1
|
Rojas Canadas E, Herlihy MM, Kenneally J, Kearney F, Furlong J, Lonergan P, Butler ST. Plasma progesterone concentration after first service is associated with individual genetic traits, postpartum phenotypes, and likelihood of conception in seasonal-calving pasture-based dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:12968-12979. [PMID: 34482975 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to (1) evaluate postpartum phenotypes, cow factors, and genetic traits associated with plasma progesterone (P4) concentrations after first artificial insemination (AI); (2) determine variation in daily plasma P4 concentrations between d 7 and 13 after first AI; and (3) evaluate associations between plasma P4 concentrations and pregnancy success after first AI. First and second parity (n = 2,797) spring-calving lactating dairy cows from 35 dairy herds were enrolled. Farm visits were performed every 2 wk during the postpartum period as follows: cows that were at wk 3 (range: 14-27 d in milk) and wk 7 (range: 42-55 d in milk) postpartum were examined. Farm visits were performed weekly during the breeding season, and cows that were between 7 and 13 d after the first AI were examined. Body condition score (BCS) was measured at each visit using a 1 to 5 scale [low (≤2.75), target (≥3.0)]. Transrectal ultrasound examinations were conducted at wk 3 and wk 7 postpartum visits to determine presence or absence of a corpus luteum (CL) and uterine tract score [scale of G1 (best)-G4 (worst)]. Blood samples were collected at each visit, and plasma concentrations of glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate, and fatty acids were analyzed. On the day of the weekly farm visit during the breeding season, blood samples for P4 determination were collected from all cows that were between 7 and 13 d after first AI during the breeding period. Cows that had a CL present and a G1 uterine score at wk 7 postpartum had greater plasma P4 concentration after first AI (+0.67 ng/mL and +0.4 ng/mL, respectively) compared with cows with no CL present and with a uterine score ≥G3. Cows with low BCS at wk 7 postpartum had lesser plasma P4 concentration after first AI than cows with target BCS. Each unit increase in plasma fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate concentration at AI was associated with 0.45 ± 0.33 ng/mL (estimate ± standard error) and 0.07 ± 0.04 ng/mL greater plasma P4 concentration after first AI, respectively. Regarding genetic merit traits, each unit increase in fertility subindex was associated with 0.005 ± 0.003 ng/mL greater P4 concentration. In addition, for every 1 ng/mL increase in plasma P4 concentration, the odds of estimated probability of pregnancy per AI increased by 3% (odds ratio = 1.03; 95% confidence interval = 1.00, 1.05). In conclusion, cows with superior genetic merit for fertility traits and milk production traits, favorable fertility phenotypes at wk 7 postpartum, (e.g., presence of a CL, a G1 uterine score, and target BCS), and blood parameters indicative of better metabolic status at AI were all associated with greater plasma P4 concentration after AI. In turn, greater plasma P4 concentrations were associated with greater odds of successful pregnancy establishment. This study underlines the important associations between early postpartum fertility phenotypes (CL presence, uterine health status) and subsequent plasma P4 concentrations after first AI, and hence provides additional evidence of the mechanisms through which selection for fertility traits improves phenotypic fertility performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Rojas Canadas
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland, P61 C996; School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland, D04 N2E
| | - M M Herlihy
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland, P61 C996
| | - J Kenneally
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland, P61 C996
| | - F Kearney
- Irish Cattle Breeding Association, Highfield House, Shinagh, Bandon, Co. Cork, Ireland, P72 X050
| | - J Furlong
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland, D04 N2E
| | - P Lonergan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland, D04 N2E
| | - S T Butler
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland, P61 C996.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kaewlamun W, Grimard B, Duvaux-Ponter C, Ponter AA. Kick-starting ovarian cyclicity by using dietary glucogenic precursors in post-partum dairy cows: a review. Int J Vet Sci Med 2020; 8:39-48. [PMID: 32953874 PMCID: PMC7476532 DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2020.1773188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review is to describe how dietary glucogenic precursors could stimulate ovarian activity in post-partum dairy cows and improve reproductive success. Although the nutrient requirements for the early resumption of ovarian cycles, and for follicle and embryo development are quantitatively small, reproductive success is deteriorated by post-partum negative energy balance. Since very little glucose is absorbed directly from the digestive tract of ruminants one of the targets for nutritional manipulation could be the glucogenic potential of the diet. This could be achieved by giving rumen-resistant starch or mono-propylene glycol. Both these adaptations increase glucose, insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 plasma concentrations and stimulate ovarian follicle growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Kaewlamun
