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Bioassay-Guided Fractionation Leads to the Detection of Cholic Acid Generated by the Rare Thalassomonas sp. Mar Drugs 2022; 21:md21010002. [PMID: 36662175 PMCID: PMC9860883 DOI: 10.3390/md21010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial symbionts of marine invertebrates are rich sources of novel, pharmaceutically relevant natural products that could become leads in combatting multidrug-resistant pathogens and treating disease. In this study, the bioactive potential of the marine invertebrate symbiont Thalassomonas actiniarum was investigated. Bioactivity screening of the strain revealed Gram-positive specific antibacterial activity as well as cytotoxic activity against a human melanoma cell line (A2058). The dereplication of the active fraction using HPLC-MS led to the isolation and structural elucidation of cholic acid and 3-oxo cholic acid. T. actiniarum is one of three type species belonging to the genus Thalassomonas. The ability to generate cholic acid was assessed for all three species using thin-layer chromatography and was confirmed by LC-MS. The re-sequencing of all three Thalassomonas type species using long-read Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) and Illumina data produced complete genomes, enabling the bioinformatic assessment of the ability of the strains to produce cholic acid. Although a complete biosynthetic pathway for cholic acid synthesis in this genus could not be determined based on sequence-based homology searches, the identification of putative penicillin or homoserine lactone acylases in all three species suggests a mechanism for the hydrolysis of conjugated bile acids present in the growth medium, resulting in the generation of cholic acid and 3-oxo cholic acid. With little known currently about the bioactivities of this genus, this study serves as the foundation for future investigations into their bioactive potential as well as the potential ecological role of bile acid transformation, sterol modification and quorum quenching by Thalassomonas sp. in the marine environment.
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Dhameliya HA, Thakkar VR, Subramanian RB. Bile salt deconjugation and in-vitro cholesterol-lowering ability of probiotic bacteria isolated from buttermilk. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2022.2124266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sveistyte A, Miller CJ, Brandvold KR, Wright AT. Bile salt hydrolase profiling by fluorogenic probes in the human gut microbiome. Methods Enzymol 2022; 664:243-265. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Parlindungan E, Lugli GA, Ventura M, van Sinderen D, Mahony J. Lactic Acid Bacteria Diversity and Characterization of Probiotic Candidates in Fermented Meats. Foods 2021; 10:1519. [PMID: 34359389 PMCID: PMC8305854 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms which confer health benefits to the host when administered in adequate amounts. Many lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains have been classified as probiotics and fermented foods are an excellent source of such LAB. In this study, novel probiotic candidates from two fermented meats (pancetta and prosciutto) were isolated and characterized. LAB populations present in pancetta and prosciutto were evaluated and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum was found to be the dominant species. The antagonistic ability of selected isolates against LAB and non-LAB strains was investigated, in particular, the ability to produce anti-microbial compounds including organic acids and bacteriocins. Probiotic characteristics including antibiotic susceptibility, hydrophobicity and autoaggregation capacity; and ability to withstand simulated gastric juice, bile salt, phenol and NaCl were assessed. Among the characterized strains, L. plantarum 41G isolated from prosciutto was identified as the most robust probiotic candidate compared. Results from this study demonstrate that artisanal fermented meat is a rich source of novel strains with probiotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvina Parlindungan
- School of Microbiology & APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Western Road, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Gabriele A. Lugli
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy; (G.A.L.); (M.V.)
| | - Marco Ventura
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy; (G.A.L.); (M.V.)
