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Védrine M, Gilbert FB, Maman S, Klopp C, Gitton C, Rainard P, Germon P. Soluble CD14 produced by bovine mammary epithelial cells modulates their response to full length LPS. Vet Res 2024; 55:76. [PMID: 38867337 PMCID: PMC11170775 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis remains a major disease in cattle world-wide. In the mammary gland, mammary epithelial cells (MEC) are sentinels equipped with receptors allowing them to detect and respond to the invasion by bacterial pathogens, in particular Escherichia coli. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major E. coli motif recognized by MEC through its interaction with the TLR4 receptor and the CD14 co-receptor. Previous studies have highlighted the role of soluble CD14 (sCD14) in the efficient recognition of LPS molecules possessing a full-length O-antigen (LPSS). We demonstrate here that MEC are able to secrete CD14 and are likely to contribute to the presence of sCD14 in milk. We then investigated how sCD14 modulates and is required for the response of MEC to LPSS. This study highlights the key role of sCD14 for the full activation of the Myd88-independent pathway by LPSS. We also identified several lncRNA that are activated in MEC in response to LPS, including one lncRNA showing homologies with the mir-99a-let-7c gene (MIR99AHG). Altogether, our results show that a full response to LPS by mammary epithelial cells requires sCD14 and provide detailed information on how milk sCD14 can contribute to an efficient recognition of LPS from coliform pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mégane Védrine
- ISP UMR 1282, INRAE, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Florence B Gilbert
- ISP UMR 1282, INRAE, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Sarah Maman
- SIGENAE, GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, INPT, ENVT, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Christophe Klopp
- SIGENAE, Genotoul Bioinfo, BioInfoMics, MIAT UR875, INRAE, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Christophe Gitton
- ISP UMR 1282, INRAE, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascal Rainard
- ISP UMR 1282, INRAE, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pierre Germon
- ISP UMR 1282, INRAE, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France.
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Schunig R, Busanello M, Nogara KF, Zopollatto M. Cow-level risk factors associated with the increase in somatic cell count and the occurrence of subclinical mastitis in Brazilian Holstein and Jersey dairy cows. Prev Vet Med 2024; 227:106208. [PMID: 38676966 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Mastitis, a multifactorial disease influenced by both cow and herd-level factors, results in significant losses throughout the dairy chain. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between milking frequency (MF), parity order (PO), days in milk (DIM), and milk yield (MY) on somatic cell count (SCC) and the odds of a cow having subclinical mastitis (SCM) in Brazilian Holstein and Jersey dairy cows. Our dataset consisted of 747,520 test-day records from 52,954 cows, including 49,089 Holstein cows and 3865 Jersey cows and 498 herds. The SCC was evaluated using a generalized linear mixed model, whereas SCM occurrence was evaluated using a logistic regression model. A case of SCM was defined when a cow had >200×103 cells/mL. Our results indicated that the SCC increases with higher PO and DIM and decreases in cows milked three times a day and those with higher MY in both breeds (>40 and >25 L/d for Holstein and Jersey, respectively). Increasing MF from two to three times a day reduced the chances of a Holstein and Jersey cow having SCM by 10 and 20 %, respectively. For Holstein and Jersey cows, those with ≥quadriparous had 3.9 times and 2.2 times higher chances, respectively, of having SCM compared to primiparous cows. Cows with >305 DIM had 2.0 times greater chances of having SCM for both, Holstein and Jersey cows, compared to cows with ≤105 DIM. Holstein cows yielding ≥40 L/d had a 75 % lower chance of having SCM compared to those yielding <20 L/d, while Jersey cows with ≥25 L/d had a 60 % lower chance compared to those yielding <15 L/d. In conclusion, higher PO and DIM pose risks, whereas a MF of three times a day and higher MY are protective factors against increases in SCC and SCM occurrence in Brazilian Holstein and Jersey cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Schunig
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Marcos Busanello
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Regional Integrated University of High Uruguay and Missions, Frederico Westphalen, Rio Grande do Sul 98400-00, Brazil.
| | - Karise Fernanda Nogara
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Maity Zopollatto
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80035-050, Brazil
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3
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Dean CJ, Peña-Mosca F, Ray T, Wehri TJ, Sharpe K, Antunes, Jr. AM, Doster E, Fernandes L, Calles VF, Bauman C, Godden S, Heins B, Pinedo P, Machado VS, Caixeta LS, Noyes NR. Exploring associations between the teat apex metagenome and Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infections in primiparous cows under organic directives. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0223423. [PMID: 38497641 PMCID: PMC11022539 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02234-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to identify associations between the prepartum teat apex microbiome and the presence of Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infections (IMI) in primiparous cows during the first 5 weeks after calving. We performed a case-control study using shotgun metagenomics of the teat apex and culture-based milk data collected longitudinally from 710 primiparous cows on five organic dairy farms. Cases had higher odds of having S. aureus metagenomic DNA on the teat apex prior to parturition compared to controls (OR = 38.9, 95% CI: 14.84-102.21). Differential abundance analysis confirmed this association, with cases having a 23.8 higher log fold change (LFC) in the abundance of S. aureus in their samples compared to controls. Of the most prevalent microorganisms in controls, those associated with a lower risk of post-calving S. aureus IMI included Microbacterium phage Min 1 (OR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.25-0.53), Corynebacterium efficiens (OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.30-0.94), Kocuria polaris (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.35-0.82), Micrococcus terreus (OR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.44-0.93), and Dietzia alimentaria (OR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.26-0.75). Genes encoding for Microcin B17 AMPs were the most prevalent on the teat apex of cases and controls (99.7% in both groups). The predicted abundance of genes encoding for Microcin B17 was also higher in cases compared to controls (LFC 0.26). IMPORTANCE Intramammary infections (IMI) caused by Staphylococcus aureus remain an important problem for the dairy industry. The microbiome on the external skin of the teat apex may play a role in mitigating S. aureus IMI risk, in particular the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) by commensal microbes. However, current studies of the teat apex microbiome utilize a 16S approach, which precludes the detection of genomic features such as genes that encode for AMPs. Therefore, further research using a shotgun metagenomic approach is needed to understand what role prepartum teat apex microbiome dynamics play in IMI risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Dean
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - F. Peña-Mosca
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - T. Ray
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - T. J. Wehri
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - K. Sharpe
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - A. M. Antunes, Jr.
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - E. Doster
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - L. Fernandes
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - V. F. Calles
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - C. Bauman
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - S. Godden
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - B. Heins
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - P. Pinedo
- Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - V. S. Machado
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - L. S. Caixeta
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - N. R. Noyes
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Panchal J, Patel A, Patel S, Goswami D. Understanding mastitis: Microbiome, control strategies, and prevalence - A comprehensive review. Microb Pathog 2024; 187:106533. [PMID: 38171428 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Mastitis significantly affects the udder tissue in dairy cattle, leading to inflammation, discomfort, and a decline in both milk yield and quality. The condition can be attributed to an array of microbial agents that access the mammary gland through multiple pathways. The ramifications of this ailment are not merely confined to animal welfare but extend to the financial viability of the livestock industry. This review offers a historical lens on mastitis, tracing its documentation back to 1851, and examines its global distribution with a focus on regional differences in prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns. Specific microbial genes and communities implicated in both mastitis and AMR are explored, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae,Streptococcus dysagalactiae, Streptococcus uberis Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mycoplasma bovis, Corynebacterium bovis, among others. These microorganisms have evolved diverse strategies to elude host immune responses and neutralize commonly administered antibiotics, complicating management efforts. The review aims a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge and research gaps on mastitis and AMR, and to highlight the need for a One Health approach to address this global health issue. Such an approach entails multi-disciplinary cooperation to foster judicious antibiotic use, enhance preventive measures against mastitis, and bolster surveillance and monitoring of AMR in pathogens responsible for mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janki Panchal
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Arun Patel
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar, 385505, Kamdhenu University, Gujarat, India
| | - Sandip Patel
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar, 385505, Kamdhenu University, Gujarat, India
| | - Dweipayan Goswami
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India.
