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Martins E, Oliveira P, Correia-Gomes C, Mendonça D, Ribeiro JN. Association of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis serostatus with age at first calving, calving interval, and milk production in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:3916-3926. [PMID: 38331177 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of bovine paratuberculosis, also known as Johne's disease. This infection is responsible for negative effects, ranging from reduction of milk production to reproductive compromise and increased susceptibility to other diseases such as mastitis. Contradictory information on the association between this infection and reproductive performance has been reported in dairy cows. The aim of this work was to investigate associations between individual cow MAP seropositivity and lifetime reproduction and production performance. The MAP serum ELISA (IDEXX MAP Ac) results from all the 13,071 adult cows present on 191 farms and corresponding birth- and calving-date records obtained from the National Association for Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cattle were used. Cows and farms were classified as positive or negative, based on ELISA results. Outcomes assessed were age at first calving (AFC), intercalving intervals (ICI) from first to fourth interval, and average milk production per day of productive cycle (Milk-305/ICI, a ratio between 305-d corrected milk production and the number of days of the respective calving interval). Multilevel mixed models were used to investigate the association of cow MAP status with AFC, ICI, and Milk-305/ICI. Three levels were considered in the models: "measurement occasion," the first level, was nested within cows and cows were nested within farms. The "measurement occasion" is the time point to which all the observed measures (between 2 successive parturitions, such as milk production and somatic cell count) were referred. Our results indicate that MAP-positive cows have a significantly lower 14-d mean AFC than MAP-negative cows. The overall average ICI in our study was 432.5 d (standard deviation: 94.6). The average ICI, from first to fourth, was not significantly affected by MAP seropositivity. No significant effect of MAP positivity was found on the overall ICI. In relation to Milk-305/ICI, MAP-positive cows did not produce significantly less milk than negative cows across their productive lifetime. We observed higher but nonsignificant Milk-305/ICI (kg/d) in MAP-positive cows. In our study, the proportion of MAP-positive cows within lactations remained similar across all lactations, suggesting that seropositivity did not increased drop-off rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Martins
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit-Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto (ISPUP), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; Departement of Veterinary Sciences, Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama (EUVG), 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit-Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto (ISPUP), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Denisa Mendonça
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit-Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto (ISPUP), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Niza Ribeiro
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit-Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto (ISPUP), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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O’Brien A, Hayton A, Cutler K, Adler A, Shaw DJ, Clarke J, Watt N, Harkiss GD. Diagnostic accuracy of the Enferplex Bovine TB antibody test using individual milk samples from cattle. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301609. [PMID: 38687765 PMCID: PMC11060599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is usually diagnosed using tuberculin skin tests or at post-mortem. Recently, we have developed a serological test for bovine tuberculosis in cattle which shows a high degree of accuracy using serum samples. Here, we have assessed the performance of the test using individual bovine milk samples. The diagnostic specificity estimate using the high sensitivity setting of the test was 99.7% (95% CI: 99.2-99.9). This estimate was not altered significantly by tuberculin boosting. The relative sensitivity estimates of the test using the high sensitivity setting in milk samples from comparative skin test positive animals was 90.8% (95% CI: 87.1-93.6) with boosting. In animals with lesions, the relative sensitivity was 96.0% (95% CI: 89.6-98.7). Analysis of paired serum and milk samples from skin test positive animals showed correlation coefficients ranging from 0.756-0.955 for individual antigens used in the test. Kappa analysis indicated almost perfect agreement between serum and milk results, while McNemar marginal homogeneity analysis showed no statistically significant differences between the two media. The positive and negative likelihood ratio were 347.8 (95% CI: 112.3-1077.5) and 0.092 (95% CI: 0.07-0.13) respectively for boosted samples from skin test positive animals. The results show that the test has high sensitivity and specificity in individual milk samples and thus milk samples could be used for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Keith Cutler
- Synergy Farm Health, Maiden Newton, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Adler
- Synergy Farm Health, Maiden Newton, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Darren J. Shaw
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies & The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John Clarke
- Enfer Scientific, Naas, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Neil Watt
- MV Diagnostics Ltd, Roslin Innovation Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon D. Harkiss
- MV Diagnostics Ltd, Roslin Innovation Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Effectiveness of Intramammary Antibiotics, Internal Teat Sealants, or Both at Dry-Off in Dairy Cows: Milk Production and Somatic Cell Count Outcomes. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9100559. [PMID: 36288172 PMCID: PMC9608262 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is the greatest disease challenge for dairy producers, with substantial economic impacts due to lost milk production. Amongst the approaches implemented to control and prevent mastitis on dairies are vaccination, pre- and post-milking teat dips, and treatments at dry-off including intramammary antibiotics and teat sealants. The objectives of our study were to evaluate the effect of different treatments at dry-off on the subsequent lactation's milk production and somatic cell count (SCC). A single-blinded controlled block randomized clinical trial was conducted between December 2016 and August 2018 on eight herds from four of the top ten milk-producing counties in California: Tulare, Kings, Stanislaus, and San Joaquin. The trial was repeated with cows enrolled during the winter and summer seasons to account for seasonal variability. Eligible cows were treated at dry-off with either intramammary antibiotics (AB), internal teat sealant (TS), AB + TS, or did not receive any treatment (control), and were followed through 150 days in milk (DIM) post-calving. The milk production and SCC data were extracted from monthly test day milk records (Dairy Comp 305, Valley Ag Software, Tulare, CA, USA). Two-piece spline linear mixed models were used to model the milk production (kg) and natural logarithm-transformed SCC. After accounting for parity, breed, season, and dry period duration, the milk model showed a significant increase in milk production (1.84 kg/day) in cows treated with AB + TS at dry-off in comparison to controls. There was no significant difference in the milk produced by cows that received either AB or TS (0.12 kg/day, and 0.67 kg/day, respectively) in comparison to the untreated cows. Different dry cow treatments were associated with a significant reduction in ln SCC during the first 150 DIM. The greatest reduction was associated with using AB + TS, followed by AB, and finally TS in comparison to controls. Dairies with high SCC may benefit from treating cows at dry-off with AB, TS, or both.
