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Bisutti V, Vanzin A, Pegolo S, Toscano A, Gianesella M, Sturaro E, Schiavon S, Gallo L, Tagliapietra F, Giannuzzi D, Cecchinato A. Effect of intramammary infection and inflammation on milk protein profile assessed at the quarter level in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1413-1426. [PMID: 37863294 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study we wanted to investigate the associations between naturally occurring subclinical intramammary infection (IMI) caused by different etiological agents (i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, and Prototheca spp.), in combination with somatic cell count (SCC), on the detailed milk protein profile measured at the individual mammary gland quarter. An initial bacteriological screening (time 0; T0) conducted on individual composite milk from 450 Holstein cows reared in 3 herds, was performed to identify cows with subclinical IMI. We identified 78 infected animals which were followed up at the quarter level at 2 different sampling times: T1 and T2, 2 and 6 wk after T0, respectively. A total of 529 quarter samples belonging to the previously selected animals were collected at the 2 sampling points and analyzed with a reversed phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) validated method. Specifically, we identified and quantified 4 caseins (CN), namely αS1-CN, αS2-CN, κ-CN, and β-CN, and 3 whey protein fractions, namely β-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin, and lactoferrin (LF), which were later expressed both quantitatively (g/L) and qualitatively (as a percentage of the total milk nitrogen content, % N). Data were analyzed with a hierarchical linear mixed model with the following fixed effects: days in milk (DIM), parity, herd, SCC, bacteriological status (BACT), and the SCC × BACT interaction. The random effect of individual cow, nested within herd, DIM and parity was used as the error term for the latter effects. Both IMI (i.e., BACT) and SCC significantly reduced the proportion of β-CN and αS1-CN, ascribed to the increased activity of both milk endogenous and microbial proteases. Less evident alterations were found for whey proteins, except for LF, which being a glycoprotein with direct and undirect antimicrobial activity, increased both with IMI and SCC, suggesting its involvement in the modulation of both the innate and adaptive immune response. Finally, increasing SCC in the positive samples was associated with a more marked reduction of total caseins at T1, and αS1-CN at T2, suggesting a synergic effect of infection and inflammation, more evident at high SCC. In conclusion, our work helps clarify the behavior of protein fractions at quarter level in animals having subclinical IMI. The inflammation status driven by the increase in SCC, rather the infection, was associated with the most significant changes, suggesting that the activity of endogenous proteolytic enzymes related to the onset of inflammation might have a pivotal role in directing the alteration of the milk protein profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bisutti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - A Vanzin
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - S Pegolo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - A Toscano
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - M Gianesella
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padua, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - E Sturaro
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - S Schiavon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - L Gallo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - F Tagliapietra
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - D Giannuzzi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - A Cecchinato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
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Sala G, Orsetti C, Meucci V, De Marchi L, Sgorbini M, Bonelli F. Case-Control Study: Endogenous Procalcitonin and Protein Carbonylated Content as a Potential Biomarker of Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows. Vet Sci 2023; 10:670. [PMID: 38133221 PMCID: PMC10747190 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Procalcitonin (PCT) and protein carbonylated content (PCC) are promising biomarkers for bacterial infection and inflammation in veterinary medicine. This study examined plasma PCT and PCC levels in healthy cows (H) and cows with subclinical mastitis (SCM). A total of 130 cows (65 H and 65 SCM) were included in this study. Blood samples were collected, and plasma was frozen at -80 °C. PCT levels were determined using a bovine procalcitonin ELISA kit, while PCC was measured following the methodology of Levine et al. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in PCT levels between H (75.4 pg/mL) and SCM (107.3 pg/mL) cows (p < 0.001) and significantly lower concentrations of PCC in the SCM group (H: 0.102 nmol/mL/mg, SCM: 0.046 nmol/mL/mg; p < 0.001). The PCT cut-off value for distinguishing healthy and subclinical mastitis animals was >89.8 pg/mL (AUC 0.695), with a sensitivity of 66.2% and specificity of 69.2%. PCT showed potential value as a diagnostic tool to help in decision making for subclinical mastitis cases, while PCC requires further studies to investigate the trend of this biomarker during localized pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Sala
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese s.n.c., San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (C.O.); (V.M.); (L.D.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.)
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-Ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Orsetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese s.n.c., San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (C.O.); (V.M.); (L.D.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.)