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5
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Reydams H, Toledo-Silva B, Mertens K, Piepers S, de Souza FN, Haesebrouck F, De Vliegher S. Comparison of non-aureus staphylococcal and mammaliicoccal species found in both composite milk and bulk-tank milk samples of dairy cows collected in tandem. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:7974-7990. [PMID: 37641265 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-23092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Non-aureus staphylococci and the closely related mammaliicoccal species (NASM) are the most common causes of bovine subclinical mastitis on modern dairy farms and are highly prevalent in bulk-tank milk. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of NASM in both composite cow milk (CCM) and bulk-tank milk (BTM) samples collected in tandem in commercial Flemish dairy herds and to estimate the origin of the different (subgroups of) NASM species present in BTM by applying strain typing (random amplification of polymorphic DNA or random amplified DNA [RAPD]). A single cross-sectional sampling was performed over 5 herds that volunteered to participate in the study. Composite cow milk samples (n = 356) were collected from all lactating cows (except those with clinical mastitis) during a milking in tandem with 6 BTM samples per herd sequentially collected immediately post that milking (n = 30). In total, 421 and 80 NASM isolates were recovered and identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry from the CCM and BTM samples, respectively and a total of 21 and 12 different NASM species were identified from CCM and BTM samples, respectively. Staphylococcus cohnii was the most prevalent NASM species found in BTM followed by Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Mammaliicoccus lentus, and Staphylococcus equorum, whereas from CCM samples the most common species were S. hemolyticus, S. cohnii, S. equorum, S. epidermidis, and Staphylococcus chromogenes. The prevalent NASM species in both CCM and BTM samples was distinct for each herd, corroborating other studies observing a herd-specific NASM microbiota. Random amplified DNA analysis was performed on 9 NASM species (S. chromogenes, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. equorum, Mammaliicoccus sciuri, Staphylococcus xylosus, S. cohnii, Staphylococcus debuckii, and M. lentus) because these species were isolated from both sample types in a herd. The same RAPD types were found in both sample types for all NASM species selected for strain typing in varying degrees. When assessing the distribution of NASM species, differences within NASM species should be examined meaning a closer look should be taken at the strain level rather than at the species level only.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Reydams
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - B Toledo-Silva
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K Mertens
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Piepers
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F N de Souza
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva Av. 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - F Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Usui M, Akiyoshi M, Fukuda A, Iwano H, Kato T. 16S rRNA nanopore sequencing for rapid diagnosis of causative bacteria in bovine mastitis. Res Vet Sci 2023; 161:45-49. [PMID: 37321010 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The rapid identification of specific bacterial pathogens in bovine mastitis is crucial for appropriate antimicrobial treatment. Sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons is a proven, useful strategy for diagnosing bacterial infections. In this study, the use of 16S rRNA analysis with nanopore sequencer for the rapid identification of causative bacteria in bovine mastitis, was evaluated. DNA was extracted from 122 milk samples from cattle with suspected mastitis based on clinical symptoms. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was conducted using a nanopore sequencer. The efficacy of bacterial identification was verified by comparison with conventional culture methods. Nanopore sequencing identified the causative bacteria with high accuracy within approximately 6 h from the time of sample collection. When the major causative bacteria of bovine mastitis (Escherichia coli, Streptcoccus uberis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus) were detected by nanopore sequencing, 98.3% of the results were consistent with identification through conventional culturing methods. 16S rRNA gene analysis using a nanopore sequencer enabled the rapid and accurate identification of bacterial species in bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Usui
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
| | - Misaki Akiyoshi
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan; Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Fukuda
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hidetomo Iwano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, 582 Midorimachi, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Toshihide Kato
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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Abdel Aziz SAA, GadelHak Y, Mohamed MBED, Mahmoud R. Antimicrobial properties of promising Zn-Fe based layered double hydroxides for the disinfection of real dairy wastewater effluents. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7601. [PMID: 37164994 PMCID: PMC10172331 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34488-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics is a serious challenge that requires novel antibacterial agents. Moreover, wastewater from dairy farms might contain countless number of pathogens, organic contaminants and heavy metals that consider a threat to the terrestrial and aquatic environment. Therefore, the development of cost-effective, highly operation-convenient, recyclable multifunctional antimicrobial agents became an urgent necessity. Layered double hydroxides (LDH) have shown promising results as antibacterial agents. However, more work is required to further investigate and improve the antimicrobial performance of LDH structures against pathogens. In this study three Zn-Fe based LDH were investigated for real dairy wastewater disinfection. The three LDH samples were cobalt substituted Zn-Fe LDH (CoZnFe), magnesium substituted Zn-Fe LDH (MgZnFe) and MgZnFe-Triazol LDH (MgZnFe-Tz) nanocomposite. Seventy-five wastewater samples were collected from a dairy farm sewage system. The sensitivity of isolated pathogens was tested against two commonly used disinfectants (Terminator and TH4) and was assessed against the three LDH samples at different concentrations. The overall prevalence of S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae and Staph. aureus was significantly at 80.0% (P-value = 0.008, X2 = 9.700). There was variable degree of resistance to the tested disinfectants, whereas the antimicrobial activity of CoZnFe LDH was increased significantly at a concentration of 0.005 mg/L followed by MgZnFe LDH while MgZnFe-Tz LDH showed minor antibacterial potency. It was concluded that CoZnFe LDH showed a better biocidal activity in killing the isolated resistant pathogens, making it a good choice tool in combating the zoonotic microbes in wastewater sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Abdel Aleem Abdel Aziz
- Department of Hygiene, Zoonoses and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Yasser GadelHak
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Manar Bahaa El Din Mohamed
- Department of Hygiene, Zoonoses and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Rehab Mahmoud
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62511, Egypt.
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Pelayo R, Marina H, Suárez-Vega A, Hervás G, Esteban-Blanco C, Gausseres B, Foucras G, Arranz JJ, Gutiérrez-Gil B. Influence of a temporary restriction of dietary protein in prepubertal ewe lambs on first lactation milk traits and response to a mammary gland inflammatory challenge. Res Vet Sci 2023; 159:57-65. [PMID: 37084523 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the influence of a temporary nutritional protein restriction (NPR) performed, under commercial conditions, in prepubertal female lambs on first lactation milk production traits and the inflammatory response triggered by an inflammatory challenge of the. From 40 Assaf female lambs, we defined a control group (Cn = 20), which received a standard diet for replacement lambs and the NPR group (n = 20), which received the same diet but without soybean meal between 3 and 5 months of age. About 150 days after lambing, 24 of these ewes (13 NPR, 11C) were subjected to an intramammary infusion of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our dynamic study identified indicator traits of local (SCC) and systemic (rectal Ta, IL-6, CXCL8, IL-10, IL-36RA, VEGF-A) response to the LPS challenge. The NPR did not show significant effects on milk production traits and did not affect the SCC and rectal Ta after the LPS challenge. However, the NPR had a significant influence on 8 of the 14 plasma biomarkers analysed, in all the cases with higher relative values in the C group. The effects observed on VEGF-A (involved in vasculogenesis during mammary gland development and vascular permeability) and IL-10 (a regulatory cytokine classically known by its anti-inflammatory action) are the most remarkable to explain the differences found between groups. Whereas further studies should be undertaken to confirm these results, our findings are of interest considering the current concern about the future world's demand for protein and the need for animal production systems to evolve toward sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Pelayo
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Héctor Marina
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Aroa Suárez-Vega
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Hervás
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-University of León), Finca Marzanas s/n, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - Cristina Esteban-Blanco
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Blandine Gausseres
- Université de Toulouse, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), INRAE, Interactions Hôtes - Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), F-31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Gilles Foucras
- Université de Toulouse, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), INRAE, Interactions Hôtes - Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), F-31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Juan J Arranz
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gutiérrez-Gil
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain.
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Tomanić D, Samardžija M, Kovačević Z. Alternatives to Antimicrobial Treatment in Bovine Mastitis Therapy: A Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:683. [PMID: 37107045 PMCID: PMC10135164 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite preventive and therapeutic measures, mastitis continues to be the most prevalent health problem in dairy herds. Considering the risks associated with antibiotic therapy, such as compromised effectiveness due to the emergence of resistant bacteria, food safety issues, and environmental impact, an increasing number of scientific studies have referred to the new therapeutic procedures that could serve as alternatives to conventional therapy. Therefore, the aim of this review was to provide insight into the currently available literature data in the investigation of non-antibiotic alternative approaches. In general, a vast number of in vitro and in vivo available data offer the comprehension of novel, effective, and safe agents with the potential to reduce the current use of antibiotics and increase animal productivity and environmental protection. Constant progress in this field could overcome treatment difficulties associated with bovine mastitis and considerable global pressure being applied on reducing antimicrobial therapy in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Tomanić
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marko Samardžija
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zorana Kovačević
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Durdu S, Yalçin E, Altinkök A, Çavuşoğlu K. Characterization and investigation of electrochemical and biological properties of antibacterial silver nanoparticle-deposited TiO 2 nanotube array surfaces. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4699. [PMID: 36949171 PMCID: PMC10033515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31937-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The one of main reasons of the premature failure of Ti-based implants is infections. The metal- and metal oxide-based nanoparticles have very high potential on controlling of infections. In this work, the randomly distributed AgNPs-deposited onto well-ordered TiO2 nanotube surfaces were fabricated on titanium by anodic oxidation (AO) and electrochemical deposition (ED) processes. AgNPs-deposited nanotube surfaces, which is beneficial for bone tissue growth exhibited hydrophilic behaviors. Moreover, the AgNPs-deposited nanotube surfaces, which prevent the leaching of metallic Ti ions from the implant surface, indicated great corrosion resistance under SBF conditions. The electrochemical corrosion resistance of AgNPs-deposited nanotube surfaces was improved up to about 145% compared to bare Gr2 surface. The cell viability of AgNPs-deposited nanotube surfaces was improved. Importantly, the AgNPs-deposited nanotube surfaces exhibited antibacterial activity for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Eventually, it can be concluded that the AgNPs-deposited nanotube surfaces possess high stability for long-term usage of implant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salih Durdu
- Industrial Engineering, Giresun University, Faculty of Engineering, 28200, Giresun, Turkey.
| | - Emine Yalçin
- Department of Biology, Giresun University, Faculty of Science, 28200, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Atilgan Altinkök
- Turkish Naval Academy, National Defence University, 34940, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kültiğin Çavuşoğlu
- Department of Biology, Giresun University, Faculty of Science, 28200, Giresun, Turkey.
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11
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Serum and milk levels of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus, bovine herpesvirus-1 and -4, and circulation of different bovine herpesvirus-4 genotypes in dairy cattle with clinical mastitis. J Vet Res 2023; 67:33-40. [PMID: 37008768 PMCID: PMC10062045 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpesvirus (BoHV)-1 and -4 are important causes of respiratory diseases and reproductive disorders of dairy cattle worldwide.
Material and Methods
Investigation of BVDV and BoHV-1 and -4 antibody levels in the serum and milk of dairy cattle in a group with clinical mastitis and a healthy group was undertaken using an indirect ELISA, and identification of the BoHV-4 genotypes in clinical mastitis cases was attempted by PCR and sequencing.
Results
Antibodies specific to BVDV, BoHV-1 and BoHV-4 were detected in the serum and milk of all dairy cattle with clinical mastitis. The cut-off values for BVDV and BoHV-1 in the sera and milk were extremely high in both healthy and mastitic animals. However, BoHV-4 antibodies were detected only in the clinically mastitic cattle, and BoHV-4 levels were higher in milk than in sera among these animals. Genotypes I and II of BoHV-4 were detected in the milk samples of four seropositive cows with clinical mastitis from the same herd.
Conclusion
The results of this investigation demonstrate that clinical mastitis cases in the same herd may have aetiology in different BoHV-4 genotypes.
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12
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Staphylococcus aureus from Subclinical Cases of Mastitis in Dairy Cattle in Poland, What Are They Hiding? Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Profile. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121404. [PMID: 36558738 PMCID: PMC9781172 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is a common disease worldwide, and staphylococci are one of the most important etiological factors of this disease. Staphylococcus aureus show adaptability to new conditions, by which monitoring their virulence and antibiotic resistance mechanisms is extremely important, as it can lead to the development of new therapies and prevention programs. In this study, we analyzed Staphylococcus aureus (n = 28) obtained from dairy cattle with subclinical mastitis in Poland. The sensitivity of the isolated strains to antibiotics were confirmed by the disc diffusion method. Additionally, minimum inhibitory concentration values were determined for vancomycin, cefoxitin and oxacillin. Genotyping was performed by two methods: PCR melting profile and MLVF-PCR (multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat fingerprinting). Furthermore, the presence of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes were checked using PCR reactions. The analyzed strains showed the greatest resistance to penicillin (57%), oxytetracycline (25%) and tetracycline (18%). Among the analyzed staphylococci, the presence of 9 of 15 selected virulence-related genes was confirmed, of which the icaD, clfB and sea genes were confirmed in all staphylococci. Biofilm was observed in the great majority of the analyzed bacteria (at least 70%). In the case of genotyping among the analyzed staphylococci (combined analysis of results from two methods), 14 patterns were distinguished, of which type 2 was the dominant one (n = 10). This study provides new data that highlights the importance of the dominance of biofilm over antibiotic resistance among the analyzed strains.