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Associations between peripartum lying and activity behaviour and blood non-esterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate in grazing dairy cows. Animal 2022; 16:100470. [PMID: 35183009 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During early lactation, most dairy cows experience negative energy balance (NEB). Failure to cope with this NEB, however, can place cows at greater risk of developing metabolic disease. Our objective was to characterise, retrospectively, lying behaviour and activity of grazing dairy cows grouped according to blood non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) as indicators of postpartum metabolic state. Blood was sampled weekly for up to 4 weeks precalving, on the day of calving (day 0), daily between 1 and 4 days postcalving, and then at least weekly between week 1 and week 5 postcalving for analysis of plasma NEFAs and BHB concentrations. Two hundred and forty-four multiparous Holstein-Friesian and Holstein-Friesian × Jersey cows were classified into one of three metabolic status groups based on maximum blood NEFAs and BHB concentrations during week 1 and 2 postcalving. A cow was classified as having either: (1) low NEFAs and low BHB (Lo-Lo; n = 78), when all blood samples were <1.0 mmol/L for NEFAs and ≤1.0 mmol/L for BHB during the first 2 weeks postcalving; (2) high NEFAs and low BHB (Hi-Lo; n = 134), when blood NEFAs were ≥1.0 mmol/L and blood BHB was ≤1.0 mmol/L at the same sampling time point during the first 2 weeks postcalving; or (3) high NEFAs and high BHB (Hi-Hi; n = 32), when blood NEFAs were ≥1.0 mmol/L and blood BHB was ≥1.2 mmol/L at the same sampling time point during the first 2 weeks postcalving. Accelerometers (IceTag or IceQube devices; IceRobotics Ltd.) were used to monitor lying and activity behaviours peripartum (-21 to +35 days relative to calving). Changes in lying behaviour and activity occurred before the mean day that cows were classified Hi-Hi and Hi-Lo (2.2 and 3.5 d postcalving, respectively). Up to 3 weeks preceding calving, Hi-Hi cows were more active, had fewer daily lying bouts (LBs), and spent less time lying than Lo-Lo cows. In addition, Hi-Hi cows had fewer daily LBs and were less active up to 4 weeks postcalving than Lo-Lo cows, but these differences were biologically small. Groups of grazing cows classified as experiencing a more severe metabolic challenge behave differently up to 3 weeks precalving than their herdmates with lower blood NEFAs and BHB postcalving. These altered behaviours may allow identification of individual cows at risk of a metabolic challenge, but further research is required.
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Lupinus angustifolius seed meal supplemented to dairy cow diet improves fatty acid composition in milk and mitigates methane production. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hendriks SJ, Huzzey JM, Kuhn-Sherlock B, Turner SA, Mueller KR, Phyn CVC, Donaghy DJ, Roche JR. Associations between lying behavior and activity and hypocalcemia in grazing dairy cows during the transition period. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10530-10546. [PMID: 32861495 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypocalcemia is a common metabolic disorder of transition dairy cows that is considered a gateway disease, increasing the risk of other health disorders and reducing cow performance. Clinical milk fever is associated with long periods of recumbency, and it is plausible that cows experiencing non-paretic hypocalcemia may spend more time lying; hence, lying behavior and activity measures may be useful in identifying at-risk cows. The objective of this study was to describe associations among blood calcium (Ca) status at calving and lying behavior and activity measures during the transition period in grazing dairy cows. Blood was sampled on the day of calving (d 0), and d 1, 2, 3, and 4 postcalving, and analyzed for total plasma Ca concentration. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein-Friesian and Holstein-Friesian × Jersey grazing dairy cows were classified, retrospectively, as clinically hypocalcemic (CLIN; blood Ca ≤ 1.4 mmol/L at 1 or more consecutive samplings within 48 h postcalving, but without parturient paresis). These cows were pair-matched (using milk production potential from their estimated breeding value for milk protein, mean body weight at wk -5 and -6 precalving, and, where possible, parity) with 24 cows classified as subclinically hypocalcemic (SUB; blood Ca > 1.4 and < 2.0 mmol/L at 2 consecutive samplings within 48 h postcalving), and 24 cows classified as normocalcemic (NORM; blood Ca ≥ 2.0 mmol/L at 3 consecutive samplings within 72 h postcalving). Lying behavior and activity were monitored using triaxial accelerometers from -21 to +35 d relative to calving. Data were summarized to calculate daily lying time (h/d), daily number of lying bouts (LB; no./d), mean LB duration (min/bout), and the number of steps taken (steps/d). On d 0, the CLIN group were less active and spent approximately 2.6 h longer lying than the SUB and NORM groups, particularly between 0200 and 1400 h. On d 0, the NORM group had fewer LB (16.3/d) than the SUB and CLIN groups (18.2 and 19.2/d, respectively). These differences in behavior were no longer detected 2 d postcalving, and no further differences were observed. The day before calving, the CLIN group spent 1.4 h longer lying down than did the SUB and NORM groups. Further, the relative change in steps from a precalving baseline period (d -14 to -7) until d 0 was positively, linearly associated with blood Ca concentration within 24 h postcalving. Future work should consider daily and temporal changes in behavior in individual cows to determine the potential for these measures to allow early detection of hypocalcemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Hendriks
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - J M Huzzey
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, 93407
| | | | - S-A Turner
- DairyNZ Ltd., Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - K R Mueller
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - C V C Phyn
- DairyNZ Ltd., Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - D J Donaghy
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - J R Roche
- DairyNZ Ltd., Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Canive M, Casais R, Jimenez JA, Blanco-Vazquez C, Amado J, Garrido JM, Juste RA, Alonso-Hearn M. Correlations between single nucleotide polymorphisms in bovine CD209, SLC11A1, SP110 and TLR2 genes and estimated breeding values for several traits in Spanish Holstein cattle. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04254. [PMID: 32642571 PMCID: PMC7334237 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the correlations between the genetic susceptibility/resistance to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) infection and the estimated breeding values for type, production and functional traits. Previously, we identified 70 combinations of five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in four bovine innate immune genes (SLC11A1, SP110, TLR2, CD209) that are associated with the genetic risk of paratuberculosis (PTB) or Johne's disease progression, which can be graded as low (LOWIN), latent (LATIN), or patent (PATIN) risk. Other possible combinations of these 5 SNPs were grouped in the average group (AVERIN). In the current study, differences in estimated breeding values (EBVs) for several traits were analyzed using linear models in a large cohort of Holstein cows (N = 15656) genotyped across Spain in 2016 or 2017. After the assignment of each genotyped cow to a risk group, cows within the PATIN risk group (N = 1448) had a superior combined genetic index (2797.57), type genetic index (524.62), milk yield (653.92 kg), protein yield (21.77 kg), fat yield (24.82 kg) and economic merit index (125 Euros) compared with the other three risk groups. Statistically significant differences in the longevity scores between the cows that were included in the PATIN risk group (108.85) and the LOWIN (107.82) and AVERIN (107.92) groups were also observed. The associations between the genetic risk groups and PTB diagnostic results were validated in a population of 99 cows from a Spanish farm with a high prevalence of PTB. Significant differences in ELISA readings between the PATIN (65.49 %) and the AVERIN (15.97 %), LATIN (2.11 %), and LOWIN (3.27 %) groups were observed. In addition, significant differences in Map DNA copies/gram of feces were observed between the PATIN and the other three risk groups. These results together with the substantial economic impact of PTB in dairy cattle support the selection of the animals with less susceptibility to PTB in the Spanish breeding program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Canive
- NEIKER- Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Department of Animal Health, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Rosa Casais
- Center of Animal Biotechnology, SERIDA-Regional Service of Agri-Food Research and Development, Deva, Asturias, Spain
| | - Jose A Jimenez
- CONAFE, Spanish Federation of Holstein Cattle, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Blanco-Vazquez
- Center of Animal Biotechnology, SERIDA-Regional Service of Agri-Food Research and Development, Deva, Asturias, Spain
| | - Javier Amado
- Department of Microbiology, LSAPA-Animal Health Laboratory of the Principality of Asturias, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Joseba M Garrido