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- School of Microbiology & APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Western Road, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Jennifer Mahony
- School of Microbiology & APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Western Road, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland;
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Horackova S, Vesela K, Klojdova I, Bercikova M, Plockova M. Bile salt hydrolase activity, growth characteristics and surface properties in Lactobacillus acidophilus. Eur Food Res Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03518-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Yusuf D, Nuraida L, Dewanti-Hariyadi R, Hunaefi D. In Vitro Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Indonesian Kefir Grains as Probiotics with Cholesterol-Lowering Effect. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 30:726-732. [PMID: 32482938 PMCID: PMC9728407 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1910.10028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Indonesian kefir grains are potential sources of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that may act as probiotics with specific functional properties. In this study we explored the potential of the probiotic and cholesterol-lowering effect of LAB isolated from Indonesian kefir grains obtained from Bogor, Bandung, Jakarta, and Yogyakarta. The results revealed that 10 isolates showed considerable survivability at low pH and bile salt with total cell reduction of ~3 log colony-forming units per milliliter after exposure to pH 2.5 and 0.5% (w/v) bile salt for 1 and 3 h, respectively. All strains exhibited strong antimicrobial activities against pathogenic bacteria and were sensitive to a wide spectrum of antibiotics but exhibited weak bile salt hydrolase activity. Identification based on 16S RNA suggested that nine isolates were Lactobacillus kefiri and one was Lactobacillus rhamnosus. The ability of the isolates to reduce cholesterol from the media varied, ranging from 22.08% to 68.75% with the highest reduction shown by L. kefiri JK17. The ability to remove cholesterol from the media decreased greatly in resting and dead cells, ranging from 14.58% to 22.08% in resting cells and from 7.89% to 18.17% in dead cells. It can be concluded that Indonesian kefir grains contain LAB potentially acting as probiotics capable of reducing cholesterol. The cholesterol-lowering effect especially occurs when the cells are metabolically active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandy Yusuf
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Lilis Nuraida
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
- Southeast Asian Food and Agricultural Science and Technology (SEAFAST) Center, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Ratih Dewanti-Hariyadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
- Southeast Asian Food and Agricultural Science and Technology (SEAFAST) Center, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Dase Hunaefi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
- Southeast Asian Food and Agricultural Science and Technology (SEAFAST) Center, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
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7
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Guo CF, Zhang S, Yuan YH, Li JY, Yue TL. Bile Salt Hydrolase and S-Layer Protein are the Key Factors Affecting the Hypocholesterolemic Activity of Lactobacillus casei
-Fermented Milk in Hamsters. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800728. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Feng Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Northwest A&F University; Yangling 712100 China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin 150030 China
| | - Ya-Hong Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Northwest A&F University; Yangling 712100 China
| | - Jing-Yan Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Northwest A&F University; Yangling 712100 China
| | - Tian-Li Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Northwest A&F University; Yangling 712100 China
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Majeed M, Majeed S, Nagabhushanam K, Arumugam S, Beede K, Ali F. Evaluation of thein vitrocholesterol-lowering activity of the probiotic strainBacillus coagulansMTCC 5856. Int J Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Majeed
- Sami Labs Limited; 19/1, 19/2, First Main, Second Phase, Peenya Industrial Area Bangalore 560 058 Karnataka India
- Sabinsa Corporation; 20 Lake Drive East Windsor NJ 08520 USA
- Sabinsa Corporation; 750 Innovation Circle Payson UT 84651 USA
| | - Shaheen Majeed
- Sami Labs Limited; 19/1, 19/2, First Main, Second Phase, Peenya Industrial Area Bangalore 560 058 Karnataka India
- Sabinsa Corporation; 20 Lake Drive East Windsor NJ 08520 USA
- Sabinsa Corporation; 750 Innovation Circle Payson UT 84651 USA
| | | | - Sivakumar Arumugam
- Sami Labs Limited; 19/1, 19/2, First Main, Second Phase, Peenya Industrial Area Bangalore 560 058 Karnataka India
| | - Kirankumar Beede
- Sami Labs Limited; 19/1, 19/2, First Main, Second Phase, Peenya Industrial Area Bangalore 560 058 Karnataka India
| | - Furqan Ali
- Sami Labs Limited; 19/1, 19/2, First Main, Second Phase, Peenya Industrial Area Bangalore 560 058 Karnataka India
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Alp Avci G. Selection of superior bifidobacteria in the presence of rotavirus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 49:e5562. [PMID: 27849251 PMCID: PMC5122309 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20165562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to investigate bifidobacteria flora in fecal
samples from children with rotavirus infection and determine the significance of
their selected probiotic properties for improvement of health status. Enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay was used to identify rotavirus antigen in fecal samples from 94
patients with gastroenteritis and from 30 without gastroenteritis. Bifidobacteria
were identified by selective media, gram reaction, colony morphology,
fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase enzyme activity and classical identification
tests. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) production was identified by phenol-sulphuric acid
method. The modified method was then used to identify the quantity of taurocholic and
glycocholic acid deconjugation and cholesterol elimination of the strains.