- School of Agricultural Resources, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - B Grimard
- BREED, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France.,UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - C Duvaux-Ponter
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR Modélisation Systémique Appliquée Aux Ruminants, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - A A Ponter
- BREED, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France.,UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sauls-Hiesterman JA, Banuelos S, Atanasov B, Bradford BJ, Stevenson JS. Physiologic responses to feeding rumen-protected glucose to lactating dairy cows. Anim Reprod Sci 2020; 216:106346. [PMID: 32414460 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
It was hypothesized that rumen-protected glucose (RPG) in diets of dairy cows increases concentrations of insulin resulting in greater blood progesterone concentrations because elevated insulin decreases activity of liver enzymes inactivating steroid hormones. Timing of ovulation was synchronized among 64 postpartum Holstein cows using GnRH and PGF2α (Day 0 = ovulation). Cows were milked thrice daily and assigned randomly a basal diet supplemented with 0, 1, 2, or 4 kg of an RPG product in place of corn grain, top-dressed in the diet beginning on Day -3. Blood was collected pre- and post-prandial on Days 0, 2, and 4 to determine plasma glucose and insulin concentrations and daily from Days 2 through 12. Intake of crude protein and energy-soluble carbohydrates increased linearly with dose, whereas starch intake decreased linearly with dose. Neither daily milk yield nor dry matter intake (DMI), energy-corrected milk (ECM), somatic cell count, or percentages of milk fat, protein and lactose on Day 8 differed among dietary treatments. Neither pre- nor post-prandial changes in plasma glucose differed among treatments. In contrast, post-prandial glucose decreased from Days 0 through 4. A change in plasma insulin (post-prandial minus pre-prandial) was detected. Milk urea nitrogen increased linearly with RPG dose. Concentrations of progesterone were unaffected by RPG dose. It is concluded that insulin response to RPG was decreased relative to the control and RPG supplementation linearly increased crude protein intake and milk urea nitrogen with increasing dose, but did not affect concentrations of progesterone, milk yield, or dry matter intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Sauls-Hiesterman
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, United States
| | - S Banuelos
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, United States
| | - B Atanasov
- Department of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - B J Bradford
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, United States
| | - J S Stevenson
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Functional impact of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) missense variants in cattle. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19672. [PMID: 31873175 PMCID: PMC6927969 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56271-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 3A is the most important CYP subfamily in humans, and CYP3A4/CYP3A5 genetic variants contribute to inter-individual variability in drug metabolism. However, no information is available for bovine CYP3A (bCYP3A). Here we described bCYP3A missense single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and evaluated their functional effects. CYP3A28, CYP3A38 and CYP3A48 missense SNVs were identified in 300 bulls of Piedmontese breed through targeted sequencing. Wild-type and mutant bCYP3A cDNAs were cloned and expressed in V79 cells. CYP3A-dependent oxidative metabolism of testosterone (TST) and nifedipine (NIF) was assessed by LC-MS/MS. Finally, SNVs functional impact on TST hydroxylation was measured ex vivo in liver microsomes from individually genotyped animals. Thirteen missense SNVs were identified and validated. Five variants showed differences in CYP3A catalytic activity: three CYP3A28 SNVs reduced TST 6β-hydroxylation; one CYP3A38 variant increased TST 16β-hydroxylation, while a CYP3A48 SNV showed enhanced NIF oxidation. Individuals homozygous for rs384467435 SNV showed a reduced TST 6β-hydroxylation. Molecular modelling showed that most of SNVs were distal to CYP3A active site, suggesting indirect effects on the catalytic activity. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the importance of pharmacogenetics studies in veterinary species and suggest bCYP3A genotype variation might affect the fate of xenobiotics in food-producing species such as cattle.
