1
|
Nishida Y, Berg PC, Shakersain B, Hecht K, Takikawa A, Tao R, Kakuta Y, Uragami C, Hashimoto H, Misawa N, Maoka T. Astaxanthin: Past, Present, and Future. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:514. [PMID: 37888449 PMCID: PMC10608541 DOI: 10.3390/md21100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin (AX), a lipid-soluble pigment belonging to the xanthophyll carotenoids family, has recently garnered significant attention due to its unique physical properties, biochemical attributes, and physiological effects. Originally recognized primarily for its role in imparting the characteristic red-pink color to various organisms, AX is currently experiencing a surge in interest and research. The growing body of literature in this field predominantly focuses on AXs distinctive bioactivities and properties. However, the potential of algae-derived AX as a solution to various global environmental and societal challenges that threaten life on our planet has not received extensive attention. Furthermore, the historical context and the role of AX in nature, as well as its significance in diverse cultures and traditional health practices, have not been comprehensively explored in previous works. This review article embarks on a comprehensive journey through the history leading up to the present, offering insights into the discovery of AX, its chemical and physical attributes, distribution in organisms, and biosynthesis. Additionally, it delves into the intricate realm of health benefits, biofunctional characteristics, and the current market status of AX. By encompassing these multifaceted aspects, this review aims to provide readers with a more profound understanding and a robust foundation for future scientific endeavors directed at addressing societal needs for sustainable nutritional and medicinal solutions. An updated summary of AXs health benefits, its present market status, and potential future applications are also included for a well-rounded perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nishida
- Fuji Chemical Industries, Co., Ltd., 55 Yokohoonji, Kamiich-machi, Nakaniikawa-gun, Toyama 930-0405, Japan
| | | | - Behnaz Shakersain
- AstaReal AB, Signum, Forumvägen 14, Level 16, 131 53 Nacka, Sweden; (P.C.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Karen Hecht
- AstaReal, Inc., 3 Terri Lane, Unit 12, Burlington, NJ 08016, USA;
| | - Akiko Takikawa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan;
| | - Ruohan Tao
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Yumeka Kakuta
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Chiasa Uragami
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Hideki Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Norihiko Misawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Suematsu, Nonoichi-shi 921-8836, Japan;
| | - Takashi Maoka
- Research Institute for Production Development, 15 Shimogamo-morimoto-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-0805, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alugoju P, Krishna Swamy VKD, Anthikapalli NVA, Tencomnao T. Health benefits of astaxanthin against age-related diseases of multiple organs: A comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10709-10774. [PMID: 35708049 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2084600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Age-related diseases are associated with increased morbidity in the past few decades and the cost associated with the treatment of these age-related diseases exerts a substantial impact on social and health care expenditure. Anti-aging strategies aim to mitigate, delay and reverse aging-associated diseases, thereby improving quality of life and reducing the burden of age-related pathologies. The natural dietary antioxidant supplementation offers substantial pharmacological and therapeutic effects against various disease conditions. Astaxanthin is one such natural carotenoid with superior antioxidant activity than other carotenoids, as well as well as vitamins C and E, and additionally, it is known to exhibit a plethora of pharmacological effects. The present review summarizes the protective molecular mechanisms of actions of astaxanthin on age-related diseases of multiple organs such as Neurodegenerative diseases [Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Stroke, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Status Epilepticus (SE)], Bone Related Diseases [Osteoarthritis (OA) and Osteoporosis], Cancers [Colon cancer, Prostate cancer, Breast cancer, and Lung Cancer], Cardiovascular disorders [Hypertension, Atherosclerosis and Myocardial infarction (MI)], Diabetes associated complications [Diabetic nephropathy (DN), Diabetic neuropathy, and Diabetic retinopathy (DR)], Eye disorders [Age related macular degeneration (AMD), Dry eye disease (DED), Cataract and Uveitis], Gastric Disorders [Gastritis, Colitis, and Functional dyspepsia], Kidney Disorders [Nephrolithiasis, Renal fibrosis, Renal Ischemia reperfusion (RIR), Acute kidney injury (AKI), and hyperuricemia], Liver Diseases [Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), Alcoholic Liver Disease (AFLD), Liver fibrosis, and Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) Injury], Pulmonary Disorders [Pulmonary Fibrosis, Acute Lung injury (ALI), and Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)], Muscle disorders (skeletal muscle atrophy), Skin diseases [Atopic dermatitis (ATD), Skin Photoaging, and Wound healing]. We have also briefly discussed astaxanthin's protective effects on reproductive health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phaniendra Alugoju
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - V K D Krishna Swamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University (A Central University), Puducherry, India
| | | | - Tewin Tencomnao
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Recent Advances and the Mechanism of Astaxanthin in Ophthalmological Diseases. J Ophthalmol 2022; 2022:8071406. [PMID: 35646393 PMCID: PMC9142330 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8071406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin (AST) is a naturally occurring carotenoid that has strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptosis effects and is used for the prevention of cancer. There is growing evidence that AST has multiple protective effects against various eye diseases. This article reviews the function and the potential mechanism of AST in dry eye syndrome, keratitis, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, high intraocular pressure, and other ocular diseases. It provides a theoretical basis for the clinical application of AST as a potential nutraceutical.
