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Higaki S, Inai R, Matsuo T. Effects of Dietary Allitol on Body Fat Accumulation in Rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2022; 68:348-352. [PMID: 36047107 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.68.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Allitol is a rare sugar alcohol obtained by reducing d-allulose (d-psicose). However, information on the effects of long-term dietary allitol intake is limited. This study aimed to investigate the effect of allitol supplementation, as a sugar substitute, on body fat accumulation in rats compared with sucrose, rare sugar d-allulose, or erythritol. Thirty-two male Wistar rats (3 wk old) were fed experimental diets including 5% sucrose, allitol, erythritol, or d-allulose for 8 wk ad libitum. Weight gain, food intake, and food efficiency did not differ among the groups. The total body fat mass and percentage, and intra-abdominal adipose tissue weights were significantly lower in rats fed with the allitol diet than in those fed with the sucrose diet. These body fat indicators tended to be lower in rats fed with the erythritol and d-allulose diets than in those fed with the sucrose diet, but there was no significant difference. The serum glucose-lowering effect obtained in rats fed with the d-allulose diet did not appear in rats fed with the allitol diet. These results suggest that the anti-obesity effect of allitol may be equal to or greater than that of d-allulose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reiko Inai
- Faculty of Nutrition, University of Kochi
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2
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Higaki S, Inai R, Mochizuki S, Yoshihara A, Matsuo T. Dietary Dried Sweetspire (Itea) Powder Reduces Body Fat Accumulation in Rats Fed with a High-fat Diet. J Oleo Sci 2022; 71:1195-1198. [PMID: 35793978 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess22111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweetspire (Itea) is the only plant that accumulates rare sugars d-allulose and allitol. However, no reports have indicated that sweetspire has a beneficial physiological activity in mammalians. We have examined the effect of dietary dried sweetspire powder (SP) on body fat accumulation in rats fed with a high-fat diet. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomized into three groups, the control (C), SP, and rare sugar (RS) groups. The SP diet contained 5% SP (contained 0.4% d-allulose and 0.6% allitol in the diet), and the RS diet contained the same amount of rare sugars as the SP diet. All rats were given free access to the experimental diets for 8 weeks. The percentages of intra-abdominal adipose tissue and total body fat were significantly lower in the SP group than in the C group, suggesting that SP has an anti-obesity effect. Furthermore, this anti-obesity effect may be attributed to the rare sugars in SP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Higaki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University.,Faculty of Human Sciences, Hokkaido Bunkyo University
| | - Reiko Inai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University.,Faculty of Nutrition, University of Kochi
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Niibo M, Kanasaki A, Iida T, Ohnishi K, Ozaki T, Akimitsu K, Minamino T. d-allulose protects against diabetic nephropathy progression in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats with type 2 diabetes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263300. [PMID: 35100325 PMCID: PMC8803202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
d-allulose is a rare sugar that has been reported to possess anti-hyperglycemic effects. In the present study, we hypothesized that d-allulose is effective in attenuating the progression of diabetic nephropathy in the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drinking water with or without 3% d-allulose was administered to OLETF rats for 13 weeks. Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka rats that received drinking water without d-allulose were used as non-diabetic control rats. d-allulose significantly attenuated the increase in blood glucose levels and progressive mesangial expansion in the glomerulus, which is regarded as a characteristic of diabetic nephropathy, in OLETF rats. d-allulose also attenuated the significant increases in renal IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA levels in OLETF rats, which is a proinflammatory parameter. Additionally, we showed that d-allulose suppresses mesangial matrix expansion, but its correlation with suppressing renal inflammation in OLETF rats should be investigated further. Collectively, our results support the hypothesis that d-allulose can prevent diabetic nephropathy in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Niibo
- Research and Development, Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd, Itami City, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Akane Kanasaki
- Research and Development, Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd, Itami City, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Iida
- Research and Development, Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd, Itami City, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ohnishi
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Taro Ozaki
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuya Akimitsu
- International Institute of Rare Sugar Research and Education & Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Minamino
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