Collapse
|
5
|
Hepatic mRNA expression of enzymes associated with progesterone metabolism and its impact on ovarian and endocrine responses in Nelore (Bos indicus) and Holstein (Bos taurus) heifers with differing feed intakes. Theriogenology 2019; 143:113-122. [PMID: 31869732 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate circulating progesterone concentration (P4), LH pulsatility and ovarian follicular dynamics in Nelore (B. indicus) and Holstein (B. taurus) heifers under high (HDMI) and low (LDMI) dry matter/energy intakes. In addition, the effects of dry matter/energy intake and breed on hepatic expression of six genes associated with P4 metabolism (AKR1C4, AKR1D1, CYP3A4, CYP2C19, SRD5A1, and SRD5A3) was evaluated. Heifers received an intravaginal P4 device (1 g), 2 mg of estradiol benzoate (EB) i.m. and 500 μg of PGF2α at the begging of the synchronization protocol (D0). Eight days later, the P4 device was removed and all heifers received 1 mg of EB 24h later. Regardless of dry matter/energy intake, the number of recruited follicles was greater in Nelore than in Holstein heifers. In contrast, the maximum diameter of the dominant follicle was greater in Holstein than in Nelore heifers. Circulating P4 concentrations were greater in Nelore than in Holstein from D2 to D9, and in heifers receiving LDMI than those receiving HDMI from D1 to D8 of hormonal protocol. In addition, Holstein heifers had greater LH pulsatility and area under the curve of LH peaks compared to Nelore heifers. However, no effects were observed for LH values between feed intake levels. Interestingly, Holstein heifers had higher expression of SRD5A1, AKR1C4, AKR1D1 than Nelore heifers; whereas, for Nelore heifers, only the expression of CYP3A4 was higher compared to Holstein heifers. In conclusion, there are important differences in the follicular dynamics, circulating P4 and LH pulsatility concentrations that need to be considered during synchronization protocols for Nelore and Holstein breeds. More importantly, these differences appear to be at least partially modulated by the level of feed intake and the contrasting enzyme system in the liver involved with P4 metabolism between these cattle breeds.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ringseis R, Zeitz JO, Weber A, Koch C, Eder K. Hepatic transcript profiling in early-lactation dairy cows fed rumen-protected niacin during the transition from late pregnancy to lactation. J Dairy Sci 2018; 102:365-376. [PMID: 30487053 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In dairy cows, administration of high dosages of niacin (nicotinic acid, NA) was found to cause antilipolytic effects, which are mediated by the NA receptor hydroxyl-carboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCAR2) in white adipose tissue (WAT), and thereby an altered hepatic lipid metabolism. However, almost no attention has been paid to possible direct effects of NA in cattle liver, despite evidence that HCAR2 is also expressed in the liver and is even more abundant than in WAT. Because of this, we hypothesized that feeding a high dosage of rumen-protected NA to dairy cows influences critical metabolic or signaling pathways in the liver by inducing changes in the hepatic transcriptome. To identify these pathways, we applied genome-wide transcript profiling in liver biopsies obtained at d 7 postpartum (p.p.) from dairy cows used in our recent study; cows received either no NA (control group, n = 9) or 79 mg of rumen-protected NA/kg of body weight daily (NA group, n = 9) from 21 d before calving until 3 wk p.p. Hepatic transcript profiling revealed that 487 transcripts were differentially expressed (filter criteria: fold change >1.2 or <-1.2 and P < 0.05) in the liver at d 7 p.p. between cows fed NA and control cows. Substantially more transcripts were downregulated (n = 338), whereas only 149 transcripts were upregulated by NA in the liver of cows. Gene set enrichment analysis for the upregulated transcripts revealed that the most-enriched gene ontology biological process terms were exclusively related to immune processes, such as leukocyte differentiation, immune system process, activation of immune response, and acute inflammatory response. Gene set enrichment analysis of the downregulated transcripts showed that the most-enriched biological process terms were related to metabolic processes, such as cellular metabolic process, small molecule metabolic process, lipid catabolic process, organic cyclic compound metabolic process, small molecule biosynthetic process, and cellular lipid catabolic process. In conclusion, hepatic transcriptome analysis showed that rumen-protected NA induces genes that are involved mainly in immune processes, including acute phase response and stress response, in dairy cows at d 7 p.p. Thus, supplementation of a high dosage of rumen-protected NA to dairy cows in the periparturient period may induce or amplify the systemic inflammation-like condition that is typically observed in the liver of high-yielding dairy cows in the p.p. period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - J O Zeitz
