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Gammariello CS, Hanson J, Relling AE, Oliveira MXS, Sipka AS, Enger KM, Enger BD. Localized mammary gland changes in milk composition and venous blood metabolite concentrations result from sterile subclinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:6148-6160. [PMID: 38608954 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Subclinical mastitis reduces milk yield and elicits undesirable changes in milk composition, but the mechanisms resulting in reduced milk production in affected mammary glands are incompletely understood. This study investigated the effects of sterile inflammation on mammary gland metabolism by assessing changes in milk and venous blood composition. Mid-lactation primiparous Holstein cows (n = 4) had udder halves randomly allocated to treatments; quarters of 1 udder half were infused with 2 billion cfu of formalin-fixed Staphylococcus aureus (FX-STAPH) and quarters of the opposite udder half were infused with saline (SAL). Blood samples were collected from the right and left subcutaneous abdominal veins in 2.6 h intervals until 40 h postchallenge and analyzed for blood gas and metabolite concentrations. Milk from FX-STAPH udder halves had significantly increased SCS by the first milking at 8 h postchallenge. By 16 h postchallenge, FX-STAPH udder halves had increased concentrations of protein and lactate and lower lactose concentrations than SAL udder halves. Milk fat concentrations, milk yields, ECM yields, and the ferric reducing antioxidant power of milk were not significantly different between SAL and FX-STAPH udder halves. Venous blood of FX-STAPH halves had marginally greater concentrations of saturated O2, partial pressures of O2, and glucose concentrations than SAL halves. Conversely, total and partial pressures of CO2 did not differ between udder half treatments, suggesting a shift in local metabolite utilization in FX-STAPH udder halves. These results indicate that changes in milk composition resulting from mastitis are accompanied by changes in some key blood metabolite concentrations. The shift in venous blood metabolite concentrations, along with the marked increase in milk lactate, suggests that local mammary tissue or recruited immune cells, or both, alter metabolite usage in mammary tissues. Future studies are needed to quantify the uptake of key milk precursors during mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Gammariello
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - J Hanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - A E Relling
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - M X S Oliveira
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - A S Sipka
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - K M Enger
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - B D Enger
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691.
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2
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Chen YC, Orellana Rivas RM, Marins TN, Melo VHLR, Wang Z, Garrick M, Gao J, Liu H, Bernard JK, Melendez P, Tao S. Effects of heat stress abatement on systemic and mammary inflammation in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:8017-8032. [PMID: 37641342 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
To examine the effects of evaporative cooling on systemic and mammary inflammation of lactating dairy cows, 30 multiparous Holstein cows (parity = 2.4, 156 d in milk) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: cooling (CL) with fans and misters or not (NC). The experiment was divided into a 10-d baseline when all cows were cooled, followed by a 36-d environmental challenge when cooling was terminated for NC cows. The onset of environmental challenge was considered as d 1. Temperature-humidity index averaged 78.4 during the environmental challenge. Milk yield and dry matter intake (DMI) were recorded daily. Blood and milk samples were collected from a subset of cows (n = 9/treatment) on d -3, 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 of the experiment to measure cortisol, interleukin 10 (IL10), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), haptoglobin, and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP). Mammary biopsies were collected from a second subset of cows (n = 6/treatment) on d -9, 2, 10, and 36 to analyze gene expression of cytokines and haptoglobin. A subset of cows (n = 7/treatment) who were not subjected to mammary biopsy collection received a bolus of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the left rear quarter on d 30 of the experiment. Blood was sampled from cows and milk samples from the LPS-infused quarter were collected at -4, 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h relative to infusion, for analyses of inflammatory products. Deprivation of cooling decreased milk yield and DMI. Compared with CL cows, plasma cortisol concentration of NC cows was higher on d 1 but lower on d 28 of the experiment (cooling × time). Deprivation of cooling did not affect circulating TNF-α, IL10, haptoglobin, or LBP. Compared with CL cows, NC cows tended to have higher milk IL10 concentrations but did not show effects in TNF-α, haptoglobin, or LBP. No differences were observed in mammary tissue gene expression of TNF-α, IL10, and haptoglobin. Milk yield declined after LPS infusion but was not affected by treatment. Compared with CL cows, NC cows had greater milk somatic cell count following intramammary LPS infusion. Non-cooled cows had lower circulating TNF-α and IL10 concentrations and tended to have lower circulating haptoglobin concentrations than CL cows. Milk IL10 and TNF-⍺ concentrations were higher 3 h after LPS infusion for NC cows compared with CL cows. Additionally, NC cows tended to have higher milk haptoglobin concentration after LPS infusion than CL cows. In conclusion, deprivation of evaporative cooling had minimal effects on lactating cows' basal inflammatory status, but upregulated mammary inflammatory responses after intramammary LPS infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-C Chen
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - R M Orellana Rivas
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - T N Marins
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Victor H L R Melo
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Z Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - M Garrick
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - J Gao
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - H Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - J K Bernard
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31973
| | - P Melendez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793
| | - S Tao
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.
