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Simon R, Dreissen A, Leroy H, Berg MP, Halfwerk W. Acoustic camouflage increases with body size and changes with bat echolocation frequency range in a community of nocturnally active Lepidoptera. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:2363-2372. [PMID: 37882060 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.14016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Body size is an important trait in predator-prey dynamics as it is often linked to detection, as well as the success of capture or escape. Larger prey, for example, often runs higher risk of detection by their predators, which imposes stronger selection on their anti-predator traits compared to smaller prey. Nocturnal Lepidoptera (moths) vary strongly in body size, which has consequences for their predation risk, as bigger moths return stronger echoes for echolocating bats. To compensate for increased predation risk, larger moths are therefore expected to have improved anti-predator defences. Moths are covered by different types of scales, which for a few species are known to absorb ultrasound, thus providing acoustic camouflage. Here, we assessed whether moths differ in their acoustic camouflage in a size-dependent way by focusing on their body scales and the different frequency ranges used by bats. We used a sonar head to measure 3D echo scans of a total of 111 moth specimens across 58 species, from eight different families of Lepidoptera. We scanned all the specimens and related their echo-acoustic target strength to various body size measurements. Next, we removed the scales covering the thorax and abdomen and scanned a subset of specimens again to assess the sound absorptive properties of these scales. Comparing intact specimens with descaled specimens, we found almost all species to absorb ultrasound, reducing detection risk on average by 8%. Furthermore, the sound absorptive capacities of body scales increased with body size suggesting that larger species benefit more from acoustic camouflage. The size-dependent effect of camouflage was in particular pronounced for the higher frequencies (above 29 kHz), with moth species belonging to large-bodied families consequently demonstrating similar target strengths compared to species from small-bodied families. Finally, we found the families to differ in frequency range that provided the largest reduction in detection risk, which may be related to differences in predation pressure and predator communities of these families. In general, our findings have important implications for predator-prey interactions across eco-evolutionary timescales and may suggest that acoustic camouflage played a role in body size evolution of nocturnally active Lepidoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Simon
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Behavioral Ecology and Conservation Lab, Nuremberg Zoo, Nuremberg, Germany
- Machine Learning and Data Analytics Lab, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alrike Dreissen
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helene Leroy
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matty P Berg
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Halfwerk
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Apoznański G, Carr A, Gelang M, Kokurewicz T, Rachwald A. Trophic relationship between Salix flowers, Orthosia moths and the western barbastelle. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7364. [PMID: 37147396 PMCID: PMC10163055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34561-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We present the results of a study which describes the relationship between the western barbastelle Barbastella barbastellus a highly specialised moth predator, and its prey-moths of the genus Orthosia, another selective animal known to converge around a dominant producer of pollen and nectar in early spring-willow trees Salix sp. In order to describe this trophic relationship, we conducted acoustic recordings at five paired sites (willow/control tree) in proximity to known barbastelle hibernation sites (Natura 2000: PLH080003 and PLH200014) beginning in mid-March 2022 after the first willow blossom sighting. Our study confirms a relationship between willow trees and barbastelles during early spring, as their activity around them was significantly higher than control sites. We also explore the activity of barbastelles over time, finding that activity levels around willows significantly decrease from the night of the first recorded bat, while the abundance of non-moth specialist bats remains consistent. Short-time importance (directly after hibernation) of willows for a moth specialist bat is probably due to other species blossom, attracting alternative prey, and in consequence-the bat. This newly described relationship should influence current conservation measures aimed at barbastelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Apoznański
- Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Paleontology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Andrew Carr
- Forest Ecology Department, Forest Research Institute, Sękocin Stary, Raszyn, Poland
| | - Magnus Gelang
- Gothenburg Natural History Museum, Göteborg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Tomasz Kokurewicz
- Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Paleontology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Alek Rachwald
- Forest Ecology Department, Forest Research Institute, Sękocin Stary, Raszyn, Poland.