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-Ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese s.n.c., San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (C.O.); (V.M.); (L.D.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Lucia De Marchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese s.n.c., San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (C.O.); (V.M.); (L.D.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese s.n.c., San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (C.O.); (V.M.); (L.D.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.)
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-Ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Bonelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese s.n.c., San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (C.O.); (V.M.); (L.D.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.)
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-Ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), 56122 Pisa, Italy
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Effect of Different Combinations of Dietary Vitamin A, Protein Levels, and Monensin on Inflammatory Markers and Metabolites, Retinol-Binding Protein, and Retinoid Status in Periparturient Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092605. [PMID: 34573571 PMCID: PMC8464726 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of feeding different combinations of dietary vitamin A supplementation (0 or 110 IU/kg body weight), protein (10.3% or 12.2%), and an ionophore (monensin at 0 or 400 mg/day) on retinoid metabolism and immune function of dairy cows. Eighty multiparous Holstein dairy cows were studied from d -35 to +21 relative to expected parturition in a complete randomized block design with a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The significance of treatments was declared at p ≤ 0.05. Dairy cows receiving high crude protein (CP) diets with monensin had a greater retinol-binding protein serum concentration than cows receiving high CP diets without monensin (p = 0.04). Animals supplemented with vitamin A showed lower SCC (p = 0.04) and a higher thiobarbituric acid reactive substances concentration (p = 0.06) than cows non-supplemented. Moreover, cows receiving low crude protein diets had a greater haptoglobin concentration (p = 0.01). In addition, cows fed a high crude protein diet had a greater TNF-α expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (p = 0.04). Animals fed diets without monensin had a greater serum haptoglobin on day 3 postpartum than those fed monensin (p = 0.01). Moreover, dietary vitamin A increased serum 13-cis retinoic acid postpartum. We conclude that vitamin A, crude protein levels, and monensin fed during the close-up period affect milk somatic cell count, some vitamin statuses, and inflammatory markers during early lactation.
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Swartz TH, Bradford BJ, Mamedova LK. Connecting Metabolism to Mastitis: Hyperketonemia Impaired Mammary Gland Defenses During a Streptococcus uberis Challenge in Dairy Cattle. Front Immunol 2021; 12:700278. [PMID: 34267762 PMCID: PMC8276125 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.700278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) has been associated with disease incidence in early lactation dairy cattle, but such associations do not demonstrate causation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the effects of BHB during an intramammary Streptococcus uberis challenge. A secondary objective was to elucidate the mechanisms behind BHB effects on cytokine transcript abundance using the RAW 264.7 cell line. Late lactation multiparous dairy cows (n = 12) were continuously infused intravenously with either BHB to induce hyperketonemia (target concentration: 1.8 mM) or with saline (CON) for 72 h during a S. uberis intramammary challenge. Body temperature, dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, and milk S. uberis cfu were measured daily until one week post-challenge. Blood samples were collected during infusion to assess changes in metabolism (glucose, insulin, glucagon, NEFA, and cortisol) and systemic inflammation (IL-1β and SAA). Mammary biopsies were conducted at 72 h post-challenge to assess transcript abundance of inflammation-associated genes. BHB-infused cows exhibited a delayed febrile response, noted by a lesser vaginal temperature during the final day of infusion, followed by a greater vaginal temperature 6 d post-challenge. Consequently, BHB-infused cows had greater S. uberis cfu on d 4, 6, and 7 as compared to CON. Accordingly, BHB-infused cows consumed less DM, produced less milk, had reduced blood glucose, and had increased cortisol concentrations, however, no effects were seen on other systemic parameters or transcript abundance of inflammation-related genes in mammary tissue. To elucidate mechanisms behind the impaired immune defenses, RAW 264.7 cells were transfected with a GPR109A siRNA for 24 h and then treated with or without 1.8 mM BHB and challenged or left unchallenged with S. uberis for an additional 3 h. Transfection with siRNA reduced Gpr109a by 75%. Although BHB treatment did not significantly increase Il10, GPR109A knockdown as compared to the scrambled control reduced Il10 by 90% in S. uberis challenged macrophages treated with BHB, suggesting that macrophage immune responses to S. uberis can be altered via a GPR109A-dependent mechanism. Taken together, these data suggest that BHB altered the immune response promoting tolerance toward S. uberis rather than resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turner H. Swartz
