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Garzon A, Basbas C, Schlesener C, Silva-del-Rio N, Karle BM, Lima FS, Weimer BC, Pereira RV. WGS of intrauterine E. coli from cows with early postpartum uterine infection reveals a non-uterine specific genotype and virulence factors. mBio 2024; 15:e0102724. [PMID: 38742889 PMCID: PMC11237492 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01027-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli has been attributed to playing a major role in a cascade of events that affect the prevalence and severity of uterine disease in cattle. The objectives of this project were to (i) define the association between the prevalence of specific antimicrobial resistance and virulence factor genes in E. coli with the clinical status related to uterine infection, (ii) identify the genetic relationship between E. coli isolates from cows with diarrhea, with mastitis, and with and without metritis, and (iii) determine the association between the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance identified on the E. coli isolated from postpartum cattle. Bacterial isolates (n = 148) were obtained from a larger cross-sectional study. Cows were categorized into one of three clinical groups before enrollment: metritis, cows with purulent discharge, and control cows. For genomic comparison, public genomes (n = 130) from cows with diarrhea, mastitis, and metritis were included in a genome-wide association study, to evaluate differences between the drug classes or the virulence factor category among clinical groups. A distinct E. coli genotype associated with metritis could not be identified. Instead, a high genetic diversity among the isolates from uterine sources was present. A virulence factor previously associated with metritis (fimH) using PCR was not associated with metritis. There was moderate accuracy for whole-genome sequencing to predict phenotypic resistance, which varied depending on the antimicrobial tested. Findings from this study contradict the traditional pathotype classification and the unique intrauterine E. coli genotype associated with metritis in dairy cows.IMPORTANCEMetritis is a common infectious disease in dairy cattle and the second most common reason for treating a cow with antimicrobials. The pathophysiology of the disease is complex and is not completely understood. Specific endometrial pathogenic Escherichia coli have been reported to be adapted to the endometrium and sometimes lead to uterine disease. Unfortunately, the specific genomic details of the endometrial-adapted isolates have not been investigated using enough genomes to represent the genomic diversity of this organism to identify specific virulence genes that are consistently associated with disease development and severity. Results from this study provide key microbial ecological advances by elucidating and challenging accepted concepts for the role of Intrauterine E. coli in metritis in dairy cattle, especially contradicting the existence of a unique intrauterine E. coli genotype associated with metritis in dairy cows, which was not found in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Garzon
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Carl Basbas
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Cory Schlesener
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, 100K Pathogen Genome Project, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Noelia Silva-del-Rio
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Tulare, California, USA
| | - Betsy M. Karle
- Cooperative Extension, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Orland, California, USA
| | - Fabio S. Lima
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Bart C. Weimer
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, 100K Pathogen Genome Project, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Richard V. Pereira
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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2
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Figueiredo CC, Monteiro HF, Cunha F, Bisinotto DZ, Ruiz AR, Duarte GA, Ge Y, Lima FS, Mohamadzadeh M, Galvão KN, Bisinotto RS. Shifts in uterine microbiome associated with pregnancy outcomes at first insemination and clinical cure in dairy cows with metritis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11864. [PMID: 38789554 PMCID: PMC11126406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61704-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives were to assess differences in uterine microbiome associated with clinical cure and pregnancy outcomes in dairy cows treated for metritis. Cows with metritis (reddish-brownish, watery, and fetid vaginal discharge) were paired with cows without metritis based on parity and days postpartum. Uterine contents were collected through transcervical lavage at diagnosis, five days later following antimicrobial therapy (day 5), and at 40 days postpartum. Uterine microbiome was assessed by sequencing the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. Although alpha-diversity based on Chao1, Shannon, and inverse Simpson indexes at diagnosis did not differ between cows with and without metritis, disease was associated with differences in beta-diversity. Prevalence of Porphyromonas, Bacteroides, and Veillonella was greater in cows with metritis. Streptococcus, Sphingomonas, and Ureaplasma were more prevalent in cows without metritis. Differences in beta-diversity between cows with and without metritis persisted on day 5. Uterine microbiome was not associated with clinical cure. Richness and alpha-diversity, but not beta-diversity, of uterine microbiome 40 days postpartum were associated with metritis and pregnancy. No relationship between uterine microbiome and pregnancy outcomes was observed. Results indicate that factors other than changes in intrauterine bacterial community underlie fertility loss and clinical cure in cows with metritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio C Figueiredo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164, USA
| | - Hugo F Monteiro
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA
| | - Federico Cunha
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, USA
| | - Danilo Z Bisinotto
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, USA
| | - Angel Revilla Ruiz
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611, USA
| | - Gustavo A Duarte
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611, USA
| | - Yong Ge
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, 78229, USA
| | - Fábio S Lima
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA
| | - Mansour Mohamadzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, 78229, USA
| | - Klibs N Galvão
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, USA
| | - Rafael S Bisinotto
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, USA.
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3
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Wei S, Ding B, Wang G, Luo S, Zhao H, Dan X. Population characteristics of pathogenic Escherichia coli in puerperal metritis of dairy cows in Ningxia region of China: a systemic taxa distribution of virulence factors and drug resistance genes. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1364373. [PMID: 38694808 PMCID: PMC11061491 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1364373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is closely associated with the occurrence of puerperal metritis in dairy cows. E. coli carries some the virulence and multi-drug resistant genes, which pose a serious threat to the health of postpartum cows. In this study, E. coli was isolated and identified from the uterine contents of postpartum cows with puerperal metritis in the Ningxia region of China, and its phylogenetic subgroups were determined. Meanwhile, virulence and drug resistance genes carried by E. coli and drug sensitivity were detected, and the characteristics of virulence and drug resistance genes distribution in E. coli phylogroups were further analyzed. The results showed that the isolation rate of E. coli in puerperal metritis samples was 95.2%. E. coli was mainly divided into phylogroups B2 and D, followed by groups A and B1, and was more connected to O157:H7, O169:H4, and ECC-1470 type strains. The virulence genes were mainly dominated by ompF (100%), traT (100%), fimH (97%), papC (96%), csgA (95%), Ang43 (93.9%), and ompC (93%), and the resistance genes were dominated by TEM (99%), tetA (71.7%), aac(3)II (66.7%), and cmlA (53.5%). Additionally, it was observed that the virulence and resistance gene phenotypes could be divided into two subgroups, with subgroup B2 and D having the highest distributions. Drug sensitivity tests also revealed that the E. coli was most sensitive to the fluoroquinolones enrofloxacin, followed by macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, β-lactams, peptides and sulfonamides, and least sensitive to lincosamides. These results imply that pathogenic E. coli, which induces puerperal metritis of dairy cows in the Ningxia region of China, primarily belongs to the group B2 and D, contains multiple virulence and drug resistance genes, Moreover, E. coli has evolved resistance to several drugs including penicillin, lincomycin, cotrimoxazole, and streptomycin. It will offer specific guidelines reference for the prevention and treatment of puerperal metritis in dairy cows with E. coli infections in the Ningxia region of China.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hongxi Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xingang Dan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
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4
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Silva JCC, Bringhenti L, Siqueira LC, Rodrigues MX, Zinicola M, Pomeroy B, Bicalho RC. Testing the Induction of Metritis in Healthy Postpartum Primiparous Cows Challenged with a Cocktail of Bacteria. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2852. [PMID: 37760254 PMCID: PMC10525343 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Metritis is a postpartum uterine disease with greater incidence in primiparous than in multiparous cows. In primiparous cows, the impact on production and health is lessened, presumably due to a superior immune response. Here, we tested whether an in vivo model of clinical metritis induction developed for postpartum multiparous Holstein cows would produce similar results in primiparous cows. Thirty-six cows were randomly assigned to one of three groups and received intrauterine infusion within 24 h of parturition. The controls were infused with sterile saline; the low-dose group received a bacterial cocktail containing 103 cfu of Escherichia coli, Trueperella pyogenes, and Fusobacterium necrophorum; and the high-dose group were infused with 106 cfu of the same cocktail. Production, health traits, and the vaginal discharge culture were assessed daily, from enrollment until 14 d in milk. Clinical metritis occurred in 64% of high-dose cows, 33% of the controls, and 42% of low-dose cows, with no significant difference of incidence between groups. However, when accounting by time, high-dose cows had a 2.7 times greater hazard of metritis compared with the controls. The bacterial challenge affected milk production and dry matter intake tended to decrease. In the high-dose group, a greater growth of F. necrophorum in the selective medium was also observed, suggesting an association with metritis. Therefore, this study suggests intrauterine inoculation with 106 cfu of this bacterial cocktail elicits physical and clinical outcomes consistent with clinical metritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane C. C. Silva
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Zoetis Animal Health, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Leonardo Bringhenti
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lucas C. Siqueira
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Marjory X. Rodrigues
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- FERA Diagnostics and Biologicals, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | | | | | - Rodrigo C. Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- FERA Diagnostics and Biologicals, College Station, TX 77845, USA
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5
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Özgen EK, Yanmaz B, Bağatir PŞ. Investigation of virulence factors, phylogenetic grouping, multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis, and antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli isolated from aborted bovine fetal tissue. Lett Appl Microbiol 2023; 76:ovad100. [PMID: 37660240 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovad100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is an important microorganism for cattle breeding. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of phylogenetic groups, virulence factors, genotyping with multi-locus variable tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), and susceptibility to commonly used antimicrobial agents in E. coli strains isolated from aborted bovine fetal samples. In this study, phylogrouping and various virulence genes were analyzed by PCR in E. coli strains isolated from 637 bovine fetal tissue samples. Consequently, E. coli was isolated and identified in 24 samples in culture. Of the 24 isolates identified as positive, 12.5% were defined as group A, 83.3% as B1, and 4.2% as group B2. Of the E. coli isolates, virulence factor fimH was identified in eight (33.3%), traT in 15 (62.5%), ompT in five (20.8%), CNF1 in one (4.16%), and CNF2 in six (25%). Seven genotypic groups were determined as a result of the analysis with the MLVA 10 method. According to the antimicrobial susceptibility test results, high resistance was determined against amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and oxytetracycline. In conclusion, strains of E. coli containing CNF1, CNF2, fimH, traT, and ompT virulence factors can be associated with bovine abortions. It is noteworthy that the dominant phylogenetic group B1 has been observed in cases of cattle abortions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ediz Kağan Özgen
- Erzurum Veterinary Control Institute, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Erzurum 25080, Turkey
| | - Berna Yanmaz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur 15030, Turkey
| | - Perihan Şerifoğlu Bağatir
- Erzurum Veterinary Control Institute, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Erzurum 25080, Turkey
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6