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13
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Velasco–Bolaños J, Jaramillo–Jaramillo AS, Villa–Arcila NA, Dufour S, Ceballos–Márquez A, Piepers S. Lack of evidence for Mycoplasma spp. in bulk tank milk of herds located in mid-western Colombia. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA VETERINARIA Y DE ZOOTECNIA 2022. [DOI: 10.15446/rfmvz.v69n3.103807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma spp. is reported as a highly contagious mastitis-causing bacteria in dairy cattle, without successful or low response to most common antibiotic treatments due to the lack of cell wall. In Colombia it has been reported in the Central Andean region during 2014. The aim was to estimate the prevalence of Mycoplasma spp. in bulk tank milk using microbiological and molecular diagnosis. A random longitudinal study enrolling 220 commercial dairy farms located in four provinces of the mid-western region of Colombia from four pasteurizer companies was performed. Bulk tank milk samples were collected once monthly for three months period for determining somatic cell count (SCC) and microbiological and molecular diagnosis of Mycoplasma spp. cultures were done without pre-enrichment procedures directly in mycoplasma agar with cefoperazone to inhibit growth of opportunistic microorganisms, plates were incubated under 37° C and atmosphere of 10% CO2 and inspected during a 10d period. Molecular analysis was done by a multiplex PCR using specific primers targeting the 16S-23S rARN gene of Mycoplasma spp. and from non-pathogenic bacteria occasionally found in milk. LnSCC average of included dairy farms was 6.19 x103 cells/mL, Mycoplasma spp. was not isolated during microbiological cultures, and no DNA belonging to the species was detected by PCR in the 220 bulk tanks milk, with an estimated prevalence lower than 2.3%. This finding shows that there is not microbiological or molecular evidence that demonstrates the presence of the pathogen in the milk from the mid-western region of Colombia at herd level.
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Subclinical mastitis in dairy cows in south-Asian countries: a review of risk factors and etiology to prioritize control measures. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:621-640. [PMID: 35701569 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09948-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is a major production disease, causing significant economic losses for dairy farmers in South-Asian countries, as well as other parts of the world. Udder health control programs (UHCP) have been established in developed countries as an effective strategy for mastitis control but have not yet been introduced in South-Asian low-income countries like Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. To launch UHCP successfully in dairy herds in South-Asia, it is important to know the current prevalence and risk factors for subclinical mastitis (SCM). Therefore, a narrative literature review was conducted with the aim to describe the dairy sector, the prevalence of SCM and its causal agents, risk factors for mastitis occurrence and the control measures suggested by different studies conducted in the selected countries. The literature revealed that India had the highest cattle population. Milking was mainly done by hand in all of the studied countries. Stall feeding was done in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka and limited access to grazing was also reported in some farms in India and Pakistan. There was substantial variation in the prevalence of SCM between studies in all 4 countries, ranging from about 20% to about 80%, but the average prevalence across all studies was high (50%). The most common causal agents for SCM were non-aureus staphylococci (NAS), Staphylococcus (S.) aureus, Streptococcus spp. and Escherichia (E.) coli. The management related risk factors reported for SCM were stall feeding of cows, a higher stock density, cracked floors, open drains, the presence of flies, poor drainage, peri-parturient diseases, infrequent dung removal and earth floors. The control measures suggested in these studies were to improve the hygiene and sanitation of cows, to improve the cleanliness of farms and milker's hands, to apply dry cow therapy, supplementing micronutrients and routine screening for SCM combined with taking intervention measures like isolation of cows or milking infected cows last, and proper treatment. Also, full hand milking, complete milking, machine milking, and providing feed and water immediately after milking have been recommended. Finally, we show that current literature often studies the same set of (non-manageable) risk factors, so more research is needed to obtain a comprehensive picture of the determinants of SCM. Randomized controlled trials are needed to truly quantify the effect of intervention under field conditions. Altogether, our work gives an overview of the udder health situation in South-Asia and provides the basis for the design of UHCP in this region.
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15
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Virulence Factor Genes and Cytotoxicity of Streptococcus agalactiae Isolated from Bovine Mastitis in Poland. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0222421. [PMID: 35608349 PMCID: PMC9241884 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02224-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae can produce a wide variety of virulence factors, including toxins and proteins which facilitate adhesion to and colonization and invasion of the host cells. There are few reports on the characteristics of field isolates from bovine mastitis in Poland. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of types of hemolysis on blood agar, virulence factor genes, and cytotoxicity of S. agalactiae isolates derived from cows with mastitis across Poland. The study included 68 isolates. Virulence genes were tested using standard PCR, and cytotoxicity was determined using methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) tests. Among the tested isolates, 89.7% were β-hemolytic, 8.8% γ-hemolytic, and 1.5% alpha-hemolytic. The only genes detected in all isolates were the cfb, cspA, hylB, and sip genes. Cytotoxicity assessment based on the LDH test revealed that isolates were cytotoxic only to Vero cells. However, according to the results obtained from the MTT test, more than half of the isolates exhibited low cytotoxicity to both SK and Vero cells, whereas the other isolates showed moderate or no cytotoxicity to both cell lines. Our research confirms the prevalence of various virulence genes in S. agalactiae isolated from Polish dairy herds, which have previously been found in isolates recovered from human and animal infections. For the first time, the presence of bac- and scpB-positive isolates of S. agalactiae was determined in Polish dairy cattle, and the cytotoxicity of bovine isolates was assessed. IMPORTANCE We believe that this manuscript is one of the few reports on the characteristics of field S. agalactiae isolates derived from cases of bovine mastitis in cows in Poland in terms of the occurrence of virulence genes and cytotoxicity. For the first time, the presence of bac- and scpB-positive isolates of S. agalactiae was determined in Polish dairy cattle, and the cytotoxicity of bovine isolates was assessed.
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16
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Lovern SB, Van Hart R. Impact of oxytetracycline exposure on the digestive system microbiota of Daphnia magna. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265944. [PMID: 35476627 PMCID: PMC9045634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are used to treat serious illness, but may also be used extraneously or as a preventative measure in many farm animals. This usage increases the potential for unintentional exposure to a variety of organisms. When antibiotics enter aquatic environments, Daphnia magna are especially vulnerable as they filter-feed in freshwater environments. Oxytetracycline (OTC) is a commonly-used broad-spectrum antibiotic used to treat a variety of mammalian diseases. In this study, the impact of OTC on D. magna mortality and gut biota were studied using both cultivation and sequencing-based approaches. Mortality rates were extremely low with the LD50 >2,000ppm. However, OTC impacted abundance and species diversity of intestinal microorganisms in the gut of the D. magna in abundance as well as species diversity. In control organisms, Pseudomonas putida and Aeromonas hydrophila were both present while only P. putida was found in OTC-exposed organisms. Disruption of the intestinal biota in D. magna could have implications on long-term survival, energy expenditure, and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B. Lovern
- Department of Life and Earth Science, Concordia University Wisconsin, Mequon, WI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Rochelle Van Hart
- Department of Life and Earth Science, Concordia University Wisconsin, Mequon, WI, United States of America
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17
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Immunoproteomic analysis of the secretome of bovine-adapted strains of Staphylococcus aureus demonstrates a strain-specific humoral response. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 249:110428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Crosby-Durrani HE, Blowey RW, Manning A, Afonso JS, Carter SD, Evans NJ, Angell JW. An Observational Study Investigating Potential Risk Factors and Economic Impact for Bovine Ischaemic Teat Necrosis on Dairy Farms in Great Britain. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:748259. [PMID: 35392112 PMCID: PMC8981390 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.748259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine ischaemic teat necrosis (ITN) is an emerging disease of unknown aetiology that affects the teats of dairy cattle. It causes economic and animal welfare issues with many animals being culled. No effective treatments or epidemiological data to inform control strategies are currently available. The aim of this observational study was to investigate farmer-reported experiences and identify potential farm-level risk factors. In January 2018, a questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 1,855 Great Britain (GB) dairy farmers. A usable response rate of 12.3% was obtained. Fifty-one per cent [95% confidence interval (CI): 44.4–57.8%] of farmers reported having experienced ITN on their farm between 1985 and 2018. Rising numbers of farms indicated that ITN is an emerging disease with 46.3% of farmers reporting the first case in the 3 years up to 2018. At the animal level, 47.3% (95% CI: 38.7–55.9%) of the cases occurred during the first lactation and 78.9% (95% CI: 75.2–82.6%) within the first 90 days in milk. Only 20.8% (95% CI: 15.9–26.4%) of the cases were reported to recover, whereas 22.8% (95% CI: 17.8–28.5%) of the cases required culling. The remaining cases experienced complications such as loss of a teat and/or mastitis. From these data, the cost of ITN, through production losses and expenditure, was estimated to be £1,121 per farm per year. The costs were estimated at £720, £860 and £2,133 for recovered, complicated and culled cases, respectively. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to explore the associations between the presence of ITN on farm and various risk factors. The presence of udder cleft dermatitis (UCD) (odds ratio 2.80; 95% CI: 1.54–5.07; p < 0.01) and chapped teats (odds ratio 6.07; 95% CI: 1.96–18.76; p < 0.01) in the milking herd was associated with the presence of ITN at the farm level. This is the first national questionnaire of ITN within GB and highlights the association of UCD and chapped teats with ITN at the farm level. While there are many limitations and potential bias around farmer questionnaires, these findings highlight several key areas for further disease investigation and possible intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley E. Crosby-Durrani
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Hayley E. Crosby-Durrani
| | | | - Al Manning
- Quality Milk Management Services Ltd., Wells, United Kingdom
| | - João Sucena Afonso
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart D. Carter
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Evans
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph W. Angell
- Wern Vets CYF, Department of Research and Innovation, Ruthin, United Kingdom
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Ul-Hamid A, Dafalla H, Hakeem AS, Haider A, Ikram M. In-Vitro Catalytic and Antibacterial Potential of Green Synthesized CuO Nanoparticles against Prevalent Multiple Drug Resistant Bovine Mastitogen Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2335. [PMID: 35216450 PMCID: PMC8878101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles prepared from bio-reduction agents are of keen interest to researchers around the globe due to their ability to mitigate the harmful effects of chemicals. In this regard, the present study aims to synthesize copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) by utilizing root extracts of ginger and garlic as reducing agents, followed by the characterization and evaluation of their antimicrobial properties against multiple drug resistant (MDR) S. aureus. In this study, UV-vis spectroscopy revealed a reduced degree of absorption with an increase in the extract amount present in CuO. The maximum absorbance for doped NPs was recorded around 250 nm accompanying redshift. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the monoclinic crystal phase of the particles. The fabricated NPs exhibited spherical shapes with dense agglomeration when examined with FE-SEM and TEM. The crystallite size measured by using XRD was found to be within a range of 23.38-46.64 nm for ginger-doped CuO and 26-56 nm for garlic-doped CuO. Green synthesized NPs of ginger demonstrated higher bactericidal tendencies against MDR S. aureus. At minimum and maximum concentrations of ginger-doped CuO NPs, substantial inhibition areas for MDR S. aureus were (2.05-3.80 mm) and (3.15-5.65 mm), and they were measured as (1.1-3.55 mm) and (1.25-4.45 mm) for garlic-doped NPs. Conventionally available CuO and crude aqueous extract (CAE) of ginger and garlic roots reduced MB in 12, 21, and 38 min, respectively, in comparison with an efficient (100%) reduction of dye in 1 min and 15 s for ginger and garlic doped CuO NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Ul-Hamid