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Barry J. Bradford
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Laman K. Mamedova
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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Katsafadou AI, Tsangaris GT, Anagnostopoulos AK, Billinis C, Barbagianni MS, Vasileiou NGC, Spanos SA, Mavrogianni VS, Fthenakis GC. Differential quantitative proteomics study of experimental Mannheimia haemolytica mastitis in sheep. J Proteomics 2019; 205:103393. [PMID: 31154024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective was the differential quantitative proteomics study of ovine mastitis induced by Mannheimia haemolytica; clinical, microbiological, cytological and histopathological methods were employed for confirmation and monitoring. Proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) for all samples and differentially abundant proteins were identified by mass spectrometry; comparisons were performed with pre- (blood, milk) and post- (milk of contralateral gland) inoculation findings. Animals developed mastitis, confirmed by isolation of challenge strain and increase of neutrophils in milk and by histopathological evidence. In blood plasma, 33 differentially abundant proteins (compared to findings before challenge) were identified: 6 with decrease, 13 with new appearance and 14 with varying abundance. In a post-challenge milk whey protein reference map, 65 proteins were identified; actin cytoplasmic-1, beta-lactoglobulin-1/B, cathelicidin-1 predominated. Further, 89 differentially abundant proteins (compared to findings before challenge) were identified: 18 with decrease, 53 with new appearance, 3 with increase and 15 with varying abundance; 15 proteins showed status changes in blood plasma and milk whey. Differential abundance from inoculated and contralateral glands revealed 74 proteins only from the inoculated gland. Most differentially abundant proteins in milk whey were involved in cell organisation and biogenesis (n = 17) or in inflammatory and defence response (n = 13). SIGNIFICANCE: The proteomes of blood and milk from ewes with experimental mastitis caused by Mannheimia haemolytica and the differential proteomics in sequential samples after challenge are presented for the first time. This is the first detailed proteomics study in M. haemolytica-associated mastitis in ewes. An experimental model fully simulating natural mastitis has been used. Use of experimentally induced mastitis minimised potential variations and allowed consistency of results. The study included evaluation of changes in blood plasma and milk whey. Protein patterns have been studied, indicating with great accuracy changes that had occurred as part of the disease process and development, during the acute phase of infection. Relevant protein-protein interactions were studied. The entirety of proteomics findings has suggested that affected ewes had mounted a defence response that had been regulated by many proteins (e.g., cathelicidins, haptoglobin, serum amyloid A) and through various pathways (e.g., acute phase response, binding and transporting significant ions and molecules); these were interdependent at various points. Potential biomarkers have been indicated for use in diagnostic assays of mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki I Katsafadou
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; Proteomics Research Unit, Biomedical Research Foundation of Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - George Th Tsangaris
- Proteomics Research Unit, Biomedical Research Foundation of Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | - Stavros A Spanos
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
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Santos K, Souza F, Blagitz M, Batista C, Bertagnon H, Gomes R, Molinari P, Diniz S, Silva M, Haddad J, Heinemann M, Libera A. Mastitis in the transition period: identification of potential blood markers. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study identified potential blood markers associated with mastitis in dairy cows under different dry therapies during the transition period, using a logistic regression model. Thirty-four Holstein dairy cows were divided into three groups: untreated controls (13 cows, 42 quarters); animals that received an antimicrobial at drying-off (10 cows, 40 quarters); and animals that were administered an internal teat sealant at drying-off (11 cow, 44 quarters). Blood and quarter milk samples were collected 60 days before the expected day of calving, on the day of calving, and three, seven, 15, 21, and 30 days after calving. Milk samples were submitted for bacteriological analysis and somatic cell count. Blood samples were collected for analyses of the following: the erythrogram and leucogram; plasm fibrinogen concentration; hepatic and renal functions; metabolic profile; serum calcium and phosphorous levels; total serum protein and albumin concentrations. The concentration of total serum proteins was associated with a high somatic cell count. Similarly, the concentrations of total serum proteins and triglycerides were associated to milk bacteriological positive samples during the transition period. Thus, the occurrence of mastitis in dairy cows during the transition period was greater in animals that showed higher concentrations of serum total proteins and triglycerides, in contrast to the use of dry cow therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - H.G. Bertagnon
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade Centro Oeste do Paraná, Brazil
