281. [PMID: 21961908 PMCID: PMC3199269 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The family Pteropodidae comprises bats commonly known as megabats or Old World fruit bats. Molecular phylogenetic studies of pteropodids have provided considerable insight into intrafamilial relationships, but these studies have included only a fraction of the extant diversity (a maximum of 26 out of the 46 currently recognized genera) and have failed to resolve deep relationships among internal clades. Here we readdress the systematics of pteropodids by applying a strategy to try to resolve ancient relationships within Pteropodidae, while providing further insight into subgroup membership, by 1) increasing the taxonomic sample to 42 genera; 2) increasing the number of characters (to >8,000 bp) and nuclear genomic representation; 3) minimizing missing data; 4) controlling for sequence bias; and 5) using appropriate data partitioning and models of sequence evolution. RESULTS Our analyses recovered six principal clades and one additional independent lineage (consisting of a single genus) within Pteropodidae. Reciprocal monophyly of these groups was highly supported and generally congruent among the different methods and datasets used. Likewise, most relationships within these principal clades were well resolved and statistically supported. Relationships among the 7 principal groups, however, were poorly supported in all analyses. This result could not be explained by any detectable systematic bias in the data or incongruence among loci. The SOWH test confirmed that basal branches' lengths were not different from zero, which points to closely-spaced cladogenesis as the most likely explanation for the poor resolution of the deep pteropodid relationships. Simulations suggest that an increase in the amount of sequence data is likely to solve this problem. CONCLUSIONS The phylogenetic hypothesis generated here provides a robust framework for a revised cladistic classification of Pteropodidae into subfamilies and tribes and will greatly contribute to the understanding of character evolution and biogeography of pteropodids. The inability of our data to resolve the deepest relationships of the major pteropodid lineages suggests an explosive diversification soon after origin of the crown pteropodids. Several characteristics of pteropodids are consistent with this conclusion, including high species diversity, great morphological diversity, and presence of key innovations in relation to their sister group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca C Almeida
- American Museum of Natural History, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Department of Mammalogy, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
- American Museum of Natural History, Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
- Universitat de Barcelona, Departament de Genètica, Diagonal 645, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Norberto P Giannini
- American Museum of Natural History, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Department of Mammalogy, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
- CONICET, Programa de Investigaciones de Biodiversidad Argentina, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 205, Tucumán, CP 4000, Argentina
| | - Rob DeSalle
- American Museum of Natural History, Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Nancy B Simmons
- American Museum of Natural History, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Department of Mammalogy, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
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Brown VA, Brooke A, Fordyce JA, McCracken GF. Genetic analysis of populations of the threatened bat Pteropus mariannus. CONSERV GENET 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-011-0196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Almeida FC, Giannini NP, DeSalle R, Simmons NB. The phylogenetic relationships of cynopterine fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae: Cynopterinae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2009; 53:772-83. [PMID: 19660560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 07/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The subfamily Cynopterinae comprises ca. 24 species of pteropodid bats (Family Pteropodidae) distributed exclusively in South and Southeast Asia. Although some studies have supported monophyly of the subfamily, molecular analyses have produced contradictory results and there has been little agreement on relationships of cynopterines to other megabat groups. However, no previous studies have included a complete sampling of cynopterine genera. Here we describe a phylogenetic analysis of Cynopterinae based on more than 6000 bp from six different genes sampled in representatives of all 14 recognized genera. Our results support the monophyly of Cynopterinae but refute a close relationship of cynopterines with Nyctimeninae. Within Cynopterinae, our analyses consistently recovered two monophyletic clades, which we recommend be recognized formally as tribes: Cynopterini and Balionycterini. Biogeographic analyses indicate a Sundaland origin of the Cynopterinae and divergence date estimates suggest different timing of diversification of the two major cynopterine clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca C Almeida
- American Museum of Natural History, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Department of Mammalogy, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA.
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Multiple colonisations of the western Indian Ocean by Pteropus fruit bats (Megachiroptera: Pteropodidae): The furthest islands were colonised first. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2009; 51:294-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 02/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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