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Nocera FP, Maurizi L, Masullo A, Nicoletti M, Conte AL, Brunetti F, De Martino L, Zagaglia C, Longhi C. Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of Escherichia coli Isolates Recovered from the Uterus of Mares with Fertility Problems. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101639. [PMID: 37238068 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is the bacterial pathogen most frequently associated with mare infertility. Here, we characterized 24 E. coli strains isolated from mares which presented signs of endometritis and infertility from a genotypic and phenotypic point of view. The majority of the isolates belonged to phylogenetic group B1 (9/24, 37.5%). Regarding antibiotic resistance profiles, 10 out of 24 (41.7%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Moreover, 17 out of 24 (70.8%) were strong or moderate biofilm producers, and of these eight were MDR strains. Interestingly, 21 out of 24 (87.5%) E. coli strains were phenotypically resistant to ampicillin and 10 of them were also resistant to amoxicillin with clavulanic acid. Regarding the presence of selected virulence factors, 50% of the examined strains carried at least three of them, with fimH detected in all strains, and followed by kpsMTII (11/24, 45.9%). No strain was able to invade HeLa cell monolayers. No relevant differences for all the investigated characteristics were shown by strains that grew directly on plates versus strains requiring the broth-enrichment step before growing on solid media. In conclusion, this work provides new insight into E. coli strains associated with mares' infertility. These results broaden the knowledge of E. coli and, consequently, add useful information to improve prevention strategies and therapeutic treatments contributing to a significant increase in the pregnancy rate in mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Paola Nocera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Linda Maurizi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Masullo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Mauro Nicoletti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonietta Lucia Conte
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Brunetti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa De Martino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Zagaglia
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Catia Longhi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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7
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LeBlanc SJ. Review: Postpartum reproductive disease and fertility in dairy cows. Animal 2023; 17 Suppl 1:100781. [PMID: 37567665 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews recent data and concepts on metritis, purulent vaginal discharge (PVD), and endometritis in dairy cows and the ways in which these diseases affect reproductive performance. Metritis is characterized by fetid discharge from the uterus, with or without fever. Purulent vaginal discharge describes exudate that is >50% pus that may be attributable to uterine infection or cervicitis. Endometritis is inflammation of the uterus diagnosed by endometrial cytology with a proportion of neutrophils (typically ≥5%) that is associated with impaired fertility. Metritis and PVD are associated with uterine bacterial dysbiosis: changes in the microbiota to lesser diversity and greater abundance of pathogens, especially Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria, and Trueperella pyogenes in the case of PVD. Metritis is justifiably treated with approved antibiotics but criteria for more selective treatment without loss of performance are emerging. Purulent vaginal discharge is not synonymous with clinical endometritis, and greater precision in terminology is warranted. PVD is likely under-diagnosed and represents an opportunity for improved management in many herds. Endometritis seems in many cases to reflect persistent, dysregulated inflammation, for which the inciting cause is unclear. Postpartum uterine infection and inflammation have harmful effects on oocytes, embryo development, and the endometrium for at least three months, even if the disease is apparently resolved. Emerging concepts of the resolution and regulation of inflammation are promising for the improvement of prevention and therapy of endometritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J LeBlanc
- Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Ballas P, Gabler C, Wagener K, Drillich M, Ehling-Schulz M. Characterization of Bacillus pumilus Strains Isolated from Bovine Uteri. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081297. [PMID: 37106860 PMCID: PMC10134969 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Uterine infections are a major source of economic losses to dairy farmers. The uterine microbiota as well as opportunistic uterine contaminants can contribute to the development of endometritis in dairy cows during the postpartum period. Therefore, it is important to characterize potential pathogens and to further elucidate their role in the disease. In this study, we aimed to characterize Bacillus pumilus field isolates to obtain more details regarding their effect on uterine cells by using an in vitro endometrial epithelial primary cells model. We found that B. pumilus isolates possessed the keratinase genes ker1 and ker2 and therefore may produce keratinases. When primary endometrial epithelial cells were infected with 4 different B. pumilus strains, an effect on cellular viability was observed over the course of 72 h. The effect was dose-dependent and time-dependent. Nevertheless, significant differences between the strains were not observed. All tested strains reduced the viability of the primary cells after 72 h of incubation, indicating that B. pumilus potentially has a pathogenic effect on endometrial epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Ballas
- Functional Microbiology Unit, Institute for Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Gabler
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karen Wagener
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marc Drillich
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Functional Microbiology Unit, Institute for Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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9
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Schouten I, Bernys-Karolys A, Schneider P, Dror T, Ofer L, Shimoni C, Nissim-Eliraz E, Shpigel NY, Schlesinger S. Mesenchymal stromal cells modulate infection and inflammation in the uterus and mammary gland. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:64. [PMID: 36997964 PMCID: PMC10061880 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03616-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is emerging as an efficacious and safe treatment for many infectious and non-infectious inflammatory diseases in human and veterinary medicine. Such use could be done to treat mastitis and metritis, which are the most common disease conditions affecting dairy cows leading to considerable economic losses and reduced animal welfare. Currently, both disease conditions are commonly treated using local and systemic administration of antibiotics. However, this strategy has many disadvantages including low cure rates and the public health hazards. Looking for alternative approaches, we investigated the properties of MSCs using in-vitro mammary and endometrial cell systems and in-vivo mastitis and metritis murine model systems. In-vitro, co-culture of mammary and uterus epithelial cells constructed with NF-kB reporter system, the master regulator of inflammation, demonstrated their anti-inflammatory effects in response to.LPS. In vivo, we challenge animals with field strains of mammary and utero pathogenic Escherichia coli and evaluated the effects of local and systemic application of MSC in the animal models. Disease outcome was evaluated using histological analysis, bacterial counts and gene expression of inflammatory markers. We show that MSC treatment reduced bacterial load in metritis and significantly modulated the inflammatory response of the uterus and mammary gland to bacterial infection. Most notably are the immune modulatory effects of remotely engrafted intravenous MSCs, which open new avenues to the development of MSC-based cell-free therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftach Schouten
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Andrés Bernys-Karolys
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Peleg Schneider
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Tal Dror
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Lior Ofer
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Chen Shimoni
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Einat Nissim-Eliraz
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Nahum Y Shpigel
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Sharon Schlesinger
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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Silva J, Siqueira L, Rodrigues M, Zinicola M, Wolkmer P, Pomeroy B, Bicalho R. Intrauterine infusion of a pathogenic bacterial cocktail is associated with the development of clinical metritis in postpartum multiparous Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2022; 106:607-623. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Basbas C, Garzon A, Silva-Del-Rio N, Byrne BA, Karle B, Aly SS, Champagne JD, Williams DR, Lima FS, Machado VS, Pereira RV. Evaluation of antimicrobial resistance and risk factors for recovery of intrauterine Escherichia coli from cows with metritis on California commercial dairy farms. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13937. [PMID: 35978077 PMCID: PMC9386028 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18347-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The goals of this study were to evaluate factors affecting recovery and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in intrauterine E. coli in post-partum dairy cows with and without metritis from commercial California dairy farms. Using a cross-sectional study design, a total of 307 cows were sampled from 25 farms throughout California, from which a total of 162 intrauterine E. coli isolates were recovered. During farm visits, cows within 21 days post-partum were categorized in one of three clinical presentation groups before enrollment: metritis (MET, n = 86), defined as a cow with watery, red or brown colored, and fetid vaginal discharge; cows with purulent discharge (PUS, n = 106), defined as a non-fetid purulent or mucopurulent vaginal discharge; and control cows, (CTL, n = 115) defined as cows with either no vaginal discharge or a clear, non-purulent mucus vaginal discharge. Cows diagnosed as MET had significantly higher odds for recovery of E. coli compared to cows diagnosed as CTL (OR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.17–3.96), with no significant difference observed between PUS and CTL, and PUS and MET. An increase in days in milk (DIM) at the time of sampling was significantly associated with a decrease in the odds ratio for E. coli recovery from intrauterine swabs (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.89–0.98). All intrauterine E. coli were resistant to ampicillin (AMP), with an AMR prevalence of 30.2% and 33.9% observed for chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline, respectively. Only 8.6% of isolates were resistant to ceftiofur (CEFT), one of the most common drugs used to treat cows on farms sampled. No significant difference in the prevalence of AMR was observed among clinical groups at the individual cow level. At the farm level, a significantly higher odds for isolating intrauterine E. coli resistant to chlortetracycline (OR: 2.6; 95% CI: 3.7–58.0) or oxytetracycline (OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.4–33.8) was observed at farms that used an intrauterine infusion of oxytetracycline as a treatment for metritis when compared to those farms that did not use this practice. Findings from this study indicate the need for further research supporting a broader understanding of farm practices driving AMR in cows with metritis, as well as data to increase the accuracy of breakpoints for AMR classification of intrauterine E. coli from cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Basbas
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Adriana Garzon
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Noelia Silva-Del-Rio
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Barbara A Byrne
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Betsy Karle
- Cooperative Extension, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Orland, CA, USA
| | - Sharif S Aly
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, USA
| | - John D Champagne
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, USA
| | - Deniece R Williams
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, USA
| | - Fabio S Lima
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Vinicius S Machado
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Richard V Pereira
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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12
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An in vitro comparison of antimicrobial efficacy and cytotoxicity between povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine for treating clinical endometritis in dairy cows. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271274. [PMID: 35802692 PMCID: PMC9269917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the in vitro antimicrobial effects of chlorhexidine (CHX) and povidone-iodine (PI) on clinical isolates of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Trueperella pyogenes (T. pyogenes) from the vaginal discharge of dairy cows, as well as to compare the cytotoxicity effects of CHX and PI on bovine endometrial epithelial cells (BEnEpC). In Experiment 1, 12 E. coli and 10 T. pyogenes were isolated from the vaginal discharge of cows with a uterine infection. The MIC and MBC against CHX and PI were analyzed in vitro. In Experiment 2, the cytotoxicity effects of CHX and PI on BEnEpC were analyzed using a Viability/Cytotoxicity Kit, wound scratch healing assay, and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α). In Experiment 1, the MIC and MBC values of CHX against E. coli were 0.0002% and 0.0002 to 0.00025%, respectively. The MIC and MBC values of PI were 1.25 to 2.5% and 1.25 to 5%, respectively. For T. pyogenes, the MIC and MBC values of CHX were 0.00002%. The MIC and MBC values of PI were 1.25%. In Experiment 2, the cell viability significantly decreased, and wound closures were significantly inhibited after treatment with ≥ 0.002% CHX and ≥ 0.025% PI. The expression of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α significantly increased after treatment with PI. Only IL-6 showed a significant increase after cells were treated with 0.00002% and 0.0002% CHX. The results suggested that both CHX and PI had high antibacterial effects. However, veterinarians and farmers should be aware of their cytotoxicity, which decrease viability of endometrial epithelial cells and inhibit wound healing in vitro.