- Core Research Facilities, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia;
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatim Dafalla
- Core Research Facilities, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abbas Saeed Hakeem
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ali Haider
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture (MNSUA), Multan 66000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Ikram
- Solar Cell Applications Research Lab, Department of Physics, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
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20
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Fitzpatrick SR, Garvey M, Flynn J, O’ Brien B, Gleeson D. Use of different methods for the evaluation of teat disinfectant products. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2021.2020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rose Fitzpatrick
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Technology Sligo, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Mary Garvey
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Technology Sligo, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Jim Flynn
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Bernadette O’ Brien
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - David Gleeson
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
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21
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Management Factors Influence Animal Welfare and the Correlation to Infectious Diseases in Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113321. [PMID: 34828052 PMCID: PMC8614703 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study assessed dairy cow welfare through the application of the Italian National Animal Welfare Reference Center (CReNBA) checklist in 36 dairy farms located in Ragusa (Italy) subjected to two different management conditions, housing with free access to pasture (Group 1, farms n = 17) and indoor housing (Group 2, farms n = 19). Five areas of investigation were considered: Area A, "Farm management and personnel"; Area B, "Facilities and equipment"; Area C, "Animal-based measures"; Area D, "Inspection of microclimatic environmental conditions and alarm systems"; and Area E, "Biosecurity". Blood samples were collected by coccygeal venipuncture from all animals (4081 cows). The specific antibodies against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Chlamydiophila abortus, Neospora caninum, bovine viral diarrhea virus, and the bovine herpesvirus were assessed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) serological test. Group 1 (access to pasture) showed a lower value of percentage score recorded in Area A (p = 0.02) and E (p = 0.01) than Group 2 (indoor housing). Herpesvirus (Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis - IBR - detection of gB antibodies/IBR-gB) blood concentrations were higher in the cows housed indoor versus those with access to pasture (p = 0.01). Farm management and personnel (score A) was correlated with the level of bovine viral diarrhea virus (τ = 0.3754) and bovine-herpesvirus-specific antibodies (IBR-gB) (τ = 0.4159). "Biosecurity" percentage score showed a significant correlation with Chlamydiophila abortus (τ = -0.4621) in the cows with access to pasture and IBR-gB (τ = 0.3435) in the cows housed fully indoors. Group 2 showed a significantly reduced level of antibodies against Neospora caninum. In conclusion, differences in the welfare assessment score were observed in the "Farm management and personnel" and "Biosecurity" between the two management conditions. It had an effect on the prevalence of herpesvirus, which occurred more in cattle with access to pasture. Therefore, an accurate application of the checklist could be an instrument to prevent and control the spread of infections in farms.
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22
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Schwenker JA, Schotte U, Hölzel CS. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of chlorhexidine- and lactic acid-based teat disinfectants: An intervention trial assessing bacterial selection and susceptibility. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:734-747. [PMID: 34756445 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Teat disinfection is a recommended preventive tool to improve udder health and to prevent new intramammary infections. However, side effects are discussed, such as bacterial selection of less-susceptible bacteria with the application of certain teat disinfectants. The objective of this study was to assess the species composition and bacterial in vitro susceptibility by means of an interventive trial. For this purpose, 3 different postmilking teat treatments (disinfection with 0.215% chlorhexidine or 3.5% lactic acid, or control group with no dipping) were applied to 28 cows in a 6-d intervention approach using a split-udder design. Milk samples were taken before and after intervention. Bacteria were cultured and differentiated to species or genus level by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined, and MIC changes over time were recorded. Susceptibilities to chlorhexidine and lactic acid were compared between species of the genera Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, and others. Species composition changed during the intervention. Under the treatment of chlorhexidine and lactic acid, the proportion of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) decreased. An increased proportion of species belonging to the genus Corynebacterium was observed especially under the application of lactic acid. Although both teat disinfectants were basically effective, isolates differed in their susceptibility to both teat disinfectants. Populations of CNS, Staphylococcus aureus, and Corynebacterium spp. showed significantly lower absolute MIC values for chlorhexidine. Compared with other species, Corynebacterium spp. showed the lowest susceptibility for chlorhexidine as well as for lactic acid. A significant increase in MIC values after 6 d of intervention was observed with the lactic acid treatment in all isolates, as well as in CNS. This increase can be interpreted as either adaptation of isolates or displacement of more-susceptible species by less-susceptible species. Further studies using long-term intervention might reveal more pronounced effects on MIC values and species composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Schwenker
- Department for Animal Hygiene and Animal Health, Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany.
| | - U Schotte
- Department A-Veterinary Medicine, Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Kiel, 24119 Kronshagen, Germany
| | - C S Hölzel
- Department for Animal Hygiene and Animal Health, Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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Afroj S, Brannen AD, Nasrin S, Al Mouslem A, Hathcock T, Maxwell H, Rasmussen-Ivey CR, Sandage MJ, Davis EW, Panizzi P, Wang C, Liles MR. Bacillus velezensis AP183 Inhibits Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Formation and Proliferation in Murine and Bovine Disease Models. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:746410. [PMID: 34690995 PMCID: PMC8533455 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.746410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing frequency of S. aureus antimicrobial resistance has spurred interest in identifying alternative therapeutants. We investigated the S. aureus-inhibitory capacity of B. velezensis strains in mouse and bovine models. Among multiple B. velezensis strains that inhibited S. aureus growth in vitro, B. velezensis AP183 provided the most potent inhibition of S. aureus proliferation and bioluminescence in a mouse cutaneous wound (P = 0.02). Histology revealed abundant Gram-positive cocci in control wounds that were reduced in B. velezensis AP183-treated tissues. Experiments were then conducted to evaluate the ability of B. velezensis AP183 to prevent S. aureus biofilm formation on a tracheostomy tube substrate. B. velezensis AP183 could form a biofilm on a tracheostomy tube inner cannula substrate, and that this biofilm was antagonistic to S. aureus colonization. B. velezensis AP183 was also observed to inhibit the growth of S. aureus isolates originated from bovine mastitis cases. To evaluate the inflammatory response of mammary tissue to intramammary inoculation with B. velezensis AP183, we used high dose and low dose inocula in dairy cows. At the high dose, a significant increase in somatic cell count (SCC) and clinical mastitis was observed at all post-inoculation time points (P < 0.01), which resolved quickly compared to S. aureus-induced mastitis; in contrast, the lower dose of B. velezensis AP183 resulted in a slight increase of SCC and no clinical mastitis. In a subsequent experiment, all mammary quarters in four cows were induced to have grade 1 clinical mastitis by intramammary inoculation of a S. aureus mastitis isolate; following mastitis induction, eight quarters were treated with B. velezensis AP183 and milk samples were collected from pretreatment and post-treatment samples for 9 days. In groups treated with B. velezensis AP183, SCC and abundance of S. aureus decreased with significant reductions in S. aureus after 3 days post-inoculation with AP183 (P = 0.04). A milk microbiome analysis revealed significant reductions in S. aureus relative abundance in the AP183-treated group by 8 days post-inoculation (P = 0.02). These data indicate that B. velezensis AP183 can inhibit S. aureus biofilm formation and its proliferation in murine and bovine disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayma Afroj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Andrew D Brannen
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Shamima Nasrin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Abdulaziz Al Mouslem
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Terri Hathcock
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Herris Maxwell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Mary J Sandage
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Edward W Davis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Peter Panizzi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Chengming Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Mark R Liles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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Fasina YO, Obanla T, Dosu G, Muzquiz S. Significance of Endogenous Antimicrobial Peptides on the Health of Food Animals. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:585266. [PMID: 34262957 PMCID: PMC8273337 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.585266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired resistance to in-feed antibiotic growth promoters continues to be an imperative problem in the livestock industries, thereby necessitating continuous pursuit for alternatives. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent a critical part of the host's innate immune system and have been documented to have immunomodulatory activity. Increasing research evidence suggests that in contrast to antibiotics, AMPs exert broad-spectrum antibacterial activity in a manner that reduces bacterial acquisition of resistance genes. This review summarizes current knowledge on the protective effects of endogenous (natural) AMPs in the gastrointestinal tract of food animals. Factors limiting the efficacy of these AMPs were also discussed and mitigating strategies were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewande O Fasina
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Temitayo Obanla
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - George Dosu
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Sierra Muzquiz
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, United States
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25
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Enger BD, Middleton JR. Letter to the Editor: Comments on “Mammary microbial dysbiosis leads to the zoonosis of bovine mastitis: a One-Health perspective” by Maity and Ambatipudi. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6295309. [PMID: 34104961 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiab076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Enger
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA.,National Mastitis Council, New Prague, Minnesota, USA
| | - John R Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,National Mastitis Council, New Prague, Minnesota, USA