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Overton T, McArt J, Nydam D. A 100-Year Review: Metabolic health indicators and management of dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:10398-10417. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Timonen AAE, Katholm J, Petersen A, Mõtus K, Kalmus P. Within-herd prevalence of intramammary infection caused by Mycoplasma bovis and associations between cow udder health, milk yield, and composition. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:6554-6561. [PMID: 28601455 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Subclinical mastitis is one of the major health problems in dairy herds due to decreased milk production and reduced milk quality. The aim of this study was to examine the within-herd prevalence of subclinical intramammary infection caused by Mycoplasma bovis and to evaluate associations between M. bovis and cow daily milk yield, udder health, and milk composition. Individual cow composite milk samples (n = 522) were collected from all lactating dairy cows in 1 Estonian dairy farm in November 2014. Daily milk yield, days in milk, and parity were recorded. Collected milk samples were analyzed for somatic cell count, milk protein, fat, and urea content. The presence of M. bovis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Streptococcus uberis in the milk samples was confirmed by quantitative PCR analysis. The within-herd prevalence of M. bovis was 17.2% in the study herd. No association was observed between days in milk and parity to the presence of M. bovis in milk. According to linear regression analysis, the daily milk yield from cows positive for M. bovis was on average 3.0 kg lower compared with cows negative for M. bovis. In addition, the presence of M. bovis in milk samples was significantly associated with higher somatic cell count and lower fat and urea content compared with milk samples negative for M. bovis. In conclusion, subclinical M. bovis intramammary infection is associated with decreased milk yield and lower milk quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anri A E Timonen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51014, Estonia.
| | - Jørgen Katholm
- DNA Diagnostic A/S, Voldbjergvej 16, 8240 Risskov, Denmark
| | | | - Kerli Mõtus
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Piret Kalmus
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
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Raila J, Kawashima C, Sauerwein H, Hülsmann N, Knorr C, Myamoto A, Schweigert FJ. Validation of blood vitamin A concentrations in cattle: comparison of a new cow-side test (iCheck™ FLUORO) with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:126. [PMID: 28486960 PMCID: PMC5424361 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma concentration of retinol is an accepted indicator to assess the vitamin A (retinol) status in cattle. However, the determination of vitamin A requires a time consuming multi-step procedure, which needs specific equipment to perform extraction, centrifugation or saponification prior to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). METHODS The concentrations of retinol in whole blood (n = 10), plasma (n = 132) and serum (n = 61) were measured by a new rapid cow-side test (iCheck™ FLUORO) and compared with those by HPLC in two independent laboratories in Germany (DE) and Japan (JP). RESULTS Retinol concentrations in plasma ranged from 0.033 to 0.532 mg/L, and in serum from 0.043 to 0.360 mg/L (HPLC method). No significant differences in retinol levels were observed between the new rapid cow-side test and HPLC performed in different laboratories (HPLC vs. iCheck™ FLUORO: 0.320 ± 0.047 mg/L vs. 0.333 ± 0.044 mg/L, and 0.240 ± 0.096 mg/L vs. 0.241 ± 0.069 mg/L, lab DE and lab JP, respectively). A similar comparability was observed when whole blood was used (HPLC vs. iCheck™ FLUORO: 0.353 ± 0.084 mg/L vs. 0.341 ± 0.064 mg/L). Results showed a good agreement between both methods based on correlation coefficients of r2 = 0.87 (P < 0.001) and Bland-Altman blots revealed no significant bias for all comparison. CONCLUSIONS With the new rapid cow-side test (iCheck™ FLUORO) retinol concentrations in cattle can be reliably assessed within a few minutes and directly in the barn using even whole blood without the necessity of prior centrifugation. The ease of the application of the new rapid cow-side test and its portability can improve the diagnostic of vitamin A status and will help to control vitamin A supplementation in specific vitamin A feeding regimes such as used to optimize health status in calves or meat marbling in Japanese Black cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Raila
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Chiho Kawashima
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Helga Sauerwein
- Institute for Animal Science, Physiology and Hygiene, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 7-9, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nadine Hülsmann
- Department of Animal Sciences, Biotechnology and Reproduction of Livestock, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Burckhardtweg 2, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Knorr
- Department of Animal Sciences, Biotechnology and Reproduction of Livestock, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Burckhardtweg 2, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Akio Myamoto
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Florian J Schweigert
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
