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Dias Batista LF, Rivera ME, Fonseca MA, Tedeschi LO. The influence of virginiamycin on digestion and ruminal parameters under feedlot conditions. Transl Anim Sci 2024; 8:txae019. [PMID: 38406320 PMCID: PMC10894560 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This experiment aimed to assess the impact of virginiamycin on in vitro gas production dynamics, rumen kinetics, and nutrient digestibility in beef steers fed a grain-based diet. Nine ruminally cannulated British-crossbred steers (596 ± 49 kg) were assigned to this experiment. Animals were housed in three pens (n = 3/pen) equipped with a Calan gate feed system and water troughs. Pens were enrolled in a 3 × 3 Latin square design containing three periods of 16 d, and a 5-d washout interval between periods. Dietary treatments consisted of virginiamycin (VM) administration at 0 (VM0), 180 (VM180), or 240 mg/d (VM240). During days 15 and 16 of each period, about 600 mL of rumen fluid and urine samples were collected before (0 h), and at 4, 8, 12, and 16 h after the morning feed (0730 hours), rumen inoculum was used to take pH and redox potential measurements immediately after collection using a portable pH and redox meter, and subsamples were taken for volatile fatty acids (VFA) and NH3-N analyses, and urine samples were composited daily and analyzed for creatinine and purine derivatives (PD) content to estimate microbial crude protein flow. During the 4-h post-morning feed rumen collection, rumen inoculum was utilized to perform in vitro gas production measurements. Fecal samples were collected on day 16 of each period to estimate nutrient digestibility using acid detergent insoluble ash as an internal marker. Animals were considered the experimental unit for the statistical analyses, and periods and squares were included as random variables. The total and rate of gas production were similar among treatments (P ≥ 0.17). The second-pool (i.e., fiber) gas production increased linearly as VM inclusion increased (P = 0.01), with VM240 being greater compared to VM180 and VM0 (7.84, 6.94, and 6.89 mL, respectively). Ruminal pH linearly increased as VM increased, with VM240 being greater than VM0 and VM180 intermediate (5.90, 5.82, and 5.86, respectively; P = 0.03). The VFA concentrations did not differ (P ≥ 0.13), but the acetate-to-propionate ratio was the highest in VM240 (P = 0.005). Branched-chain VFA increased (P ≤ 0.03) while lactate concentrations decreased (P = 0.005) linearly with VM. The ruminal NH3-N concentration was the lowest in the VM0 (P = 0.006). The estimated absorbed PD, purine derivative to creatinine index, and microbial N flow increased linearly with VM (P ≤ 0.07). The provision of VM influenced rumen dynamics in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F Dias Batista
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
| | - Madeline E Rivera
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
| | - Mozart A Fonseca
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary, and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NC 89557, USA
| | - Luis O Tedeschi
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
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Effects of low-fat dried distillers grains on nutrient intake and digestibility in high-concentrate diets. Livest Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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3
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D’Souza GM, Dias Batista LF, Norris AB, Tedeschi LO. Effect of live yeast supplementation on energy partitioning and ruminal fermentation characteristics of steers fed a grower-type diet in heat-stress conditions. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac320. [PMID: 36181501 PMCID: PMC9683489 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this trial was to determine the influence of live yeast supplementation (LY), environmental condition (ENV), and their interaction (TRT) on energy partitioning, nitrogen metabolism, and ruminal fermentation dynamics of steers receiving a grower-type diet. The effects of LY and ENV were investigated using a 2 × 2 crossover design that spanned five periods. Eight Angus-crossbred steers were randomly split into pairs and housed in four outdoor pens outfitted with an individualized feeding system. Animals were limit-fed a grower diet (DIET) at 1.2% shrunk body weight (SBW) with no live yeast supplementation (NOY) or a grower diet top-dressed with 10 g LY/d for 14 d (1.2 × 1012 CFU/d). On days 13 and 14, animals were subjected to one of two ENV conditions, thermoneutral (TN; 18.4 ± 1.1 °C, 57.6 ± 2.8% relative humidity [RH]) or heat stress (HS; 33.8 ± 0.6 °C, 55.7 ± 2.7% RH), in two side-by-side, single-stall open-circuit, indirect respiration calorimetry chambers. Data were analyzed using a random coefficients model. Carryover effects were examined and removed from the model if not significant. Gross (GE), digestible, metabolizable, heat, and retained energies were not influenced by DIET, ENV, or TRT (P ≥ 0.202). Gaseous energy, as a percentage of GE, tended to increase during HS (P = 0.097). The only carryover effect in the study was for oxygen consumption (P = 0.031), which could be attributed to the tendency of NOY (P = 0.068) to have greater oxygen consumption. DIET, ENV, or TRT (P ≥ 0.154) had no effects on total animal methane or carbon dioxide emissions. Similarly, DIET, ENV, or TRT (P ≥ 0.157) did not affect ruminal pH, redox, protozoa enumeration, ruminal ammonia concentrations, and acetate-to-propionate ratio. Propionate concentrations were the greatest in animals in TN conditions receiving LY (P = 0.034) compared to the other TRT. This effect is mirrored by TN-LY tending to have greater acetate concentrations (P = 0.076) and total VFA concentrations (P = 0.065). Butyrate concentrations tended to be greater for animals fed LY (P = 0.09). There was a tendency for LY to have elevated numbers of Fusobacterium necrophorum (P = 0.053). Although this study lacked effects of LY on energy partitioning, nitrogen metabolism, and some ruminal parameters during HS, further research should be completed to understand if LY is a plausible mitigation technique to enhance beef animals' performance in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve M D’Souza
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
| | | | - Aaron B Norris
- Department of Natural Resources Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Luis O Tedeschi
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
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D’Souza GM, Norris AB, Tedeschi LO. Technical note: Evaluation of sampling methods for methane concentration from in vitro fermentation. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac259. [PMID: 35953208 PMCID: PMC9512091 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this multipart study were 1) to assess the efficacy of sampling methods of methane concentration ([CH4]) of headspace gas produced during in vitro gas production (IVGP) fermentation, 2) to verify whether headspace [CH4] sampled from an exetainer has the same [CH4] as the headspace of IVGP bottles, 3) to measure relative humidity (RH) within an IVGP bottle, and 4) to compare [CH4] on a dry-gas (DG) basis when accounting for water vapor pressure (Pw). The original IVGP protocol recommends placing bottles on ice (0 °C) for 30 min to stop fermentation (ICE). A laboratory protocol recommends placing the bottles in the refrigerator (4 to 6 °C) to slow fermentation for 48 h and subsequently allowing the bottles to return to ambient temperature before sampling (FRIDGE). This study evaluated the previous methods against a direct sampling of the headspace gas after incubation (DIRECT). Rumen inoculum from four rumen-cannulated beef steers was combined and homogenized before incubating the fermentable substrate of ground alfalfa hay. After 48 h of IVGP incubation, each bottle was randomly assigned to a treatment protocol. The pressure (P), volume (V), and temperature (T) of headspace gas in each bottle were recorded. Headspace gas was then thoroughly mixed, and 12 mL gas was removed into an evacuated exetainer for [CH4] sampling via gas chromatography (EXET; Objective 1). Eight bottles from ICE and FRIDGE were randomly selected to follow EXET, whereas the remaining bottles had [CH4] directly measured from their headspace (BOTT; Objective 2). Five diets of differing feed composition and nutrient densities were used with a blank to test the RH of the IVGP slurry (Objective 3). Using RH, [CH4] was transformed to a DG basis to account for Pw (Objective 4). Statistical analysis was completed using a random coefficients model. There were no differences between EXET and BOTT (P = 0.28). The RH of the IVGP slurry was 100% (P = 1.00), confirming that IVGP gas is saturated with water vapor. The P, V, and T differed among treatments (P < 0.01). The [CH4] of DIRECT, ICE, and FRIDGE were different (P < 0.01). Dry-gas P, V, and [CH4] differed among treatments (P < 0.01). As the methods differ in their assessment of [CH4], there is no clear recommendation. Instead, to present a more accurate [CH4], P, V, and T should be measured when sampling headspace gas and equations presented should be used to remove volume inflation due to water vapor and present [CH4] on a DG basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve M D’Souza
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
| | - Aaron B Norris
- Department of Natural Resources Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Luis O Tedeschi
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
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Linder HF, Sebade JE, Carlson ZE, Wilson HC, Spore TJ, Drewnoski ME, MacDonald JC. Interaction of Urea with Frequency and Amount of Distillers Grains Supplementation for Growing Steers on a High Forage Diet. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac076. [PMID: 35769452 PMCID: PMC9235022 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two studies were conducted to determine interactions of urea inclusion to a dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS; 29.4% crude protein, 5.48% ether extract) supplement fed at two amounts and two frequencies to steers on a high forage diet. In Exp. 1, 120 (247 kg; SD = 20) steers were fed individually for 84 d. Steers received ad libitum grass hay (6.8% crude protein) and one of eight treatments. Treatment design was a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial. Supplement was fed daily or three times per week, amount of supplement fed was 6.36 kg dry matter (DM)/week [0.37% body weight (BW); LO] or 12.73 kg DM/week (0.74% BW; HI) and contained either no urea or 1.3% urea on a DM basis. Steer BW was measured at the start and end of the trial and hay DM intake (DMI) was measured weekly. In Exp. 2, ruminally cannulated steers (310 kg; SD = 25) were used in a row-column design with eight steers and six 14-d periods. Treatments assigned were the same as Exp. 1, except that supplement was fed at 0.4% of BW (LO) or 0.8% of BW (HI) and supplement was fed either daily (DY) or every other day (ALT). Hay DMI, rumen ammonia-N, rumen pH, in situ neutral detergent fiber (NDF) disappearance, and rumination were measured. In Exp. 1, average daily gain (ADG) was affected by amount of supplement with steers on HI gaining 0.30 kg/d more (P < 0.01) than LO. Hay DMI was reduced by increased amount of supplement (0.39 kg/d; P < 0.01) and by decreased frequency of supplementation (0.54 kg/d; P < 0.01). In Exp. 2, hay DMI was also reduced due to increased amount of supplement and decreased frequency of supplementation (P < 0.01). Rumen pH was decreased on the day of supplement feeding for steers on ALT (P < 0.01) and reduced for steers fed HI vs. LO. There was no difference in NDF digestibility between DY and ALT (P > 0.05). For ALT steers, there was reduction (P < 0.01) in in situ NDF disappearance for the HI compared to LO amount of supplementation on the day of supplementation. Infrequent supplementation of DDGS results in no difference in ADG but decreased hay DMI compared to daily supplementation. Urea had no effect on digestion or ADG, suggesting rumen degradable protein was not deficient when supplementing DDGS. There is little change in rumen fermentation parameters between frequency of supplement feeding, indicating that forage digestion is not impacted by supplementation frequency. Dried distillers grains can be supplemented infrequently without a reduction in animal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Linder
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , USA
| | - J E Sebade
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , USA
| | - Z E Carlson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , USA
| | - H C Wilson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , USA
| | - T J Spore
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , USA
| | - M E Drewnoski
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , USA
| | - J C MacDonald
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , USA
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Tedeschi LO, Abdalla AL, Álvarez C, Anuga SW, Arango J, Beauchemin KA, Becquet P, Berndt A, Burns R, De Camillis C, Chará J, Echazarreta JM, Hassouna M, Kenny D, Mathot M, Mauricio RM, McClelland SC, Niu M, Onyango AA, Parajuli R, Pereira LGR, Del Prado A, Tieri MP, Uwizeye A, Kebreab E. Quantification of methane emitted by ruminants: A review of methods. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6601311. [PMID: 35657151 PMCID: PMC9261501 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ruminant production systems varies between countries and between regions within individual countries. The appropriate quantification of GHG emissions, specifically methane (CH4), has raised questions about the correct reporting of GHG inventories and, perhaps more importantly, how best to mitigate CH4 emissions. This review documents existing methods and methodologies to measure and estimate CH4 emissions from ruminant animals and the manure produced therein over various scales and conditions. Measurements of CH4 have frequently been conducted in research settings using classical methodologies developed for bioenergetic purposes, such as gas exchange techniques (respiration chambers, headboxes). While very precise, these techniques are limited to research settings as they are expensive, labor-intensive, and applicable only to a few animals. Head-stalls, such as the GreenFeed system, have been used to measure expired CH4 for individual animals housed alone or in groups in confinement or grazing. This technique requires frequent animal visitation over the diurnal measurement period and an adequate number of collection days. The tracer gas technique can be used to measure CH4 from individual animals housed outdoors, as there is a need to ensure low background concentrations. Micrometeorological techniques (e.g., open-path lasers) can measure CH4 emissions over larger areas and many animals, but limitations exist, including the need to measure over more extended periods. Measurement of CH4 emissions from manure depends on the type of storage, animal housing, CH4 concentration inside and outside the boundaries of the area of interest, and ventilation rate, which is likely the variable that contributes the greatest to measurement uncertainty. For large-scale areas, aircraft, drones, and satellites have been used in association with the tracer flux method, inverse modeling, imagery, and LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), but research is lagging in validating these methods. Bottom-up approaches to estimating CH4 emissions rely on empirical or mechanistic modeling to quantify the contribution of individual sources (enteric and manure). In contrast, top-down approaches estimate the amount of CH4 in the atmosphere using spatial and temporal models to account for transportation from an emitter to an observation point. While these two estimation approaches rarely agree, they help identify knowledge gaps and research requirements in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Orlindo Tedeschi