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13
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Ludbey PA, Sahibzada S, Annandale CH, Robertson ID, Waichigo FK, Tufail MS, Valenzuela JL, Aleri JW. A pilot study on bacterial isolates associated with purulent vaginal discharge in dairy cows in the south-west region of Western Australia. Aust Vet J 2022; 100:205-212. [PMID: 35243613 PMCID: PMC9315004 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the bacterial isolates associated with postpartum endometritis among dairy cows in Western Australia and their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. A cross‐sectional study was conducted between June–October 2020. Endometritis was defined as evidence of mucopurulent to purulent vaginal discharge 60–100 days postpartum. Vaginal discharge samples were obtained, cultured, identified and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. A total of 118 bacterial isolates were grown from 46 animals, representing 36 species. The bacteria isolated from both aerobic and anaerobic cultures included Bacillus (60.2%), Streptococcus (12.7%), Trueperella (10.1%), Escherichia (6.7%) and Staphylococcus (5.9%). The remaining genera <5% were Histophilus, Aeroccocus, Enterococcus and Moraxella. Resistance was variable between isolates, but the highest resistance levels were observed in Streptococcal and Bacillus isolates to enrofloxacin, clindamycin and erythromycin, respectively. All Streptococcal isolates exhibited 100% resistance to enrofloxacin, and the greatest resistance levels were found in Streptococcus luteinises to trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole 83%, clindamycin 66% and 33% quinupristin‐dalfopristin. There was 84.5% resistance to clindamycin and 35.2% to erythromycin in the Bacillus isolates, with the highest resistance found in Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis. Escherichia coli exhibited 12.5% resistance to gentamycin, ceftiofur, whereas amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid exhibited 37.5%. Within the Staphylococcal isolates, 28.5%, 28.5%, 42.8% and 14.2% resistance to ceftiofur, erythromycin, cefoxitin, penicillin and tetracycline were observed, respectively. The presence of resistance to important antimicrobials for human use, such as cephalosporins, macrolides and fluoroquinolones, highlights the need for judicious use of antimicrobials in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Ludbey
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - S Sahibzada
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.,Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - C H Annandale
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - I D Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - F K Waichigo
- Brunswick Veterinary Services, Brunswick Junction, Western Australia, 6224, Australia
| | - M S Tufail
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - J L Valenzuela
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - J W Aleri
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.,Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.,Centre for Animal Production and Health, Future Foods Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
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14
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Yamamura F, Sugiura T, Munby M, Shiokura Y, Murata R, Nakamura T, Fujiki J, Iwano H. Relationship between Escherichia coli virulence factors, notably kpsMTII, and symptoms of clinical metritis and endometritis in dairy cows. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:420-428. [PMID: 35082195 PMCID: PMC8983293 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Escherichia coli is a commensal bacterium of the bovine vaginal microbiota, it is an important pathogenic bacterium that causes diseases of the reproductive tract and sub-fertility. Recent studies have focused on virulence factors (VFs) of intrauterine E. coli; however, actual endometrial VFs have not been clearly identified. The purpose of this study was to identify the VFs of E. coli associated with clinical metritis and endometritis. Thirty-two strains of E. coli and four mixed Trueperella pyogenes (TP) strains were detected in the uterus of 19 Holstein dairy cows with obvious clinical signs (between 8 and 66 days postpartum). The presence of six E. coli VFs (fimH, fyuA, kpsMTII, hra1, csgA, and astA) was examined by PCR, and clinical signs and reproductive performance (mixed TP, the percentage of polymorphonuclear neutrophils [PMN%], days to uterine involution, etc.) were evaluated. Four VFs (fimH, hra1, csgA, and astA) were detected in all E. coli strains, whereas fyuA and kpsMTII were detected in 94% and 50% of strains, respectively. Cows with E. coli strains harboring kpsMTII exhibited significantly severe clinical scores (vaginal discharge score, PMN%, uterine involution), suggesting that kpsMTII is a key VF for progression of clinical metritis and endometritis. In the present study, we clearly identified six VFs associated with clinical metritis and endometritis. In addition, E. coli strains with kpsMTII probably play a crucial role in the progression of clinical metritis and endometritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminosuke Yamamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Tomochika Sugiura
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Montgomery Munby
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Yusei Shiokura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Ryo Murata
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Tomohiro Nakamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Jumpei Fujiki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Hidetomo Iwano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
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15
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Tracing the source and route of uterine colonization by exploring the genetic relationship of Escherichia coli isolated from the reproductive and gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows. Vet Microbiol 2022; 266:109355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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16
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Horlock AD, Piersanti RL, Ramirez-Hernandez R, Yu F, Ma Z, Jeong KC, Clift MJD, Block J, Santos JEP, Bromfield JJ, Sheldon IM. Uterine infection alters the transcriptome of the bovine reproductive tract three months later. Reproduction 2021; 160:93-107. [PMID: 32422601 DOI: 10.1530/rep-19-0564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Infection of the postpartum uterus with pathogenic bacteria is associated with infertility months later in dairy cattle. However, it is unclear whether these bacterial infections lead to long-term changes in the reproductive tract that might help explain this infertility. Here we tested the hypothesis that infusion of pathogenic bacteria into the uterus leads to changes in the transcriptome of the reproductive tract 3 months later. We used virgin Holstein heifers to avoid potential confounding effects of periparturient problems, lactation, and negative energy balance. Animals were infused intrauterine with endometrial pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and Trueperella pyogenes (n = 4) and compared with control animals (n = 6). Three months after infusion, caruncular and intercaruncular endometrium, isthmus and ampulla of the oviduct, and granulosa cells from ovarian follicles >8 mm diameter were profiled by RNA sequencing. Bacterial infusion altered the transcriptome of all the tissues when compared with control. Most differentially expressed genes were tissue specific, with 109 differentially expressed genes unique to caruncular endometrium, 57 in intercaruncular endometrium, 65 in isthmus, 298 in ampulla, and 83 in granulosa cells. Surprisingly, despite infusing bacteria into the uterus, granulosa cells had more predicted upstream regulators of differentially expressed genes than all the other tissues combined. In conclusion, there were changes in the transcriptome of the endometrium, oviduct and even granulosa cells, 3 months after intrauterine infusion of pathogenic bacteria. These findings imply that long-term changes throughout the reproductive tract could contribute to infertility after bacterial infections of the uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel L Piersanti
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Fahong Yu
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Zhengxin Ma
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - KwangCheol C Jeong
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Martin J D Clift
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Jeremy Block
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - José E P Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - John J Bromfield
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - I Martin Sheldon
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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17
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Ong CT, Turni C, Blackall PJ, Boe-Hansen G, Hayes BJ, Tabor AE. Interrogating the bovine reproductive tract metagenomes using culture-independent approaches: a systematic review. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:41. [PMID: 34108039 PMCID: PMC8191003 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00106-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Undesirable microbial infiltration into the female bovine reproductive tracts, for example during calving or mating, is likely to disturb the commensal microflora. Persistent establishment and overgrowth of certain pathogens induce reproductive diseases, render the female bovine reproductive tract unfavourable for pregnancy or can result in transmission to the foetus, leading to death and abortion or birth abnormalities. This review of culture-independent metagenomics studies revealed that normal microflora in the female bovine reproductive tract is reasonably consistently dominated by bacteria from the phyla Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, following by Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria and Tenericutes. Reproductive disease development in the female bovine reproductive tract was demonstrated across multiple studies to be associated with high relative abundances of bacteria from the phyla Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria. Reduced bacterial diversity in the reproductive tract microbiome in some studies of cows diagnosed with reproductive diseases also indicated an association between dysbiosis and bovine reproductive health. Nonetheless, the bovine genital tract microbiome remains underexplored, and this is especially true for the male genital tract. Future research should focus on the functional aspects of the bovine reproductive tract microbiomes, for example their contributions to cattle fertility and susceptibility towards reproductive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chian Teng Ong
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
| | - Conny Turni
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
| | - Patrick J. Blackall
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
| | - Gry Boe-Hansen
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland Australia
| | - Ben J. Hayes
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
| | - Ala E. Tabor
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
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18