- NEIKER- Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Department of Animal Health, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ramon A Juste
- NEIKER- Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Department of Animal Health, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.,Center of Animal Biotechnology, SERIDA-Regional Service of Agri-Food Research and Development, Deva, Asturias, Spain
| | - Marta Alonso-Hearn
- NEIKER- Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Department of Animal Health, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
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Charlton GL, Bleach ECL, Rutter SM. Cows with paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) alter their lying behavior around peak lactation. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:11328-11336. [PMID: 31606209 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis or Johne's disease (JD) is a fatal chronic enteritis that causes detrimental effects on production and health and significantly reduces the welfare of cattle. Control of JD is highly desirable, but single milk ELISA testing may not be sensitive enough to identify all affected animals, particularly in the early stages of the disease. The objective of this study was to compare the activity of JD-positive (JD5) to JD-negative (JD0) cows from calving until wk 20 of lactation. The study was conducted at Harper Adams University, United Kingdom, using 42 multiparous [3.1 ± 0.22 (mean ± standard error of the mean); range: 2-7 lactations] Holstein Friesian cows, fitted with an IceQube accelerometer (IceRobotics Ltd., Edinburgh, UK) on the back left leg. The sensors recorded data on lying and standing time, steps, and motion index with a granularity of 15 min. In addition, start and stop times for lying bouts, and exact lying bout durations were recorded, which permits calculation of the number of lying bouts. Every 3 mo the cows were milk sampled and subsequently tested for JD using an ELISA. Cows in the infection group JD0 were classed as JD negative and cows in the infection group JD5 were classed as JD positive. Johne's-positive cows [JD5; n = 21 (repeat ELISA positive)] were matched to negative cows [JD0; n = 21 (repeat ELISA negative)] based on lactation number and age. Around peak lactation we found differences in lying behavior. The JD5 cows spend less time lying/d during wk 7 to 11 of lactation. The largest difference observed was around wk 8 of lactation, with JD5 cows spending, on average, 2 h/d less time lying down than JD0 cows (9.3 ± 0.33 vs. 11.3 ± 0.61 h/d, respectively). The JD5 cows also had fewer lying bouts per day from wk 7 to 15 of lactation (excluding wk 13), and during wk 11 and 12 average lying bout duration was longer for JD5 cows compared with JD0 cows. No differences were observed in steps per day, milk yield, BCS, and mobility score between JD5 and JD0 cows from calving to wk 20 of lactation. As far as we are aware, this is the first study to show changes in activity of JD-positive cows. The results show that activity data from leg-mounted accelerometers has the potential to help identify JD-positive cows, although more research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma L Charlton
- Animal Production, Welfare and Veterinary Sciences, Harper Adams University, Shropshire, United Kingdom TF10 8NB.
| | - Emma C L Bleach
- Animal Production, Welfare and Veterinary Sciences, Harper Adams University, Shropshire, United Kingdom TF10 8NB
| | - S Mark Rutter
- Animal Production, Welfare and Veterinary Sciences, Harper Adams University, Shropshire, United Kingdom TF10 8NB
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Verteramo Chiu LJ, Tauer LW, Gröhn YT, Smith RL. Mastitis risk effect on the economic consequences of paratuberculosis control in dairy cattle: A stochastic modeling study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217888. [PMID: 31557171 PMCID: PMC6762148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The benefits and efficacy of control programs for herds infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) have been investigated under various contexts. However, most previous research investigated paratuberculosis control programs in isolation, without modeling the potential association with other dairy diseases. This paper evaluated the benefits of MAP control programs when the herd is also affected by mastitis, a common disease causing the largest losses in dairy production. The effect of typically suggested MAP controls were estimated under the assumption that MAP infection increased the rate of clinical mastitis. We evaluated one hundred twenty three control strategies comprising various combinations of testing, culling, and hygiene, and found that the association of paratuberculosis with mastitis alters the ranking of specific MAP control programs, but only slightly alters the cost-benefit difference of particular MAP control components, as measured by the distribution of net present value of a representative U.S. dairy operation. In particular, although testing and culling for MAP resulted in a reduction in MAP incidence, that control led to lower net present value (NPV) per cow. When testing was used, ELISA was more economically beneficial than alternative testing regimes, especially if mastitis was explicitly modeled as more likely in MAP-infected animals, but ELISA testing was only significantly associated with higher NPV if mastitis was not included in the model at all. Additional hygiene was associated with a lower NPV per cow, although it lowered MAP prevalence. Overall, the addition of an increased risk of mastitis in MAP-infected animals did not change model recommendations as much as failing to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie J. Verteramo Chiu
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Loren W. Tauer
- Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell SC Johnson Business College, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Yrjo T. Gröhn
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L. Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hendriks SJ, Phyn CVC, Turner SA, Mueller KM, Kuhn-Sherlock B, Donaghy DJ, Huzzey JM, Roche JR. Lying behavior and activity during the transition period of clinically healthy grazing dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:7371-7384. [PMID: 31202660 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lying behavior and activity may provide useful information for the prediction of an imminent calving and the health of transition dairy cows; however, it is important first to understand what constitutes typical lying behavior and activity because this has not been defined for grazing dairy cows during the transition period. Our objective was to describe changes in lying behavior and activity in grazing dairy cows during the transition period using varying phenotypes typical of commercial dairy herds under grazing systems. Behavior data from IceTag or IceQube (IceRobotics, Edinburgh, Scotland) triaxial accelerometers were collected for 310 cow parities from multiparous, mixed-age (mean ± standard deviation; 4.5 ± 1.65 yr), and mixed-breed [Holstein-Friesian (HF), n = 216; and HF × Jersey, n = 94] grazing dairy cows from 4 parent experiments. The IceTags or IceQubes captured lying and activity data during the transition period (-21 to 34 d relative to calving) to allow the calculation of daily lying time (h/d), daily lying bouts (LB; no./d), mean LB duration (min/bout), and the number of steps taken (steps/d). Lying behavior and activity were analyzed using a repeated measures ANOVA during 3 periods: PRE (-21 to -3 d), POST (3 to 21 d), and the day of calving (d 0). Lying time was lower on d 0 (7.25 h/d) compared with PRE and POST lying times (10.3 and 8.58 h/d, respectively), with more frequent LB on d 0 (12.9 no./d) compared with the PRE and POST daily LB (8.15 vs. 7.74 no./d). Cows took more steps POST (4,424 steps/d) compared with d 0 and PRE (4,105 and 2,289 steps/d, respectively). Regression analysis determined that daily lying time decreased substantially from -3 to 0 d (slope = -1.03 ± 0.07 h/d) and from -2 and -1 d for daily LB (slope = 5.09 ± 0.54 no./d), which may be due to the calving event itself but also reflect restlessness. Daily lying time, daily LB, LB duration, and number of steps taken were substantially altered at the time of the calving event in grazing dairy cows. Cows were more active, spent less time lying, and took more steps postcalving compared with precalving, and it appears that this behavior may largely be due to activity associated with twice daily milking. Mean lying behavior and activity measures were more highly variable across individuals than across groups. Information available via activity monitors may contribute to the improvement of individual management of transition dairy cows, and this research provides a benchmark for typical changes in behavior during the transition period in grazing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Hendriks
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - C V C Phyn
- DairyNZ Ltd., Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - S-A Turner
- DairyNZ Ltd., Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; Dairy Goat Co-operative, PO Box 1398, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - K M Mueller
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | | | - D J Donaghy
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - J M Huzzey
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407
| | - J R Roche