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471 - USA
| | - Adibe Luiz Abdalla
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba CEP 13416.000 - Brazil
| | - Clementina Álvarez
- Department of Research, TINE SA, Christian Magnus Falsens vei 12, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Samuel Weniga Anuga
- European University Institute (EUI), Via dei Roccettini 9, San Domenico di Fiesole (FI), Italy
| | - Jacobo Arango
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Km 17 Recta Cali-Palmira, A.A, 6713, Cali, Colombia
| | - Karen A Beauchemin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Alexandre Berndt
- Embrapa Southeast Livestock, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 234, CP 339, CEP 13.560-970. São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robert Burns
- Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science Department, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 - USA
| | - Camillo De Camillis
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Julián Chará
- Centre for Research on Sustainable Agriculture, CIPAV, Cali 760042, Colombia
| | | | - Mélynda Hassouna
- INRAE, Institut Agro Rennes Angers, UMR SAS, F-35042, Rennes, France
| | - David Kenny
- Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, C15PW93, Ireland
| | - Michael Mathot
- Agricultural Systems Unit, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, rue du Serpont 100, B-6800 Libramont, Belgium
| | - Rogerio M Mauricio
- Department of Bioengineering, Federal University of São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei, MG 36307-352, Brazil
| | - Shelby C McClelland
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy.,Soil & Crop Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Mutian Niu
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alice Anyango Onyango
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O Box 30709 - 00100, Naiobi, Kenya.,Maseno University, Private Bag - 40105, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Ranjan Parajuli
- EcoEngineers, 909 Locust St., Suite 202, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | | | - Agustin Del Prado
- Basque Centre For Climate Change (BC3), Leioa, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Maria Paz Tieri
- Dairy Value Chain Research Institute (IDICAL) (INTA-CONICET), Rafaela, Argentina
| | - Aimable Uwizeye
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Ermias Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis CA 95616 - USA
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Rahavi SMH, Ahmadi F, Vahid A, Moinoddini H, Ghayour M, Tagliapietra F. Technical note: design, development and validation of an automated gas monitoring equipment for measurement of the dynamics of microbial fermentation. MethodsX 2022; 9:101641. [PMID: 35251949 PMCID: PMC8892151 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2022.101641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present technical note describes design, development and validation of an automated equipment for measurement of kinetics of gas production during fermentation in glass bottles. The overall repeatability and precision of the developed system was evaluated and compared with the manual gas measurement technique in respect to characterization of the fermentation kinetics of ruminant livestock feeds. Two incubations were carried out, during which the GP of six different feeds was measured with the automated system or manual technique. During a 48-hour incubation period, pressure data were collected at 15-minute intervals using automated equipment, yielding 192 head-space pressure measurements for each bottle. In manual measurement, incubations were performed with the nominal 60-mL serum bottle, and headspace pressure was read using a digital pressure gauge and then released at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, and 48 hours of incubation. The automated equipment recorded greater GP (+11.5%, over the 48-h incubation) than the manual measurement, and the repeatability and coefficient of repeatability values indicated that the GP data obtained with manual equipment were less repeatable. The automated equipment measures the fermentative GP kinetics with greater precision and repeatability than manual technique.An automated batch GP equipment was designed, developed and validated, and a comparison was made with GP data obtained manually using a digital pressure gauge. The automated equipment provided more reliable and repeatable data compared with manual measurement. The automated equipment is available with lower cost and more functionality.
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Condensed tannins bioactivity and nutritional value of Bauhinia cheilantha (Bong) Steud. under sheep grazing and different forage allowances. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2021.104359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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dos Reis BR, Tedeschi LO, Saran Netto A, Silva SL, Lancaster PA. Grazing beef cows identified as efficient using a nutrition model partition more energy to lactation. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/an20558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context
The efficiency of the cow–calf sector could be enhanced by matching cow biological type to the production environment; however, methods to estimate the biological efficiency of grazing beef cows are not available.
Aims
This study utilised a mathematical nutrition model for ranking beef cows for estimated biological efficiency, determining energetic efficiency and evaluate relationships with other production traits.
Methods
Cow live weight, calf birth and weaning weight, calf birth and weaning date, and forage nutritive value of hay and pasture were collected for 69 Brangus crossbred beef cows over a complete production cycle. The Cattle Value Discovery System for Beef Cow (CVDSbc) model was used to compute metabolisable energy required (MER) for the cow, and energy efficiency index (EEI) was computed as the ratio of MER to calf weaning weight. Pearson correlation coefficients were computed among performance traits. During late lactation and gestation, low (n=8) and high (n=8) EEI cows were individually fed ad libitum for 44 and 32 days, respectively, then fed 0.5× the estimated metabolisable energy required for maintenance for 7 days (gestation experiment only). Apparent nutrient digestibility, heat production, and milk yield were measured.
Key results
EEI was strongly negatively correlated (P<0.05) with model predicted peak milk (−0.62) and calf weaning weight (−0.65), but moderately correlated (P<0.05) with cow live weight (0.46). Dry matter intake was not different (P>0.75) between low and high EEI cows even though low EEI cows weighed less (P<0.05) during late lactation and gestation experiments. Low EEI cows tended to have greater efficiency of metabolisable energy use for maintenance and gain (P<0.10), and EEI was negatively correlated (P<0.05) with the efficiency of metabolisable energy use for maintenance (−0.56) and gain (−0.57).