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Wang H, Yan Z, Wu X, Zhang Y, Wei Y, Zhao X. Using vaginal discharge score (VDS) grading system to evaluate the effect of clinical endometritis on reproductive performance of dairy cows in China. Anim Reprod 2021; 18:e20200228. [PMID: 34122652 PMCID: PMC8189348 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2020-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical endometritis (CE) is a major cause in affecting the reproductive performance of dairy cows. The objectives of this study were to ascertain the prevalence of CE and to evaluate the effect of CE on reproductive performance in dairy cows using vaginal discharge score (VDS) grading system. 803 dairy cows were examined by vaginoscope with 4-point VDS at 26 ± 3 days in milk (DIM) and classified into six groups: non-endometritis with VDS 0 (control; CON), endometritis with VDS 1 (MEM), non-treated endometritis with VDS 2 (NTME), treated endometritis with VDS 2 (TME), non-treated endometritis with VDS 3 (NTPE), and treated endometritis with VDS 3 (TPE). Cows in TME and TPE groups were treated with 200 mL of 50% dextrose solution by intrauterine infusion. The prevalence of CE was 33% at 26 ± 3 DIM. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed cows in MEM, NTME and NTPE groups had a less likelihood of first artificial insemination (AI) pregnancy than those in CON group (P < 0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival curves for days open were statistically different (P = 0.004). In Cox regression model, cows in NTME and NTPE groups had a reduced pregnancy rate than those in CON group (P < 0.05). The hazard of pregnancy in NTME group was lower than that in TME group (P = 0.044). Similarly, it was lower for the hazard of pregnancy in NTPE group than in TPE group (P = 0.048). Cows in MEM, NTME, and NTPE groups required more services per pregnancy than those in CON group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, CE examined by the VDS grading system impaired reproductive performance, and mild endometritis with VDS 1 should be treated in the early postpartum period to ameliorate fertility in dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsheng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zuoting Yan
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yubing Wei
- The Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station of Ganzhou County, Zhangye, China
| | - Xingxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, China
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19
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Tomazi T, Tomazi ACCH, Silva JCC, Bringhenti L, Bravo MLMC, Rodrigues MX, Bicalho RC. Immunization with a novel recombinant protein (YidR) reduced the risk of clinical mastitis caused by Klebsiella spp. and decreased milk losses and culling risk after Escherichia coli infections. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4787-4802. [PMID: 33612238 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the protective efficacy of a novel recombinant subunit vaccine containing the protein YidR (rYidR) against clinical mastitis (CM) caused by Klebsiella spp. and Escherichia coli. Given that E. coli infection is known to cause metritis, we also evaluated the effect of rYidR vaccination on the incidence of metritis and conception at the first artificial insemination. Retained placenta and abortion incidence, milk production and composition, and serological responses to specific antigens were also evaluated. In total, 3,107 cows were blocked by parity and randomly allocated into 1 of 3 treatment groups: experimental recombinant subunit vaccine containing the YidR protein (rYidR); commercial vaccine composed of Klebsiella pneumoniae siderophore receptors and porin protein (Kleb-SRP; KlebVax, Epitopix, Willmar, MN); and sterile water adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide (20%; placebo). Vaccinations were performed at the dry-off for cows, and at 223 ± 3 d of pregnancy for pre-fresh heifers. A second administration was given at 21 ± 3 d after the first injection. Vaccination with rYidR significantly reduced the incidence of CM caused by Klebsiella spp. (3.2%) when compared with the placebo (5.1%) group. No difference was observed on risk of Klebsiella CM between Kleb-SRP (5.9%) and placebo groups. Cows in the rYidR group that experienced E. coli CM had a lower risk of death or culling (12.5%) compared with the Kleb-SRP (27.6%) and placebo groups (27.8%). Furthermore, among cows that developed E. coli CM, rYidR-immunized cows produced more milk than did cows in the placebo and Kleb-SRP groups. Regardless of CM occurrence, rYidR-immunized cows tended to have higher milk production up to the eighth month of lactation than cows in the other groups. No significant effect of treatment was observed on the overall incidence of abortion and metritis; however, the risk of retained placenta tended to be lower for the rYidR group (4.7%) compared with the placebo group (6.7%). In addition, primiparous cows in the rYidR group had the highest conception risk at the first artificial insemination (48.3%) compared with the placebo (39.5%) group, and no significant difference was observed when the Kleb-SRP (40.1%) group was compared with the placebo group. Generally, higher antibody serum titers (IgM and IgG) were observed for the immunized groups compared with the placebo. In conclusion, the rYidR vaccine reduced the risk of CM caused by Klebsiella spp. and the mortality or culling of cows with E. coli infections. Other benefits of the novel vaccine include maintenance of milk production after CM caused by E. coli, and higher conception risk at the first service in primiparous cows compared with cows in the placebo and Kleb-SRP groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tomazi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - A C C H Tomazi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - J C C Silva
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - L Bringhenti
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - M L M C Bravo
- Departamento de Agroindústria, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil 13418-900; Escuela Ingeniería Agroindustrial, Faculdad Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Chota, Chota, Cajamarca, Peru 06121
| | - M X Rodrigues
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - R C Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401.
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20
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Insights on the genetic features of endometrial pathogenic Escherichia coli strains from pyometra in companion animals: Improving the knowledge about pathogenesis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 85:104453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Raheel IAER, Hassan WH, Salem SSR, Salam HSH. Biofilm forming potentiality of Escherichia coli isolated from bovine endometritis and their antibiotic resistance profiles. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7:442-451. [PMID: 33005670 PMCID: PMC7521812 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2020.g440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to determine the biofilm-forming capability and antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli recovered from bovine endometritis samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 120 uterine specimens were collected from cows suffering from endometritis for bacteriological examination. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out for all isolated E. coli by using the disc diffusion method. The isolates were phenotypically studied for biofilm-forming ability by cultivation on yeast extract -casamino acids Congo red agar (CRA). Some randomly selected isolates were chosen for the molecular identification of some virulence and resistance genes. RESULTS A total of 58(48.3%) E. coli isolates could be isolated from the 120 samples. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing exhibited that 91.4%, 79.3%, 79.3%, 74.1%, and 58.6% of the isolates were sensitive to gentamicin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, cephalexin, and sulfamethoxazole- trimethoprim, respectively. On the other hand, 91.4% and 70.7% isolates were resistant to cefotaxime and doxycycline, respectively. Cultivation on CRA revealed that 46.6% of isolates were biofilm producers. The molecular detection of resistance and virulence genes declared that all isolates harbored bla TEM, sul1, tetA, qnrS, bla CTX-M , and fimH with a percentage of 100%, papC (40%), and hlyA (10%). FimH was the most prevalent biofilm-associated gene. CONCLUSION The present study highlights the high prevalence of multi-drug- resistant E. coli associated with bovine endometritis. The detection of the fimH gene is circumstantial evidenced that this gene has a crucial role in biofilm formation in intrauterine pathogenic E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walid Hamdy Hassan
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Shaaban Salem Radwan Salem
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Hala Sayed Hassan Salam
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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22
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de Oliveira EB, Cunha F, Daetz R, Figueiredo CC, Chebel RC, Santos JE, Risco CA, Jeong KC, Machado VS, Galvão KN. Using chitosan microparticles to treat metritis in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:7377-7391. [PMID: 32505402 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of intrauterine administration of chitosan microparticles (CM) in curing metritis in dairy cows. A secondary objective was to evaluate the effects of metritis treatments on milk yield, survival, and reproductive performance. Cows with a fetid, watery, red-brownish vaginal discharge were diagnosed with metritis. Holstein cows (n = 826) with metritis from 3 dairies located in northern Florida were blocked by parity (primiparous or multiparous) and, within each block, randomly assigned to one of 3 treatments: CM (n = 276) = intrauterine infusion of 24 g of CM dissolved in 40 mL of sterile distilled water at the time of metritis diagnosis (d 0), 2 (d 2), and 4 (d 4) d later; ceftiofur (CEF; n = 275) = subcutaneous injection of 6.6 mg/kg ceftiofur crystalline-free acid in the base of the ear at d 0 and d 3; Control (CON; n = 275) = no treatment applied at metritis diagnosis. All groups could receive escape therapy if condition worsened. Cure was considered when vaginal discharge became mucoid and not fetid. A group of nonmetritic (NMET; n = 2,436) cows was used for comparison. Data were analyzed by generalized linear mixed and Cox's proportional hazard models. Cows in CM and CON had lesser risk of metritis cure on d 12 than cows in CEF (58.6 ± 5.0 vs. 61.9 ± 4.9% vs. 77.9 ± 3.9, respectively). The proportion of cows culled within 60 days in milk (DIM) was greater for cows in CM than for cows in CEF and CON (21.5 ± 2.7 vs. 9.7 ± 1.9 vs. 11.3 ± 2.0%, respectively). Treatment did not affect rectal temperature or plasma nonesterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, and haptoglobin concentrations. Milk yield in the first 60 DIM differed for all treatments, and it was lowest for CM (35.8 ± 0.3 kg/d), followed by CON (36.8 ± 0.3 kg/d) and CEF (37.9 ± 0.3 kg/d). The hazard of pregnancy up to 300 DIM was lesser for CM than CEF (hazard ratio = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.50-0.76), for CM than CON (hazard ratio = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.62-0.95) and for CON than CEF (hazard ratio = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.65-0.99). Culling was greater, and milk yield and fertility were lesser for CEF than NMET. In summary, CM did not improve the cure of metritis, and was detrimental to milk yield, survival, and fertility compared with CON. In contrast, CEF increased the cure of metritis, milk yield, and fertility compared with CM and CON. Finally, the negative effects of metritis on milk yield culling and fertility could not be completely reversed by CEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B de Oliveira
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - F Cunha
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - R Daetz
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - C C Figueiredo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - R C Chebel
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - J E Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610; D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - C A Risco
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - K C Jeong
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - V S Machado
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
| | - K N Galvão
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610; D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610.