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3
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Wellnitz O, Bruckmaier RM. Invited review: The role of the blood-milk barrier and its manipulation for the efficacy of the mammary immune response and milk production. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:6376-6388. [PMID: 33773785 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-20029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The intact blood-milk barrier (BMB) prevents an uncontrolled exchange of soluble and cellular components between blood and milk in the mammary gland. It enables the sustainability of the optimal milk composition for the nourishment of the offspring. Endothelial cells, connective tissue, the basal membrane, and mainly the epithelial cells provide the semipermeability of this barrier, allowing only a selective transfer of components necessary for milk production. The epithelial cells are closely connected to each other by different formations, in which the tight junctions are the most critical for separating the milk-containing compartments from the surrounding extracellular fluid and vasculature. During mastitis, the integrity of the BMB is reduced. This facilitates the transfer of immune cells and immune factors such as antibodies from blood into milk. Simultaneously, the transfer of soluble blood constituents without an obvious immune function into milk is promoted. Furthermore, a reduced BMB integrity causes a loss of milk constituents into the blood circulation. Different mechanisms are responsible for the barrier impairment including tight junction opening, but also cell degradation. To promote the cure of mastitis, the targeted manipulation of the BMB permeability may be a tool to optimize the immune function of the mammary gland. An intensified opening of the BMB supports the antibody transfer from blood into milk, which is supposed to increase the contribution of the specific immune system in the immune defense. On the contrary, a fast closure of the BMB during the recovery from mastitis can accelerate the normalization of milk composition and milk yield. Various agents have been experimentally shown to either open (e.g., pathogens and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, several nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, oxytocin, calcium chelators) or close (e.g., glucocorticoids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, natural anti-inflammatory drugs) the BMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Wellnitz
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - R M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
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4
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Blum SE, Heller DE, Jacoby S, Krifuks O, Merin U, Silanikove N, Lavon Y, Edery N, Leitner G. Physiological response of mammary glands to Escherichia coli infection:A conflict between glucose need for milk production and immune response. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9602. [PMID: 32541828 PMCID: PMC7296043 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66612-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary immune and physiological responses to distinct mammary-pathogenic E. coli (MPEC) strains were studied. One gland in each of ten cows were challenged intra-mammary and milk composition (lactose, fat, total protein, casein), biochemical (glucose, glucose-6-phosphate (Glu6P), oxalate, malate, lactate, pyruvate and citrate, malate and lactate dehydrogenases, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), nitrite, lactic peroxidase, catalase, albumin, lactoferrin, immunoglobulin) and clotting parameters were followed for 35 days post-challenge. Challenge lead to clinical acute mastitis, with peak bacterial counts in milk at 16-24 h post-challenge. Biochemical and clotting parameters in milk reported were partially in accord with lipopolysaccharide-induced mastitis, but increased Glu6P and LDH activity and prolonged lactate dehydrogenase and Glu6P/Glu alterations were found. Some alterations measured in milk resolved within days after challenge, while others endured for above one month, regardless of bacterial clearance, and some reflected physiological responses to mastitis such as the balance between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism (citrate to lactate ratios). The results suggest that E. coli mastitis can be divided into two stages: an acute, clinical phase, as an immediate response to bacterial infection in the mammary gland, and a chronic phase, independent of bacteria clearance, in response to tissue damage caused during the acute phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo E Blum
- National Mastitis Reference Center, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O.Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Dan E Heller
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O.Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Shamay Jacoby
- Institute of Animal Science, A.R.O. The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Oleg Krifuks
- National Mastitis Reference Center, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Uzi Merin
- Food Quality and Safety, Postharvest and Food Sciences, A.R.O. The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Nissim Silanikove
- Institute of Animal Science, A.R.O. The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Yaniv Lavon
- Israel Cattle Breeders Association, Caesarea, 38900, Israel
| | - Nir Edery
- National Mastitis Reference Center, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Gabriel Leitner
- National Mastitis Reference Center, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel.