Thirty-five of the 94 fecal samples were found positive for rotavirus antigen
(37.23%). Bifidobacteria were identified in 59 of the samples. The EPS production
ranges were 29.56-102.21 mg/L. The cholesterol elimination rates ranged between
8.36-39.22%. Furthermore, a positive and strong correlation was determined between
EPS production and the presence of cholesterol (r=0.984,
P<0.001). The deconjugation rates for the sodium glycocholate group was higher
than the sodium taurocholate group. Rotavirus (+) bifidobacteria strains had higher
EPS production, deconjugation rate and cholesterol elimination compared to
bifidobacteria strains isolated from children in the rotavirus (-) sample and without
gastroenteritis. Significant differences were observed among groups in all parameters
(P<0.05). Given the increased number of rotavirus cases in Turkey and worldwide,
it is very important to add superior bifidobacteria in the diets of infected children
to improve the intestinal and vital functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Alp Avci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
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Damodharan K, Palaniyandi SA, Yang SH, Suh JW. In vitro probiotic characterization ofLactobacillusstrains from fermented radish and their anti-adherence activity against enteric pathogens. Can J Microbiol 2015; 61:837-50. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the probiotic properties of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus pentosus, and Lactobacillus fermentum strains isolated from fermented radish. All the strains survived the simulated oro-gastrointestinal transit condition and showed significantly higher adherence to Caco-2 cells compared with the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. The strains showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, autoaggregation, and coaggregation capacity with pathogens. Furthermore, the Lactobacillus strains inhibited the adherence of Yersinia enterocolitica subsp. enterocolitica, Shigella boydii, and Salmonella choleraesuis to the Caco-2 cell line. The strains possessed bile salt hydrolase activity and their cholesterol-lowering activity in vitro was above 50% in the presence of bile. Strains of L. plantarum and L. pentosus possessed the plantaricin-encoding plnEF gene. In addition, the Lactobacillus strains maintained about 80% cell viability after freeze–drying in the presence of a combination of 5% skim milk and 5% maltodextrin as cryoprotectant, and 70% recovery of cell viability was observed in the absence of any cryoprotectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthiyaini Damodharan
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, College of Natural Science, Myongji University, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 449-728, South Korea
- Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, College of Natural Science, Myongji University, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 449-728, South Korea
| | - Sasikumar Arunachalam Palaniyandi
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, College of Natural Science, Myongji University, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 449-728, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomodulation, College of Natural Science, Myongji University, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 449-728, South Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Yang
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, College of Natural Science, Myongji University, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 449-728, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomodulation, College of Natural Science, Myongji University, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 449-728, South Korea
| | - Joo-Won Suh
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, College of Natural Science, Myongji University, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 449-728, South Korea
- Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, College of Natural Science, Myongji University, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 449-728, South Korea
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Bachmann V, Kostiuk B, Unterweger D, Diaz-Satizabal L, Ogg S, Pukatzki S. Bile Salts Modulate the Mucin-Activated Type VI Secretion System of Pandemic Vibrio cholerae. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004031. [PMID: 26317760 PMCID: PMC4552747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The causative agent of cholera, Vibrio cholerae, regulates its diverse virulence factors to thrive in the human small intestine and environmental reservoirs. Among this pathogen’s arsenal of virulence factors is the tightly regulated type VI secretion system (T6SS). This system acts as an inverted bacteriophage to inject toxins into competing bacteria and eukaryotic phagocytes. V. cholerae strains responsible for the current 7th pandemic activate their T6SS within the host. We established that T6SS-mediated competition occurs upon T6SS activation in the infant mouse, and that this system is functional under anaerobic conditions. When investigating the intestinal host factors mucins (a glycoprotein component of mucus) and bile for potential regulatory roles in controlling the T6SS, we discovered that once mucins activate the T6SS, bile acids can further modulate T6SS activity. Microbiota modify bile acids to inhibit T6SS-mediated killing of commensal bacteria. This interplay is a novel interaction between commensal bacteria, host factors, and the V. cholerae T6SS, showing an