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23
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Meira EBS, Ellington-Lawrence RD, Silva JCC, Higgins CH, Linwood R, Rodrigues MX, Bringhenti L, Korzec H, Yang Y, Zinicola M, Bicalho RC. Recombinant protein subunit vaccine reduces puerperal metritis incidence and modulates the genital tract microbiome. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:7364-7376. [PMID: 32505392 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 3 vaccine formulations containing proteins (FimH, leukotoxin, and pyolysin), inactivated whole cells (Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and Trueperella pyogenes), or both, in the prevention of postpartum uterine diseases. A randomized clinical trial was conducted at a commercial dairy farm; 800 heifers were assigned into 1 of 4 different treatment groups: control, vaccine 1 (bacterin and subunit proteins), vaccine 2 (bacterin), and vaccine 3 (recombinant subunit proteins), and each heifer received a subcutaneous injection of its respective treatment at 240 ± 3 and 270 ± 3 d of gestation. Vaccination significantly reduced the incidence of puerperal metritis when compared with control (9.1% vs. 14.9%, respectively; odds ratio 0.51). Additionally, vaccine 3 was found to reduce the incidence of puerperal metritis when compared with the control (8.0% vs. 14.9%, respectively; odds ratio 0.46). Reproduction was improved for metritic cows that were vaccinated, and the effect was stronger for cows that were treated with vaccine 3. In general, vaccination decreased the total vaginal bacterial load and decreased the vaginal load of F. necrophorum by 9 d in milk. Vaccination reduced the prevalence of puerperal metritis in the first lactation of dairy cows, leading to less metritic disease and improved reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B S Meira
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - R D Ellington-Lawrence
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - J C C Silva
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - C H Higgins
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - R Linwood
- Merck Animal Health, De Soto, KS 66018
| | - M X Rodrigues
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - L Bringhenti
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - H Korzec
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - Y Yang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - M Zinicola
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - R C Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401.
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24
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Gonzalez Moreno C, Torres Luque A, Oliszewski R, Rosa RJ, Otero MC. Characterization of native Escherichia coli populations from bovine vagina of healthy heifers and cows with postpartum uterine disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228294. [PMID: 32479536 PMCID: PMC7263596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though Escherichia coli are common bacteria of the bovine vaginal microbiota, they represent an important pathogen that causes diseases in the reproductive tract and subfertility. However, the actual endometrial virulence profile of E. coli is poorly understood. The present study aims to characterize the phylogenetic structure and virulence potential of native vaginal populations of E. coli from healthy heifers (H), and cows with postpartum uterine diseases (PUD), such as metritis/endometritis (MT) or repeat breeder cows (RB). To this end, the virulence repertoire of 97 E. coli isolates was genotypically and phenotypically assessed. Most of them were assigned to phylogenetic group A (74%), followed by B1 (17%) and D (9%); RB strains were significantly (p < 0.05) more represented by B1. Seven of the 15 evaluated virulence genes (VFG) were detected and the most prevalent were fimH (87%), agn43 (41%) and csgA (35%); while traT (27%), fyuA (11%), hlyA (5%) and kpsMT II (5%) were observed in a lower proportion. Particularly, fyuA was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in MT cows whereas csgA showed the same behavior in PUD animals (p < 0.05). When comparing H and PUD strains, these last ones were associated to positive expression of biofilm, fimbriae curli/cellulose and motility; yet RB strains did not show motility. Vaginal B1 E. coli populations, that possess VFG (fyuA and csgA) as well as the expression of motility, curli fimbriae/cellulose and biofilm, may represent risk factors for endometrial disorders; specifically, those that also, have kpsMT II may have a pathogenic potential for causing the RB syndrome. Future research focusing on the detection of these strains in the vaginal microbiota of cows with postpartum uterine diseases should be done since the control of their presence in vagina could reduce the risk that they access the uterus during the postpartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candelaria Gonzalez Moreno
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
- Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, El Manantial, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Andrea Torres Luque
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Rubén Oliszewski
- Laboratorio de Calidad de Lácteos (LaCaLac), Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), El Manantial, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Ramiro J. Rosa
- Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, El Manantial, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María C. Otero
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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25
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Machado VS, Silva TH. Adaptive immunity in the postpartum uterus: Potential use of vaccines to control metritis. Theriogenology 2020; 150:201-209. [PMID: 31983466 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
After parturition, dairy cows rely on an effective innate immune response, through the actions of neutrophils, macrophages, and antimicrobial peptides, to clear the uterus from pathogenic bacteria, such as E. coli, Bacteroides spp, F. necrophorum and T. pyogenes. However, the role of adaptive immunity in the postpartum uterus is less understood. In this review, we explore concepts of mucosal adaptive immunity and discuss recent findings regarding the efficacy of vaccines to reduce metritis in dairy cows. Areas of lymphocytic aggregates are seen throughout the bovine reproductive tract after parturition, but it is unknown if their development is influenced by previous exposure to pathogens or other intrinsic factors. Through the actions of Treg cells and γδ T cells, the uterus is an immune-tolerant environment during pregnancy. After parturition, the dynamics in the endometrial and circulating lymphocytic populations differ among cows that develop uterine diseases and healthy counterparts. However, the functionality of those cells has not yet been determined. It has been hypothesized that cows that fail to switch their uterine environment from an anti-inflammatory state prior to parturition to a pro-inflammatory state after calving are more susceptible to uterine infections. Given the nature of metritis related pathogens and the importance of innate immunity to uterine defense mechanisms, we speculate that an adaptive immunity biased towards a Th1/Th17 cellular response will provide best protection against uterine infections. Few studies have evaluated the efficacy of immunization in reducing the incidence of metritis in dairy cows revealing inconsistent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Machado
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, United States.
| | - T H Silva
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, United States; Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
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26
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Sheldon IM, Molinari PCC, Ormsby TJR, Bromfield JJ. Preventing postpartum uterine disease in dairy cattle depends on avoiding, tolerating and resisting pathogenic bacteria. Theriogenology 2020; 150:158-165. [PMID: 31973964 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Up to forty percent of dairy cows develop metritis or endometritis when pathogenic bacteria infect the uterus after parturition. However, resilient cows remain healthy even when exposed to the same pathogens. Here, we provide a perspective on the mechanisms that dairy cows use to prevent postpartum uterine disease. We suggest that resilient cows prevent the development of uterine disease using the three complementary defensive strategies of avoiding, tolerating and resisting infection with pathogenic bacteria. Avoidance maintains health by limiting the exposure to pathogens. Avoidance mechanisms include intrinsic behaviors to reduce the risk of infection by avoiding pathogens or infected animals, perhaps signaled by the fetid odor of uterine disease. Tolerance improves health by limiting the tissue damage caused by the pathogens. Tolerance mechanisms include neutralizing bacterial toxins, protecting cells against damage, enhancing tissue repair, and reprogramming metabolism. Resistance improves health by limiting the pathogen burden. Resistance mechanisms include inflammation driven by innate immunity and adaptive immunity, with the aim of killing and eliminating pathogenic bacteria. Farmers can also help cows prevent the development of postpartum uterine disease by avoiding trauma to the genital tract, reducing stress, and feeding animals appropriately during the transition period. Understanding the mechanisms of avoidance, tolerance and resistance to pathogens will inform strategies to generate resilient animals and prevent uterine disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Martin Sheldon
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom.
| | - Paula C C Molinari
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0910, United States
| | - Thomas J R Ormsby
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - John J Bromfield
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0910, United States
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27
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Gomez DE, Galvão KN, Rodriguez-Lecompte JC, Costa MC. The Cattle Microbiota and the Immune System: An Evolving Field. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2019; 35:485-505. [PMID: 31590899 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
New insights into the host-microbiota relationship have recently emerged with the advancement of molecular technologies such as next-generation sequencing. This article presents the current knowledge regarding the interaction between bacteria and the immune system of the gut, the uterus, and the mammary gland of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego E Gomez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Klibs N Galvão
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Juan C Rodriguez-Lecompte
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Marcio C Costa
- Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 2M2, Canada
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28
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Galvão KN, Bicalho RC, Jeon SJ. Symposium review: The uterine microbiome associated with the development of uterine disease in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:11786-11797. [PMID: 31587913 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Until 2010, our knowledge of the uterine microbiome in cows that developed uterine disease relied almost exclusively on culture-dependent studies and mostly included cows with clinical endometritis (i.e., with purulent uterine discharge). Those studies consistently found a strong positive correlation between Trueperella pyogenes and clinical endometritis, whereas other pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Prevotella melaninogenica, and Bacteroides spp. were also commonly cocultured. In contrast, Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Bacillus spp. were usually isolated from healthy cows. Starting in 2010, culture-independent studies using PCR explored the microbiome of cows with metritis and clinical endometritis, and observed that E. coli was a pioneer pathogen that predisposed cows to infection with F. necrophorum, which was strongly associated with metritis, and to infection with T. pyogenes, which was strongly associated with clinical endometritis. Starting in 2011, culture-independent studies using metagenomic sequencing expanded our knowledge of the uterine microbiome. It has been shown that cows have bacteria in the uterus even before calving, they have an established uterine microbiome within 20 min of calving, and that the microbiome structure is identical between cows that develop metritis and healthy cows until 2 d postpartum, after which the bacterial structure of cows that developed metritis deviates in favor of greater relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria and lesser relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Tenericutes. The shift in the uterine microbiome in cows that develop metritis is characterized by a loss of heterogeneity and a decrease in bacterial richness. At the genus level, Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, and Fusobacterium have the strongest association with metritis. At the species level, we observed that Bacteroides pyogenes, Porphyromonas levii, and Helcococcus ovis were potential emerging uterine pathogens. Finally, we have shown that the hematogenous route is a viable route of uterine infection with uterine pathogens. Herein, we propose that metritis is associated with a dysbiosis of the uterine microbiota characterized by decreased richness, and an increase in Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria, particularly Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, and Fusobacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klibs N Galvão
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610; D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610.