- DairyNZ Ltd., Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Nielsen SS, Krogh MA, Munch SL, Capion N. Effect of non-perforating abomasal lesions on reproductive performance, milk yield and carcass weight at slaughter in Danish Holstein cows. Prev Vet Med 2019; 167:101-107. [PMID: 31027711 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Non-perforating abomasal lesions are common in Danish Holstein cows, but the impact on production has not been studied. Our objective was to compare milk yield, carcass weight, days to first service and initiation of breeding among cows with different non- perforating abomasal lesion types and locations to cows with no such lesions. The occurrence, type and localisation of non- perforating abomasal lesions were characterised at slaughter in Danish Holstein cows, and first insemination dates (n = 592), milk yield (n = 999) and carcass information (n = 1,317) was also available. Production and reproduction data were retrieved from all other cows from the herds of origin. This information was used to evaluate the expected production performance in the herds. Of the 1,317 cows investigated at slaughter, 572, 428, 677, and 91 cows had at least one lesion Subtype 1a (mucosal erosion), 1b (acute deeper lesion), 1c (chronic deeper lesion) or 1d (scarring following a lesion), respectively. Cows with lesion Subtype 1c and lesions in the pyloric part of the abomasum were generally found to be culled later in lactation than their herd mates. Milk yield and days to first service were not associated with any lesion types. The occurrence of lesion Subtype 1c and lesions in the pylorus were associated with a higher weight at slaughter compared to cows without lesions of this subtype or in this location. Most Subtype 1c lesions was found in the pylorus. Initiation of breeding before 150 days in milk was positively associated with the number of lesions in the corpus of the abomasum. We discovered two sources of selection bias. First, cows with lesions had a higher carcass weight but also remained in the herds for longer after calving than cows without lesions. This would give them more time to overcome the period of negative energy balance in early lactation. Second, although the causes of culling were not known, cows with no lesions generally had a relatively low milk yield and could have been culled for this reason.". While non- perforating abomasal ulcers may have an effect on the production and reproduction data, the observational data presented show no evidence of such a relationship. It may be necessary to employ other study designs to identify any effects that might exist, but if the relationship cannot be demonstrated in a dataset of this magnitude, it is not deemed to be of practical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Saxmose Nielsen
- Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Mogens Agerbo Krogh
- Section for Epidemiology and Management, Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, DK-8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Sara Lee Munch
- Section for Medicine and Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Denmark, Højbakkegård Alle 5A, DK-2630, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Nynne Capion
- Section for Medicine and Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Denmark, Højbakkegård Alle 5A, DK-2630, Taastrup, Denmark
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A data-driven individual-based model of infectious disease in livestock operation: A validation study for paratuberculosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203177. [PMID: 30550580 PMCID: PMC6294356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic livestock diseases cause large financial loss and affect animal health and welfare. Controlling these diseases mostly requires precise information on both individual animal and population dynamics to inform the farmer’s decisions, but even successful control programmes do by no means assure elimination. Mathematical models provide opportunities to test different control and elimination options rather than implementing them in real herds, but these models require robust parameter estimation and validation. Fitting these models to data is a difficult task due to heterogeneities in livestock processes. In this paper, we develop an infectious disease modeling framework for a livestock disease (paratuberculosis) that is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Infection with MAP leads to reduced milk production, pregnancy rates, and slaughter value and increased culling rates in cattle and causes significant economic losses to the dairy industry. These economic effects are particularly important motivations in the control and elimination of MAP. In this framework, an individual-based model (IBM) of a dairy herd was built and MAP infection dynamics was integrated. Once the model produced realistic dynamics of MAP infection, we implemented an evaluation method by fitting it to data from three dairy herds from the Northeast region of the US. The model fitting exercises used least-squares and parameter space searching methods to obtain the best-fitted values of selected parameters. The best set of parameters were used to model the effect of interventions. The results show that the presented model can complement real herd statistics where the intervention strategies suggest a reduction in MAP prevalence without elimination. Overall, this research not only provides a complete model for MAP infection dynamics in a dairy herd but also offers a method for estimating parameters by fitting IBM models.
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Martins EG, Oliveira P, Oliveira BM, Mendonça D, Niza-Ribeiro J. Association of paratuberculosis sero-status with milk production and somatic cell counts across 5 lactations, using multilevel mixed models, in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:7638-7649. [PMID: 29885897 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate associations between individual cow Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) seropositivity, 305-d corrected milk production, and somatic cell count during 5 lactations lifespan in Portuguese dairy herds using multilevel mixed models. We used MAP serum ELISA (Idexx MAP Ac, Idexx Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME) results (n = 23,960) from all the 20,221 adult cows present in 329 farms and corresponding 47,586 lactation records from the National Dairy Improvement Association. Cows and farms were classified as positive or negative. Multilevel mixed models were used to investigate the association of cow MAP status with variation in milk production and somatic cell count. Cow MAP status, farm status, and lactation number were considered as independent variables. A quadratic function of lactation number was used to mimic the effect of lactation order on milk production. The models considered 3 levels: measurement occasion (level 1) within cow (level 2) and cow within farm (level 3). Four final models were produced, including all herds and cows, to address the effect of farm status (models 1 and 2) or the effect of cow status (models 3 and 4) on the outcome variables. Our results show that MAP status affects milk production. Losses are detectable from third lactation onward. During the first 5 lactations, positive cows accumulated an average loss of 1,284.8 kg of milk when compared with the negative cows. We also observed that somatic cell counts were higher in positive cows and a positive interaction occurs between cow status and lactation number, suggesting a positive association between MAP infection and increased somatic cell counts. Our results are in line with previous studies, suggesting a possible positive relation between cow milk production and susceptibility to MAP infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Martins
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, 4050 Porto, Portugal; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama, 3020 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - P Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, 4050 Porto, Portugal
| | - B M Oliveira
- Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde (CINTESIS), Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4050 Porto, Portugal
| | - D Mendonça
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, 4050 Porto, Portugal
| | - J Niza-Ribeiro
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, 4050 Porto, Portugal
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14
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Meyer A, Bond K, Van Winden S, Green M, Guitian J. A probabilistic approach to the interpretation of milk antibody results for diagnosis of Johne’s disease in dairy cattle. Prev Vet Med 2018; 150:30-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Zancanaro G, Beltrán-Beck B, Kohnle L, Morgado J, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): paratuberculosis. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04960. [PMID: 32625604 PMCID: PMC7010113 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of paratuberculosis to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of paratuberculosis according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to paratuberculosis. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, paratuberculosis can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL. The disease would comply with the criteria in Sections 3, 4 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (c), (d) and (e) of Article 9(1). The animal species to be listed for paratuberculosis according to Article 8(3) criteria are several species of mammals and birds as susceptible species and some species of the families Bovidae, Cervidae and Leporidae as reservoirs.