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - A Weber
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - C Koch
- Educational and Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Hofgut Neumuehle, 67728 Muenchweiler an der Alsenz, Germany
| | - K Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mattos FCSZ, Canavessi AMO, Wiltbank MC, Bastos MR, Lemes AP, Mourão GB, Susin I, Coutinho LL, Sartori R. Investigation of mechanisms involved in regulation of progesterone catabolism using an overfed versus underfed ewe-lamb model. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:5537-5546. [PMID: 29293746 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in progesterone (P4) catabolism due to high feed intake underlie some effects of nutrition on reproduction. Based on previous research, we hypothesized that high feed intake could potentially increase P4 catabolism, likely due to increased liver blood flow. However, there could also be an opposing action due to increased circulating insulin, which has been shown to inhibit hepatic expression of key enzymes involved in P4 catabolism. To test which effect would have the greatest impact on circulating P4 during a 1- and 2 -mo time frame, we used a noncyclic ewe model. The plane of nutrition was controlled, and effects on circulating insulin, P4 catabolism in response to exogenous P4, and steady state mRNA for key hepatic enzymes were evaluated. Twenty-four F Dorper × Santa Inês ewe lambs (5 mo old and approximately 25 kg BW) were used. After 14 d of adaptation, ewes were randomized into 2 groups: ad libitum fed (Ad), with intake of 3.8% DM/kg BW, or restricted feed intake (R), with 2% DM/kg BW, for 8 wk. At wk 4 and 8, ewes received an intravaginal P4 implant to evaluate P4 catabolism. As designed, Ad ewes had greater daily feed intake than R ewes (means of 1.8 [SE 0.03] and 0.6 kg/ewe [SE 0.01]; < 0.001) and greater weekly gain in BW (means of 1.7 [SE 0.12] vs. -0.1 kg/ewe [SE 0.03]; < 0.001). Mean circulating insulin of samples collected from -0.5 to 7 h after the start of feeding was over 5-fold greater in Ad ewes than in R ewes (least squares means of 8.2 [SE 0.93] vs. 1.5 μIU/mL [SE 0.16], respectively, at wk 4 and 12.0 [SE 1.02] vs. 2.2 μIU/mL [SE 0.18], respectively, at wk 8; < 0.001). Although both groups received the same P4 treatment, mean circulating P4 of samples collected from -0.5 to 7 h after feeding was much lower in Ad ewes than in R ewes (least squares means of 3.2 [SE 0.32] vs. 5.5 ng/mL [SE 0.32], respectively, at wk 4 and 2.8 [SE 0.28] vs. 5.2 ng/mL [SE 0.28], respectively, at wk 8; < 0.001) indicating much greater P4 catabolism in ewes with high feed intake. Unexpectedly, there was no effect of diet on hepatic mRNA concentrations for , , , or at wk 4 or 8 in spite of dramatically elevated insulin. Therefore, high energy/feed intake primarily increased P4 catabolism with no evidence for offsetting effects due to insulin-induced changes in hepatic P4 metabolizing enzymes.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lemley CO, Camacho LE, Hallford DM, Vonnahme KA. Uteroplacental secretion of progesterone and estradiol-17β in an ovine model of intrauterine growth restriction. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 193:68-78. [PMID: 29636210 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Using a mid to late gestation model of intrauterine growth restriction, uteroplacental secretion of progesterone and estradiol-17β were examined. From day 50 to 130 of gestation, 31 ewe lambs were allocated to receive 100% (ADQ) or 60% (RES) of nutrient requirements. At day 130, umbilical and uterine artery blood flows were determined and blood samples were collected from maternal saphenous artery, gravid uterine vein, umbilical vein, and umbilical artery. Uteroplacental secretion of progesterone was increased in RES compared to ADQ fed dams. There was a net secretion and net metabolism of estradiol-17β in RES, and ADQ fed dams, respectively. In relation to steroid synthesis, cotyledonary abundance of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein was greater in RES compared with ADQ fed dams, while abundance of aromatase was not different between dietary treatments. Caruncular aldo-keto reductase 1C abundance was less in RES compared to ADQ fed dams. The increase in progesterone secretion, therefore, is due in part to an increase in synthesis and a decrease in placental catabolism. Caruncular cytochrome P450 3A, which catalyzes the conversion of estrogens to catechol-estrogens, was in lesser abundance in RES compared to ADQ fed dams. Opposite responses in estradiol-17β uteroplacental secretion compared with metabolism may be mediated through placental estrogen metabolism via cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C O Lemley