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Chiranthanut N, Teekachunhatean S, Panthong A, Lertprasertsuke N. Acute and chronic oral toxicity assessment of longan sugar extracts derived from whole fruit and from fruit pulp in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 263:113184. [PMID: 32736055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) is one of the most popular subtropical fruits. Various parts of longan, including seeds, pericarp and pulp, have long been used in traditional medicine in China, Thailand and other Asian countries. The pulp has high sugar, vitamin and mineral content as well as bioactive components. The seeds and pericarp have also been reported to contain beneficial polyphenolic compounds. Longan sugar extract from pulp (LGSP) is prepared as a conventional sugar product. Longan sugar extract from whole longan fruit (LGSW) is also offered as a health food and as a medicinal product. AIM OF THE STUDY The objective of this study was to identify and compare potential health hazards of both LGSW and LGSP by testing for acute and chronic oral toxicity in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS In acute toxicity testing, an oral dose (20 g/kg) of either LGSW or LGSP was administered to groups of rats. Mortality and clinical signs of toxicity were observed for 24 h, and then daily for a total of 14 days. In the chronic toxicity test, either LGSW (1, 2.5 and 5 g/kg/day) or LGSP (5 g/kg/day) was administered orally for a period of 180 days. After that treatment period, the rats in the satellite groups which received the highest doses of either LGSW or LGSP were observed for an additional 28 days. The rats then underwent clinical observation, body and organ weight measurement, hematological and biochemical analyses, and histopathological examination. RESULTS In the acute toxicity study, the oral administration of LGSP or LGSW in either pellet or syrup formulations did not cause mortality or any pathological abnormalities. In the chronic toxicity study, neither LGSW nor LGSP resulted in death or in any changes in behavior of the rats. All hematological and serum biochemical values of both the LGSW- and LGSP-treated groups were within the normal ranges. No histopathological abnormalities of any internal organs were observed. CONCLUSION The safety of longan sugar extract made from whole fruit (pulp, seeds and pericarb) is comparable to that of longan sugar extract made from pulp alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthakarn Chiranthanut
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Supanimit Teekachunhatean
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Thai Traditional and Complementary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Ampai Panthong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Nirush Lertprasertsuke
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
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Van Laar ADE, Grootaert C, Van Camp J. Rare mono- and disaccharides as healthy alternative for traditional sugars and sweeteners? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:713-741. [PMID: 32212974 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1743966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes are major health problems affecting hundreds of millions of people. Caloric overfeeding with calorie-dense food ingredients like sugars may contribute to these chronic diseases. Sugar research has also identified mechanisms via which conventional sugars like sucrose and fructose can adversely influence metabolic health. To replace these sugars, numerous sugar replacers including artificial sweeteners and sugar alcohols have been developed. Rare sugars became new candidates to replace conventional sugars and their health effects are already reported in individual studies, but overviews and critical appraisals of their health effects are missing. This is the first paper to provide a detailed review of the metabolic health effects of rare sugars as a group. Especially allulose has a wide range of health effects. Tagatose and isomaltulose have several health effects as well, while other rare sugars mainly provide health benefits in mechanistic studies. Hardly any health claims have been approved for rare sugars due to a lack of evidence from human trials. Human trials with direct measures for disease risk factors are needed to allow a final appraisal of promising rare sugars. Mechanistic cell culture studies and animal models are required to enlarge our knowledge on understudied rare sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar D E Van Laar
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Grootaert
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - John Van Camp
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Ochiai M, Inada M, Horiguchi S. Nutritional and safety evaluation of locust (Caelifera) powder as a novel food material. J Food Sci 2020; 85:279-288. [PMID: 31976553 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Insects are considered edible food resources with sufficient nutrients, but their nutrient composition and safety evaluation have not been fully investigated yet. In this study, we investigated the nutrient composition and the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of locust powder in male rats. In the acute oral toxicological experiment, rats were administered locust powder at a dose of 10 or 20 g/kg/dose, followed by monitoring general signs of toxicity for 14 days. In the sub-chronic toxicological experiments, rats were fed with a diet containing 1% and 3% locust powder for 28 and 90 days. General signs of toxicity, body weight, plasma and blood components, weight and fat accumulation in tissues, and fecal fat excretion were investigated. The locust powder was rich in proteins, essential amino acids, minerals, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In the acute toxicological experiment, no general signs of acute toxicity were observed at a dose of 20 g/kg. In the sub-chronic toxicological experiments, parameters related to red blood cell were lowered by the 3% locust powder for 28 days, but not for 90 days. Liver lipid accumulation and fecal fat excretion were increased by the 3% locust powder for 90 days, but the liver lipids contents were considered to be within a nontoxic level. Cecum contents and cecum short-chain fatty acids were lowered by the locust powder, which can be caused by its fiber and fiber-like components. In conclusion, acute and sub-chronic intake of locust powder had little effect on general, biochemical, and hematological signs of toxicity in rats. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Edible insects are increasingly viewed as new sustainable protein sources for human foods and livestock feeds worldwide because of their high nutritional balance, high food conversion rate, and environmental merits. Here, we have clarified that a locust powder contains high levels of protein, polyunsaturated functional fatty acids, and minerals (iron, zinc, and magnesium), and intake of locust powder (3% in diet) had little effects on general, biochemical, and hematological signs of toxicity in male rats. Locust as an edible insect, in powder form, can contribute to human dietary needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Ochiai
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato Univ., Higashi 23-35-1 Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Mako Inada
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato Univ., Higashi 23-35-1 Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Seiya Horiguchi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato Univ., Higashi 23-35-1 Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
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Tanaka M, Hayashi N, Iida T, Kuzawa K, Naito M. Effects of Chocolate Containing D-allulose on Postprandial Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism in Young Japanese Women. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.26.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Misuzu Tanaka
- Research & Development, Matsutani Chemical Industry Co. Ltd
| | - Noriko Hayashi
- Research & Development, Matsutani Chemical Industry Co. Ltd
| | - Tetsuo Iida
- Research & Development, Matsutani Chemical Industry Co. Ltd
| | - Kaori Kuzawa
- School & Graduate School of Life Studies, Sugiyama Jogakuen University
| | - Michitaka Naito
- School & Graduate School of Life Studies, Sugiyama Jogakuen University
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8
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An M, Lee J, Park YC, Park C, Kim HJ. 90-Day repeated oral toxicity test of D-allulose produced from Microbacterium foliorum. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 109:104485. [PMID: 31568817 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
D-allulose is considered an ideal substitute for sucrose, because it has 70% of the sweetness of sucrose and ultra-low energy. Chemical and biotechnological methods have been developed to produce Dallulose from D-fructose because D-allulose exists in extremely small quantities in nature. In this study, we performed a 90-day repeated oral dose toxicity test on rats using D-allulose produced from Microbacterium foliorum-a non-GMO species isolated from salad ginseng-in dosages of 0, 1250, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg/day. We developed a toxicity determination criterion based on the significant change caused by the administration of the substance to estimate the NOEL, NOAEL, and LOAEL of the substance applied in this study. This test found only minor compound-related changes in both male and female rats in the high dose group and no important compound-related changes. Thus, we determined the NOAEL of Dallulose in both sexes to be 5,000 mg/kg/day. This study's finding of a NOAEL of 5,000 mg/kg/day should ensure that D-allulose produced from Microbacterium foliorum is classified as a safe and ordinary substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- MinJi An
- GLP Center & Dept. of Toxicity Assessment, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, 38430, Republic of Korea
| | - JiSun Lee
- GLP Center & Dept. of Toxicity Assessment, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, 38430, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Chul Park
- GLP Center & Dept. of Toxicity Assessment, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, 38430, Republic of Korea
| | - ChongJin Park
- Samyang Corp, 295 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jung Kim
- Samyang Corp, 295 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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Lamothe LM, Lê KA, Samra RA, Roger O, Green H, Macé K. The scientific basis for healthful carbohydrate profile. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:1058-1070. [PMID: 29190114 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1392287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dietary guidelines indicate that complex carbohydrates should provide around half of the calories in a balanced diet, while sugars (i.e., simple carbohydrates) should be limited to no more than 5-10% of total energy intake. To achieve this public health goal a collective effort from different entities including governments, food & beverage industries and consumers is required. Some food companies have committed to continually reduce sugars in their products. Different solutions can be used to replace sugars in food products but it is important to ensure that these solutions are more healthful than the sugars they replace. The objectives of this paper are, (1) to identify carbohydrates and carbohydrates sources to promote and those to limit for dietary intake and food product development, based on current knowledge about the impact of carbohydrates on the development of dental caries, obesity and cardio-metabolic disorders (2) to evaluate the impact of food processing on the quality of carbohydrates and (3) to highlight the challenges of developing healthier products due to the limitations and gaps in food regulations, science & technology and consumer education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Lamothe