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Botaro BG, Ruelle E, More SJ, Strain S, Graham DA, O'Flaherty J, Shalloo L. Associations between paratuberculosis ELISA results and test-day records of cows enrolled in the Irish Johne's Disease Control Program. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:7468-7477. [PMID: 28711256 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) ELISA status on test-day milk performance of cows from Irish herds enrolled in the pilot national voluntary Johne's disease control program during 2013 to 2015 was estimated. A data set comprising 92,854 cows and 592,623 complete test-day records distributed across 1,700 herds was used in this study. The resulting ELISA outcome (negative, inconclusive, and positive) of each cow within each year of the program was used to allocate the cow into different scenarios representing the MAP status. At MAPscenario1, all cows testing ELISA nonnegative (i.e., inconclusive and positive) were assigned a MAP-positive status; at MAPscenario2 only cows testing ELISA-positive were assigned a MAP-positive status; at MAPscenario3 only cows testing ELISA nonnegative (inconclusive or positive) and gathered exclusively from herds where at least 2 further ELISA nonnegative (inconclusive or positive) cows were found were assigned a MAP-positive status; at MAPscenario4 only cows testing ELISA-positive that were gathered exclusively from herds where at least 2 further ELISA-positive cows were found were assigned a MAP-positive status. Milk outputs based on test-day records were standardized for fat and protein contents (SMY) and the effect of MAP ELISA status on the SMY was estimated by a linear mixed effects model structure. The SMY mean difference recorded at test day between cows with a MAP-positive status and those with a MAP-negative status within MAPscenario1 was estimated at -0.182 kg/test day; the mean difference was -0.297 kg/test day for MAPscenario2; for MAPscenario3 mean difference between MAP-positive status and MAP test-negative cows was -0.209 kg/test day, and for MAPscenario4, the difference was -0.326 kg/test day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno G Botaro
- Livestock Systems Research Department, Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61C 996, Ireland.
| | - Elodie Ruelle
- Livestock Systems Research Department, Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61C 996, Ireland
| | - Simon J More
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Sam Strain
- Animal Health and Welfare NI, Box 10, 1st Floor, Dungannon Business Cube, 5 Coalisland Rd., Dungannon, Co. Tyrone, BT71 6JT, United Kingdom
| | - David A Graham
- Animal Health Ireland, Main Street, Carrick-On-Shannon, Co. Leitrim, N41 WN27, Ireland
| | - Joe O'Flaherty
- Animal Health Ireland, Main Street, Carrick-On-Shannon, Co. Leitrim, N41 WN27, Ireland
| | - Laurence Shalloo
- Livestock Systems Research Department, Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61C 996, Ireland
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17
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Kirkeby C, Græsbøll K, Nielsen SS, Toft N, Halasa T. Epidemiological and economic consequences of purchasing livestock infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:202. [PMID: 28655323 PMCID: PMC5488427 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a chronic disease which may lead to reduced milk yield, lower animal welfare and death in cattle. The causative agent is Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). The economic consequences are particularly important incentives in the control and eradication of the infection. One strategy to control PTB in a herd is to purchase animals from farms with a low risk of MAP infection. We wanted to investigate the epidemiological and economic consequences of buying livestock from different supplier farms of low, medium or high risk, as well as farms with unknown status. We also wanted to estimate the probability of spontaneous fadeout if the farmer of an initially MAP-free herd bought a specified number of infected animals in a single year, or continually bought infected animals. This was achieved through simulation modeling, and the effects of consistently introducing one, five or ten infected animals annually into an initially infection-free herd was also modeled. Results Our findings show that once infected, a farm can relatively safely purchase animals from other low and medium-risk farms without experiencing an increase in the prevalence, highlighting the importance of certification programmes. Furthermore, farms free of MAP are highly susceptible and cannot purchase more than a small number of animals per year without having a high risk of being infected. The probability of spontaneous fadeout after 10 years was 82% when introducing a single infected animal into an initially MAP-free herd. When purchasing ten infected animals, this probability was 46%. The continual purchase of infected animals resulted in very low probabilities of spontaneous fadeout. Conclusions We demonstrated that MAP-free farms can purchase a small number of animals, preferably from certified farms, each year and still remain free of MAP. Already infected farms have little risk of increasing the prevalence on a farm when purchasing animals from other farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Kirkeby
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, bygning 204, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Kaare Græsbøll
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, bygning 204, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.,DTU Compute, Section for Dynamical Systems, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Richard Petersens Plads, Bygning 324, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Søren Saxmose Nielsen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Section for Animal Welfare and DiseaseControl, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 8, 1870 Frb. C, København, Denmark
| | - Nils Toft
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, bygning 204, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tariq Halasa
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, bygning 204, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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18
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Muleme M, Stenos J, Vincent G, Wilks CR, Devlin JM, Campbell A, Cameron A, Stevenson MA, Graves S, Firestone SM. Peripartum dynamics of Coxiella burnetii infections in intensively managed dairy goats associated with a Q fever outbreak in Australia. Prev Vet Med 2017; 139:58-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Smith RL, Al-Mamun MA, Gröhn YT. Economic consequences of paratuberculosis control in dairy cattle: A stochastic modeling study. Prev Vet Med 2017; 138:17-27. [PMID: 28237232 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cost of paratuberculosis to dairy herds, through decreased milk production, early culling, and poor reproductive performance, has been well-studied. The benefit of control programs, however, has been debated. A recent stochastic compartmental model for paratuberculosis transmission in US dairy herds was modified to predict herd net present value (NPV) over 25 years in herds of 100 and 1000 dairy cattle with endemic paratuberculosis at initial prevalence of 10% and 20%. Control programs were designed by combining 5 tests (none, fecal culture, ELISA, PCR, or calf testing), 3 test-related culling strategies (all test-positive, high-positive, or repeated positive), 2 test frequencies (annual and biannual), 3 hygiene levels (standard, moderate, or improved), and 2 cessation decisions (testing ceased after 5 negative whole-herd tests or testing continued). Stochastic dominance was determined for each herd scenario; no control program was fully dominant for maximizing herd NPV in any scenario. Use of the ELISA test was generally preferred in all scenarios, but no paratuberculosis control was highly preferred for the small herd with 10% initial prevalence and was frequently preferred in other herd scenarios. Based on their effect on paratuberculosis alone, hygiene improvements were not found to be as cost-effective as test-and-cull strategies in most circumstances. Global sensitivity analysis found that economic parameters, such as the price of milk, had more influence on NPV than control program-related parameters. We conclude that paratuberculosis control can be cost effective, and multiple control programs can be applied for equivalent economic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
| | - M A Al-Mamun
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Y T Gröhn
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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20
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Pritchard TC, Coffey MP, Bond KS, Hutchings MR, Wall E. Phenotypic effects of subclinical paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2016; 100:679-690. [PMID: 27837981 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of subclinical paratuberculosis (or Johne's disease) risk status on performance, health, and fertility was studied in 58,096 UK Holstein-Friesian cows with 156,837 lactations across lactations 1 to 3. Low-, medium-, and high-risk group categories were allocated to cows determined by a minimum of 4 ELISA milk tests taken at any time during their lactating life. Lactation curves of daily milk, protein, and fat yields and protein and fat percentage, together with loge-transformed somatic cell count, were estimated using a random regression model to quantify differences between risk groups. The effect of subclinical paratuberculosis risk groups on fertility, lactation-average somatic cell count, and mastitis were analyzed using linear regression fitting risk group as a fixed effect. Milk yield losses associated with high-risk cows compared with low-risk cows in lactations 1, 2, and 3 for mean daily yield were 0.34, 1.05, and 1.61kg; likewise, accumulated 305-d yields were 103, 316, and 485kg, respectively. The total loss was 904kg over the first 3 lactations. Protein and fat yield losses associated with high-risk cows were significant, but primarily a feature of decreasing milk yield. Similar trends were observed for both test-day and lactation-average somatic cell count measures with higher somatic cell counts from medium- and high-risk cows compared with low-risk cows, and differences were in almost all cases significant. Likewise, mastitis incidence was significantly higher in high-risk cows compared with low-risk cows in lactations 2 and 3. Whereas the few significant differences between risk groups among fertility traits were inconsistent with no clear trend. These results are expected to be conservative, as some animals that were considered negative may become positive after the timeframe of this study, particularly if the animal was tested when relatively young. However, the magnitude of milk yield losses together with higher somatic cell counts and an increase in mastitis incidence should motivate farmers to implement the appropriate control measures to reduce the spread of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mike P Coffey