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De Matteis L, Bertoni G, Lombardelli R, Wellnitz O, Van Dorland HA, Vernay MCMB, Bruckmaier RM, Trevisi E. Acute phase response in lactating dairy cows during hyperinsulinemic hypoglycaemic and hyperinsulinemic euglycaemic clamps and after intramammary LPS challenge. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:511-520. [PMID: 27079943 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The link between energy availability, turnover of energy substrates and the onset of inflammation in dairy cows is complex and poorly investigated. To clarify this, plasma inflammatory variables were measured in mid-lactating dairy cows allocated to three groups: hyperinsulinemic hypoglycaemic clamp, induced by insulin infusion (HypoG, n = 5); hyperinsulinemic euglycaemic clamp, induced by insulin and glucose infusion (EuG; n = 6); control, receiving a saline solution infusion (NaCl; n = 6). At 48 h after the start of i.v. infusions, two udder quarters per cow were challenged with 200 μg of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Individual blood samples were taken before clamps, before LPS challenge (i.e. 48 h after clamps) and 6.5 h after. At 48 h, positive acute phase proteins (posAPP) did not differ among groups, whereas albumin and cholesterol (index of lipoproteins), negative APP (negAPP), were lower (p < 0.05) in EuG compared to NaCl and HypoG. The concentration of IL-6 was greater in EuG (p < 0.05) but only vs. HypoG. At 6.5 h following LPS challenge, IL-6 increased in the NaCl and EuG clamps (p < 0.05), while TNF-α increased (p < 0.05) in the EuG only. Among the posAPP, haptoglobin markedly increased in EuG (p < 0.05), but not in NaCl (p = 0.76) and in HypoG; ceruloplasmin tended to decline during LPS challenge, the reduction was significant when all animals were considered (p < 0.05). Conversely, all the negAPP showed a marked reduction 6.5 h after LPS challenge in the three groups. In conclusion, EuG caused an inflammatory status after 48-h infusion (i.e. decrease of negAPP) and induced a quicker acute phase response (e.g. marked rise of TNF-α, IL-6) after the intramammary LPS challenge. These data suggest that the simultaneous high availability of glucose and insulin at the tissue-level makes dairy cows more susceptible to inflammatory events. In contrast, HypoG seems to attenuate the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- L De Matteis
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - G Bertoni
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - R Lombardelli
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - O Wellnitz
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - H A Van Dorland
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M C M B Vernay
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - R M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - E Trevisi
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
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Dervishi E, Zhang G, Hailemariam D, Dunn SM, Ametaj BN. Innate immunity and carbohydrate metabolism alterations precede occurrence of subclinical mastitis in transition dairy cows. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 57:46. [PMID: 26705479 PMCID: PMC4690257 DOI: 10.1186/s40781-015-0079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background This study examined whether activation of innate immunity and alterations of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism precede development of subclinical mastitis (SCM). Methods Blood samples were collected from the coccygeal vein from 100 Holstein dairy cows at -8, -4, disease diagnosis week, and +4 weeks postpartum. Six healthy cows (controls – CON) and six cows that showed clinical signs of SCM were selected for serum analyses. All serum samples were analyzed for acute phase proteins (APP) haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA); proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and serum lactate, BHBA, and NEFA concentration. Data of DMI, milk production, and milk composition were recorded and analyzed. Results The results showed that cows with SCM had greater concentrations of SAA, TNF (P < 0.01), and lactate before expected day of parturition (P < 0.05) compared to CON cows. Cows with SCM showed greater concentrations of lactate starting at -8 weeks (P < 0.05) and TNF starting at -4 weeks prior to the expected day of parturition (P < 0.01). Interestingly, at -4 weeks, concentrations of IL-1 and Hp were lower in cows with SCM compared to healthy cows (P < 0.01) followed by an increase during the week of disease diagnosis (P < 0.05). Subclinical mastitis was associated with lower DMI, at -4 weeks before calving, milk production (P < 0.05) and increased somatic cell counts (SCC) (P < 0.01). Conclusions Results of this study suggest that SCM is preceded by activated innate immunity and altered carbohydrate metabolism in transition dairy cows. Moreover the results support the idea that Hp, lactate, and SAA, at -8 weeks, and TNF and IL-1 at -4 weeks can be used as early indicators to screen cows during dry off for disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda Dervishi
- Department of Agricultural Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5 Canada
| | - Guanshi Zhang
- Department of Agricultural Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5 Canada
| | - Dagnachew Hailemariam
- Department of Agricultural Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5 Canada
| | - Suzana M Dunn
- Department of Agricultural Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5 Canada