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5
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Shangraw EM, Rodrigues RO, Witzke MC, Choudhary RK, Zhao FQ, McFadden TB. Intramammary lipopolysaccharide infusion induces local and systemic effects on milk components in lactating bovine mammary glands. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:7487-7497. [PMID: 32475667 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Each quarter of the bovine mammary gland is an anatomically and functionally distinct gland. However, mastitis in one quarter may affect function of adjacent, uninfected glands. To investigate the mechanisms and potential mediators of these effects, we quantified early responses of the mammary gland to intramammary lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge, distinguishing between local and systemic effects. Ten multiparous cows over 70 d in milk were blocked into pairs by breed, cow-level somatic cell count (SCC), and milk yield. Within block, one cow was assigned to LPS treatment (T) such that both the front and the rear quarter of a randomly selected udder half received an infusion of 50 µg of LPS in 10 mL of saline (T-L); the contralateral quarters received only 10 mL of saline (T-S). Similarly, each paired control cow (C) received either 10 mL of saline (C-S) or no infusion (C-N) into udder halves. Cows were quarter milked twice daily, with foremilk samples (∼30 mL, front quarters) taken at -24, 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h relative to infusions. At 24 h, average milk yield in T-L and T-S quarters fell to 23 and 32% of pre-infusion levels, respectively. For T cows, systemic effects were observed by 3 h post-infusion as rectal temperature was elevated and foremilk fat concentration was reduced in both T-L and T-S. However, SCC and concentrations of l-lactate and total protein in foremilk indicated a local response to LPS: protein was transiently higher at 3 h, whereas SCC and lactate were higher at 6 h in T-L compared with T-S. Lactose concentration showed a local effect at 6 h, being lower in T-L than in T-S, and then a systemic effect at 12 h, being lower in both T-L and T-S than C quarters. Concomitant with changes in milk, systemic effects were also observed in blood. Plasma antioxidant potential and glucose concentration were lower in T cows than in C cows at 6 or 12 h, respectively, although neither variable remained different at 24 h. In summary, unilateral LPS infusion induced distinct, time-dependent effects on each milk component. Depending on the component, effects were local, systemic, or both, suggesting involvement of multiple different mediators that collectively result in systemic inhibition of milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Shangraw
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - R O Rodrigues
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - M C Witzke
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - R K Choudhary
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405
| | - F-Q Zhao
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405
| | - T B McFadden
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211.
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6
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Marins TN, Monteiro APA, Weng X, Guo J, Orellana Rivas RM, Bernard JK, Tomlinson DJ, DeFrain JM, Tao S. Response of lactating dairy cows fed different supplemental zinc sources with and without evaporative cooling to intramammary lipopolysaccharide infusion: intake, milk yield and composition, and hematologic profile1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:2053-2065. [PMID: 30844051 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary supplemental Zn source and evaporative cooling on intake, milk yield and composition, and the rate of leukocyte migration into the mammary gland following intramammary lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusion. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 72) were assigned to one of four treatments with a 2×2 factorial arrangement including two sources of supplemental Zn: 75 mg/kg Zn hydroxychloride or 35 mg/kg Zn hydroxychloride + 40 mg/kg Zn-Met complex (ZMC) each with or without evaporative cooling. The cooling system was implemented by the use of fans and misters over the freestall and feeding areas. On day 34 of the experiment, cows (n = 16; days in milk = 263 ± 63 d) received an infusion of 10 μg of LPS, or a saline control, in the left or right rear quarters. Individual milk samples from both quarters were collected at -12, -4, 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 h relative to infusion and analyzed for composition and bovine serum albumin. Rectal temperature and respiration rate were assessed and blood samples were collected at the same time points (with an additional sample at 3 h) for analyses of lactose and cortisol. Complete blood counts were performed on samples collected within the first 24 h post infusion. Intramammary LPS infusion reduced (P < 0.01) milk yield, DMI and feed efficiency regardless of dietary or cooling treatments. Non-cooled cows tended (P = 0.09) to have greater feed efficiency (=milk yield/DMI) at 1 d after infusion than those subjected to cooling. Intramammary LPS infusion dramatically increased (P < 0.01) milk somatic cell count (SCC) but treatments had no apparent impact on milk SCC. Compared with cooled cows, non-cooled cows had greater (P < 0.05) plasma lactose concentrations, but lower (P < 0.03) blood concentrations of neutrophils and lymphocytes at 3 h post infusion. This suggests a greater leukocyte migration into the mammary gland of heat-stressed cows. In conclusion, noncooled cows tended to maintain greater feed efficiency and appeared to have greater leukocyte migration into the mammary gland immediately after intramammary LPS infusion compared with cooled cows. Dietary supplemental Zn source had no impact on measures assessed after intramammary LPS infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago N Marins