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Box 9815, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - L E Camacho
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - D M Hallford
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - K A Vonnahme
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Batista E, Del Valle T, Ortolan M, Rennó F, Nogueira G, Souza A, Baruselli P. The effect of circulating progesterone on magnitude of the GnRH-induced LH surge: Are there any differences between Bos indicus and Bos taurus heifers? Theriogenology 2017; 104:43-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
10
|
Owen M, Ferjak EN, Cavinder CA, McCarty KJ, Yankey KC, Hart CG, Burnett DD, Dinh T, Lemley CO. Effects of body condition score (BCS) on steroid- and eicosanoid-metabolizing enzyme activity in various mare tissues during winter anoestrus. Reprod Domest Anim 2017; 53:296-303. [PMID: 29119664 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the activity of steroid- and eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes in horses with varying BCSs. The BCSs of twenty non-pregnant, anoestrous mares were determined prior to euthanasia, and tissue samples were collected from the liver, kidney, adrenal gland, ovary and endometrium. Cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A), 2C (CYP2C), 3A (CYP3A) and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) activities were determined using luminogenic substrates. The MIXED procedure of SAS was used to test the effect of BCS on enzyme activity and differences between tissues. Activity of CYP1A in adrenals was increased (p ≤ .05) in BCS 5 versus BCSs 4 and 6. Activity of CYP1A in the liver was increased (p = .05) in BCS 4 versus BCSs 5 and 6. Activity of CYP1A was 100-fold greater (p < .0001) in the liver than in the adrenal, ovary and kidney. Activity of CYP2C was 100-fold greater (p < .0001) in the liver than in the adrenal, ovary and endometrium. Activity of CYP3A was only detectable in the liver. Activity of UGT in the kidney was decreased (p = .02) in BCS 4 versus BCSs 5 and 6. Activity of UGT was threefold greater (p < .0001) in the liver than in the kidney, whereas activity of UGT was ninefold greater (p < .0001) in the kidney than in the ovary and endometrium. In general, BCS did not alter the activity of steroid- and eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes in horses. However, tissue differences in these enzymes indicated abundant hepatic metabolism in horses, which is similar to other livestock species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mpt Owen
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - E N Ferjak
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - C A Cavinder
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - K J McCarty
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - K C Yankey
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - C G Hart
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - D D Burnett
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Ttn Dinh
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - C O Lemley
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sauls J, Voelz B, Hill S, Mendonça L, Stevenson J. Increasing estrus expression in the lactating dairy cow. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:807-820. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
12
|
Fredin SM, Ferraretto LF, Akins MS, Bertics SJ, Shaver RD. Effects of corn-based diet starch content and corn particle size on lactation performance, digestibility, and bacterial protein flow in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 98:541-53. [PMID: 25468693 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary starch content in corn-based diets and corn particle size on lactation performance, nutrient digestibility, and bacterial protein flow in dairy cows using the omasal and reticular sampling technique. Eight ruminally cannulated lactating multiparous Holstein cows were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatments were fine (FG; mean particle size=552µm) and coarse (CG; 1,270µm) ground dry shelled corn in normal- (NS) and reduced- (RS) starch diets fed as total mixed rations. The NS and RS rations contained 27 and 18% starch (dry matter basis), respectively, and were formulated by partially replacing corn with soy hull pellets. Mean dry matter intake was unaffected by treatment (23.2kg/d). Cows fed NS diets produced 1.9kg/d more milk and 0.06kg/d more milk protein compared with cows fed RS diets. Cows fed NSFG and RSCG diets produced more fat-corrected milk than did cows fed NSCG and RSFG diets. Milk urea concentration was decreased for cows fed NS diets (12.4mg/dL) compared with RS diets (13.5mg/dL). Ruminal digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF; % of NDF intake) determined by the omasal sampling technique was increased in cows fed RS diets compared with NS diets (43.4 vs. 34.9%), and total-tract digestibility of NDF (% of