- a Nestlé Research Center , Vers chez les Blanc , CP44 , 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Kim-Anne Lê
- a Nestlé Research Center , Vers chez les Blanc , CP44 , 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Rania Abou Samra
- a Nestlé Research Center , Vers chez les Blanc , CP44 , 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Roger
- a Nestlé Research Center , Vers chez les Blanc , CP44 , 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Hilary Green
- a Nestlé Research Center , Vers chez les Blanc , CP44 , 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Katherine Macé
- a Nestlé Research Center , Vers chez les Blanc , CP44 , 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
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Nishii N, Takashima S, Kobatake Y, Tokuda M, Kitagawa H. The long-term safety of D-allulose administration in healthy dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1780-1784. [PMID: 28924091 PMCID: PMC5709552 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety and biological effects of a long-term dose of D-allulose were evaluated in healthy dogs. For 12 weeks, the dogs were administered D-allulose (0.2 g/kg) or placebo daily. Plasma total cholesterol concentrations in the D-allulose group were significantly lower than those in the control group at and after week 2 (P<0.05). D-Allulose administration did not cause clinical signs or changes in hematological and biochemical levels, except for lipids. D-Allulose administration also did not influence body weight. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in the glucose tolerance test, performed one day after the termination of D-allulose administration, were not different between groups, suggesting no cumulative effects of D-allulose on glucose metabolism in healthy dogs. In conclusion, long-term administration of D-allulose caused no harmful effects in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohito Nishii
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takashima
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yui Kobatake
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Masaaki Tokuda
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kitagawa
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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11
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Safety evaluation of Chlorella sorokiniana strain CK-22 based on an in vitro cytotoxicity assay and a 13-week subchronic toxicity trial in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Yamada T, Hayashi N, Iida T, Takamine S, Okuma K, Matsuo T. Dietary D-sorbose decreases serum insulin levels in growing Sprague-Dawley rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2015; 60:297-9. [PMID: 25297620 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.60.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
D-Sorbose is naturally occurring rare sugar. In this study, we examined the effects of dietary D-sorbose in rats. Four-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either an AIN-93G-based control diet or a 3% D-sorbose diet for 28 d. Body weight and body fat accumulation were not different between the two diet groups. Dietary supplementation of D-sorbose lowered the serum insulin level (*p<0.05) significantly compared to the control, although the glucose was not changed. In addition, the relative weight of the cecum increased significantly in the D-sorbose group (**p<0.01). These findings suggest that intake of D-sorbose may improve the glucose metabolism by reducing insulin secretion, and D-sorbose can be used as a food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Yamada
- Research and Development, Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd
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13
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Tsukamoto I, Hossain A, Yamaguchi F, Hirata Y, Dong Y, Kamitori K, Sui L, Nonaka M, Ueno M, Nishimoto K, Suda H, Morimoto K, Shimonishi T, Saito M, Song T, Konishi R, Tokuda M. Intestinal absorption, organ distribution, and urinary excretion of the rare sugar D-psicose. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2014; 8:1955-64. [PMID: 25378908 PMCID: PMC4207542 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s60247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate intestinal absorption, organ distribution, and urinary elimination of the rare sugar D-psicose, a 3-carbon stereoisomer of D-fructose that is currently being investigated and which has been found to be strongly effective against hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Methods This study was performed using radioactive D-psicose, which was synthesized enzymatically from radioactive D-allose. Concentrations in whole blood, urine, and organs were measured at different time points until 2 hours after both oral and intravenous administrations and 7 days after a single oral administration (100 mg/kg body weight) to Wistar rats. Autoradiography was also performed by injecting 100 mg/kg body weight of 14C-labeled D-psicose or glucose intravenously to C3H mice. Results Following oral administration, D-psicose