| | - Rodrigo C Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Soo Jin Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY 11548
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29
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Praderio RG, García Mitacek MC, Núñez Favre R, Rearte R, de la Sota RL, Stornelli MA. Uterine endometrial cytology, biopsy, bacteriology, and serum C-reactive protein in clinically healthy diestrus bitches. Theriogenology 2019; 131:153-161. [PMID: 30974392 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to assess the agreement between endometrial cytology and uterine biopsy for the diagnosis of endometritis (END), the bacterial populations isolated from the vagina and uterus of bitches having END, and the measurement of C- reactive protein as a diagnostic tool for diagnosis of END in clinically healthy bitches. Fifty privately-owned intact, clinically healthy bitches, in diestrus, without a history of progestin administration, aged between 8 months and 6 years old and weighing between 5 and 28 kg were used in this study. Bitches were included in a program for breeding control at a municipal pet public shelter. Before ovariohysterectomy (OVX) samples for vaginal cytology and bacteriology, and blood samples were taken. After OVX endometrial cytology, bacteriological samples and biopsy were collected. Histologic examination was performed to confirm the uterine condition. Blood samples were centrifuged and stored at -20 °C until progesterone (P4) and C-reactive protein was measured. Samples for bacteriological culture were collected, and swabs were placed into Stuart's transport medium and transported to the laboratory. On histopathologic examination, the most common observation was END (27/50), followed by normal endometrium (NE; 18/50), cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH; 2/50), atrophy (2/50) and fibrosis with degeneration of the endometrial glands (1/50). Low degree of agreement was observed between results obtained by endometrial cytology samples and results obtained by biopsy in endometrial diagnosis (Kappa Coefficient: -0.19). In vaginal samples, β-hemolytic Streptococcus, Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Proteus spp., Corynebacterium spp., and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the bacteria most often found. In uterine samples, only four samples from END showed bacterial grow. C-reactive protein frequency was higher in END (6/23, 23%) vs NE (0/16, 0%; Van der Waerden P-value = 0,0302). Our results support the hypothesis that END is a frequent finding in uterine biopsy and could be associated with subfertility and infertility in the bitch. A low degree of agreement was observed between the diagnostic results from the uterine biopsy and endometrial cytology. Bacteriology would not be recommended as a diagnostic tool because no bacteria highly associated with uterine diseases were isolated from bitches with END. Finally, the usefulness of C-reactive protein concentration as a marker for END in bitches could not be conclusively demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Praderio
- Cátedra y Servicio de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCV-UNLP), Calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2290, CABA, Argentina
| | - M C García Mitacek
- Cátedra y Servicio de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCV-UNLP), Calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2290, CABA, Argentina
| | - R Núñez Favre
- Cátedra y Servicio de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCV-UNLP), Calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2290, CABA, Argentina
| | - R Rearte
- Cátedra y Servicio de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCV-UNLP), Calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2290, CABA, Argentina
| | - R L de la Sota
- Cátedra y Servicio de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCV-UNLP), Calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2290, CABA, Argentina
| | - M A Stornelli
- Cátedra y Servicio de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCV-UNLP), Calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Argentina.
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30
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Galvão KN, Higgins CH, Zinicola M, Jeon SJ, Korzec H, Bicalho RC. Effect of pegbovigrastim administration on the microbiome found in the vagina of cows postpartum. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3439-3451. [PMID: 30799104 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pegbovigrastim (PEG) treatment of peripartum Holstein cows on the microbiome found in the vagina postpartum using sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. A subset of cows was randomly sampled from a larger study where cows had been randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: pegbovigrastim (PEG) or untreated control (CTR). The PEG-treated cows received a subcutaneous injection containing 15 mg of pegbovigrastim 7 d before expected calving and a second injection within 24 h of calving. Vaginal samples from 97 PEG-treated and 98 CTR cows were collected at calving, 7 ± 3, and 35 ± 3 d in milk (0, 7, and 35 DIM). Metritis was diagnosed at 7 ± 3 DIM and purulent vaginal discharge (PVD) at 35 ± 3 DIM. The PEG treatment did not alter the vaginal microbiome. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) showed that metritic cows had a dissimilar vaginal microbiome compared with cows that did not develop metritis, particularly at 7 but also at 35 DIM. This difference was characterized by higher relative abundance of Porphyromonas and Bacteroides and a lower relative abundance of Ureaplasma, Ruminococcaceae, and Clostridiales at 7 DIM, and a higher relative abundance of Ureaplasma and a lower relative abundance of Pasteurellaceae at 35 DIM. Based on PCoA, we observed that cows that developed PVD had a dissimilar vaginal microbiome compared with cows that did not develop PVD, particularly at 35 DIM but also at 7 DIM. This difference was characterized by a higher relative abundance of Bacteroides at 7 DIM and higher relative abundance of Fusobacterium and Bacteroides at 35 DIM. Cows that developed metritis and PVD also had higher relative abundance of Fusobacterium and Bacteroides at 0 DIM. Furthermore, the Chao1 and Shannon indices were decreased in metritic cows at 7 DIM and in PVD cows at 7 and 35 DIM. In summary, PEG treatment had no effect on the vaginal microbiome, and uterine disease was associated with major changes in the microbiome found in the vagina postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Galvão
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences and D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - C H Higgins
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - M Zinicola
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - S J Jeon
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences and D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - H Korzec
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - R C Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401.
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31
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de Cássia Bicudo L, Oba E, Bicudo SD, da Silva Leite D, Siqueira AK, de Souza Monobe MM, Nogueira M, de Figueiredo Pantoja JC, Listoni FJP, Ribeiro MG. Virulence factors and phylogenetic group profile of uterine Escherichia coli in early postpartum of high-producing dairy cows. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an17729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is the most common contaminant of the bovine uterus in the first few weeks postpartum, and one of the most important pathogens involved in uterine infections. This bacterium is characterised by diverse virulence factors (VF); however, the profile of E. coli VF in physiologic postpartum uterine contamination is not well established. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of intrauterine bacteria, a set of virulence factors and phylogroups of E. coli isolates, leukogram and uterine cytology in 75 Holstein cows at 24 h (Sampling time 1) and 14 days (Sampling time 2) postpartum. Escherichia coli, α-haemolytic Streptococcus, Trueperella pyogenes, and Pasteurella multocida were the most common microorganisms isolated in pure culture, whereas E. coli and Clostridium perfringens Type A, E. coli and α-haemolytic Streptococcus, and E. coli and Proteus mirabilis were the most frequent microorganisms in mixed colonies at both studied sampling times. In the 59 E. coli isolates after 24 h (n = 35) and 14 days (n = 24) postpartum, the genes detected for VF were fimH, iucD/aer, kps, hlyA, usp, vt1 and vt2. Most E. coli strains detected in both moments of study belonged to Commensal phylogenetic groups A and B1, whereas Pathogenic groups D and B2 were identified at 24 h and 14 days postpartum respectively. All cows presented suitable immune response against the presence of bacteria in uterine lumen, observed by leukocytosis, neutrophilia, lymphocytosis and monocytosis at leukogram and a high number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in uterine cytology, in both studied moments. Thus, a complex diversity of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria is involved in uterine contamination in the early postpartum of cows, besides the predominance of E. coli. Moreover, the genes fimH, iucD/aer, hlyA, kps, usp, vt1 and vt2 play a key role in the virulence of E. coli in this period.