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Mora-Hernández Y, Vera Murguía E, Stinenbosch J, Hernández Jauregui P, van Dijl JM, Buist G. Molecular typing and antimicrobial resistance profiling of 33 mastitis-related Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cows in the Comarca Lagunera region of Mexico. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6912. [PMID: 33767356 PMCID: PMC7994548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86453-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis in cows is a major cause of economic losses and it is commonly associated with Staphylococcus aureus. Little is known about the S. aureus lineages causing mastitis in Mexican cattle. The aim of this study was to type S. aureus isolates causing mastitis in cows from the Comarca Lagunera region in Mexico in 2015-2016. Multi-locus variable number tandem repeat fingerprinting (MLVF) of 33 S. aureus isolates obtained from 210 milk samples revealed the MLVF clusters A (n = 1), B (n = 26), C (n = 5) and D (n = 1). Spa-typing showed that clusters A and B represent the spa-type t224, cluster C includes spa-types t3196 and t416, and cluster D represents spa-type t114. The different spa-types were mirrored by the masses of protein A bands as detected by Western blotting. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that one isolate was susceptible to all antimicrobials tested, whereas all other strains were resistant only to benzylpenicillin. These findings show that only four S. aureus lineages, susceptible to most antimicrobials, were responsible for causing mastitis at the time of sampling. Lastly, many isolates carried the same small plasmid, designated pSAM1. The high prevalence of pSAM1 amongst the antimicrobial-susceptible isolates suggests an association with bovine colonization or mastitis rather than antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mora-Hernández
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E Vera Murguía
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Stinenbosch
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - G Buist
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Gioia G, Addis MF, Santisteban C, Gross B, Nydam DV, Sipka AS, Virkler PD, Watters RD, Wieland M, Zurakowski MJ, Moroni P. Mycoplasma species isolated from bovine milk collected from US dairy herds between 2016 and 2019. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4813-4821. [PMID: 33612245 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Determining the species of mycoplasma isolated from culture-positive milk samples is important for understanding the clinical significance of their detection. Between August 2016 and December 2019, 214,518 milk samples from 2,757 dairy herds were submitted to Quality Milk Production Services (QMPS) at Cornell University for mycoplasma culture. From these samples, 3,728 collected from 204 herds were culture positive. Based on the request of herd managers, owners, or veterinarians, 889 isolates from 98 herds were subjected to molecular identification by PCR and amplicon sequencing. The largest proportion of the identified isolates were from New York State (78.1%), while the others came from the eastern United States (17.8%), Texas (2.0%), and New Mexico (2.1%). As expected, Mycoplasma spp. were the most common (855 isolates, 96.2%) and Acholeplasma spp. accounted for the remainder (34 isolates, 3.8%). Mycoplasma bovis was the most prevalent Mycoplasma species (75.1%), followed by M. bovigenitalium (6.5%), M. canadense (5.9%), M. alkalescens (5%), M. arginini (1.7%), M. californicum (0.1%), and M. primatum (0.1%). A portion of the isolates were confirmed as Mycoplasma spp. other than M. bovis but were not identified at the species level (16 isolates, 1.8%) because further information was not requested by the manager, owner, or veterinarian. Mycoplasma bovis was the only species identified in 59 of the 98 herds. However, more than 1 Mycoplasma sp. was identified in 29 herds, suggesting that herd infection with 2 or more mycoplasmas is not uncommon. Moreover, a Mycoplasma sp. other than M. bovis was the only species identified in 8 herds. From the subset of 889 mycoplasma culture-positive isolates from 98 herds, we determined that over a third of the herds had either more than 1 Mycoplasma sp. or a Mycoplasma sp. other than M. bovis detected in their milk samples. In conclusion, we observed that M. bovis is the most common pathogenic Mycoplasma species found in mastitic milk, but other Mycoplasma species are not uncommon. Our results suggest that it is critical to test milk samples for mycoplasmas using diagnostic tests able to identify both the genus and the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gioia
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - M F Addis
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via dell'Università, 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy
| | - C Santisteban
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - B Gross
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - D V Nydam
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - A S Sipka
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - P D Virkler
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - R D Watters
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - M Wieland
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - M J Zurakowski
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - P Moroni
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via dell'Università, 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy.
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Abdi RD, Gillespie BE, Ivey S, Pighetti GM, Almeida RA, Kerro Dego O. Antimicrobial Resistance of Major Bacterial Pathogens from Dairy Cows with High Somatic Cell Count and Clinical Mastitis. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010131. [PMID: 33430135 PMCID: PMC7827620 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mastitis is the most prevalent disease of dairy cattle that causes significant economic losses. Different agents cause mastitis which leads to increased somatic cell count (SCC) and low milk quality. Treating mastitis with antimicrobials is essential to reduce SCC and improve milk quality. Excessive use or misuse of antimicrobials in dairy farms leads to the development of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. The objectives of this study were (1) to isolate and identify the causative agent of mastitis and (2) determine antimicrobial resistance profiles of bacterial isolates. A total of 174 quarter milk samples from 151 cows with high SCC and clinical mastitis from 34 dairy farms in Tennessee, Kentucky, and Mississippi were collected. Bacterial causative agents were determined by bacteriological and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial resistance of bacterial isolates against 10 commonly used antimicrobials was tested. A total of 193 bacteria consisting of six bacterial species, which include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca and Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant isolate. The proportion of resistant isolates was relatively higher in Gram-negatives than Gram-positives. Continuous antimicrobial resistance testing and identification of reservoirs of resistance traits in dairy farms are essential to implement proper mitigation measures. Abstract Mastitis is the most prevalent and economically important disease caused by different etiological agents, which leads to increased somatic cell count (SCC) and low milk quality. Treating mastitis cases with antimicrobials is essential to reduce SCC and improve milk quality. Non-prudent use of antimicrobials in dairy farms increased the development of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. This study’s objectives were (1) to isolate and identify etiological agents of mastitis and (2) to determine antimicrobial resistance profiles of bacterial isolates. A total of 174 quarter milk samples from 151 cows with high SCC and clinical mastitis from 34 dairy farms in Tennessee, Kentucky, and Mississippi were collected. Bacterial causative agents were determined by bacteriological and biochemical tests. The antimicrobial resistance of bacterial isolates against 10 commonly used antimicrobials was tested. A total of 193 bacteria consisting of six bacterial species, which include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca and Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant isolate followed by Strep. spp., E. coli, and Klebsiella spp. Results of this study showed that Gram-negatives (E. coli and Klebsiella spp.) were more resistant than Gram-positives (Staph. aureus and Streptococcus spp.). Continuous antimicrobial resistance testing and identification of reservoirs of resistance traits in dairy farms are essential to implement proper mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reta D. Abdi
- Department of Animal Science, Hebert College of Agriculture, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (R.D.A.); (B.E.G.); (S.I.); (G.M.P.); (R.A.A.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University Post, Roth Hall, Brookville, NY 11548, USA
| | - Barbara E. Gillespie
- Department of Animal Science, Hebert College of Agriculture, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (R.D.A.); (B.E.G.); (S.I.); (G.M.P.); (R.A.A.)
| | - Susan Ivey
- Department of Animal Science, Hebert College of Agriculture, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (R.D.A.); (B.E.G.); (S.I.); (G.M.P.); (R.A.A.)
| | - Gina M. Pighetti
- Department of Animal Science, Hebert College of Agriculture, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (R.D.A.); (B.E.G.); (S.I.); (G.M.P.); (R.A.A.)
| | - Raul A. Almeida
- Department of Animal Science, Hebert College of Agriculture, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (R.D.A.); (B.E.G.); (S.I.); (G.M.P.); (R.A.A.)
| | - Oudessa Kerro Dego
- Department of Animal Science, Hebert College of Agriculture, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (R.D.A.); (B.E.G.); (S.I.); (G.M.P.); (R.A.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-865-974-9740; Fax: +1-865-974-7297
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29
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Silver-Deposited Nanoparticles on the Titanium Nanotubes Surface as a Promising Antibacterial Material into Implants. METALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/met11010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The main disadvantage of the implants is the associated infections. Therefore, in the long term, the possibility of improving the antibacterial capacity of different types of implants (dental, orthopedic) is being researched. The severity of the problem lies in the increasing bacterial resistance and finding appropriate alternative treatments for infectious diseases, which is an important research field nowadays. The purpose of this review is to draw a parallel between different studies analyzing the antibacterial activity and mechanism of silver nanoparticles (NP Ag) deposited on the titanium nanotubes (NTT), as well as the analysis of the NP Ag toxicity. This review also provides an overview of the synthesis and characterization of TiO2-derived nanotubes (NT). Thus, the analysis aims to present the existing knowledge to better understand the NP Ag implants benefits and their antibacterial activity.
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Fitzpatrick SR, Garvey M, Flynn J, O'Brien B, Gleeson D. The effect of disinfectant ingredients on teat skin bacteria associated with mastitis in Irish dairy herds. Ir Vet J 2021; 74:1. [PMID: 33388074 PMCID: PMC7778807 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-020-00179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Teat disinfection is an important step in the control of mastitis within a dairy herd. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 96 commercially available teat disinfectant products in Ireland against bacterial isolates on teat skin. Teat disinfection products were applied to the teats of seventeen Holstein–Friesian cows. A split-udder model was used where one cow received two different teat disinfection products on each day. A composite swab sample was taken of the left teats and the right teats before and after teat disinfectant application. Swab samples were plated onto 3 different selective agars to enumerate bacterial counts of streptococcal, staphylococcal and coliform isolates. Results Streptococcal isolates were the most prominent bacterial group recovered on teat swabs taken before the application of a teat disinfection product (55.0%), followed by staphylococcal isolates (41.3%) and coliform isolates (3.7%). Products were reclassified by active ingredients (n = 9) for analysis. These ingredient groups included; chlorhexidine, chlorine dioxide, diamine, iodine, iodine and lactic acid, lactic acid, lactic acid and chlorhexidine, lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide, and lactic acid and salicylic acid. The ingredient group, chlorine dioxide, resulted in comparable reductions to the iodine group for streptococcal isolates. The ingredient group, iodine combined with lactic acid, resulted in the greatest reduction of staphylococcal isolates. When observing products individually, a product containing 1.6% w/w lactic acid combined with hydrogen peroxide was the most effective at reducing streptococcal isolates on the teat skin, whereas a product containing lactic acid combined with 0.6% w/w chlorhexidine was the most effective against staphylococcal isolates. Minor differences were observed regarding the relationship between effectiveness and active ingredient concentration between products. Conclusions This study suggests that some teat disinfectant products achieve a higher reduction in bacterial levels against different specific bacterial groups on teat skin than other products. Therefore, when choosing a teat disinfectant product, the bacteria in the dairy herds’ environment should be considered. Further studies are necessary to evaluate products efficacy against new IMIs and any possible effects on teat skin condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rose Fitzpatrick
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland.,Department of Life Science, Institute of Technology Sligo, County Sligo, Ireland
| | - Mary Garvey
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Technology Sligo, County Sligo, Ireland
| | - Jim Flynn
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Bernadette O'Brien
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - David Gleeson
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland.