Conclusion
The CVDSbc model identified cows that weaned heavier calves due to greater dry matter intake of cows relative to live weight allowing more energy apportioned towards lactation, and more efficient use of metabolisable energy for maintenance and gain.
Implications
Energy efficiency index might provide a logical assessment of biological efficiency of beef cows in grazing production systems.
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Alhadas H, Valadares Filhos S, Tedeschi L, Vilela R, Souza G. In situ evaluation of dried distillers grains (DDG) and of diets containing different levels of DDG inclusion replacing soybean meal, urea and corn, and development of alternative methods to estimate in vivo digestibility of diets. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Alhadas HM, Valadares Filho SC, Tedeschi LO, Vilela RSR, Souza GAP, Lage BC, Silva BC, Rennó LN, Paulino MF. Impact of different levels of low-fat dried distillers grains on performance of young Nellore bulls during the finishing phase. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13623. [PMID: 34414634 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of including low-fat dried distillers grains (DDG) on young Nellore bulls performance, nutritional parameters, and nitrogen metabolism. Thirty-five Nellore cattle were randomly divided into four diets: without dried distillers grains (D0) or with the inclusion of DDG at 150 g/kg (D150), 300 g/kg (D300), or 450 g/kg (D450). The evaluation period lasted 126 days, and three periods of collection of feces and urine were carried out. Final body weight (P = 0.099) and average daily gain (P = 0.097) tended to decrease linearly; the digestibility of dry matter (P < 0.001), organic matter (P < 0.001), ether extract (P < 0.001) and nonfiber carbohydrates (P < 0.001), and intakes of total digestible nutrients (TDN, P < 0.001) decreased linearly. The increase in crude protein intake (P < 0.001) did not result in an increase in the amount of nitrogen retained (P = 0.540). We concluded that the inclusion of low-fat DDG in finishing diets up to the level of 450 g/kg tends to reduce animal performance and the intake of TDN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herlon M Alhadas
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | | | - Luis O Tedeschi
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Rizielly S R Vilela
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gilyard A P Souza
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno C Lage
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Breno C Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luciana N Rennó
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mario F Paulino
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Dias Batista LF, Rivera ME, Norris AB, Muir JP, Fonseca MA, Tedeschi LO. The influence of extended supplementation of quebracho extract to beef steers consuming a hay diet on digestion, ruminal, and blood parameters. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6159661. [PMID: 33751054 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The addition of natural plant secondary compounds to ruminant feed has been extensively studied because of their ability to modify digestive and metabolic functions, resulting in a potential reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, among other benefits. Condensed tannin (CT) supplementation may alter ruminal fermentation and mitigate methane (CH4) emissions. This study's objective was to determine the effect of quebracho CT extract [QT; Schinopsis quebracho-colorado (Schltdl.) F.A. Barkley & T. Meyer] within a roughage-based diet on ruminal digestibility and kinetic parameters by using the in situ and in vitro gas production techniques, in addition to blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and ruminal (volatile fatty acid [VFA], NH3-N, and protozoa count) parameters. Twenty rumen-cannulated steers were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments: QT at 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% of dry matter (DM; QT0: 0% CT, QT1: 0.70% CT, QT2: 1.41% CT, and QT3: 2.13% CT). The in situ DM digestibility increased linearly (P = 0.048) as QT inclusion increased, whereas in situ neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) was not altered among treatments (P = 0.980). Neither total VFA concentration nor acetate-to-propionate ratio differed among dietary treatments (P = 0.470 and P = 0.873, respectively). However, QT3 had lower isovalerate and isobutyrate concentrations compared with QT0 (P ≤ 0.025). Ruminal NH3 and BUN tended to decline (P ≤ 0.075) in a linear fashion as QT inclusion increased, suggesting decreased deamination of feed protein. Ruminal protozoa count was reduced in quadratic fashion (P = 0.005) as QT inclusion increased, where QT1 and QT2 were lower compared with QT0 and QT3. Urinary N excretion tended to reduce in a linear fashion (P = 0.080) as QT increased. There was a treatment (TRT) × Day interaction for in vitro total gas production and fractional rate of gas production (P = 0.013 and P = 0.007, respectively), and in vitro NDFD tended to be greater for QT treatments compared with no QT inclusion (P = 0.077). There was a TRT × Day interaction (P = 0.001) on CH4 production, with QT3 having less CH4 production relative to QT0 on day 0 and QT2 on days 7 and 28. Feeding QT up to 3% of the dietary DM in a roughage-based diet did not sacrifice the overall DM digestibility and ruminal parameters over time. Still, it is unclear why QT2 did not follow the same pattern as in vitro gas parameters. Detailed evaluations of amino acid degradation might be required to fully define CT influences on ruminal fermentation parameters and CH4 production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madeline E Rivera
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
| | - Aaron B Norris
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
| | - James P Muir
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Stephenville, TX 76401, USA
| | - Mozart A Fonseca
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary, and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NC 89557, USA
| | - Luis O Tedeschi
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
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Gomaa WMS, Saleem AM, Ran T, Jin L, Samir M, McGeough EJ, Ominski K, Chen L, Yang W. Effect of Dried Distillers Grains With Solubles and Red Osier Dogwood Extract on Fermentation Pattern and Microbial Profiles of a High-Grain Diet in an Artificial Rumen System. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:644738. [PMID: 33898543 PMCID: PMC8062754 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.644738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) and red-osier dogwood (ROD) extract on in vitro fermentation characteristics, nutrient disappearance, and microbial profiles using the rumen simulation technique. The experiment was a completely randomized design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments and four replicates per treatment. A basal diet [10% barley silage, 87% dry-rolled barley grain, and 3% vitamin and mineral supplement, dry matter (DM) basis] and a DDGS diet (as per basal diet with 25% of wheat DDGS replacing an equal portion of barley grain) were supplemented with ROD extract at 0 and 1% (DM basis), respectively. The experimental period was 17 d, consisting 10 days of adaptation and 7 days of data and sample collection. The substitution of wheat DDGS for barley grain did not affect gas production; disappearances of DM, organic matter, and crude protein; total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production; and microbial protein production. However, replacing barley grain with wheat DDGS increased (P = 0.01) fermenter pH and molar proportion of branched-chain VFA, switched (P = 