Collapse
|
4
|
Nishida Y, Nawaz A, Hecht K, Tobe K. Astaxanthin as a Novel Mitochondrial Regulator: A New Aspect of Carotenoids, beyond Antioxidants. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010107. [PMID: 35010981 PMCID: PMC8746862 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a member of the carotenoid family that is found abundantly in marine organisms, and has been gaining attention in recent years due to its varied biological/physiological activities. It has been reported that astaxanthin functions both as a pigment, and as an antioxidant with superior free radical quenching capacity. We recently reported that astaxanthin modulated mitochondrial functions by a novel mechanism independent of its antioxidant function. In this paper, we review astaxanthin’s well-known antioxidant activity, and expand on astaxanthin’s lesser-known molecular targets, and its role in mitochondrial energy metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nishida
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
- Fuji Chemical Industries, Co., Ltd., 55 Yokohoonji, Kamiich-machi, Nakaniikawa-gun, Toyama 930-0405, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.N.); (A.N.); (K.T.)
| | - Allah Nawaz
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.N.); (A.N.); (K.T.)
| | - Karen Hecht
- AstaReal, Inc., 3 Terri Lane, Unit 12, Burlington, NJ 08016, USA;
| | - Kazuyuki Tobe
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.N.); (A.N.); (K.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kanwugu ON, Glukhareva TV, Danilova IG, Kovaleva EG. Natural antioxidants in diabetes treatment and management: prospects of astaxanthin. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5005-5028. [PMID: 33591215 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1881434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes remains a major health emergency in our entire world, affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. In conjunction with its much-dreaded complications (e.g., nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, cardiovascular diseases, etc.) it substantially reduces the quality of life, increases mortality as well as economic burden among patients. Over the years, oxidative stress and inflammation have been highlighted as key players in the development and progression of diabetes and its associated complications. Much research has been devoted, as such, to the role of antioxidants in diabetes. Astaxanthin is a powerful antioxidant found mostly in marine organisms. Over the past years, several studies have demonstrated that astaxanthin could be useful in the treatment and management of diabetes. It has been shown to protect β-cells, neurons as well as several organs including the eyes, kidney, liver, etc. against oxidative injuries experienced during diabetes. Furthermore, it improves glucose and lipid metabolism along with cardiovascular health. Its beneficial effects are exerted through multiple actions on cellular functions. Considering these and the fact that foods and natural products with biological and pharmacological activities are of much interest in the 21st-century food and drug industry, astaxanthin has a bright prospect in the management of diabetes and its complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osman N Kanwugu
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Glukhareva
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia.,Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Irina G Danilova
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russia Academy of Science, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Elena G Kovaleva
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hashimoto H, Arai K, Takahashi J, Chikuda M. The effect of aging on the antioxidative activity of astaxanthin in human aqueous humor. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2020; 68:169-172. [PMID: 33879969 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.20-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously evaluated the antioxidative effects of astaxanthin intake in the aqueous humor by measuring reactive oxygen species-related parameters, including O2 •- scavenging activity, H2O2 level, and total hydroperoxides level. In this study, we analyzed the antioxidative effects of astaxanthin in relation to age in 16 males and 19 females (average age 71.3 and 70.6, respectively) who underwent bilateral cataract surgery on one side before and the other side after astaxanthin intake (6 mg/day for 2 weeks). None of the parameters correlated with age before astaxanthin intake, but only total hydroperoxides level was significantly correlated after the astaxanthin intake (r = 0.4, p<0.05). Total hydroperoxides levels were similar in younger and older patients (<70 vs ≥70 years) before astaxanthin, but decreased significantly more in younger patients (-0.21 ± 0.18 vs -0.05 ± 0.31, p<0.05) after the intake, resulting in significantly different levels (p<0.05). The previously observed decrease in mean total hydroperoxides levels following astaxanthin intake was therefore considered likely to be attributable to a greater response in younger subjects. Given that total hydroperoxides levels reflect general antioxidative status, astaxanthin intake may exert a greater antioxidative effect in younger patients. Further comparative studies involving younger subjects and different astaxanthin doses are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Hashimoto
- Tsukuba Hashimoto Optical Clinic, 530 Furuku, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-0021, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Arai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical Center, Dokkyo Medical University, 2-1-50 Minamikoshigaya, Koshigaya, Saitama 343-8555, Japan
| | - Jiro Takahashi
- Fuji Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., 55 Yokohoonji, Kamiichi-machi, Nakaniikawa-gun, Toyama 930-0397, Japan
| | - Makoto Chikuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical Center, Dokkyo Medical University, 2-1-50 Minamikoshigaya, Koshigaya, Saitama 343-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lai TT, Yang CM, Yang CH. Astaxanthin Protects Retinal Photoreceptor Cells against High Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress by Induction of Antioxidant Enzymes via the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080729. [PMID: 32785112 PMCID: PMC7465141 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major microvascular complication that can lead to severe visual impairment in patients with diabetes. The elevated oxidative stress and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced by hyperglycemia have been reported to play an important role in the complex pathogenesis of DR. Astaxanthin (AST), a natural carotenoid derivative, has been recently recognized as a strong free radical scavenger and might, therefore, be beneficial in different diseases, including DR. In this study, we evaluated the potential role of AST as an antioxidative and antiapoptotic agent in protecting retinal cells and also investigated the involvement of the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway in AST-mediated effects. We treated high glucose-cultured mouse photoreceptor cells (661W) with different concentrations of AST and analyzed ROS production and cell apoptosis in the different regimens. Moreover, we also analyzed the expression of PI3K, Akt, Nrf2, and Phase II enzymes after AST treatment. Our results showed that AST dose-dependently reduced ROS production and attenuated 661W cell apoptosis in a high glucose environment. Importantly, its protective effect was abolished by treatment with PI3K or Nrf2 inhibitors, indicating the involvement of the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway. These results suggest AST as a nutritional supplement that could benefit patients with DR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tso-Ting Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (T.-T.L.); (C.-M.Y.)