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Ma Z, Ginn A, Kang M, Galvão KN, Jeong KC. Genomic and Virulence Characterization of Intrauterine Pathogenic Escherichia coli With Multi-Drug Resistance Isolated From Cow Uteri With Metritis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3137. [PMID: 30619205 PMCID: PMC6304347 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Metritis is a major disease in dairy cows causing animal death, decrease of birth rate, milk production, and economic loss. Antibiotic treatment is generally used to treat such disease but has a high failure rate of 23–35%. The reason for the treatment failure remains unclear, although antibiotic resistance is postulated as one of factors. Our study investigated the prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria in uterine samples of cows with metritis and characterized the isolated intrauterine pathogenic Escherichia coli (IUPEC) strains using whole genome sequencing. We found that the cows with metritis we examined had a high percentage of ESBL producing IUPEC with multi-drug resistance including ceftiofur which is commonly used for metritis treatment. The ESBL producing IUPEC strains harbored versatile antibiotic resistance genes conferring resistance against 29 antibiotic classes, suggesting that transmission of these bacteria to other animals and humans may lead to antibiotic treatment failure. Furthermore, these strains had strong adhesion and invasion activity, along with critical virulence factors, indicating that they may cause infectious diseases in not only the uterus, but also in other organs and hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxin Ma
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Amber Ginn
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Minyoung Kang
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Klibs N Galvão
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Kwangcheol Casey Jeong
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Sheldon IM, Cronin JG, Bromfield JJ. Tolerance and Innate Immunity Shape the Development of Postpartum Uterine Disease and the Impact of Endometritis in Dairy Cattle. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2018; 7:361-384. [PMID: 30359085 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria are ubiquitous in the bovine uterus after parturition, but 50 years ago, cows tolerated these bacteria and few animals developed uterine disease. Now, up to 40% of dairy cattle develop postpartum uterine disease. Uterine disease causes infertility by compromising the function of not only the endometrium but also the ovary. Animals defend themselves against pathogens using tolerance and resistance mechanisms. Tolerance is the ability to limit the disease severity induced by a given pathogen burden. Resistance is the ability to limit the pathogen burden and is usually the function of immunity. Endometrial cells contribute to tolerance and have roles in innate immunity and the inflammatory response to pathogens. However, failures in endometrial tolerance and the character of the inflammatory response shape postpartum uterine disease. We propose that uterine health is more dependent on the ability of the endometrium to tolerate pathogens than the ability to resist invading bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Martin Sheldon
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom; ,
| | - James G Cronin
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom; ,
| | - John J Bromfield
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0910, USA;
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Brodzki P, Lisiecka U, Brodzki A, Pyz-Łukasik R, Krakowski L. Phagocytic and oxidative burst activity of phagocytic cells in peripheral blood and uterine washings in cows with clinical endometritis before and after intrauterine use of cephapirin and methisoprinol. Anim Sci J 2018; 89:1389-1397. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Brodzki
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Life Sciences in Lublin; Lublin Poland
| | - Urszula Lisiecka
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infections Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Life Sciences in Lublin; Lublin Poland
| | - Adam Brodzki
- Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Life Sciences in Lublin; Lublin Poland
| | - Renata Pyz-Łukasik
- Department of Food Hygiene of Animal Origin; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Life Sciences in Lublin; Lublin Poland
| | - Leszek Krakowski
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Life Sciences in Lublin; Lublin Poland
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35
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Ashrafi Tamai I, Mohammadzadeh A, Zahraei Salehi T, Mahmoodi P. Genomic characterisation, detection of genes encoding virulence factors and evaluation of antibiotic resistance of Trueperella pyogenes isolated from cattle with clinical metritis. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 111:2441-2453. [PMID: 30066209 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Trueperella pyogenes is one of the most important microorganisms causing metritis in post-partum cattle. Co-infection with other bacterial species such as Escherichia coli or Fusobacterium necrofurom increases the severity of the disease and the persistence of bacteria in utero. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of T. pyogenes strains, and their virulence and antimicrobial resistant profiles in metritis cases. The study was carried out on 200 samples obtained from metritis discharges of postpartum cattle on 18 farms around Tehran, Iran. Sixty-five T. pyogenes isolates (32.5%) were identified, of which 16 isolates were detected as pure cultures and the other 49 isolates from cultures most commonly mixed with E. coli or F. necrofurom. In terms of diversity in biochemical characteristic of T. pyogenes strains, 8 different biotypes were identified among the isolates. Single or multi antimicrobial resistance was observed in 48 isolates (73.9%), which was mostly against trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, azithromycin, erythromycin and streptomycin. The tetracycline resistance gene tetW and macrolide resistance genes ermB and ermX were detected in 30, 18 and 25 isolates, respectively. In the screening of genes encoding virulence factors, fimA and plo genes were identified in all tested isolates. Genes encoding nanP, nanH, fimC, fimG, fimE and cbpA were detected in 50, 54, 45, 40, 50 and 37 of isolates, respectively. Thirteen different genotypes were observed in these T. pyogenes isolates. A significant association between clonal types and virulence factor genes, biochemical profile, CAMP test result, severity of the disease and sampling time was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iradj Ashrafi Tamai
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
| | - Taghi Zahraei Salehi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pezhman Mahmoodi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
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36
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Cunha F, Jeon SJ, Daetz R, Vieira-Neto A, Laporta J, Jeong KC, Barbet AF, Risco CA, Galvão KN. Quantifying known and emerging uterine pathogens, and evaluating their association with metritis and fever in dairy cows. Theriogenology 2018; 114:25-33. [PMID: 29574306 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metritis is caused by polymicrobial infection; however, recent metagenomic work challenges the importance of known pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Trueperella pyogenes while identifying potential new pathogens such as Bacteroides pyogenes, Porphyromonas levii and Helcococcus ovis. This study aims to quantify known and emerging uterine pathogens, and to evaluate their association with metritis and fever in dairy cows. Metritis was diagnosed at 6 ± 2 days postpartum, a uterine swab was collected and rectal temperature was measured. 39 cows were classified into three groups: Healthy (n = 14), Metritis without fever (MNoFever; n = 12), and Metritis with fever (MFever; n = 13). Absolute copy number was determined for total bacteria and for 8 potentially pathogenic bacteria using droplet digital PCR. Both MNoFever and MFever cows had higher copy number of total bacteria, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Prevotella melaninogenica, Bacteroides pyogenes, Porphyromonas levii, and Helcococcus ovis than Healthy cows. MNoFever and MFever groups were similar. There was no difference among groups in copy number of Escherichia coli, Trueperella pyogenes, and Bacteroides heparinolyticus, and they all had low copy numbers. Our work confirms the importance of some bacteria identified by culture-based studies in the pathogenesis of metritis such as Fusobacterium necrophorum and Prevotella melaninogenica; however, it challenges the importance of others such as Escherichia coli and Trueperella pyogenes at the time of metritis diagnosis. Additionally, Bacteroides pyogenes, Porphyromonas levii, and Helcococcus ovis were recognized as emerging pathogens involved in the etiology of metritis. Furthermore, fever was not associated with the total bacterial load or specific bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Cunha
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Soo Jin Jeon
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rodolfo Daetz
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Achilles Vieira-Neto
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jimena Laporta
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - K Casey Jeong
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anthony F Barbet
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Carlos A Risco
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Klibs N Galvão
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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37
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Zhang D, Zhang Z, Huang C, Gao X, Wang Z, Liu Y, Tian C, Hong W, Niu S, Liu M. The phylogenetic group, antimicrobial susceptibility, and virulence genes of Escherichia coli from clinical bovine mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:572-580. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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38
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Dadarwal D, Palmer C, Griebel P. Mucosal immunity of the postpartum bovine genital tract. Theriogenology 2017; 104:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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39
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Vidal S, Kegler K, Posthaus H, Perreten V, Rodriguez-Campos S. Amplicon sequencing of bacterial microbiota in abortion material from cattle. Vet Res 2017; 48:64. [PMID: 29017611 PMCID: PMC5633877 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Abortions in cattle have a significant economic impact on animal husbandry and require prompt diagnosis for surveillance of epizootic infectious agents. Since most abortions are not epizootic but sporadic with often undetected etiologies, this study examined the bacterial community present in the placenta (PL, n = 32) and fetal abomasal content (AC, n = 49) in 64 cases of bovine abortion by next generation sequencing (NGS) of the 16S rRNA gene. The PL and AC from three fetuses of dams that died from non-infectious reasons were included as controls. All samples were analyzed by bacterial culture, and 17 were examined by histopathology. We observed 922 OTUs overall and 267 taxa at the genus level. No detectable bacterial DNA was present in the control samples. The microbial profiles of the PL and AC differed significantly, both in their composition (PERMANOVA), species richness and Chao-1 (Mann-Whitney test). In both organs, Pseudomonas was the most abundant genus. The combination of NGS and culture identified opportunistic pathogens of interest in placentas with lesions, such as Vibrio metschnikovii, Streptococcus uberis, Lactococcus lactis and Escherichia coli. In placentas with lesions where culturing was unsuccessful, Pseudomonas and unidentified Aeromonadaceae were identified by NGS displaying high number of reads. Three cases with multiple possible etiologies and placentas presenting lesions were detected by NGS. Amplicon sequencing has the potential to uncover unknown etiological agents. These new insights on cattle abortion extend our focus to previously understudied opportunistic abortive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Vidal
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kristel Kegler
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Horst Posthaus
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Perreten
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Rodriguez-Campos
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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40
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Freick M, Kunze A, Passarge O, Weber J, Geidel S. Metritis vaccination in Holstein dairy heifers using a herd-specific multivalent vaccine – Effects on uterine health and fertility in first lactation. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 184:160-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Bicalho M, Lima S, Higgins C, Machado V, Lima F, Bicalho R. Genetic and functional analysis of the bovine uterine microbiota. Part II: Purulent vaginal discharge versus healthy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:3863-3874. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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42
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Haimerl P, Arlt S, Borchardt S, Heuwieser W. Antibiotic treatment of metritis in dairy cows-A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:3783-3795. [PMID: 28365115 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this meta-analysis was to assess the efficacy of the treatment of bovine metritis with common antibiotic and nonantibiotic treatment options. Acute puerperal metritis, a systemic and potentially painful illness with rectal temperature >39.5°C and signs of toxemia due to an infection of the uterus, occurs within 21 d after parturition. Because of the infectious nature, antibiotics are considered beneficial for the treatment of acute puerperal metritis. Each use of an antimicrobial drug, however, is associated with selective pressure for eventual emergence of resistant bacteria. The 23 trials evaluated in the course of a previously conducted systematic review were the basis for meta-analytic investigations. Selected trials were screened regarding their eligibility for the following investigations: (1) comparison of different antibiotic treatments with respect to metritis prevalence at time of re-examination, (2) efficacy of ceftiofur treatment with respect to metritis prevalence at time of re-examination, (3) comparison of efficacy of antibiotic versus nonantibiotic drugs with respect to metritis prevalence at time of re-examination, and (4) equivalence assessment of treatment effects on reproductive performance measures. Where at least 3 trials had investigated the same outcome variable and met the inclusion criteria (inclusion of a control or reference group diagnosed with metritis; reporting means and standard deviation in case of continuous data), meta-analytic investigations were carried out. Due to a shortage of comparable studies, we could not conduct investigations (1) and (3). Ceftiofur treatment of 828 metritic cows was associated with a decrease in the prevalence of metritis following treatment in comparison to 804 untreated cows. In conclusion, meta-analytic investigations uncovered a need for more high-quality studies. Furthermore, a positive effect of the most commonly used antibiotic drug, ceftiofur, for the treatment of bovine metritis could be shown. A comparison with other antibiotic or nonantibiotic treatment options could not be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Haimerl
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14163, Germany
| | - S Arlt
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14163, Germany
| | - S Borchardt
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14163, Germany
| | - W Heuwieser
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14163, Germany.