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton
| | - Ana P A Monteiro
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton
| | - Xisha Weng
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton
| | - Jinru Guo
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton
| | | | - John K Bernard
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton
| | | | | | - Sha Tao
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton
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7
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Costa H, Lage C, Malacco V, Belli A, Carvalho A, Facury E, Molina L. Frequency of microorganisms isolated at different stages of lactation and milk production loss associated with somatic cell count and to mastitis-causing pathogens. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of isolation of agents causing subclinical mastitis in a herd and to estimate production losses associated with SCC> 200,000cells/mL. Three 7-day interval microbiological cultures were performed in all lactating animals from the same farm that was evaluated from June to July. To evaluate the negative and positive isolation frequencies between the lactation phases, a Chi-square test was performed. Simple linear regressions were performed to evaluate the lactation curve of animals grouped by pathogens isolated from negative cows in the microbiological culture and with SCC <200,000cells/mL. To estimate the production losses between the groups, regression coefficients were used. Results found in this experiment were: Culture-negative cows with SCC ≥ 200,000cells/mL, cows testing positive in milk culture, with SCC <200,000cells/mL and cows testing positive in milk culture, with SCC ≥ 200,000cells/mL. Milk production was -3.5; -0.5 and -4.27kg, respectively, when compared to culture-negative cows with SCC <200,000cells/mL. Cows infected with yeast cells, Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), Staphylococcus aureus and environmental streptococci produced -3.42; -0.5; -0.168 and -2.5kg of milk when compared to culture-negative cows with SCC <200,000cells/mL. SCC indicates an inflammatory reaction in the mammary gland and it is directly associated with milk production losses and with presence of microorganisms in the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.N. Costa
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - C.F.A. Lage
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - A.L. Belli
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - E.J. Facury
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - L.R. Molina
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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8
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Piras C, Guo Y, Soggiu A, Chanrot M, Greco V, Urbani A, Charpigny G, Bonizzi L, Roncada P, Humblot P. Changes in protein expression profiles in bovine endometrial epithelial cells exposed to E. coli LPS challenge. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 13:392-405. [PMID: 28070584 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00723f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
E. coli is one of the most frequently involved bacteria in uterine diseases. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria involved in pathogenic processes leading to post-partum metritis and endometritis in cattle. It also causes inflammation of the endometrium. The increase of cell proliferation by LPS is part of the inflammatory process. The aim of this study was to investigate possible changes in protein expression in relation to the proliferative response of bEECs after challenge with E. coli-LPS. In vitro culture of bEECs was performed from cow genital tracts collected at a slaughterhouse. In passage 5, bEECs from each of 9 cows (3 series of 3 cows) were exposed to 0, 8, and 16 μg ml-1 LPS for 72 h. At time 0 and 72 h later, attached cells/living cells were counted and for each time and LPS dosage, cells were frozen for proteomic analyses. All samples from the 3 series were analyzed by 2-D gel electrophoresis coupled to MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. The samples from the first series were subjected to shotgun nLC-MS/MS analysis. From the whole differential proteomics analysis, 38 proteins were differentially expressed (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001) following exposure to LPS. Among them, twenty-eight were found to be up-regulated in the LPS groups in comparison to control groups and ten were down-regulated. Differentially expressed proteins were associated with cell proliferation and apoptosis, transcription, destabilization of cell structure, oxidative stress, regulation of histones, allergy and general cell metabolism pathways. The de-regulations induced by LPS were consistent with the proliferative phenotype and indicated strong alterations of several cell functions. In addition, some of the differentially expressed proteins relates to pathways activated at the time of implantation. The specific changes induced through those signals may have negative consequences for the establishment of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Piras