0.06) the fermentation pattern to higher acetate production due to increased (P = 0.01) disappearance of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and decreased (P = 0.08) methane (CH4) production. In the basal barley diet, the ROD extract increased the acetate to propionate (A:P) ratio (P = 0.08) and reduced the disappearance of starch (P = 0.06) with no effect on any other variables. No effects of ROD in the DDGS diet were observed. The number of operational taxonomic unit (OTUs) and the Shannon diversity index of the microbial community had little variation among treatments. Taxonomic analysis revealed no effect of adding the ROD extract on the relative abundance of bacteria at the phylum level with either the basal diet or DDGS diet, while at the genus level, the microbial community was affected by the addition of both DDGS and the ROD extract. Prevotella and Fibrobacter were the most abundant genera in the basal diet; however, Treponema became the most abundant genus with the addition of the ROD extract. These results indicated that the substitution of wheat DDGS for barley grain may mitigate enteric CH4 emissions. The trend of reduced starch fermentability and increased NDF disappearance with the addition of ROD extract suggests a reduced risk of rumen acidosis and an improvement in the utilization of fiber for cattle-fed high-grain diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Mohamed Sayed Gomaa
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Atef Mohamed Saleem
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Tao Ran
- College of Pastoral Science and Technology, University of Lanzhou, Lanzhou, China
| | - Long Jin
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Mohamed Samir
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Emma J. McGeough
- Department of Animal Science and National Centre for Livestock and the Environment, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kim Ominski
- Department of Animal Science and National Centre for Livestock and the Environment, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lingyun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Wenzhu Yang
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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14
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Woli P, Rouquette FM, Long CR, Tedeschi LO, Scaglia G. Modification of the summative equation to estimate daily total digestible nutrients for bermudagrass pasture. J Anim Sci 2021; 98:5957076. [PMID: 33151322 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In forage-animal nutrition modeling, diet energy is estimated mainly from the forage total digestible nutrients (TDN). As digestibility trials are expensive, TDN is usually estimated using summative equations. Early summative equations assumed a fixed coefficient to compute digestible fiber using the lignin-to-neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ratio. Subsequently, a structural coefficient (φ) was added to the summative equations to reflect an association between lignin and cell wall components. Additional modifications to the summative equations assumed a constant φ value, and they have been used as a standard method by many commercial laboratories and scientists. For feeds with nutritive values that do not change much over time, a constant φ value may suffice. However, for forages with nutritive values that keep changing during the grazing season owing to changes in weather and plant maturity, a constant φ value may add a systematic bias to prediction because it is associated with the variable lignin-to-NDF ratio. In this study, we developed a model to estimate φ as a function of the day of the year by using the daily TDN values of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], a popular warm-season perennial grass in the southern United States. The variable φ model was evaluated by using it in the TDN equation and comparing the estimated values with the observed ones obtained from several locations. Values of the various measures of fit used-the Willmott index (WI), the modeling efficiency (ME), R2, root mean square error (RMSE), and percent error (PE)-showed that using the variable φ vis-à-vis the constant φ improved the TDN equation significantly. The WI, ME, R2, RMSE, and PE values of 0.94, 0.80, 0.80, 2.5, and 4.7, respectively, indicated that the TDN equation with the variable φ model was able to mimic the observed values of TDN satisfactorily. Unlike the constant φ, the variable φ predicted more closely the forage nutritive value throughout the grazing season. The variable φ model may be useful to forage-beef modeling in accurately reflecting the impacts of plant maturity and weather on daily forage nutritive value and animal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Woli
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center, Overton, TX
| | | | | | - Luis O Tedeschi
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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15
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Crossland WL, Norris AB, Tedeschi LO, Callaway TR. Effects of active dry yeast on ruminal pH characteristics and energy partitioning of finishing steers under thermoneutral or heat-stressed environment. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:2861-2876. [PMID: 29701773 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this trial was to determine the effects of supplementing active dried yeast (ADY) in the diets of finishing steers on energy and nitrogen metabolism and ruminal pH characteristics under thermoneutral (TN) or heat-stressed (HS) conditions. Eight British cross steers received 1 of 2 treatments (TRT) [either a control finishing diet (CON) or supplemented with 3 g/d of ADY] under 1 of 2 temperatures [TEMP: TN = 18 ± 0.55 °C and 20 ± 1.2% relative humidity (RH) or HS = 35 ± 0.55 °C and 42 ± 6.1% RH]. Steers were orally administered an indwelling rumen pH and temperature recording bolus. Data collection occurred for 48 consecutive hours inside 2 calorimetry chambers. Data were analyzed as a 4 × 8 Latin rectangle design with fixed effects of TRT and TEMP and random effects of steer and period. There were no TRT × TEMP interactions for metabolism or calorimetric measurements (P ≥ 0.1510). In vivo DM digestibility (DMD) was greater for ADY-fed steers than for CON-fed steers (77.1% vs. 75.3%, respectively; P = 0.0311). No TRT (P = 0.3032) or TEMP (P = 0.1833) effect was observed for nitrogen retention. Energy partitioning suggested DE and ME (Mcal/kg) were greater for ADY-fed steers than for CON-fed steers (P = 0.0097 and P = 0.0377, respectively). Steers under HS had reduced DMI but greater DMD than TN steers (77.1% vs. 75.3%, respectively; P = 0.0316) and greater CH4 per unit of DM (8.53 vs. 6.47 g/kg, respectively; P = 0.0145). Although DE was greater for HS than TN (3.16 vs. 3.06 Mcal/kg, respectively; P = 0.0123), heat production energy (HE) tended to be greater for HS than TN (18.1 vs. 17.0 Mcal/d, respectively; P = 0.0743), resulting in a less retained energy (0.412 vs. 0.100 Mcal/kg; P = 0.0147). There was a tendency for an interaction of mean ruminal pH (P = 0.1279) where pH of ADY-fed steers was greater than pH of CON-fed steers under TN conditions (5.81 vs. 5.57, respectively), but not under HS conditions (5.37 vs. 5.41, respectively). Duration (DUR) and area under the curve (AUC) for pH > 5.6 had similar tendencies; under TN conditions, the DUR and AUC for pH > 5.6 in ADY-fed steers were greater than in CON-fed steers (P = 0.0726 and P = 0.0954, respectively), but under HS conditions, there was no difference between ADY and CON. We conclude that supplementing ADY in the diets of finishing steers improved DMD, DE, ME, and mean ruminal pH under TN conditions, but not in extreme HS conditions likely due to reduced DMI and greater HE requirements.