| | - Burim N Ametaj
- Department of Agricultural Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5 Canada
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Zebeli Q, Ghareeb K, Humer E, Metzler-Zebeli BU, Besenfelder U. Nutrition, rumen health and inflammation in the transition period and their role on overall health and fertility in dairy cows. Res Vet Sci 2015; 103:126-36. [PMID: 26679807 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transition is a stressful period and critical for the entire cow's productive lifespan and reproduction. Optimal feeding management during transition period enables smooth metabolic adaptation to the initiation of lactation. Major nutritional challenge during this period is the urgent need to counteract the drastic deficits in energy and nutrients of the early-lactating cow. This is primarily done by inclusion of large amounts of concentrates in the diet during early lactation, causing major dietary imbalances with utmost importance for rumen health. Proper feeding management targeting rumen health in the transition period improves nutrient degradation and the net supply with energy and key nutrients of the host while preventing systemic disturbances and inflammation, events which are instrumental for cow's overall health and reproductive performance. The review provides insights into the role of, and gives practical hints regarding diet balancing efforts and feeding management strategies targeting rumen health and systemic inflammation during the periparturient period with the aim to enhance cow health and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Veterinary Medicine University Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - K Ghareeb
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Veterinary Medicine University Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - E Humer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Veterinary Medicine University Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - B U Metzler-Zebeli
- University Clinic for Swine, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - U Besenfelder
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Reproduction Centre Wieselburg, Veterinary Medicine University Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Ringseis R, Gessner DK, Eder K. Molecular insights into the mechanisms of liver-associated diseases in early-lactating dairy cows: hypothetical role of endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2014; 99:626-45. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology; Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Giessen Germany
| | - D. K. Gessner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology; Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Giessen Germany
| | - K. Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology; Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Giessen Germany
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Fatima A, Waters S, O’Boyle P, Seoighe C, Morris DG. Alterations in hepatic miRNA expression during negative energy balance in postpartum dairy cattle. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:28. [PMID: 24428929 PMCID: PMC3902422 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Negative energy balance (NEB), an altered metabolic state, occurs in early postpartum dairy cattle when energy demands to support lactation exceed energy intake. During NEB the liver undergoes oxidative stress and increased breakdown of fatty acids accompanied by changes in gene expression. It is now known that micro RNAs (miRNA) can have a role in mediating such alterations in gene expression through repression or degradation of target mRNAs. miRNA expression is known to be altered by metabolism and environmental factors and miRNAs are implicated in expression modulation of metabolism related genes. RESULTS miRNA expression was profiled in the liver of moderate yielding dairy cattle under severe NEB (SNEB) and mild NEB (MNEB) using the Affymetrix Gene Chip miRNA_2.0 array with 679 probe sets for Bos-taurus miRNAs. Ten miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed using the 'samr' statistical package (delta = 0.6) at a q-value FDR of < 12%. Five miRNAs including miR-17-5p, miR-31, miR-140, miR-1281 and miR-2885 were validated using RT-qPCR, to be up-regulated under SNEB. Liver diseases associated with these miRNAs include non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). miR-140 and miR-17-5p are known to show differential expression under oxidative stress. A total of 32 down-regulated putative target genes were also identified among 418 differentially expressed hepatic genes previously reported for the same animal model. Among these, GPR37 (G protein-coupled receptor 37), HEYL (hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif-like), DNJA1, CD14 (Cluster of differentiation 14) and GNS (glucosamine (N-acetyl)-6-sulfatase) are known to be associated with hepatic metabolic disorders. In addition miR-140 and miR-2885 have binding sites on the most down-regulated of these genes, FADS2 (Fatty acid desaturase 2) which encodes an enzyme critical in lipid biosynthesis. Furthermore, HNF3-gamma (Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-gamma), a hepatic transcription factor (TF) that is involved in IGF-1 expression regulation and maintenance of glucose homeostasis is a putative target of miR-31. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that SNEB affects liver miRNA expression and these miRNAs have putative targets in hepatic genes down-regulated under this condition. This study highlights the potential role of miRNAs in transcription regulation of hepatic gene expression during SNEB in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attia Fatima