NDF intake) was increased in cows fed RS diets compared with those fed NS diets (50.1 vs. 43.1%). Ruminal digestibility of starch (% of starch intake) determined by the omasal sampling technique was greater in cows fed NS diets compared with those fed RS diets (85.6 vs. 81.6%). Total-tract starch digestion was increased in cows fed RS diets compared with those fed NS diets (96.9 vs. 94.6%) and in cows fed FG diets compared with those fed CG diets (98.0 vs. 93.5%). Bacterial protein flow was unaffected by treatment. The omasal and reticular sampling techniques resulted in similar treatment effects for nutrient flow and digestibility, although nutrient flow was lower and nutrient digestibility was greater in cows when sampled by the omasal technique compared with the reticular technique. Cows fed FG diets had greater ruminal propionate, lower acetate:propionate ratio, and lower pH. Feeding NS diets increased milk and protein yields and feeding finely ground corn increased ruminal propionate concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Fredin
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - L F Ferraretto
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - M S Akins
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - S J Bertics
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - R D Shaver
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Moore S, Scully S, Browne J, Fair T, Butler S. Genetic merit for fertility traits in Holstein cows: V. Factors affecting circulating progesterone concentrations. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:5543-57. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
14
|
Landau S, Muklada H, Abu-Rabia A, Kaadan S, Azaizeh H. Traditional Arab ethno-veterinary practices in small ruminant breeding in Israel. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
15
|
Ferraretto LF, Gencoglu H, Hackbart KS, Nascimento AB, Dalla Costa F, Bender RW, Guenther JN, Shaver RD, Wiltbank MC. Effect of feed restriction on reproductive and metabolic hormones in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:754-63. [PMID: 24359832 PMCID: PMC5963275 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effects of feed restriction (FR) on serum glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, progesterone (P4), insulin, and milk production in dairy cows. Eight multiparous Holstein cows, 114 ± 14 d pregnant and 685 ± 39 kg of body weight, were randomly assigned to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 14-d periods. During the first 8 d of each period, cows in all treatments were fed for ad libitum feed intake. Beginning on d 9 of each period, cows received 1 of 4 treatments: ad libitum (AL), 25% feed restriction (25 FR), 50% feed restriction (50 FR), and 50% of TMR replaced with wheat straw (50 ST). Daily feed allowance was divided into 3 equal portions allocated every 8h with jugular blood samples collected immediately before each feeding through d 14. In addition, on d 12 of each period, blood samples were collected before and at 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, and 480 min after morning feeding. The conventional total mixed ration and total mixed ration with straw averaged 15.1 and 10.8%, 32.1 and 50.5%, and 26.8 and 17.0% for concentrations of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and starch, respectively. Cows that were feed and energy restricted had reduced dry matter intake, net energy for lactation intake, circulating glucose concentrations, and milk production, but greater body weight and body condition score losses than AL cows. Circulating concentrations of insulin were lower for cows fed 50 FR (8.27 μIU/mL) and 50 ST (6.24 μIU/mL) compared with cows fed AL (16.65 μIU/mL) and 25 FR (11.16 μIU/mL). Furthermore, the greatest plasma nonesterified fatty acids concentration was observed for 50 ST (647.7 μ Eq/L), followed by 50 FR (357.5 μEq/L), 25 FR (225.3 μEq/L), and AL (156.3 μEq/L). In addition, serum P4 concentration was lower for cows fed AL than cows fed 50 ST and 25 FR. Thus, FR reduced circulating glucose and insulin but increased P4 concentration, changes that may be positive in reproductive management programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L F Ferraretto
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706
| | - H Gencoglu
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706; Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Uludag, Bursa, Turkey 16059
| | - K S Hackbart
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706
| | - A B Nascimento
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706
| | - F Dalla Costa
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706
| | - R W Bender
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706
| | - J N Guenther
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706
| | - R D Shaver
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706
| | - M C Wiltbank