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16
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Freiria LBD, Zervoudakis JT, Paula NFD, Cabral LDS, Tedeschi LO, Silva PIJLDRE, Melo ACB, Possamai AJ. Exogenous enzyme on in vitro gas production and ruminal fermentation of diet containing high level of concentrate. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402018000300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Exogenous enzyme preparations (fibrolytic activity (FIB), 0, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, and 2.4 mg/ml liquid volume incubated; amylolytic activity (AMZ), 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 mg/ml liquid volume incubated; proteolytic activity (PRO), 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 mg/ml liquid volume incubated) were incubated in vitro. Their fermentation effects were assessed based on accumulated gas production, kinetic parameters, and fermentation profile using the technique of gas fermentation. Ruminal liquid was obtained from two rumen cannulated Santa Inês sheep, fed a diet with roughage-to-concentrate ratio of 20:80. Accumulated gas production was during 96 h of incubation, measured at 18 different times. After incubation, pH, dry matter degradability (DMD), organic matter in vitro digestibility (OMD), metabolisable energy (ME), partitioning factor (PF96), gas yield (GY24), short chain fatty acids (SCFA), and microbial protein production (MCP) were evaluated. Increasing FIB dose linearly decreased (P<0.05) lag time without affecting others kinetic parameters. However, FIB increased the accumulated gas production, resulting in improved DMD, OMD, ME, GY24 and SCFA. The addition of AMZ decreased linearly (P<0.05) lag time and increased (P<0.05) gas production on initial times of incubation without altering the fermentation profile. The inclusion of PRO did not affect (P>0.05) the evaluated parameters. The addition of these exogenous enzyme preparations with fibrolytic activity altered ruminal fermentation in vitro of diets containing high levels of concentrates.
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17
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Falls M, Meysing D, Liang C, Karim MN, Carstens G, Tedeschi LO, Holtzapple MT. Development of highly digestible animal feed from lignocellulosic biomass Part 2: Oxidative lime pretreatment (OLP) and shock treatment of corn stover. Transl Anim Sci 2017; 1:215-220. [PMID: 32704645 PMCID: PMC7205336 DOI: 10.2527/tas2017.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative lime pretreatment (OLP) increases lignocellulose digestibility by removing lignin and hemicellulose acetyl content. Digestibility is improved further by adding mechanical shock treatment, which subjects aqueous slurry of biomass to an explosive pressure pulse. Shock treatment mechanically disrupts the microscopic structure while maintaining the macroscopic integrity of the biomass particle. This study determined the effectiveness of these pretreatments to enhance the ruminant digestibility of corn stover. In terms of compositional changes, OLP and shock treatment should negatively affect the feed value of corn stover; however, digestibility analysis provides a significantly different conclusion. With corn stover, shock + OLP improved the 48-h neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) to 79.0 g neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digested/100 g NDF fed, compared to 49.3 for raw corn stover. The 48-h in vitro total digestible nutrients (TDNom, g nutrients digested/100 g OM) was 51.9 (raw), 59.7 (OLP), and 72.6 (shock + OLP). Adding extracted corn stover solubles to shock + OLP increased TDNom to 74.9. When enough solubilized chicken feathers were added to match the protein content of corn grain, TDNom increases to 75.5, which is only 12.6 less than corn grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Falls
- Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - D Meysing
- Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - C Liang
- Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - M N Karim
- Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - G Carstens
- Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
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18
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Falls M, Meysing D, Lonkar S, Liang C, Karim MN, Carstens G, Tedeschi LO, Holtzapple MT. Development of highly digestible animal feed from lignocellulosic biomass Part 1: Oxidative lime pretreatment (OLP) and ball milling of forage sorghum. Transl Anim Sci 2017; 1:208-214. [PMID: 32704644 PMCID: PMC7205335 DOI: 10.2527/tas2017.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To feed a growing population, alternative sources of animal feed (e.g., lignocellulose) are needed to replace grains (e.g., corn). Oxidative lime pretreatment (OLP) increases lignocellulose digestibility by removing lignin and hemicellulose acetyl content. Adding a mechanical pretreatment (e.g., ball milling) further improves digestibility. This study determines the effectiveness of OLP and ball milling to enhance the ruminant digestibility of lignocellulose. For forage sorghum, the 48-h in vitro TDN were 40, 64, and 84 g nutrients digested/100 g organic matter (OM) for raw, short-term OLP, and short-term OLP + ball milling, respectively. In terms of compositional changes, OLP increases NDF and decreases non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) and crude protein (CP), all of which would normally be associated with a decrease in digestibility. However, because OLP and ball milling beneficially change composition (lignin removal) and structural features (reduced crystallinity), digestibility actually increases. Although ball milling increases digestibility according to standard laboratory assays, it reduces particle size possibly allowing fine particles to escape from the rumen before they are digested, thus limiting its practical application. Nonetheless, this study indicates that mechanical pretreatment greatly increases digestibility, and therefore it is desirable to identify an effective mechanical treatment that retains fiber integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Falls
- Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - D Meysing
- Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - S Lonkar
- Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - C Liang
- Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - M N Karim
- Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - G Carstens
- Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
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Chatzifragkou A, Kosik O, Prabhakumari PC, Lovegrove A, Frazier RA, Shewry PR, Charalampopoulos D. Biorefinery strategies for upgrading Distillers’ Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS). Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Naumann HD, Tedeschi LO, Fonseca MA. Technical Note: Predicting ruminal methane inhibition by condensed tannins using nonlinear exponential decay regression analysis1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:5341-5. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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21