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chung-May Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (T.-T.L.); (C.-M.Y.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hao Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (T.-T.L.); (C.-M.Y.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2312-3456 (ext. 62131); Fax: +886-2-2393-4420
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hashimoto H, Arai K, Takahashi J, Chikuda M. Effects of astaxanthin on VEGF level and antioxidation in human aqueous humor: difference by sex. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2019; 65:47-51. [PMID: 31379413 PMCID: PMC6667389 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.18-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous report, we showed the effect of astaxanthin intake on VEGF level in the aqueous humor and the relationship between VEGF level and reactive oxygen species-related parameters and other relevant factors. VEGF level is associated with total hydroperoxide level, and a multivariate analysis identified sex as a secondary factor affecting these relationships. Here, we analyzed the effects of astaxanthin on the relationship between VEGF level and reactive oxygen species-related parameters by sex. Patients (16 males and 19 females, aged 71.3 and 70.6, respectively) underwent bilateral cataract surgery on one side before and the other side after astaxanthin treatment (6 mg/day for 2 weeks). Levels of VEGF, hydrogen peroxide, and total hydroperoxide, and O2 •- scavenging activity, were measured in the aqueous humor. In females only, VEGF level was negatively correlated with O2 •- scavenging activity before the astaxanthin intake (r = -0.6, p<0.01) and positively correlated with total hydroperoxide level before and after the astaxanthin intake (r = 0.7 and 0.8, respectively, p<0.01). In conclusion, astaxanthin appears to affect O2 •- scavenging activity in the aqueous humor in females, and is likely to be involved in the control of VEGF levels in the anterior eye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Hashimoto
- Tsukuba Hashimoto Optical Clinic, 530 Furuku, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-0021, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Arai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical Center, Dokkyo Medical University, 2-1-50 Minamikoshigaya, Koshigaya-shi, Saitama 343-8555, Japan
| | - Jiro Takahashi
- Fuji Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., 55 Yokohoonji, Kamiichi-machi, Nakaniikawa-gun, Toyama 930-0397, Japan
| | - Makoto Chikuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical Center, Dokkyo Medical University, 2-1-50 Minamikoshigaya, Koshigaya-shi, Saitama 343-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Küçüködük A, Helvacioglu F, Haberal N, Dagdeviren A, Bacanli D, Yilmaz G, Akkoyun I. Antiproliferative and anti-apoptotic effect of astaxanthin in an oxygen-induced retinopathy mouse model. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2019; 54:65-74. [PMID: 30851776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of intravitreal (IV) and intraperitoneal (IP) astaxanthin (AST) injections on neovascular development (ND), retinal morphology, and apoptotic activity in a C57BL/6J mouse model with hyperoxia-induced retinopathy (HIR). DESIGN C57BL/6J mouse model. METHODS Two negative control groups (n = 6 each; one of which received IV sterile dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]) of C57BL/6J-type mice were exposed to room air. The HIR groups included 36 C57BL/6J-type mice exposed to 75% ± 2% oxygen from postnatal day (PD) 7 to PD 12. On PD 12, these mice were randomized into 6 groups (n = 6 each): 2 HIR control groups (one of which received IV-DMSO), 2 IV-AST groups (10 and 100 µg/mL), and 2 IP-AST groups (0.5 and 5 mg/kg). We measured ND by counting neovascular tufts in cross sections and examined histological, ultrastructural changes via light and electron microscopy. Apoptosis was detected using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end-labeling. RESULTS No ND was detected in the negative control groups. ND levels were not significantly different between high- and low-dose AST for either means of administration. However, ND levels were significantly lower in the AST groups, regardless of delivery, compared to the control groups. The means of delivery (IP versus IV) also yielded significant differences in ND. The incidence of mitochondrial dysmorphology and apoptosis were lower in groups receiving AST. CONCLUSIONS AST seems to suppress ND and has anti-apoptotic activity in the HIR mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Küçüködük
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Helvacioglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nihan Haberal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Attila Dagdeviren
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Didem Bacanli
- Breeding Center, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gursel Yilmaz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Imren Akkoyun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|