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Andreas M, Naďo L, Bendová B, Uhrin M, Maxinová E, Lučan R, Benda P. Trophic niche and diet composition of the northernmost population of the Mediterranean horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus euryale) with conservation implications. MAMMAL RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-023-00674-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Erasmy M, Leuschner C, Balkenhol N, Dietz M. Three-dimensional stratification pattern in an old-growth lowland forest: How does height in canopy and season influence temperate bat activity? Ecol Evol 2021; 11:17273-17288. [PMID: 34938507 PMCID: PMC8668798 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of animal-habitat interactions is of primary importance for the formulation of conservation recommendations. Flying, gliding, and climbing animals have the ability to exploit their habitat in a three-dimensional way, and the vertical canopy structure in forests plays an essential role for habitat suitability. Forest bats as flying mammals may seasonally shift their microhabitat use due to differing energy demands or changing prey availability, but the patterns are not well understood. We investigated three-dimensional and seasonal habitat use by insectivorous bats in a temperate lowland old-growth forest, the Belovezhskaya Pushcha in Belarus. We acoustically sampled broadleaved and mixed coniferous plots in the forest interior and in gaps in three heights during two reproductive periods (pregnancy/lactation vs. postlactation). In canopy gaps, vertical stratification in bat activity was less pronounced than in the forest interior. Vertical activity patterns differed among species. The upper canopy levels were important foraging habitats for the open-space forager guild and for some edge-space foragers like the Barbastelle bat Barbastella barbastellus and the soprano pipistrelle Pipistrellus pygmaeus. Myotis species had highest activity levels near the ground in forest gaps. Moreover, we found species-dependent seasonal microhabitat shifts. Generally, all species and species groups considered except Myotis species showed higher activity levels during postlactation. Myotis species tended toward higher activity in the forest interior during postlactation. P. pygmaeus switched from high activity levels in the upper canopy during pregnancy and lactation to high activity levels near the ground during postlactation. We conclude that a full comprehension of forest bat habitat use is only possible when height in canopy and seasonal patterns are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Erasmy
- Plant Ecology and Ecosystems ResearchAlbrecht‐von‐Haller Institute for Plant SciencesUniversity of GoettingenGoettingenGermany
| | - Christoph Leuschner
- Plant Ecology and Ecosystems ResearchAlbrecht‐von‐Haller Institute for Plant SciencesUniversity of GoettingenGoettingenGermany
| | - Niko Balkenhol
- Wildlife SciencesFaculty of Forest SciencesUniversity of GoettingenGoettingenGermany
| | - Markus Dietz
- Institute for Animal Ecology and Nature EducationLaubachGermany
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Bhartiy SK, Elangovan V. Seasonal prey availability and diet composition of Lesser Asiatic Yellow House Bat Scotophilus kuhlii Leach, 1821. JOURNAL OF THREATENED TAXA 2021. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.6296.13.8.19002-19010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet is an important factor in understanding bat ecology and conservation. This study assessed seasonal prey availability and diet composition of the Asiatic Lesser Yellow House Bat Scotophilus kuhlii in various districts of Uttar Pradesh between January 2016 to December 2018. Fecal and insect samples were collected seasonally using sweep nets between 1800 and 1900 h. From each location 20 fecal pellets were selected for analysis and searched for taxonomically recognizable remnants. The analysis revealed that S. kuhlii fed on Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera, Orthoptera, Odonata, Blattodae, Lepidoptera, and Hemiptera, identified from legs, antennae and wings/elytra in fecal pellets. Seasonal variation in the presence of isolated insect remnants and insect abundance at foraging grounds was observed. Thus S. kuhlii is a voracious feeder and plays an important role as a pest control agent.