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31
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Wollowski L, Heuwieser W, Kossatz A, Addis MF, Puggioni GMG, Meriaux L, Bertulat S. The value of the biomarkers cathelicidin, milk amyloid A, and haptoglobin to diagnose and classify clinical and subclinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:2106-2122. [PMID: 33358157 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Timely and objective diagnosis and classification of mastitis is crucial to ensure adequate management and therapeutic decisions. Analyzing specific biomarkers in milk could be advantageous compared with subjective or semiquantitative criteria, such as palpation of the udder in clinical mastitis cases or evaluation of somatic cell count using cow side tests (e.g., California Mastitis Test) in subclinical mastitis quarters. The objective of this study was to investigate the diagnostic value of 3 biomarkers; cathelicidin, milk amyloid A, and haptoglobin for the diagnosis of subclinical and clinical mastitis. Furthermore, the suitability of these biomarkers to differentiate between mild, moderate, and severe clinical mastitis and the influence of different pathogens on biomarker levels was tested. A total of 67 healthy cows, 119 cows with subclinical mastitis, and 212 cows with clinical mastitis were enrolled in the study. Although cathelicidin, haptoglobin, and milk amyloid A were measured in all samples from healthy cows and those with subclinical mastitis, haptoglobin, and cathelicidin results were only available from 121 out of 212 cows with clinical mastitis. Milk amyloid A was measured in all samples. In cows with clinical mastitis, the mastitic quarter and a second healthy quarter serving as a healthy in-cow control quarter were sampled. It was possible to differentiate between healthy quarters, quarters with subclinical mastitis, and quarters with clinical mastitis using all 3 biomarkers. Concerning cathelicidin, thresholds were 0.000 [sensitivity (Se) = 0.83, specificity (Sp) = 0.97] and 0.053 (Se = 0.98, Sp = 0.99) for normalized optical density at 450 nm (NOD450) for differentiating between healthy quarters and quarters with subclinical or clinical mastitis, respectively. Thresholds of 1.28 µg/mL (Se = 0.65, Sp = 0.76) and 1.81 µg/mL (Se = 0.77, Sp = 0.83) for milk amyloid A and 3.65 µg/mL (Se = 0.92, Sp = 0.94) and 5.40 µg/mL mL (Se = 0.96, Sp = 0.99) for haptoglobin were calculated, respectively. Healthy in-cow control quarters from cows with CM showed elevated milk amyloid A and haptoglobin levels compared with healthy quarters from healthy cows. Only the level of milk amyloid A was higher in severe clinical mastitis cases compared with mild ones. In contrast to clinical mastitis, cathelicidin and haptoglobin in subclinical mastitis quarters were significantly influenced by different bacteriological results. The measurement of cathelicidin, milk amyloid A, and haptoglobin in milk proved to be a reliable method to detect quarters with subclinical or clinical mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wollowski
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - W Heuwieser
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - A Kossatz
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - M F Addis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Via Celoria, 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - G M G Puggioni
- Porto Conte Ricerche, SP 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, 07041 Alghero, Italy
| | - Laurent Meriaux
- Eilyps/Bioteck Lait, 17 Boulevard Nominoë, 35740 Pacé, France
| | - S Bertulat
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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Rainard P, Cunha P, Martins RP, Gilbert FB, Germon P, Foucras G. Type 3 immunity: a perspective for the defense of the mammary gland against infections. Vet Res 2020; 51:129. [PMID: 33059767 PMCID: PMC7559147 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00852-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 3 immunity encompasses innate and adaptive immune responses mediated by cells that produce the signature cytokines IL-17A and IL-17F. This class of effector immunity is particularly adept at controlling infections by pyogenic extracellular bacteria at epithelial barriers. Since mastitis results from infections by bacteria such as streptococci, staphylococci and coliform bacteria that cause neutrophilic inflammation, type 3 immunity can be expected to be mobilized at the mammary gland. In effect, the main defenses of this organ are provided by epithelial cells and neutrophils, which are the main terminal effectors of type 3 immunity. In addition to theoretical grounds, there is observational and experimental evidence that supports a role for type 3 immunity in the mammary gland, such as the production of IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22 in milk and mammary tissue during infection, although their respective sources remain to be fully identified. Moreover, mouse mastitis models have shown a positive effect of IL-17A on the course of mastitis. A lot remains to be uncovered before we can safely harness type 3 immunity to reinforce mammary gland defenses through innate immune training or vaccination. However, this is a promising way to find new means of improving mammary gland defenses against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Rainard
- ISP, INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR1282, Tours, Nouzilly, France.
| | - Patricia Cunha
- ISP, INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR1282, Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | - Pierre Germon
- ISP, INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR1282, Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Gilles Foucras
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
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Addis MF, Maffioli EM, Ceciliani F, Tedeschi G, Zamarian V, Tangorra F, Albertini M, Piccinini R, Bronzo V. Influence of subclinical mastitis and intramammary infection by coagulase-negative staphylococci on the cow milk peptidome. J Proteomics 2020; 226:103885. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Guan RW, Wang DM, Wang BB, Jiang LY, Liu JX. Prognostic potential of pre-partum blood biochemical and immune variables for postpartum mastitis risk in dairy cows. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:136. [PMID: 32408873 PMCID: PMC7222453 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02314-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mastitis is the most frequent diseases for transition cows. Identification of potential biomarkers for diagnosis of mastitis is important for its prevention. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate blood variables related to lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation, and serum variables that are related to health in postpartum cows. Results Seventy-six healthy Holstein dairy cows at week 4 before calving were selected to collect blood samples from weeks − 4 to 4 weekly relative to calving, respectively. Milk yield and composition were recorded weekly. According to the cut-off of somatic cell counts (SCC) for diagnosis of mastitis, 33 cows with SCC ≥ 500,000 cells ml− 1, 20 cows with 200,000 cells ≤ SCC < 500,000 cells ml− 1, and 23 cows with SCC < 200,000 cells ml− 1 were defined as high, middle, and low SCC, respectively. Serum concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate were higher (P < 0.01) during all weeks, and non-esterified fatty acids were higher in high SCC than in low SCC cows from weeks − 3 to 2 relative to calving. Higher serum concentrations of superoxide dismutase (P < 0.01) and lower malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.01) in low SCC than in high SCC cows indicate that the latter suffered from oxidative stress. The difference analysis of the three groups suggested that none of the above-mentioned variables can be used as potential prognostic candidates. On the other hand, high SCC cows exhibited higher blood neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR, P < 0.01) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR, P < 0.01) than low SCC cows, with a higher NLR (P < 0.01) in middle SCC than in low SCC cows. The high SCC cows had lower levels of anti-inflammatory factors including IL-10 (P = 0.05), but higher levels of proinflammatory factors such as IL-6 (P < 0.01), TNF-α (P < 0.05), and PSGL-1 (P < 0.01) than low SCC cows. Conclusions The significantly different NLR and PLR pre-partum between the middle and low SCC cows suggest their prognostic potential for postpartum mastitis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Wei Guan
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Di-Ming Wang
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Bei-Bei Wang
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Lu-Yi Jiang
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Xin Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.
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Abstract
We evaluated the effects of chronic subclinical mastitis (CSM) caused by different types of pathogens on milk yield and milk components at the cow level. A total of 388 Holstein cows had milk yield measured and were milk sampled three times at intervals of two weeks for determination of SCC and milk composition, and microbiological culture was performed. Cows were considered healthy if all three samples of SCC were ≤200 000 cells/ml and were culture-negative at the third milk sampling. Cows with one result of SCC > 200 000 cells/ml were considered to suffer non-chronic subclinical mastitis whereas cows with at least 2 out of 3 results of SCC > 200 000 cells/ml had CSM. These latter cows were further sorted according to culture results into chronic negative-culture or chronic positive-culture. This resulted in four udder health statuses: healthy, non-chronic, chronicNC or chronicPC. The milk and components yields were evaluated according to the udder health status and by pathogen using a linear mixed effects model. A total of 134 out of 388 cows (34.5%) were chronicPC, 57 cows (14.7%) were chronicNC, 78 cows (20.1%) were non-chronic and 119 cows (30.7%) were considered healthy, which resulted in a grand total of 1164 cow records included in the statistical model. The healthy cows produced more milk than each of the other groups (+2.1 to +5.7 kg/cow/day) and produced higher milk component yields than the chronicPC cows. The healthy cows produced more milk than cows with chronicPC caused by minor (+5.2 kg/cow/day) and major pathogens (+7.1 kg/cow/day) and losses varied from 5.8 to 11.8 kg/cow/day depending on the pathogen causing chronicPC mastitis. Chronic positive-culture cows had a reduction of at least 24.5% of milk yield and 22.4% of total solids yield.