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
| | - Karen S Bond
- National Milk Records plc, Chippenham, SN15 1BN, United Kingdom
| | - Mike R Hutchings
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Wall
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
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Al-Mamun MA, Smith RL, Schukken YH, Gröhn YT. Modeling of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis dynamics in a dairy herd: An individual based approach. J Theor Biol 2016; 408:105-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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McAloon CG, Whyte P, More SJ, Green MJ, O'Grady L, Garcia A, Doherty ML. The effect of paratuberculosis on milk yield--A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2015; 99:1449-1460. [PMID: 26686704 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bovine paratuberculosis is a disease characterized by chronic granulomatous enteritis causing protein-losing enteropathy. Adverse effects on animal productivity are key drivers in the attempt to control paratuberculosis at the farm level. Economic models require an accurate estimation of the production effects associated with paratuberculosis. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effect of paratuberculosis on milk production. A total of 20 effect estimates from 15 studies were included in the final meta-analysis. Substantial between-study heterogeneity was observed. Subgroup analysis by case definition and study design was carried out to investigate heterogeneity. The majority of between-study variation was attributed to studies that defined cases on serology. Calculation of a pooled effect estimate was only appropriate for studies that defined cases by organism detection. A reduction in milk yield, corrected for lactation number and herd of origin of 1.87 kg/d, equivalent to 5.9% of yield, was associated with fecal culture or PCR positivity in individual cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor G McAloon
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Paul Whyte
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Simon J More
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Martin J Green
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Luke O'Grady
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - AnaBelen Garcia
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael L Doherty
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Smith RL, Gröhn YT, Pradhan AK, Whitlock RH, Van Kessel JS, Smith JM, Wolfgang DR, Schukken YH. The effects of progressing and nonprogressing Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection on milk production in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 99:1383-1390. [PMID: 26686721 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Longitudinal data from 3 commercial dairy herds in the northeast United States, collected from 2004 to 2011, were analyzed to determine the effect of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection status and progression path on milk production. Disease status, as indicated by MAP test results, was determined through quarterly ELISA serum testing, biannual fecal culture, and culture of tissues and feces at slaughter. Milk production data were collected from the Dairy Herd Information Association. Animals with positive MAP test results were categorized, based on test results over the full course of the study, as high path (at least one high-positive culture) or low path (at least one positive culture or ELISA). The cumulative numbers of positive ELISA and culture results were recorded. The effects of both MAP infection path, status, and number of positive tests on milk production were analyzed using a mixed linear model with an autocorrelation random effect structure. Low- and high-path animals produced more milk before their first positive test than always-negative animals, especially high-path animals. Although mean production decreased after a first positive test, low-path animals were shown to recover some productivity. High-path animals continued to exhibit a decrease in milk production, especially after their first high-positive fecal culture. These results show that not all animals that test positive for MAP will have long-term production losses. Milk production decreased significantly with each additional positive test. Ultimately, production loss appeared to be a function of MAP infection progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana 61802.
| | - Y T Gröhn
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - A K Pradhan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science and Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
| | - R H Whitlock
- New Bolton Center, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square 19348
| | - J S Van Kessel
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - J M Smith
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405
| | - D R Wolfgang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Penn State University, University Park 16802
| | - Y H Schukken
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14850; GD Animal Health, 7400 AA, Deventer, the Netherlands
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Baquero MM, Plattner BL. Bovine WC1(+) γδ T lymphocytes modify monocyte-derived macrophage responses during early Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 170:65-72. [PMID: 26848050 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Following Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) infection, some calves are apparently able to successfully clear the pathogen whereas others become persistently infected; however the reasons for this remain unknown. The importance of innate immunity, and in particular the role of γδ T lymphocytes, during early anti-mycobacterial immune response is recognized but specific mechanisms remain incompletely characterized. The objective of this study was to investigate how bovine WC1(+) γδ T lymphocytes mediate macrophage function during early Map infection. To achieve this objective, Map-infected monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) were co-cultured either in direct contact with, or separated by a semi-permeable membrane from, autologous WC1(+) γδ T lymphocytes. Nitrites, IL-17A, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 from cell culture supernatants were measured. Expression of CD25 on WC1(+) γδ T lymphocytes, expression of MHC-I and MHC-II on MDMs and the viability of Map recovered from MDM cultures 72h after Map infection were also assessed. Map viability was significantly reduced when WC1(+) γδ T lymphocytes were co-cultured in direct contact with Map-infected MDMs. Both MDMs and WC1(+) γδ T lymphocytes generated increased concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-4 in our system, and MDM/WC1(+) γδ T lymphocyte synergism was identified for IFN-γ production. MDMs but not WC1(+) γδ T lymphocytes were a significant source of IL-17A. The presence of WC1(+) γδ T lymphocytes was associated with higher expression of MHC-I on MDMs and increased concentration of nitrites in supernatants 72h after Map infection. In conclusion, this study showed that WC1(+) γδ lymphocytes had differential effects on Map-infected macrophages in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Baquero
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Pathobiology/AHL Building 89, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Brandon L Plattner
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Pathobiology/AHL Building 89, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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A new compartmental model of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection dynamics in cattle. Prev Vet Med 2015; 122:298-305. [PMID: 26520176 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Models of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), a chronic infectious agent of cattle, are used to identify effective control programs. However, new biological findings show that adult infections occur and that infected animals can be separated into 2 paths: animals that will become high-shedding and, eventually, experience clinical disease (high-path); and animals that will shed only small quantities of MAP and will remain subclinical (low-path). Longitudinal data analysis found that high-path animals progress more quickly than previously believed. A standard model of MAP transmission in dairy herds was modified to include adult low-path infections and 2 infection pathways for infected calves. Analysis of this model showed that adult infection may play an important role in MAP dynamics on a dairy farm, and that the increased rate of progression for high-path animals influences both the prevalence and the persistence of MAP on a dairy farm. This new model will be able to determine the effectiveness of MAP control programs more accurately than previous models.