active host role in infection. The type six-secretion system (T6SS) is a molecular syringe that many Gram-negative pathogens use to kill other bacteria, including commensal bacteria of the human gut. We investigated how the environment of the intestine, specifically commensal bacteria, the mucus lining, and bile affect the T6SS of the bacterial pathogen Vibrio cholerae. First, we showed that the mucins, a family of proteins ubiquitously found in the intestine, activate the T6SS thereby allowing V. cholerae to kill other bacteria. Second, we showed that the magnitude of killing is regulated by bile acids. Certain bile acids produced by the host decrease the killing of bacteria by the V. cholerae T6SS. Last, we demonstrated that prominent members of the host microbiota metabolize these bile acids that enhance bacterial killing by V. cholerae into bile acids that diminish the bacterial killing effects of the T6SS. Our study suggests that the gut microbiota is an important first line of defense against bacterial pathogens, and that this line of defense may be impaired in individuals in poor health. Promoting a healthy microbial environment in the gut could play a role in counteracting cholera by reducing the ability of Vibrio cholerae to compete in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Bachmann
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Benjamin Kostiuk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel Unterweger
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Laura Diaz-Satizabal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephen Ogg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stefan Pukatzki
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Damodharan K, Lee YS, Palaniyandi SA, Yang SH, Suh JW. Preliminary probiotic and technological characterization of Pediococcus pentosaceus strain KID7 and in vivo assessment of its cholesterol-lowering activity. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:768. [PMID: 26300852 PMCID: PMC4523826 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The study was aimed to characterize the probiotic properties of a Pediococcus pentosaceus strain, KID7, by in vitro and in vivo studies. The strain possessed tolerance to oro-gastrointestinal transit, adherence to the Caco-2 cell line, and antimicrobial activity. KID7 exhibited bile salt hydrolase activity and cholesterol-lowering activity, in vitro. In vivo cholesterol-lowering activity of KID7 was studied using atherogenic diet-fed hypercholesterolemic mice. The experimental animals (C57BL/6J mice) were divided into 4 groups viz., normal diet-fed group (NCD), atherogenic diet-fed group (HCD), atherogenic diet- and KID7-fed group (HCD-KID7), and atherogenic diet- and Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121-fed group (HCD-L.ac) as positive control. Serum total cholesterol (T-CHO) level was significantly decreased by 19.8% in the HCD-KID7 group (P < 0.05), but not in the HCD-L.ac group compared with the HCD group. LDL cholesterol levels in both HCD-KID7 and HCD-L.ac groups were decreased by 35.5 and 38.7%, respectively, compared with HCD group (both, P < 0.05). Glutamyl pyruvic transaminase (GPT) level was significantly lower in the HCD-KID7 and HCD-L.ac groups compared to HCD group and was equivalent to that of the NCD group. Liver T-CHO levels in the HCD-KID7 group were reduced significantly compared with the HCD group (P < 0.05) but not in the HCD-L.ac group. Analysis of expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism in liver showed that low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) mRNA expression was significantly increase in the HCD-KID7 group compared to the HCD group. Furthermore, KID7 exhibited desired viability under freeze-drying and subsequent storage conditions with a combination of skim milk and galactomannan. P. pentosaceus KID7 could be a potential probiotic strain, which can be used to develop cholesterol-lowering functional food after appropriate human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthiyaini Damodharan
- Division of Biosciences and Bioinformatics, Myongji University Yongin, South Korea ; Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, Myongji University Yongin, South Korea
| | - Young Sil Lee
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, Myongji University Yongin, South Korea
| | - Sasikumar A Palaniyandi
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, Myongji University Yongin, South Korea ; Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Program of Biomodulation, College of Natural Science, Myongji University Yongin, South Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Yang
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, Myongji University Yongin, South Korea ; Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Program of Biomodulation, College of Natural Science, Myongji University Yongin, South Korea
| | - Joo-Won Suh
- Division of Biosciences and Bioinformatics, Myongji University Yongin, South Korea ; Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, Myongji University Yongin, South Korea
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Guo CF, Li JY. A combination of Tween 80 with CaCl2 enhances the hypocholesterolemic activity of bile salt hydrolase-active Lactobacillus casei F0422 in rats fed a cholesterol-rich diet. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Guo C, Li J. Hypocholesterolaemic action of Lactobacillus casei F0822 in rats fed a cholesterol-enriched diet. Int Dairy J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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