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43
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Draft Genome Sequences of Escherichia coli Strains Isolated at Calving from the Uterus, Vagina, Vulva, and Rectoanal Junction of a Dairy Cow That Later Developed Metritis. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/11/e01511-16. [PMID: 28302783 PMCID: PMC5356060 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01511-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is involved in the pathogenicity of metritis in cows. We report here the genome sequences of E. coli strains isolated at calving from the uterus, vagina, vulva, and rectoanal junction of a dairy cow that later developed metritis. The genomic similarities will give an insight into phylogenetic relationships among strains.
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44
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Bicalho MLS, Machado VS, Higgins CH, Lima FS, Bicalho RC. Genetic and functional analysis of the bovine uterine microbiota. Part I: Metritis versus healthy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:3850-3862. [PMID: 28259404 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metritis is a uterine disease that affects 10 to 30% of all lactating dairy cows and has detrimental effects on reproductive performance, milk production, and survival. Data regarding the identity and abundance of bacterial genes governing traits such as virulence, antibiotic resistance, and stress responses could enable identification of previously unknown agents that play a role in metritis pathogenesis. Moreover, such knowledge could lead to the development of improved treatments or preventive methods. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to characterize the uterine microbial population and to differentiate, for the first time, the microbial functional diversity in cows with metritis versus healthy cows. In addition, we aimed to identify relationships between microbial genes and postpartum uterine health. Uterine swabs were collected from 24 cows within 3 to 12 d in milk; 12 cows were diagnosed with metritis and the other 12 were healthy. Metritis was defined as a watery, reddish or brownish uterine discharge having a fetid smell, and rectal temperature greater than 39.5°C. Cows with a clear and viscous uterine discharge, not fetid or mucopurulent, were classified as healthy. Microbial metagenomic DNA from uterine swab samples was subjected to whole-genome shotgun sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA). The MG-RAST server (metagenomic rapid annotations using subsystems technology; http://metagenomics.anl.gov/) and STAMP software (http://kiwi.cs.dal.ca/Software/STAMP) were used to detect statistically significant differences in the abundance of taxonomic and functional features between the uterine microbial metagenomes of metritic and healthy cows. Our results showed an increased abundance of Fusobacteria and Bacteroidetes in metritic cows, confirming the potential role of those 2 taxa in the pathogenesis of metritis. The MG-RAST analysis revealed a significantly higher abundance of genes for protein transport across the cytoplasmic membrane and type VI bacterial secretion systems in the metritic microbiota. Additionally, genes coding for resistance to acid stress were exclusive to the metritis microbiota, suggesting that microbial resistance to acid stress is important for microbial survival in the infected uterus. On the other hand, genes coding for adhesion molecules, bacteriocins, and antibacterial peptides were significantly associated with the uterine microbiota of healthy cows, as was tolerance to colicin E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L S Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - V S Machado
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - C H Higgins
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - F S Lima
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - R C Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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45
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Karstrup CC, Agerholm JS, Jensen TK, Swaro LRV, Klitgaard K, Rasmussen EL, Krogh KM, Pedersen HG. Presence and localization of bacteria in the bovine endometrium postpartum using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Theriogenology 2017; 92:167-175. [PMID: 28237333 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate bacterial invasiveness of the bovine endometrium during the postpartum period. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was applied to endometrial biopsies using probes for Fusobacterium necrophorum, Porphyromonas levii, Trueperella pyogenes, Escherichia coli and a probe for bacteria in general (the overall domain Bacteria) to determine their tissue localization. Holstein cows were sampled at three time points postpartum (T1: 4-12 days postpartum, T2: 24-32 days postpartum and T3: 46-54 days postpartum). At T1, cows were clinically scored as having a uterine infection based on presence of a brownish, fetid vaginal discharge or as normal if having normal lochia. An endometrial biopsy was taken from all cows at T1 (n = 57). Endometrial biopsies were taken from the same cows at T2 and T3 if allowed by the size of the cervical canal and if the cow had not been inseminated. Fifty and 39 biopsies were obtained at T2 and T3, respectively. The biopsies were evaluated for inflammation and for presence and localization of bacteria. When analyzed by the probe for the entire domain Bacteria, bacteria were found in most biopsies irrespectively of time (T1: 79.0%, T2: 82.0%, T3: 89.7%). Fusobacterium necrophorum and Porphyromonas levii were often present in the endometrium at T1 (61.1% and 47.8%, respectively), but the prevalence decreased significantly over time. Trueperella pyogenes and Escherichia coli were less prevalent at T1 (8.8% and 10.5%, respectively) and their prevalence also decreased significantly over time. Fusobacterium necrophorum and Porphyromonas levii were often co-localized intraepithelially or in the lamina propria. Trueperella pyogenes and Escherichia coli were located only on the endometrial surface. Due to the high prevalence of tissue invasiveness, these findings emphasize the importance of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Porphyromonas levii in postpartum uterine disease of cattle and indicate that tissue invasiveness is an important aspect of the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Karstrup
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 68, DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - J S Agerholm
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 68, DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - T K Jensen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - L R V Swaro
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - K Klitgaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - E L Rasmussen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 68, DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - K M Krogh
- Landbrugets Veterinære Konsulenttjeneste, Fynsvej 8, DK-9500, Hobro, Denmark
| | - H G Pedersen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 68, DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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46
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Abstract
Postpartum diseases are common in dairy cows, and their incidence contributes to reduced fertility and increased risk of culling, making their prevention and management extremely important. Reproductive efficiency has a major impact on economic success of any dairy production unit. Optimizing reproductive efficiency contributes to overall efficiency of production units, minimizing environmental impacts and contributing to sustainability of food production. Additionally, control of reproductive diseases is important for maintenance of health and welfare of dairy cows; for minimizing use of antibiotics; and ensuring a wholesome, safe, and nutritious product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert O Gilbert
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401, USA.
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47
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Daetz R, Cunha F, Bittar J, Risco C, Magalhaes F, Maeda Y, Santos J, Jeong K, Cooke R, Galvão K. Clinical response after chitosan microparticle administration and preliminary assessment of efficacy in preventing metritis in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:8946-8955. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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48
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Bicalho MLS, Marques EC, Gilbert RO, Bicalho RC. The association of plasma glucose, BHBA, and NEFA with postpartum uterine diseases, fertility, and milk production of Holstein dairy cows. Theriogenology 2016; 88:270-282. [PMID: 27793454 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the association between the metabolic indicators such as nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), and glucose during the transition period and the development of uterine diseases. In total, 181 Holstein dairy cows were enrolled in the study. Plasma glucose, NEFA, and BHBA concentrations were measured at -50, -6, 3, 7, and 14 days relative to parturition. All cows enrolled in the study were evaluated for retained placenta (RP), metritis, and endometritis. Metritis and RP were diagnosed and treated by trained farm personnel. Clinical endometritis was evaluated by a veterinarian at 35 days in milk using a Metricheck device. We found plasma glucose concentration to be associated with the occurrence of metritis and clinical endometritis. Moreover, cows with an increased calving-to-conception interval (>150 days) presented higher plasma glucose concentrations than cows that became pregnant within the first 150 days, whereas BHBA and NEFA were not associated with the occurrence of any uterine disorder. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used in an attempt to determine the cow-level critical thresholds for the occurrence of metritis, and endometritis. In addition, pairwise comparisons of area under the curve (AUC) of ROC curves for the critical thresholds for glucose, BHBA, and NEFA predicting the same uterine disease were performed. Glucose at 3 days in milk was the best predictor for metritis and endometritis diagnosis, with AUC values of 0.66 and 0.67, respectively. Multivariable logistic regressions were performed and showed that cows with higher levels of glucose at Day 3 were at 6.6 times higher odds of being diagnosed with metritis, and 3.5 times higher odds of developing clinical endometritis, compared with cows with lower glucose levels. Finally, a simple linear regression analysis demonstrated a negative correlation between daily milk yield in the first and second weeks of lactation and plasma glucose concentrations measured at Days 7 and 14, respectively. Concentrations of NEFA and BHBA were not found to be associated with milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L S Bicalho
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - E C Marques
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - R O Gilbert
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - R C Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
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49
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Gonzalez Moreno C, Fontana C, Cocconcelli P, Callegari M, Otero M. Vaginal microbial communities from synchronized heifers and cows with reproductive disorders. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:1232-1241. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Gonzalez Moreno
- Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia; Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; CONICET; El Manantial Argentina
| | - C. Fontana
- Istituto di Microbiologia-Centro Ricerche Biotecnologiche; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Piacenza Italy
| | - P.S. Cocconcelli
- Istituto di Microbiologia-Centro Ricerche Biotecnologiche; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Piacenza Italy
| | - M.L. Callegari
- Istituto di Microbiologia-Centro Ricerche Biotecnologiche; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Piacenza Italy
| | - M.C. Otero
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO); CONICET-UNT; San Miguel de Tucumán Argentina
- Instituto de Biología “Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri”; Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia; UNT; San Miguel de Tucumán Argentina
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50
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Draft Genome Sequence of an Escherichia coli O8:H19 Sequence Type 708 Strain Isolated from a Holstein Dairy Cow with Metritis. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/2/e00261-16. [PMID: 27056235 PMCID: PMC4824268 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00261-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We present here the genome sequence ofEscherichia coliO8:H19 strain KCJ852, belonging to multilocus sequence type (MLST) 708, isolated from the uterus of a cow with a bovine postpartum uterine infection known as metritis. Genomic investigation of KCJ852 will help us understand its virulence potential.
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