easily moved to blood. The maximum blood concentration (48.5±15.6 μg/g) was observed at 1 hour. Excretion to urine was 20% within 1 hour and 33% within 2 hours. Accumulation to organs was detected only in the liver. Following intravenous administration, blood concentration was decreased with the half-life=57 minutes, and the excretion to urine was up to almost 50% within 1 hour. Similarly to the results obtained with oral administration, accumulation to organs was detected only in the liver. Seven days after the single-dose oral administration, the remaining amounts in the whole body were less than 1%. Autoradiography of mice showed results similar to those in rats. High signals of 14C-labeled D-psicose were observed in liver, kidney, and bladder. Interestingly, no accumulation of D-psicose was observed in the brain. Conclusion D-psicose was absorbed well after oral administration and eliminated rapidly after both oral and intravenous administrations, with short duration of action. The study provides valuable pharmacokinetic data for further drug development of D-psicose. Because the findings were mainly based on animal study, it is necessary to implement human trials to study the metabolism pathway, which would give an important guide for human intake and food application of D-psicose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Tsukamoto
- Department of Pharmaco-Bio-Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Akram Hossain
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan ; Matsutani Chemical Industry Co, Ltd, Itami, Japan
| | - Fuminori Yamaguchi
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Hirata
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Youyi Dong
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Kamitori
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Li Sui
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Machiko Nonaka
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Ueno
- Department of Inflammation Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Nishimoto
- Division of Radioisotope Research, Life Science Research Center, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Suda
- Division of Radioisotope Research, Life Science Research Center, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Morimoto
- Rare Sugar Research Center, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | | | - Madoka Saito
- Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tao Song
- The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ryoji Konishi
- Department of Pharmaco-Bio-Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Masaaki Tokuda
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
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14
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Festing MFW. Extending the Statistical Analysis and Graphical Presentation of Toxicity Test Results Using Standardized Effect Sizes. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 42:1238-49. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623313517771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The results of repeat-dose toxicity tests are usually presented as tables of means and standard deviations ( SDs), with an indication of statistical significance for each biomarker. Interpretation is based mainly on the pattern of statistical significance rather than the magnitude of any response. Multiple statistical testing of many biomarkers leads to false-positive results and, with the exception of growth data, few graphical methods for showing the results are available. By converting means and SDs to standardized effect sizes, a range of graphical techniques including dot plots, line plots, box plots, and quantile–quantile plots become available to show the patterns of response. A bootstrap statistical test involving all biomarkers is proposed to compare the magnitudes of the response between treated groups. These methods are proposed as an extension rather than an alternative to current statistical analyses. They can be applied to published work retrospectively, as all that is required is tables of means and SDs. The methods are illustrated using published articles, where the results range from strong positive to completely negative responses to the test substances.
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Iida T, Yamada T, Hayashi N, Okuma K, Izumori K, Ishii R, Matsuo T. Reduction of abdominal fat accumulation in rats by 8-week ingestion of a newly developed sweetener made from high fructose corn syrup. Food Chem 2012; 138:781-5. [PMID: 23411176 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that ingestion of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) may cause an increase in body weight and abdominal fat. We recently developed a new sweetener containing rare sugars (rare sugar syrup; RSS) by slight isomerization of HFCS. Here, the functional effects of RSS on body weight and abdominal fat, and biochemical parameters in Wistar rats were examined. Rats (n=30) were randomly divided into three groups and maintained for 8-weeks on starch, starch+HFCS (50:50), and starch+RSS (50:50) diets. Rats in the Starch and HFCS groups gained significantly more body weight and abdominal fat than the RSS group. Fasting serum insulin in the RSS group was significantly lower than in the Starch and HFCS groups, although serum glucose in the HFCS and RSS groups was significantly lower than that in the Starch group. Thus, the substitution of HFCS with RSS prevents obesity induced by the consumption of HFCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Iida
- Research Institute, Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., 5-3, Kita-Itami, Itami, Hyogo 664-8508, Japan.
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