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bender RW, Hackbart KS, Dresch AR, Carvalho PD, Vieira LM, Crump PM, Guenther JN, Fricke PM, Shaver RD, Combs DK, Wiltbank MC. Effects of acute feed restriction combined with targeted use of increasing luteinizing hormone content of follicle-stimulating hormone preparations on ovarian superstimulation, fertilization, and embryo quality in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 97:764-78. [PMID: 24359829 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple metabolic and hormonal factors can affect the success of protocols for ovarian superstimulation. In this study, the effect of acute feed restriction and increased LH content in the superstimulatory FSH preparation on numbers of ovulations, fertilization, and embryo quality in lactating dairy cows was evaluated. Two experiments were performed using a Latin square design with treatments arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial: feed restriction (FR; 25% reduction in dry matter intake) compared with ad libitum (AL) feeding, combined with high (H) versus low (L) LH in the last 4 injections of the superstimulatory protocol. As expected, FR decreased circulating insulin concentrations (26.7 vs. 46.0 μU/mL). Two analyses were performed: one that evaluated the complete Latin square in experiment 2 and a second that evaluated only the first periods of experiments 1 and 2. For both analyses, follicle numbers, ovulation rates, and corpora lutea on d 7 were not different. In the first period analysis of experiments 1 and 2, we observed an interaction between feed allowance and amount of LH on fertilization rates, percentage of embryos or oocytes that were quality 1 and 2 embryos, and number of embryos or oocytes that were degenerate. Fertilization rates were greater for the AL-L (89.4%) and FR-H (80.1%) treatments compared with the AL-H (47.9%) and FR-L (59.9%) treatments. Similarly, the proportion of total embryos or oocytes designated as quality 1 and 2 embryos was greater for AL-L (76.7%) and FR-H (73.4%) treatments compared with AL-H (35.6%) and FR-L (47.3%) treatments. In addition, the number of degenerate embryos was decreased for AL-L (1.3) and FR-H (0.4) treatments compared with the AL-H (2.6) and FR-L (2.3) treatments. Thus, cows with either too low (FR-L) or too high (AL-H) insulin and LH stimulation had lesser embryo production after superstimulation because of reduced fertilization rate and increased percentage of degenerate embryos. Therefore, interaction of the gonadotropin content of the superstimulatory preparation with the nutritional program of the donor cow needs to be considered to optimize success of ovarian superstimulatory protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R W Bender
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706
| | - K S Hackbart
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706
| | - A R Dresch
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706
| | - P D Carvalho
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706
| | - L M Vieira
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706
| | - P M Crump
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706
| | - J N Guenther
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706
| | - P M Fricke
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706
| | - R D Shaver
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706
| | - D K Combs
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706
| | - M C Wiltbank
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hackbart KS, Cunha PM, Meyer RK, Wiltbank MC. Effect of glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance on follicle development and ovulation. Biol Reprod 2013; 88:153. [PMID: 23616591 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.107862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by hyperandrogenemia, polycystic ovaries, and menstrual disturbance and a clear association with insulin resistance. This research evaluated whether induction of insulin resistance, using dexamethasone (DEX), in a monovular animal model, the cow, could produce an ovarian phenotype similar to PCOS. In all of these experiments, DEX induced insulin resistance in cows as shown by increased glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance). Experiment 1: DEX induced anovulation (zero of five DEX vs. four of four control cows ovulated) and decreased circulating estradiol (E2). Experiment 2: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was administered to determine pituitary and follicular responses during insulin resistance. GnRH induced a luteinizing hormone (LH) surge and ovulation in both DEX (seven of seven) and control (seven of seven) cows. Experiment 3: E2 was administered to determine hypothalamic responsiveness after induction of an E2 surge in DEX (eight of eight) and control (eight of eight) cows. An LH surge was induced in control (eight of eight) but not DEX (zero of eight) cows. All control (eight