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Six A, Krajangwong S, Crumlish M, Zadoks RN, Walker D. Galleria mellonella as an infection model for the multi-host pathogen Streptococcus agalactiae reflects hypervirulence of strains associated with human invasive disease. Virulence 2020; 10:600-609. [PMID: 31230520 PMCID: PMC6592362 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1631660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae, or group B Streptococcus (GBS), infects diverse hosts including humans and economically important species such as cattle and fishes. In the context of human health, GBS is a major cause of neonatal infections and an emerging cause of invasive disease in adults and of foodborne disease in Southeast Asia. Here we show that GBS is able to establish a systemic infection in Galleria mellonella larvae that is associated with extensive bacterial replication and dose-dependent larval survival. This infection model is suitable for use with GBS isolates from both homeothermic and poikilothermic hosts. Hypervirulent sequence types (ST) associated with invasive human disease in neonates (ST17) or adults (ST283) show increased virulence in this model, indicating it may be useful in studying GBS virulence determinants, albeit with limitations for some host-specific virulence factors. In addition, we demonstrate that larval survival can be afforded by antibiotic treatment and so the model may also be useful in the development of novel anti-GBS strategies. The use of G. mellonella in GBS research has the potential to provide a low-cost infection model that could reduce the number of vertebrates used in the study of GBS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Six
- a Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences , University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| | - Sakranmanee Krajangwong
- a Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences , University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| | | | - Ruth N Zadoks
- c Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences , University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| | - Daniel Walker
- a Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences , University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
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KEYVAN E, YURDAKUL O, DEMIRTAS A, YALCIN H, BILGEN N. Identification of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Bulk Tank Milk. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.35818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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More insights about the interfering effect of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection on Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) detection in dairy cattle. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 52:1479-1485. [PMID: 31807982 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The estimated herd and within herd Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) infection prevalence in the southern Chile regions are 0.3 and 0.67%, respectively. However, higher rates of infection still remain in some herds. In parallel, it is well established that a big proportion of cattle herds are infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), which has been also associated with a clear interference effect on M. bovis diagnosis. The present study aims to provide more insights about the diagnostic interference for Mycobacterium bovis detection due to co-infection with MAP. To better understand the dynamics of this identified interference, the effect of MAP genotype present, as well as MAP faecal shedding values (as proxy of the infection progression), for each of the CFT results was compared. No relationship was observed between MAP genotype with any type of differential response to the diagnostic tests of M. bovis infection. However, MAP shedding values in animals with positive CFT diagnostic results for M. bovis infection was significantly lower than animals with a negative CFT result, observing that as the MAP shedding load raises, the response to the bovine tuberculin test tends to be negative. The findings reported in this study allows to interpret that one of the causes of the prolonged elimination of M. bovis infection from some cattle herds may be due in part to the advanced MAP infection status in co-infected individuals affecting the outcome of screening in-vivo diagnostic techniques such as CFT. These false negative animals that show negative results to M. bovis detection tests, may maintain the infection at herd level and spread the pathogen to healthy individuals.
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Dalen G, Rachah A, Nørstebø H, Schukken YH, Reksen O. Dynamics of somatic cell count patterns as a proxy for transmission of mastitis pathogens. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:11349-11358. [PMID: 31563313 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Management of udder health is particularly focused on preventing new infections. Data from the DeLaval Online Cell Counter (DeLaval, Tumba, Sweden) may be used in forecasting to improve decision support for improved udder health management. It provides online cell counts (OCC) as a proxy for somatic cell counts from every milking at the cow level. However, these values are typically too insensitive and nonspecific to indicate subclinical intramammary infection (IMI). Our aim was to describe and evaluate use of dynamic transmission models to forecast subclinical IMI episodes using milk cultures or changes in OCC patterns over time. The latter was expressed by an elevated mastitis risk variable. Data were obtained from the dairy herd of the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (Oslo, Norway). In total, 173 cows were sampled monthly for bacteriological milk culture during a 17-mo study period and 5,330 quarter milk samples were cultured. Mastitis pathogens identified were assigned to 1 of 2 groups, Pat 1 or Pat 2. Pathogens from which a high cell count would be expected during a subclinical IMI episode were assigned to the Pat 1 group. Pathogens not in the Pat 1 group were assigned to the Pat 2 group. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus dysgalactiae were the most common Pat 1 pathogens. Corynebacterium bovis, Staphylococcus chromogenes, and Staphylococcus haemolyticus were the most common Pat 2 pathogens. The OCC were successfully recorded from 82,182 of 96,542 milkings. The current study included 324 subclinical IMI episodes. None of the mastitis pathogens demonstrated a basic reproduction number (R0) >1. Patterns of OCC change related to an episode of Pat 1 subclinical IMI at specificity levels of 80, 90, and 95% at sensitivity levels of 69, 59, and 48% respectively, demonstrated an R0 >1. An existing infection was significant for transmission for several Pat 2 pathogens, but only for Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis among Pat 1 pathogens. Dynamic transmission models showed that patterns of OCC change related to an episode of Pat 1 subclinical IMI were significantly related to the same pattern occurring in susceptible cows at specificity levels of 80, 90, and 99% at sensitivity levels of 69, 48, and 8%, respectively. We conclude that changes in herd prevalence of subclinical IMI can be predicted using dynamic transmission models based on patterns of OCC change. Choice of specificity level depends on management goals and tolerance for false-positive alerts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Dalen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, PO Box 369 sentrum, N-0102 Oslo, Norway; TINE SA, PO Box 58, N-1430 Ås, Norway.
| | - Amira Rachah
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, PO Box 369 sentrum, N-0102 Oslo, Norway
| | - Håvard Nørstebø
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, PO Box 369 sentrum, N-0102 Oslo, Norway; TINE SA, PO Box 58, N-1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Ynte H Schukken
- GD Animal Health, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands; Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - Olav Reksen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, PO Box 369 sentrum, N-0102 Oslo, Norway
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Altaf M, Ijaz M, Ghaffar A, Rehman A, Avais M. Antibiotic susceptibility profile and synergistic effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on antibacterial activity of resistant antibiotics (Oxytetracycline and Gentamicin) against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Microb Pathog 2019; 137:103755. [PMID: 31542423 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may exhibit antibacterial activity and have synergistic effects with antibiotics. One way to re-sensitize MRSA to resistant antibiotics is by combining with approved non-antibiotics. The study was intended to explore susceptibility of MRSA to various antibiotics and non-antibiotics (NSAIDs) by micro dilution broth method. MRSA isolates were confirmed by PCR (mecA gene) and in-vitro antibiotic susceptibility was determined by disc diffusion tests. Combinations of NSAIDs with resistant antibiotics were also evaluated in in-vivo trial in mice. In-vitro antibiotic susceptibility profile presented 100% resistance to Cefoxitin, 37.5% to Gentamicin and Amikacin, 25% to Oxytetracycline, 12.5% to Tylosin, Fusidic acid and Vancomycin, while Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Trimethoprim + Sulfamethoxazole and Linezolid were found sensitive. Synergistic effect was observed when resistant antibiotics (Oxytetracycline/Gentamicin) were combined with sensitive antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin/Linezolid). Combination of Non-antibiotics (NSAIDs) with resistant antibiotics revealed that Meloxicam showed partial synergism with both Oxytetracycline and Gentamicin, while Flunixin Meglumine presented synergistic effect with Oxytetracycline and partial synergism with Gentamicin. Diclofenac Sodium revealed additive effect with Oxytetracycline while in case of Gentamicin indifferent effect was observed. In-vivo results showed that combinations of Oxytetracycline with Meloxicam/Flunixin Meglumine and Gentamicin with Meloxicam/Flunixin Meglumine were effective. The study concluded that the resistance against milk borne zoonotic MRSA infections can be successfully addressed by combining resistant antibiotics with NSAIDs. Flunixin Meglumine can be used in combination with oxytetracycline against MRSA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Altaf
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ijaz
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan.
| | - Awais Ghaffar
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Avais
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
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Metin Kiyici J, Akyüz B, Kaliber M, Arslan K, Aksel EG, Çinar MU. LEP and SCD polymorphisms are associated with milk somatic cell count, electrical conductivity and pH values in Holstein cows. Anim Biotechnol 2019; 31:498-503. [PMID: 31230519 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2019.1628767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine LEP-Sau3AI, SCD-Fnu4HI, NR1H3-HpyCH4IV and FABP4-HinII gene polymorphisms and to investigate the association between these SNPs and somatic cell count (SCC), electrical conductivity (EC) and pH in Holstein cow milk. LEP-Sau3AI polymorphism found associated with SCC (p < 0.01), EC (p < 0.01) and pH (p < 0.05). LEP-Sau3AI-BB genotype resulted with higher SCC, EC and pH compared to other genotypes. SCD-Fnu4HI polymorphism showed differences in genotypes for EC (p < 0.05) and pH (p ≤ 0.05) traits. While the highest EC value was found in SCD-Fnu4HI-CT genotype, the highest milk pH was found in genotype TT. In addition, NR1H3-HpyCH4IV genotypes was found the only associated with pH (p < 0.05) among all studied phenotypes. Based on the present findings, it was concluded that LEP and SCD genes could be used in breeding programs for improved SCC, EC and pH values in Holstein dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jale Metin Kiyici
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Bilal Akyüz
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Kaliber
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Korhan Arslan
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Esma Gamze Aksel
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ulaş Çinar
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Adherent/invasive capacities of bovine-associated Aerococcus viridans contribute to pathogenesis of acute mastitis in a murine model. Vet Microbiol 2019; 230:202-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Benhanifia M, Ayad A, Mohamed W. Intramammary honey preparation for treatment of subclinical bovine mastitis: a preliminary study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13165-019-00244-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Rajamanickam K, Yang J, Sakharkar MK. Phytochemicals as alternatives to antibiotics against major pathogens involved in bovine respiratory disease(BRD)and bovine mastitis(BM). Bioinformation 2019; 15:32-35. [PMID: 31359996 PMCID: PMC6651029 DOI: 10.6026/97320630015032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and bovine mastitis (BM) are the most common and costly infectious diseases in beef cattle and dairy
cattle, respectively. In the current study, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of seven phytochemicals against twelve BRD- and/or BMcausing
bacterial pathogens. Our results show that allyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocynate, cinnamaldehyde and eugenol are effective
against most of the BRD- and/or BM-causing bacterial pathogens and could be repurposed as alternatives to antibiotics for the
prevention/elimination of BRD and BM in feedlots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthic Rajamanickam
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Jian Yang
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Meena Kishore Sakharkar
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