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Novella‐Fernandez R, Ibañez C, Juste J, Clare EL, Doncaster CP, Razgour O. Trophic resource partitioning drives fine-scale coexistence in cryptic bat species. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:14122-14136. [PMID: 33391705 PMCID: PMC7771180 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the processes that enable species coexistence has important implications for assessing how ecological systems will respond to global change. Morphology and functional similarity increase the potential for competition, and therefore, co-occurring morphologically similar but genetically unique species are a good model system for testing coexistence mechanisms. We used DNA metabarcoding and high-throughput sequencing to characterize for the first time the trophic ecology of two recently described cryptic bat species with parapatric ranges, Myotis escalerai and Myotis crypticus. We collected fecal samples from allopatric and sympatric regions and from syntopic and allotopic locations within the sympatric region to describe the diets both taxonomically and functionally and compare prey consumption with prey availability. The two bat species had highly similar diets characterized by high arthropod diversity, particularly Lepidoptera, Diptera and Araneae, and a high proportion of prey that is not volant at night, which points to extensive use of gleaning. Diet overlap at the prey item level was lower in syntopic populations, supporting trophic shift under fine-scale co-occurrence. Furthermore, the diet of M. escalerai had a marginally lower proportion of not nocturnally volant prey in syntopic populations, suggesting that the shift in diet may be driven by a change in foraging mode. Our findings suggest that fine-scale coexistence mechanisms can have implications for maintaining broad-scale diversity patterns. This study highlights the importance of including both allopatric and sympatric populations and choosing meaningful spatial scales for detecting ecological patterns. We conclude that a combination of high taxonomic resolution with a functional approach helps identify patterns of niche shift.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Javier Juste
- Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC)SevillaSpain
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
| | - Elizabeth L. Clare
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Orly Razgour
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- BiosciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
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Toffoli R, Cucco M. Habitat Suitability, Connection Analysis and Effectiveness of Protected Areas for Conservation of the Barbastelle Bat Barbastella barbastellus in NW Italy. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2020. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2020.22.2.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Toffoli
- Associazione Chirosphera, Via Tetti Barbiere 11, 10026 Santena, Italy
| | - Marco Cucco
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, University of Eastern Piedmont, Viale T. Michel 11, 15100 Alessandria, Italy
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Salinas‐Ramos VB, Ancillotto L, Bosso L, Sánchez‐Cordero V, Russo D. Interspecific competition in bats: state of knowledge and research challenges. Mamm Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria B. Salinas‐Ramos
- Wildlife Research Unit Dipartimento di Agraria Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II via Università 100 80055 Portici Napoli Italy
| | - Leonardo Ancillotto
- Wildlife Research Unit Dipartimento di Agraria Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II via Università 100 80055 Portici Napoli Italy
| | - Luciano Bosso
- Wildlife Research Unit Dipartimento di Agraria Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II via Università 100 80055 Portici Napoli Italy
| | - Víctor Sánchez‐Cordero
- Laboratorio de Sistemas de Información Geográfica Departamento de Zoología Instituto de Biología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Av. Universidad 04510 Ciudad de México México
| | - Danilo Russo
- Wildlife Research Unit Dipartimento di Agraria Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II via Università 100 80055 Portici Napoli Italy
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Apoznański G, Sánchez-Navarro S, Kokurewicz T, Pettersson S, Rydell J. Barbastelle bats in a wind farm: are they at risk? EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-018-1202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Galan M, Pons JB, Tournayre O, Pierre É, Leuchtmann M, Pontier D, Charbonnel N. Metabarcoding for the parallel identification of several hundred predators and their prey: Application to bat species diet analysis. Mol Ecol Resour 2018; 18:474-489. [PMID: 29288544 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Assessing diet variability is of main importance to better understand the biology of bats and design conservation strategies. Although the advent of metabarcoding has facilitated such analyses, this approach does not come without challenges. Biases may occur throughout the whole experiment, from fieldwork to biostatistics, resulting in the detection of false negatives, false positives or low taxonomic resolution. We detail a rigorous metabarcoding approach based on a short COI minibarcode and two-step PCR protocol enabling the "all at once" taxonomic identification of bats and their arthropod prey for several hundreds of samples. Our study includes faecal pellets collected in France from 357 bats representing 16 species, as well as insect mock communities that mimic bat meals of known composition, negative and positive controls. All samples were analysed using three replicates. We compare the efficiency of DNA extraction methods, and we evaluate the effectiveness of our protocol using identification success, taxonomic resolution, sensitivity and amplification biases. Our parallel identification strategy of predators and prey reduces the risk of mis-assigning prey to wrong predators and decreases the number of molecular steps. Controls and replicates enable to filter the data and limit the risk of false positives, hence guaranteeing high confidence results for both prey occurrence and bat species identification. We validate 551 COI variants from arthropod including 18 orders, 117 family, 282 genus and 290 species. Our method therefore provides a rapid, resolutive and cost-effective screening tool for addressing evolutionary ecological issues or developing "chirosurveillance" and conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Galan
- CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montferrier sur Lez Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Pons
- LabEx ECOFECT Ecoevolutionary Dynamics of Infectious Diseases, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Orianne Tournayre
- CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montferrier sur Lez Cedex, France
| | - Éric Pierre
- CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montferrier sur Lez Cedex, France
| | | | - Dominique Pontier
- LabEx ECOFECT Ecoevolutionary Dynamics of Infectious Diseases, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, UMR5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nathalie Charbonnel
- CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montferrier sur Lez Cedex, France
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Kohyt J, Rozik A, Kozakiewicz K, Pereswiet-Soltan A, Gubała WJ. Activity pattern and fat accumulation strategy of the Natterer’s bat (Vespertilionidae, Chiroptera) swarming population indicate the exact time of male mating effort. MAMMAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-016-0285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Lisón F, López-Espinosa JA, Calvo JF, Jones G. Diet of the Meridional SerotineEptesicus isabellinusin an Urban Semiarid Mediterranean Landscape. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2015. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2015.17.2.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Charbonnier Y, Barbaro L, Theillout A, Jactel H. Numerical and functional responses of forest bats to a major insect pest in pine plantations. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109488. [PMID: 25285523 PMCID: PMC4186828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Global change is expected to modify the frequency and magnitude of defoliating insect outbreaks in forest ecosystems. Bats are increasingly acknowledged as effective biocontrol agents for pest insect populations. However, a better understanding is required of whether and how bat communities contribute to the resilience of forests to man- and climate-driven biotic disturbances. We studied the responses of forest insectivorous bats to a major pine defoliator, the pine processionary moth pityocampa, which is currently expanding its range in response to global warming. We used pheromone traps and ultrasound bat recorders to estimate the abundance and activity of moths and predatory bats along the edge of infested pine stands. We used synthetic pheromone to evaluate the effects of experimentally increased moth availability on bat foraging activity. We also evaluated the top-down regulation of moth population by estimating T. pityocampa larval colonies abundance on the same edges the following winter. We observed a close spatio-temporal matching between emergent moths and foraging bats, with bat activity significantly increasing with moth abundance. The foraging activity of some bat species was significantly higher near pheromone lures, i.e. in areas of expected increased prey availability. Furthermore moth reproductive success significantly decreased with increasing bat activity during the flight period of adult moths. These findings suggest that bats, at least in condition of low prey density, exhibit numerical and functional responses to a specific and abundant prey, which may ultimately result in an effective top-down regulation of the population of the prey. These observations are consistent with bats being useful agents for the biocontrol of insect pest populations in plantation forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Charbonnier
- INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, Cestas, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, Pessac, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Luc Barbaro
- INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, Cestas, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, Pessac, France
| | | | - Hervé Jactel
- INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, Cestas, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, Pessac, France
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Burgar JM, Murray DC, Craig MD, Haile J, Houston J, Stokes V, Bunce M. Who's for dinner? High-throughput sequencing reveals bat dietary differentiation in a biodiversity hotspot where prey taxonomy is largely undescribed. Mol Ecol 2013; 23:3605-17. [PMID: 24118181 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Effective management and conservation of biodiversity requires understanding of predator-prey relationships to ensure the continued existence of both predator and prey populations. Gathering dietary data from predatory species, such as insectivorous bats, often presents logistical challenges, further exacerbated in biodiversity hot spots because prey items are highly speciose, yet their taxonomy is largely undescribed. We used high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and bioinformatic analyses to phylogenetically group DNA sequences into molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) to examine predator-prey dynamics of three sympatric insectivorous bat species in the biodiversity hotspot of south-western Australia. We could only assign between 4% and 20% of MOTUs to known genera or species, depending on the method used, underscoring the importance of examining dietary diversity irrespective of taxonomic knowledge in areas lacking a comprehensive genetic reference database. MOTU analysis confirmed that resource partitioning occurred, with dietary divergence positively related to the ecomorphological divergence of the three bat species. We predicted that bat species' diets would converge during times of high energetic requirements, that is, the maternity season for females and the mating season for males. There was an interactive effect of season on female, but not male, bat species' diets, although small sample sizes may have limited our findings. Contrary to our predictions, females of two ecomorphologically similar species showed dietary convergence during the mating season rather than the maternity season. HTS-based approaches can help elucidate complex predator-prey relationships in highly speciose regions, which should facilitate the conservation of biodiversity in genetically uncharacterized areas, such as biodiversity hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Burgar
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
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15
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Body size as an important factor determining trophic niche partitioning in three syntopic rhinolophid bat species. Biologia (Bratisl) 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-012-0139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Andreas M, Reiter A, Benda P. Dietary Composition, Resource Partitioning and Trophic Niche Overlap in Three Forest Foliage-Gleaning Bats in Central Europe. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2012. [DOI: 10.3161/150811012x661657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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