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Yongzhi Guo
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Sweden
| | - Alessio Soggiu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Metasu Chanrot
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Sweden and Rajamangala University of Srivijaya (RMUTSV), Thungyai, Thailand
| | - Viviana Greco
- Proteomics and Metabonomics Unit Fondazione Santa Lucia - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Urbani
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica, Roma, Italy
| | - Gilles Charpigny
- INRA, Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, 78350, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Luigi Bonizzi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Roncada
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli studi di Milano, Milano, Italy and Istituto Sperimentale Italiano L. Spallanzani, Milano and TechnologieS srl, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Patrice Humblot
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Sweden
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9
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Zachut M, Shapiro F, Silanikove N. Detecting ethanol and acetaldehyde by simple and ultrasensitive fluorimetric methods in compound foods. Food Chem 2016; 201:270-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Transcellular route as the most probable explanation for the presence of plasminogen in mammal׳s milk. J Theor Biol 2016; 395:221-226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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11
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Zachut M, Kra G, Portnik Y, Shapiro F, Silanikove N. Milk glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and glucose-6-phosphate are associated with oxidative stress and serve as indicators of energy balance in dairy cows. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11924g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schematic model to explain the changes in milk G6P/glucose ratio in early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Zachut
- Department of Ruminant Science
- Institute of Animal Sciences
- Volcani Center
- Bet Dagan 50250
- Israel
| | - G. Kra
- Department of Ruminant Science
- Institute of Animal Sciences
- Volcani Center
- Bet Dagan 50250
- Israel
| | - Y. Portnik
- Department of Ruminant Science
- Institute of Animal Sciences
- Volcani Center
- Bet Dagan 50250
- Israel
| | - F. Shapiro
- Department of Ruminant Science
- Institute of Animal Sciences
- Volcani Center
- Bet Dagan 50250
- Israel
| | - N. Silanikove
- Department of Ruminant Science
- Institute of Animal Sciences
- Volcani Center
- Bet Dagan 50250
- Israel
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12
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Silanikove N, Shapiro F, Merin U, Lavon Y, Blum SE, Leitner G. Reduced use of glucose by normoxic cow's mammary gland under acute inflammation: an example of homeostatic aerobic glycolysis. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22934d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The concentration of glucose and glucose-derived carbons in milk reflect their concentrations in the mammary epithelial cell cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nissim Silanikove
- Department of Ruminant Science
- Animal Science
- The Volcani Center
- Bet Dagan 50250
- Israel
| | - Fira Shapiro
- Department of Ruminant Science
- Animal Science
- The Volcani Center
- Bet Dagan 50250
- Israel
| | - Uzi Merin
- Food Quality and Safety
- Postharvest and Food Sciences
- The Volcani Center
- Bet Dagan 50250
- Israel
| | - Yaniv Lavon
- Israel Cattle Breeders Association
- Caesarea
- Israel
| | - Shlomo E. Blum
- National Mastitis Reference Center
- Kimron Veterinary Institute
- Bet Dagan 50250
- Israel
| | - Gabriel Leitner
- National Mastitis Reference Center
- Kimron Veterinary Institute
- Bet Dagan 50250
- Israel
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13
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Kobayashi K, Kuki C, Oyama S, Kumura H. Pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α is a key inhibitory factor for lactose synthesis pathway in lactating mammary epithelial cells. Exp Cell Res 2016; 340:295-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Abstract
The assumption, that metabolites derived from the activity of the mammary gland epithelial cells reflect changes in milk secretion and its coagulation properties, was tested in dairy cows. The experiment included cows with uninfected udders and cows with one of the glands infected by different bacteria specie. Analysis were carried at the cow level (including all four glands), or at the gland level. High and significant correlations among the concentrations of lactose, glucose, glucose-6-posphate, milk related respiratory index (the ratio between the concentrations of citrate/lactate+malate in milk) and milk-derived glycolytic index (the ratio between glucose-6-phosphate and glucose in milk) and milk clotting parameters were found. The physiological basis for these relations and their ability to predict the deterioration in milk quality in subclinically infected glands and in glands previously clinically infected with Escherichia coli are discussed.