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Naumann H, Lambert B, Armstrong S, Fonseca M, Tedeschi L, Muir J, Ellersieck M. Effect of replacing alfalfa with panicled-tick clover or sericea lespedeza in corn-alfalfa-based substrates on in vitro ruminal methane production. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3980-7. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Medeiros F, Silva A, Carneiro H, Araújo D, Morais R, Moreira M, Bezerra L. Fontes proteicas alternativas oriundas da cadeia produtiva do biodiesel para alimentação de ruminantes. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-7703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivou-se avaliar a degradação e a produção de gás de diferentes fontes proteicas geradas na cadeia produtiva do biodiesel em substituição à silagem de milho. Os tratamentos foram: coprodutos de Gossyypium hirsutum, Ricinus communis, Moringa oleifera, Jatropha curcas, Helianthus annus. Os produtos foram analisados mediante a técnica semiautomática de produção de gases in vitro. O coproduto da moringa apresentou maior taxa de degradação, quando comparado aos demais alimentos, porém apresentou baixa produção de gás e se tornou mais eficiente, sendo, portanto, indicado como o melhor nível (27,06%) de substituição à silagem de milho. O coproduto da mamona e o do algodão produziram a maior quantidade de gás em 48h de incubação. Todos os coprodutos estudados podem ser utilizados na dieta de ruminantes como alimento proteico até 30% de substituição à silagem de milho.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A.M.A. Silva
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Brasil; CNPq, Brasil
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Pallara G, Buccioni A, Pastorelli R, Minieri S, Mele M, Rapaccini S, Messini A, Pauselli M, Servili M, Giovannetti L, Viti C. Effect of stoned olive pomace on rumen microbial communities and polyunsaturated fatty acid biohydrogenation: an in vitro study. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:271. [PMID: 25424901 PMCID: PMC4311430 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0271-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stoned olive pomace (SOP), which represents approximately 50% of the conversion process of olives to olive oil, is largely not utilised and creates costs for its disposal and has negative environmental impacts. In vitro trial experiments were employed to study the effect of feeds integrated with this bio-waste, which is rich in polyphenols, on rumen biohydrogenation, using sheep rumen liquor as inoculum. RESULTS Fatty acid (FA) analysis and a polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) approach aimed at characterising the microbial community indicated that including SOP in feeds at the level of 50 g/kg and 90 g/kg induced changes in the FA profile and microbial populations. The simultaneous decrease of Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus and accumulation of vaccenic acid was observed. A depression in the populations of Neisseria weaveri, Ruminobacter amylophilus and other unclassified bacteria related to members of the Lachnospiraceae and Pasteurellaceae families was detected, suggesting that these microbial groups may be involved in rumen biohydrogenation. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation of feeds with SOP alters the rumen bacterial community, including bacteria responsible for the hydrogenation of vaccenic acid to stearic acid, thereby modifying the FA profile of the rumen liquor. Hence, a use of SOP aimed to produce meat or dairy products enriched in functional lipids can be hypothesised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Pallara
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agro-alimentari e dell'Ambiente, Università di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Arianna Buccioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agro-alimentari e dell'Ambiente, Università di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Roberta Pastorelli
- Centro di Ricerca per l'Agrobiologia e la Pedologia, Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Piazza Massimo D'Azeglio 30, 50121, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Sara Minieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agro-alimentari e dell'Ambiente, Università di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Marcello Mele
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, Università di Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Stefano Rapaccini
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agro-alimentari e dell'Ambiente, Università di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Anna Messini
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agro-alimentari e dell'Ambiente, Università di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Mariano Pauselli
- Dipartimento di Biologia Applicata, Università di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Servili
- Dipartimento di Scienze Economico-Estimative e degli Alimenti, Università di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Luciana Giovannetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agro-alimentari e dell'Ambiente, Università di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Carlo Viti
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agro-alimentari e dell'Ambiente, Università di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144, Firenze, Italy.
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Naumann HD, Tedeschi LO, Muir JP, Lambert BD, Kothmann MM. Effect of molecular weight of condensed tannins from warm-season perennial legumes on ruminal methane production in vitro. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2013.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Benchaar C, Hassanat F, Gervais R, Chouinard PY, Julien C, Petit HV, Massé DI. Effects of increasing amounts of corn dried distillers grains with solubles in dairy cow diets on methane production, ruminal fermentation, digestion, N balance, and milk production. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:2413-2427. [PMID: 23462175 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of including corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in the diet at the expense of corn and soybean meal on enteric CH4 emissions, ruminal fermentation characteristics, digestion (in sacco and apparent total-tract digestibility), N balance, and milk production of dairy cows. Twelve lactating Holstein cows were used in a triplicated 4×4 Latin square design (35-d periods) and fed (ad libitum intake) a total mixed ration containing (dry matter basis) 0, 10, 20, or 30% DDGS. Dry matter intake increased linearly, whereas apparent-total tract digestibility of dry matter and gross energy declined linearly as DDGS level in the diet increased. Increasing the proportion of DDGS in the diet decreased the acetate:propionate ratio, but this decrease was the result of reduced acetate concentration rather than increased propionate concentration. Milk yield increased linearly (up to +4kg/d) with increasing levels of DDGS in the diet and a tendency was observed for a quadratic increase in energy-corrected milk as the proportion of DDGS in the diet increased. Methane production decreased linearly with increasing levels of DDGS in the diet (495, 490, 477, and 475 g/d for 0, 10, 20, and 30% DDGS diets, respectively). When adjusted for gross energy intake, CH4 losses also decreased linearly as DDGS proportion increased in the diet by 5, 8, and 14% for 10, 20, and 30% DDGS diets, respectively. Similar decreases (up to 12% at 30% DDGS) were also observed when CH4 production was corrected for digestible energy intake. When expressed relative to energy-corrected milk, CH4 production declined linearly as the amount of DDGS increased in the diet. Total N excretion (urinary and fecal; g/d) increased as the amount of DDGS in the diet increased. Efficiency of N utilization (milk N secretion as a proportion of N intake) declined linearly with increasing inclusion of DDGS in the diet. However, productive N increased linearly with increasing proportions of DDGS in the diet, suggesting better efficiency of N use by the animal. Results from this study show that feeding DDGS to dairy cows can help to mitigate enteric CH4 emissions without negatively affecting intake and milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Benchaar
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1M 0C8.