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Wolf R, Clement F, Barkema HW, Orsel K. Economic evaluation of participation in a voluntary Johne's disease prevention and control program from a farmer's perspective--The Alberta Johne's Disease Initiative. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:2822-34. [PMID: 24582447 PMCID: PMC7125725 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Alberta Johne's Disease Initiative (AJDI) is a Johne's disease (JD) control program with the goal of reducing the spread of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) through implementation of best management practices. The objective was to estimate the economic benefit of participation in the AJDI. A decision tree was constructed in which disease prevalence, test characteristics, and probabilities for implementation of best management practices suggested by herd veterinarians were implemented. Analysis was performed using a Markov analysis, and input data were assigned using estimates from the AJDI and published data. A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed and the net benefit of participation (from the perspective of a dairy farmer) in the AJDI compared with no participation was calculated. A series of 1-way sensitivity analyses were used to control for uncertainty. Farms participating in the AJDI were estimated to have a net benefit of Can$74 per cow over the course of 10 yr. If project costs were covered by the participating farm, the net benefit was Can$27. In addition to the effects on MAP infection, a reduction in calf diarrhea was modeled for farms that improved their calf management through the use of pasteurizers. In that case, the additional costs outweighed additional revenues compared with the baseline analysis, resulting in a reduced net benefit of Can$19. Participation would not be cost effective if cows in early stages of MAP infection did not have decreased production and if prevalence of MAP infection did not increase on farms with poor management. A limitation of the study, despite high uncertainty in some input parameters, was the lack of knowledge regarding changes in prevalence on farms with various management strategies. In conclusion, participation in the AJDI was cost effective for the average Alberta dairy farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wolf
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - F Clement
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - H W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - K Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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Krogh M, Enevoldsen C. Evaluation of effects of metritis management in a complex dairy herd health management program. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:552-61. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nielsen SS, Toft N, Okura H. Dynamics of specific anti-Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antibody response through age. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63009. [PMID: 23658660 PMCID: PMC3639166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes a chronic infection in cattle. MAP infected cattle with humoral immune (HI) reactions with IgG antibodies are usually those where latency of infection has ceased and their infection is progressing towards reduced milk yield, weight loss and significant bacterial excretion in feces. The proportion of detectable infections among all infected animals that will develop disease is often referred to as 'the tip of the iceberg'. The purpose of this study was to estimate this proportion. Test-records from 18,972 Danish dairy cows with MAP specific IgG antibodies on their final test-record were used to estimate age-specific sensitivities (Se). These cows were the infected ones considered to develop disease in a population with a representative age-distribution and were defined as cases. The specificity (Sp) of the test was estimated based on test-results from 166,905 cows, which had no MAP IgG antibodies in their final four test-records. The Sp, age-specific Se and maximum Se were used to estimate the probability of having HI at a given age resulting in the proportion of infected cows with HI at a given age. For cows 2 years of age, the proportion of detectable cases was 0.33, while it was 0.94 for cows 5 years of age. Thus, there was a significant shift in the tip of the iceberg with aging. This study provided a model for estimating the proportion of latent chronic infections that would progress to disease, and the results can be used to model infection dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Saxmose Nielsen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Shook GE, Chaffer M, Wu XL, Ezra E. Genetic parameters for paratuberculosis infection and effect of infection on production traits in Israeli Holsteins. Anim Genet 2012; 43 Suppl 1:56-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2012.02349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. E. Shook
- Dairy Science Department; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison; WI; 53706; USA
| | - M. Chaffer
- Department of Bacteriology; Kimron Veterinary Institute; Bet Dagan; 50250; Israel
| | - X.-L. Wu
- Dairy Science Department; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison; WI; 53706; USA
| | - E. Ezra
- Israel Cattle Breeders Association; Caesarea; 38900; Israel
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Abstract
Paratuberculosis in ruminants is characterized by oral ingestion of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), followed by a long incubation period during which time MAP is able to survive within the host’s macrophages. Initially the infection is held in check by the host’s cell-mediated immune response, but gradually the host loses control of the infection. The infection incites a granulomatous inflammatory response in intestinal tissue and mesenteric lymph nodes, resulting in protein-losing enteropathy, malabsorption, diarrhea, weight loss, and edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond W Sweeney
- Section of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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Smith R, Schukken Y, Pradhan A, Smith J, Whitlock R, Van Kessel J, Wolfgang D, Grohn Y. Environmental contamination with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in endemically infected dairy herds. Prev Vet Med 2011; 102:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nielsen SS, Toft N, Gardner IA. Structured approach to design of diagnostic test evaluation studies for chronic progressive infections in animals. Vet Microbiol 2011; 150:115-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nielsen LR, Dohoo I. Culling decisions of dairy farmers during a 3-year Salmonella control study. Prev Vet Med 2011; 100:29-37. [PMID: 21481960 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica-serotypes lead to periodically increased morbidity and mortality in cattle herds. The bacteria can also lead to serious infections in humans. Consequently, Denmark has started a surveillance and control programme in 2002. The programme focuses on Salmonella Dublin which is the most prevalent and most persistent serotype in the Danish cattle population. A field study in 10 dairy herds with persistent Salmonella infections was carried out over three years to gain experience with control procedures including risk assessment, targeted control actions and test-and-cull procedures. From autumn 2003 until end of 2006 quarterly milk quality control samples from all lactating cows and biannual blood samples from all young stock above the age of three months were tested using an indirect antibody ELISA. The most recent and previous test results were used to categorise all animals into risk groups. These risk groups and all individual ELISA-results were communicated to the farmers as colour-coded lists four to six times per year. Farmers were advised to manage the risk of Salmonella transmission from cattle with repeatedly high ELISA results (flagged as "red") or cows with at least one recent moderately high ELISA result (flagged as "yellow") on the lists. Risk management included, e.g. culling or separation of the cows at calving. We analysed culling decisions using two models. For heifers a hierarchical multivariable logistic model with herd as random effect evaluated if animals with red and yellow flags had higher probability of being slaughtered or sold before first calving than animals without any risk flags. For adult cows a semi-parametric proportional hazard survival model was used to test the effect of number of red and yellow flags on hazards of culling at different time points and interactions with prevalence in the herd while accounting for parity, stage of lactation, milk yield, somatic cell count and the hierarchical structure of the data with animals clustered at herd level. This study illustrates how investigation of culling decisions made by herd managers when they have access to test-status of individual animals and overall apparent prevalence during control of an infection can lead to useful new knowledge. Overall herd managers were more likely to cull cattle with increasing number of yellow and red flags than animals with no flags. However, cattle were more likely to be culled with yellow and red flags during times with low or medium high within-herd seroprevalence than at times with high seroprevalence. These results are valuable knowledge for modelling and planning of control strategies and for making recommendations to farmers about control options.