of eight) but only two of eight DEX cows ovulated within 60 h of E2 administration. Experiment 4: Short-term DEX was initiated 24 h after induced luteal regression to determine if DEX could acutely block ovulation before peak insulin resistance was induced, similar to progesterone (P4). All control (five of five), no P4-treated (zero of six), and 50% of DEX-treated (three of six) cows ovulated by 96 h after luteal regression. All anovular cows had reduced circulating E2. These data are consistent with DEX creating a lesion in hypothalamic positive feedback to E2 without altering pituitary responsiveness to GnRH or ovulatory responsiveness of follicles to LH. It remains to be determined if the considerable insulin resistance and the reduced follicular E2 production induced by DEX had any physiological importance in the induction of anovulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Hackbart
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Effects of bovine somatotropin injection on serum concentrations of progesterone in non-lactating dairy cows. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
19
|
Leiva T, Cooke R, Aboin A, Soares H, Barbosa M, Madureira A, Borges M, Vasconcelos J. Effects of propiogenic ingredients on serum concentration of insulin and progesterone in non-lactating cows. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
20
|
Vieira F, Cooke R, Aboin A, Lima P, Vasconcelos J. Short communication: Acute but transient increase in serum insulin reduces messenger RNA expression of hepatic enzymes associated with progesterone catabolism in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:1085-9. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
21
|
Rasmussen MK, Zamaratskaia G, Ekstrand B. Gender-related differences in cytochrome P450 in porcine liver--implication for activity, expression and inhibition by testicular steroids. Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 46:616-23. [PMID: 21091800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2010.1714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In pigs, the hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, 2A and 2E1 activity is important in the regulation of skatole accumulation in adipose tissue. This study investigated gender-related differences in CYP1A2, 2A and 2E1 dependent activity, protein and mRNA expression. This study also investigated the gonadal steroid dependent inhibition of CYP activity in relation to gender and dietary composition. Microsomes were prepared from the liver of female and entire male pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire sire and Duroc boars) reared under similar conditions and slaughtered at an age of 164 days. A group of entire male pigs fed dried chicory root for 16 days prior to slaughter were included in the study. CYP activities were assessed by the use of probe substrates, whilst mRNA and protein expression were analysed by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Furthermore inhibition of CYP dependent activity by gonadal steroids was assessed in vitro. Microsomes from female pigs had greater CYP1A2 and 2A activity, as well as mRNA expression compared to entire male pigs. The antibodies used did not detected differences in protein expression. In vitro inhibition by 17β-oestradiol, oestrone, androstenone and 3β-OH androstenol of CYP2E1 activity in microsomes from entire male pigs as well as inhibition of CYP1A activity in chicory fed entire male pigs was observed. Apart from that no effect of steroids was shown. In conclusion, female pigs show greater CYP activity and mRNA expression. Including chicory in the diet for 16 days changed the gonadal steroid dependent inhibition of CYP activity in entire male pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M K Rasmussen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lepschy M, Touma C, Palme R. Interpretations of faecal concentrations of corticosteroids: reply. Lab Anim 2011. [DOI: 10.1258/la.2010.010r01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lepschy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences/Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chadi Touma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences/Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert Palme
- Department of Biomedical Sciences/Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang Z, Li X, Liu G, Gao L, Guo C, Kong T, Wang H, Gao R, Wang Z, Zhu X. High Insulin Concentrations Repress Insulin Receptor Gene Expression in Calf Hepatocytes Cultured in Vitro. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 27:637-40. [DOI: 10.1159/000330072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
24
|
Lemley C, Wilson M. Effect of cytochrome P450 and aldo-keto reductase inhibitors on progesterone inactivation in primary bovine hepatic cell cultures. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:4613-24. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|