| | - F Hassanat
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - R Gervais
- Université Laval, Département des Sciences Animales, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - P Y Chouinard
- Université Laval, Département des Sciences Animales, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - C Julien
- UMR INRA-INPT ENSAT-INPT ENVT 1289 Tissus Animaux Nutrition Digestion Ecosystème et Métabolisme, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - H V Petit
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - D I Massé
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1M 0C8
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Lia Y, He M, Li C, Forster R, Beauchemin KA, Yang W. Effects of wheat dried distillers' grains with solubles and cinnamaldehyde on in vitro fermentation and protein degradation using the Rusitec technique. Arch Anim Nutr 2012; 66:131-48. [PMID: 22641925 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2012.656479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of wheat dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) and cinnamaldehyde (CIN) on in vitro fermentation and microbial profiles using the rumen simulation technique. The control substrate (10% barley silage, 85% barley grain and 5% supplement, on dry matter basis) and the wheat DDGS substrate (30% wheat DDGS replaced an equal portion of barley grain) were combined with 0 and 300 mg CIN/l of culture fluid. The inclusion of DDGS increased (p < 0.05) the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and the molar proportion of acetate and propionate. Dry matter disappearance (p = 0.03) and production of bacterial protein (p < 0.01) were greater, whereas the disappearances of crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fibre were less (p < 0.01) for the DDGS than for the control substrate. With addition of CIN, concentration of total VFA decreased and fermentation pattern changed to greater acetate and less propionate proportions (p < 0.01). The CIN reduced (p < 0.01) methane production and CP degradability. The copy numbers of Fibrobacter, Prevotella and Archaea were not affected by DDGS but were reduced (p < 0.05) by CIN. The results indicate that replacing barley grain by DDGS increased nutrient fermentability and potentially increase protein flows to the intestine. Supplementation of high-grain substrates with CIN reduced methane production and potentially increased the true protein reaching the small intestine; however, overall reduction of feed fermentation may lower the feeding value of a high-grain diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangling Lia
- Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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Bourg BM, Tedeschi LO, Wickersham TA, Tricarico JM. Effects of a slow-release urea product on performance, carcass characteristics, and nitrogen balance of steers fed steam-flaked corn. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:3914-23. [PMID: 22665647 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to examine the impact of source, urea (U) or Optigen II (OP), and level of dietary NPN on performance (Exp.1) and N balance (Exp. 2) of growing cattle. Sixty Angus crossbred steers (initial BW = 353 ± 13.9 kg) were used to evaluate performance, and fed 1 of 3 steam-flaked corn based diets: U (U(1.2), 1.2% NPN), OP (OP(1.3), 1.3% NPN), or OP without cottonseed meal (OP(3.1), 3.1% NPN). U(1.2)and OP(1.3) contained cottonseed meal and NPN as CP sources, whereas OP(3.1) contained only NPN. For Exp. 1, steers were blocked by postweaning BW and assigned to treatment (TRT) and pen within block. Body weight was collected every 14 d during the 105-d trial. Six steers from each TRT were selected based on residual feed intake (RFI) and harvested. Carcass and organ measurements were obtained. Cumulative animal performance was evaluated in 3 periods (0 to 35, 0 to 70, and 0 to 105 d) using a mixed coefficient model with initial BW as a covariate. For Exp. 2, 5 ruminally cannulated Holstein steers in a 5 × 5 Latin square design were used to evaluate N balance. Steers were fed a steam-flaked corn based diet with either no NPN, 0.75% U or N equivalent OP, or 1.5% U or N equivalent OP. Intake was measured, and feed, orts, urine, and fecal samples were obtained and composited for each steer by period. Data were analyzed using a mixed coefficient model. Orthogonal contrasts were used to evaluate differences between OP and U, and high and low level of NPN. For Exp. 1, there were no differences (P > 0.10) in initial BW, final BW, ADG, or DMI among TRT for any of the periods. However, for period 1 steers on OP(3.1) had reduced F:G than U(1.2) (5.71 kg/kg vs. 7.39 kg/kg; P = 0.03), and steers fed OP(1.3) tended to have less F:G than those fed U(1.2) (6.07 kg/kg vs. 7.39 kg/kg; P = 0.07). In period 2, OP(3.1) had reduced F:G than U(1.2) (5.58 kg/kg vs. 6.56 kg/kg; P = 0.03), but did not differ from OP(1.3) (5.97). For Exp. 2, steers fed OP tended (P = 0.09) to have less apparent N absorption than those fed U. Apparent N absorption differed (P < 0.05) for level of NPN. There were no differences (P > 0.10) in intake or digestibility among source or level of NPN. No major differences (P > 0.10) on performance and carcass composition were observed between U and OP diets. Steers had better initial F:G (Period 1 and 2) when OP was used as the only source of feed N (OP(3.1)), suggesting that OP may replace true protein feeds in finishing cattle diets, minimizing feed use with no impact on carcass quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Bourg
- Texas A&M University, Department of Animal Science, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
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Williams WL, Tedeschi LO, Kononoff PJ, Callaway TR, Dowd SE, Karges K, Gibson ML. Evaluation of in vitro gas production and rumen bacterial populations fermenting corn milling (co)products. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:4735-43. [PMID: 20855008 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the fermentation dynamics of 2 commonly fed corn (co)products in their intact and defatted forms, using the in vitro gas production (IVGP) technique, and to investigate the shifts of the predominant rumen bacterial populations using the 16S rDNA bacterial tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP) technique. The bTEFAP technique was used to determine the bacterial profile of each fermentation time at 24 and 48 h. Bacterial populations were identified at the species level. Species were grouped by substrate affinities (guilds) for cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, starch, sugars, protein, lipids, and lactate. The 2 (co)products were a dried distillers grain (DDG) plus solubles produced from a low-heat drying process (BPX) and a high-protein DDG without solubles (HP). Chemical analysis revealed that BPX contained about 11.4% ether extract, whereas HP contained only 3.88%. Previous studies have indicated that processing methods, as well as fat content, of corn (co)products directly affect fermentation rate and substrate availability, but little information is available regarding changes in rumen bacterial populations. Fermentation profiles of intact and defatted BPX and HP were compared with alfalfa hay as a standard profile. Defatting before incubation had no effect on total gas production in BPX or HP, but reduced lag time and the fractional rate of fermentation of BPX by at least half, whereas there was no effect for HP. The HP feed supported a greater percentage of fibrolytic and proteolytic bacteria than did BPX. Defatting both DDG increased the fibrolytic (26.8 to 38.7%) and proteolytic (26.1 to 37.2%) bacterial guild populations and decreased the lactate-utilizing bacterial guild (3.06 to 1.44%). Information regarding the fermentation kinetics and bacterial population shifts when feeding corn (co)products may lead to more innovative processing methods that improve feed quality (e.g., deoiling) and consequently allow greater inclusion rates in dairy cow rations.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Williams
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-2471, USA
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Schingoethe D, Kalscheur K, Hippen A, Garcia A. Invited review: The use of distillers products in dairy cattle diets. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:5802-13. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pina D, Tedeschi L, Filho SV, Azevedo J, Detmann E, Anderson R. Influence of calcium oxide level and time of exposure to sugarcane on in vitro and in situ digestive kinetics. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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