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Nielsen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Sorge US, Lissemore K, Godkin A, Hendrick S, Wells S, Kelton D. Associations between paratuberculosis milk ELISA result, milk production, and breed in Canadian dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:754-61. [PMID: 21257043 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 3 objectives of this study were (1) to quantify milk production differences among cows with different paratuberculosis (ParaTB) milk ELISA results; (2) to determine if production differences existed in lactations preceding the test among cows with different ParaTB milk ELISA results; and (3) to assess whether Channel Island breeds were more likely to test positive with the ParaTB milk ELISA than other dairy breeds. Current and completed lactation records from 35,591 dairy cows in Ontario and western Canada that had been tested with a commercial ParaTB milk ELISA were included in the analysis. The first occurrence of the highest categorical test result was used to classify the cow. Cows were then grouped by the lactation in which the first high-positive (HTP), low-positive, or negative milk ELISA occurred, and comparisons were made within lactation groups. High test-positive cows were defined as those that had an optical density ≥ 1.0 on at least 1 ParaTB milk ELISA. The associations between ParaTB milk ELISA status and milk production, as measured by the 305-d milk yield, were assessed with a series of linear mixed models. The effect of breed on the likelihood of testing positive with the milk ELISA was assessed using a logistic mixed model for the lactation in which the first negative or positive ParaTB milk ELISA occurred. Test-positive cows produced on average 2.9 to 6.8% less milk than negative herdmates in the lactation in which they were tested. The HTP cows produced on average 466, 514, and 598 kg less milk than low-positive herdmates in lactations 1, 2, and 4, respectively. Cows testing low-positive in their second lactation had, on average, a 218-kg higher milk yield in their first lactation than their test-negative herdmates. Otherwise, no association was found between test result and milk production in preceding lactations. Differences in milk production among negative, test-positive, and HTP cows increased with increasing parity. Cows of the Channel Island breeds had 1.4 to 8.3 times the odds to test positive compared with other dairy breeds. The findings of this study are consistent with previous studies that have reported that milk production is lower in test-positive animals. The differences in milk production increased with increasing ELISA optical density scores and parity in which the animal tested positive. However, with the exception of second-lactation cows, no differences in milk production were observed in tests preceding lactations. The differences in milk ELISA status among dairy breeds support the need for further studies investigating the genetic component of ParaTB susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- U S Sorge
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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36
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Villarino MA, Scott HM, Jordan ER. Influence of parity at time of detection of serologic antibodies to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis on reduction in daily and lifetime milk production in Holstein cows1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:267-76. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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37
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Collins MT, Eggleston V, Manning EJB. Successful control of Johne's disease in nine dairy herds: results of a six-year field trial. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:1638-43. [PMID: 20338441 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate if a standardized Johne's disease control program significantly reduced the prevalence of cattle infected with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in dairy herds with a moderate to high initial infection prevalence of >or=10% ELISA-positive adult cattle. Nine Wisconsin dairy herds of diverse sizes and management styles completed the 6-yr study. The control program involved changes to heifer rearing practices in combination with a routine testing program. For heifers, the program specifically required 1) segregated maternity pens for ELISA-positive and ELISA-negative cattle; 2) removal of calves from the maternity pen in <2h; 3) use of colostrum only from individual ELISA-negative cows (no colostrum pooling); 4) hygienic collection of colostrum; 5) feeding of pasteurized milk as milk replacer or on-farm pasteurized milk until weaning; and 6) minimizing contact with manure from the adult cattle until weaning. The testing program was designed to detect the most infectious cattle by using a commercial ELISA once on every adult during each lactation. Producers were required to cull cows with strong-positive ELISA results before the next calving and to label cows with low- to medium-level ELISA results and manage them to limit infection transmission. Outcomes were measured by comparing the apparent prevalence based on ELISA or fecal culture in the whole herd and in first-lactation cohorts at 2 time points: before implementation of the control program and at the end of the trial. The combined results from the 9 herds showed a significant reduction in ELISA-positive cows, from 11.6% at the start of the trial to 5.6% at conclusion of the trial. The apparent prevalence decline among first-lactation cows was greater and was evident by ELISA (10.4 vs. 3.0%) and by fecal culture (17.0 vs. 9.5%). Although variations among farms were observed, the collective results demonstrated that bovine paratuberculosis can be controlled in dairy herds through effective heifer husbandry practices in combination with diagnostic testing to identify, for culling or management, cows most likely infectious.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Collins
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706-1102, USA.
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Aly SS, Anderson RJ, Adaska JM, Jiang J, Gardner IA. Association between Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection and milk production in two California dairies. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:1030-40. [PMID: 20172223 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The association between Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and milk production was estimated on 2 California dairies using longitudinal data from 5,926 cows. Both study herds had moderate MAP seroprevalence, housed cows in freestalls, and had Johne's disease control programs. Cow MAP status was determined using both serum ELISA and fecal culture results from cows tested at dry-off and from whole-herd tests. Potential confounders were evaluated based on a causal diagram. Mixed models with 2 functions (splines) for days in milk (DIM) representing milk production pre- and postpeak used in similar studies were further modified to use each cow's observed DIM at peak and lactation length. Cows that were seropositive produced 2.5kg less 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM) per day than their seronegative herdmates. In addition, cows that were fecal-culture positive by liquid culture and confirmed by PCR produced 2.2kg less 4% FCM per day than their fecal-culture negative herdmates. The decrease in milk production in MAP test-positive compared with test-negative cows started in the second lactation. A switch in MAP status in either ELISA or fecal culture results from positive to negative had no significant association with milk production. Modified DIM functions that used the observed DIM at peak had better model fit than another function that assumed a fixed peak at 60 DIM. Cows that tested positive for MAP on serum ELISA or fecal culture produced less milk than cows that tested negative, and the association between MAP and milk production was not confounded by mastitis, elevated somatic cell counts, or uterine or metabolic cow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Aly
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
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Pant SD, Schenkel FS, Verschoor CP, You Q, Kelton DF, Moore SS, Karrow NA. A principal component regression based genome wide analysis approach reveals the presence of a novel QTL on BTA7 for MAP resistance in holstein cattle. Genomics 2010; 95:176-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 01/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Kudahl A, Nielsen S. Effect of paratuberculosis on slaughter weight and slaughter value of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:4340-6. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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