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Svennesen L, Mahmmod YS, Skjølstrup NK, Mathiasen LR, Katholm J, Pedersen K, Klaas IC, Nielsen SS. Accuracy of qPCR and bacterial culture for the diagnosis of bovine intramammary infections and teat skin colonisation with Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus using Bayesian analysis. Prev Vet Med 2018; 161:69-74. [PMID: 30466660 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae (Strep. agalactiae) and Staphylococcus aureus (Staph. aureus) are originally regarded as contagious mastitis pathogens, however, both pathogens have recently been isolated from extramammary and environmental sites, indicating that other sites than the udder might contribute to the spread of these pathogens potentially causing intramammary infections. Diagnostic tools to identify pathogens at extramammary sites are available but still needs to be validated. The objective of this cross-sectional field study was to estimate the diagnostic sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of the commercially available Mastit4 qPCR assay and bacterial culture (BC) in identifying Strep. agalactiae and Staph. aureus from milk and teat skin samples. We randomly selected 30-40 cows with high somatic cell counts from eight Danish Strep. agalactiae-positive dairy herds with automatic milking systems. Teat skin samples and aseptic milk samples were collected from right rear quarters (n = 287) for BC and PCR analysis. Se and Sp were estimated in a Bayesian latent class analysis. For milk samples, the Se and Sp of qPCR for Strep. agalactiae were estimated to 0.97 and 0.99, respectively, whereas the Se and Sp of BC were 0.41 and 1.00, respectively. The Se and Sp of qPCR for Staph. aureus were estimated to 0.95 and 0.99, respectively, whereas the Se and Sp of BC were 0.54 and 0.77, respectively. For teat skin samples, the Se and Sp of qPCR for Strep. agalactiae were estimated to be 0.97 and 0.96, respectively, whereas the Se and Sp of BC were 0.33 and 1.00, respectively. The Se and Sp of qPCR for Staph. aureus were estimated to 0.94 and 0.98, respectively, whereas the Se and Sp of BC were 0.44 and 0.74, respectively. In conclusion, the Se for diagnosing Strep. agalactiae and Staph. aureus IMI was higher for qPCR than BC, suggesting that qPCR is a valuable method for detecting both pathogens from quarter-level milk samples. The performance of BC in the detection of Strep. agalactiae and Staph. aureus on teat skin was poor compared to qPCR, indicating that differences in the target condition of the two methods should be considered when implementing them as routine diagnostic tests for detecting teat skin colonisers. The low Se of BC may preclude the use of BC for skin testing, and qPCR is better for this task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Svennesen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Yasser S Mahmmod
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Sharkia Province, Egypt
| | - Nanna K Skjølstrup
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Louise R Mathiasen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Katholm
- DNA Diagnostic A/S, Voldbjergvej 14, 8240 Risskov, Denmark
| | - Karl Pedersen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ilka C Klaas
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Søren S Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Klibi A, Maaroufi A, Torres C, Jouini A. Detection and characterization of methicillin-resistant and susceptible coagulase-negative staphylococci in milk from cows with clinical mastitis in Tunisia. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018; 52:930-935. [PMID: 30077662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated prevalence of methicillin-resistant (MR) and methicillin-susceptible (MS) coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) and the implicated mechanisms of resistance and virulence in milk of mastitis cows. In addition, the presence of SCCmec type was analyzed in MR Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE). RESULTS Three hundred milk samples from cows with clinical mastitis were obtained from 30 dairy farms in different regions of Tunisia. Sixty-eight of the 300 tested samples contained CNS strains. Various CNS species were identified, with Staphylococcus xylosus being the most frequently found (40%) followed by Staphylococcus warneri (12%). The mecA gene was present in 14 of 20 MR-CNS isolates. All of them were lacking the mecC gene. The SCCmecIVa was identified in four MRSE isolates. Most of CNS isolates showed penicillin resistance (70.6%) and 58.3% of them carried the blaZ gene. MR-CNS isolates (n = 20) showed resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfametoxazole harboring different resistance genes such us erm(B), erm(T), erm(C), mph(C) or msr(A), tet(K) and dfr(A). However, a lower percentage of resistance was observed among 48 MS-CNS isolates: erythromycin (8.3%), tetracycline (6.2%), streptomycin (6.2%), clindamycin (6.2%), and trimethoprim-sulfametoxazole (2%). The Inu(B) gene was detected in one Staphylococcus xylosus strain that showed clindamycin resistance. The virulence gene tsst-1 was observed in one MR-CNS strain. DISCUSSION Coagulase-negative staphylococci containing a diversity of antimicrobial resistance genes are frequently detected in milk of mastitis cows. This fact emphasizes the importance of identifying CNS when an intramammary infection is present because of the potential risk of lateral transfer of resistant genes among staphylococcal species and other pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Klibi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Group of Bacteriology and Biotechnology Developement, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, BP 74, 13 Place Pasteur, Belvédère, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia. Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Abderrazek Maaroufi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Group of Bacteriology and Biotechnology Developement, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, BP 74, 13 Place Pasteur, Belvédère, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia. Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Ahlem Jouini
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Group of Bacteriology and Biotechnology Developement, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, BP 74, 13 Place Pasteur, Belvédère, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia. Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisie.
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Blignaut D, Thompson P, Petzer IM. Prevalence of mastitis pathogens in South African pasture-based and total mixed ration-based dairies during 2008 and 2013. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 85:e1-e7. [PMID: 29943584 PMCID: PMC6238704 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v85i1.1482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a change in the relative prevalence of environmental and contagious intramammary pathogens, as well as a change in the relative number of total mixed ration (TMR)-based and pasture (PAS)-based dairies in South Africa. The objectives of the study were to determine and compare the prevalence of mastitis pathogens in TMR and PAS dairies in South Africa during 2008 and 2013; furthermore, the within-herd prevalence of Streptococcus uberis in Str. uberis-positive herds was determined and compared. The prevalence of each pathogen, as well as the within-herd prevalence of Str. uberis, were compared between the two years and the two management systems using bacterial culture results from routinely collected composite cow milk samples submitted to the Onderstepoort Milk Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria. Coagulase-negative staphylococci had the highest prevalence in both TMR and PAS dairies for both 2008 (29.60% [95.00% CI: 28.80% – 30.40%] and 26.90% [95.00% CI: 25.50% – 28.30%], respectively) and 2013 (20.20% [95.00% CI: 19.30% – 21.10%] and 22.70% [95.00% CI: 22.20% – 23.10%], respectively), which decreased significantly from 2008 to 2013 in both TMR and PAS dairies (p < 0.001). Streptococcus uberis showed an increase in prevalence in both TMR (p = 0.002) and PAS dairies (p = 0.001) from 2008 (2.36% [95.00% CI: 2.10% – 2.65%] and 2.63% [95.00% CI: 2.16% – 3.16%], respectively) to 2013 (3.10% [95.00% CI: 2.72% – 3.51%] and 3.64% [95.00% CI: 3.45% – 3.83%], respectively). Staphylococcus aureus showed a significant decrease in both TMR (p = 0.011) and PAS (p < 0.001) dairies from 2008 (4.71% [95.00% CI: 4.34% – 5.10%] and 5.62% [95.00% CI: 4.94% – 6.36%], respectively) to 2013 (3.95% [95.00% CI: 3.52% – 4.40%] and 1.71% [95.00% CI: 1.58% – 1.84%], respectively). The median within-herd prevalence of Str. uberis for the combined dairy systems showed a significant increase from 2008 (1.72% [IQR: 0.88% – 5.00%]) to 2013 (3.10% [IQR: 1.72% – 4.70%]) (p < 0.001). Statistically significant differences were found in the prevalence of most of the major contagious and environmental mastitis pathogens between 2008 and 2013 and between TMR and PAS dairies. The within-herd prevalence of Str. uberis increased from 2008 to 2013, with the highest within-herd prevalence in PAS dairies in 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Blignaut
- Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria.
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48
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Development and evaluation of vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus recovered from naturally occurring mastitis in she-camels. Microb Pathog 2018; 117:341-347. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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49
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Elahi E, Abid M, Zhang H, Cui W, Ul Hasson S. Domestic water buffaloes: Access to surface water, disease prevalence and associated economic losses. Prev Vet Med 2018; 154:102-112. [PMID: 29685433 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Given the shortage and non-availability of freshwater in Pakistan, wastewater is being used for bathing water buffaloes; however, this has a negative impact on animal welfare. Although there is a vast literature on indirect linkages between wastewater and animal productivity, studies focusing on the direct impacts of water buffaloes bathing in wastewater on animal productivity and economic losses are rare. Therefore, using 360 domestic water buffalo farms, this study examines the expenditure and production losses associated with bathing (in wastewater and freshwater) and non-bathing water buffaloes by employing partial budgeting and resource adjustment component techniques. Furthermore, it investigates the prevalence of animal diseases and associated economic effects using correlation analysis and propensity score matching techniques, respectively. The findings reveal that compared to their counterparts (freshwater bathing and non-bathing water buffaloes), buffaloes bathing in wastewater are at increased risk of clinical mastitis, foot and mouth disease (FMD) and tick infestation. Moreover, the use of wastewater for bathing buffaloes also leads to higher economic and production losses by affecting milk productivity, causing premature culling, and reducing slaughter value. The findings of the double-log model show that economic losses are higher if buffaloes bathe in wastewater within 30 min after milking, as there are more chances that those buffaloes would be exposed to bacterial penetration in the teat ducts, which may result in intramammary infection. According to the propensity score matching method, the higher economic damages per month are associated with buffaloes bathing in wastewater and freshwater, 155 and 110 USD per farm, respectively. The study findings reference the need for policies to restrict wastewater access by water buffaloes, and a regular check of and access to cool clean water wallows for bathing during hot summer days, to reduce excess heat and economic losses, and thus improve animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Elahi
- School of Business, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, People's Republic of China.
| | - Muhammad Abid
- Center for Climate Research and Development (CCRD), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Huiming Zhang
- School of Management Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijun Cui
- School of Business, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, People's Republic of China
| | - Shabeh Ul Hasson
- CEN, Centre for Earth System Research and Sustainability Institute for Geography, University of Hamburg Bundesstraße 5520146 Hamburg, Germany; Department of Space Sciences, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
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50
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Young-Speirs M, Drouin D, Cavalcante PA, Barkema HW, Cobo ER. Host defense cathelicidins in cattle: types, production, bioactive functions and potential therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018; 51:813-821. [PMID: 29476808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidins are a primitive class of host defense peptides and are known for their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses. These small, cationic, proteolytically-activated peptides are diverse in structure, encompassing a wide range of activities on host immune and inflammatory cell responses. The dual capacity of cathelicidins to directly control infection and regulate host defenses highlights the potential use of these peptides as alternatives to antibiotics and immunomodulators. Cathelicidins are found in many mammalian species; this review focuses on bovine cathelicidins. Eight naturally and two synthetically occurring bovine cathelicidins are described in detail, with a focus on recent advances in their expression, location and biological roles. This review also presents an overview of the bioactive functions of cathelicidins in bovine mastitis, a disease causing economic losses in cattle dairy production. Comparison of the structural, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and mechanistic properties of bovine cathelicidins advances the knowledge needed for the development of these peptides as potential identifiers of infectious diseases (e.g., bovine mastitis) and as novel therapeutic alternatives to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Young-Speirs
- Bachelor of Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Dominique Drouin
- Bachelor of Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Paloma Araujo Cavalcante
- Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Eduardo R Cobo
- Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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