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Mellows Campus, Athenry, Co., Galway, Ireland
| | - Sinead Waters
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Mellows Campus, Athenry, Co., Galway, Ireland
| | - Padraig O’Boyle
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Mellows Campus, Athenry, Co., Galway, Ireland
| | - Cathal Seoighe
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Dermot G Morris
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Mellows Campus, Athenry, Co., Galway, Ireland
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Trevisi E, Bertoni G, Lombardelli R, Minuti A. Relation of inflammation and liver function with the plasma cortisol response to adrenocorticotropin in early lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:5712-22. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Rezamand P, Watts J, Hunt K, Bradford B, Mamedova L, Morey S. Bovine hepatic and adipose retinol-binding protein gene expression and relationship with tumor necrosis factor-α. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:7097-104. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kankofer M, Albera E, Feldman M, Gundling N, Hoedemaker M. Comparison of antioxidative/oxidative profiles in blood plasma of cows with and without retained fetal placental membranes. Theriogenology 2011; 74:1385-95. [PMID: 20663543 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ante- and postpartum antioxidative/oxidative profiles in blood plasma of cows with and without retained placental membranes (RFM) were investigated. Twenty-two healthy pregnant cows were included in the study. Seven animals out of 22 suffered from RFM. Blood samples were obtained at 4, 3, 2, 1 weeks and 5 days antepartum (a.p.), at parturition and 1, 3, and 5 weeks postpartum. The following antioxidative parameters were measured using spectrophotometric methods: total antioxidant activity (TAC), β-carotene, vitamin A, vitamin C, and ceruloplasmin. The oxidative profile was based on the content of intermediates and end products of lipid and protein peroxidative processes which were measured by spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods. The examined parameters revealed a dynamic profile within the experimental period. The highest antioxidant and oxidant activity was noted at 2 and 1 week a.p. with a drop towards parturition suggesting the presence of oxidative stress during this time period and an apparent appropriate metabolic response of the macroorganism. Except for TAC and vitamin A, the contents of oxidative and antioxidative blood constituents did not differ between cows with and without RFM. A TAC and vitamin A by time interaction indicated higher antepartal concentrations of TAC and vitamin A in cows without RFM than in cows with RFM suggesting a possible role of antioxidative/oxidative imbalances in the aetiology of RFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kankofer
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, Poland.
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Retinol binding protein 4 in dairy cows: its presence in colostrum and alteration in plasma during fasting, inflammation, and the peripartum period. J DAIRY RES 2009; 77:27-32. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029909990276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) is a plasma protein involved in retinol transportation, and recent evidence in rodents suggests that RBP4 is also a metabolic regulator that modifies insulin sensitivity. To assess how RBP4 levels are regulated in ruminants, we determined the RBP4 concentrations in bovine plasma and milk using Western blot analysis. Plasma RBP4 levels in non-pregnant non-lactating (control) cows were around 45 μg/ml, which were sustained during 60-h fasting, but decreased significantly 4 h after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. Basal plasma retinol concentration was around 30 μg/dl, but this decreased to approximately one-third and one-half of these values during fasting and 8 h after LPS challenge, respectively. Plasma RBP4 and retinol levels in cows 3–6 d before parturition were comparable to those of the controls. However, on the day of parturition both were significantly decreased and had returned to basal levels by two weeks after calving. Interestingly, RBP4 was clearly detected in colostrum (16·4±5·6 μg/ml) but was only faintly detected in milk from cows at 7 d and 15 d after calving. Retinol concentrations in colostrum were almost 10-fold higher than those in plasma, while those in milk were comparable to those in plasma. These results suggest that RBP4 and retinol levels are independently regulated under physiological and pathophysiological conditions and that RBP4, like retinol, is transferred from maternal stores to calves through colostrum.
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van Straten M, Friger M, Shpigel N. Events of elevated somatic cell counts in high-producing dairy cows are associated with daily body weight loss in early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:4386-94. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nyman AK, Emanuelson U, Holtenius K, Ingvartsen K, Larsen T, Persson Waller K. Metabolites and Immune Variables Associated with Somatic Cell Counts of Primiparous Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:2996-3009. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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