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15
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Different chronological patterns of appearance of blood derived milk components during mastitis indicate different mechanisms of transfer from blood into milk. J DAIRY RES 2015; 82:322-7. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029915000345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to describe chronological patterns of changes of various candidate blood components in milk during the acute phase of a mammary immune response in detail. Eight dairy cows were challenged withEscherichia colilipopolysaccharide in one udder quarter. Milk from challenged and control quarters and blood samples were taken before, and 1 and 2 h after challenge and then every 15 min until 5 h after challenge. The SCC, serum albumin, immunoglobulin (Ig)G1, IgG2, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and L-lactate in milk and blood, and α-lactalbumin in blood were analysed. All selected parameters in milk increased in challenged quarters but did not increase in control quarters. Milk IgG1, IgG2, serum albumin, and LDH were already significantly increased at 2 h after challenge whereas a significant increase of SCC was detectable at 2·75 h and L-lactate was increased at 2·25 h after challenge. In blood L-lactate was increased at 3·75 h after challenge, however, other factors in blood did not change significantly within the 5 h of experiment. In conclusion, the increase of blood components in milk during inflammation follows two different patterns: There is a rapid increase for IgG1, IgG2, or LDH, before the increase of SCC, and their concentrations reach a plateau within 3 h. On the other hand, SCC and L-lactate show a slower but consistent increase not reaching a plateau within 5 h after LPS challenge. L-lactate increases to higher concentrations in milk than in blood. This clearly shows that the increase of blood components follows different patterns and is therefore a controlled and compound-specific process and not exclusively an unspecific type of leakage.
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16
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Gross JJ, van Dorland HA, Wellnitz O, Bruckmaier RM. Glucose transport and milk secretion during manipulated plasma insulin and glucose concentrations and during LPS-induced mastitis in dairy cows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2014; 99:747-56. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. J. Gross
- Veterinary Physiology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - H. A. van Dorland
- Veterinary Physiology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - O. Wellnitz
- Veterinary Physiology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - R. M. Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
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17
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Qu Y, Fadden A, Traber M, Bobe G. Potential risk indicators of retained placenta and other diseases in multiparous cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:4151-65. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Yun CH, Wynn P, Ha JK. Stress, acute phase proteins and immune modulation in calves. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/an14441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Acute phase and inflammatory responses are triggered by a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic stressors that come at a cost through suppressing the normal function of tissues and organs of domestic animals. Recently, with growing attention placed on global warming and animal welfare, there has been an increased interest in improving our understanding of the relationships between different classes of stress, the expression of acute phase proteins (APPs), the stress-related endocrine system and immunomodulation. Immune function is compromised by all forms of stress including poor nutrition, weaning, extreme thermal conditions, injury and infection in calves. Proinflammatory cytokines, APPs and hormones of the hypothalamic–pituitary adrenal axis as well as the composition of immune cells can all be characterised in culture supernatants and peripheral blood. APPs have been used as biomarkers for the stress status of ruminants both experimentally and in field studies. Therefore detailed studies of the mechanisms of action of these APPs and their interactions in ameliorating different stress responses are warranted. The focus of this review is on the aetiology of the responses in calves under severe stress and its impact on growth and immune status. Possible strategies to alleviate this condition including the role of specific feed additives are presented.
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19
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Kobayashi K, Oyama S, Uejyo T, Kuki C, Rahman MM, Kumura H. Underlying mechanisms involved in the decrease of milk secretion during Escherichia coli endotoxin induced mastitis in lactating mice. Vet Res 2013; 44:119. [PMID: 24308795 PMCID: PMC4028753 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis, the inflammation of mammary glands resulting from bacterial infection, disrupts milk production in lactating mammary glands. In this study, we injected lipopolysaccharide (LPS), one of the endotoxins from Escherichia coli into mouse mammary glands to disrupt milk production, and we investigated the influence of LPS on nutrient uptake, synthesis, and secretion processes for milk component production in alveolar epithelial cells (AEC). The expression of genes relevant to the three-staged milk component production process (nutrient uptake, synthesis, and secretion of milk components) were down-regulated within 12 h after LPS injection in AEC. The internalization of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1) from the basolateral membrane to the cytoplasm occurred in accordance with the down-regulation of gene expression 3 h after LPS injection. The abnormal localization of adipophilin and beta-casein was also observed in the LPS-injected mammary glands. SLC7A1, an amino acid transporter, was up-regulated 3 and 6 h after LPS injection. Furthermore, the inactivation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) and the activation of STAT3 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NFkappaB) occurred 3 h after LPS injection. These results indicate that the nutrient uptake, synthesis, and secretion of milk components in AEC are rapidly shut down in the lactating mammary glands after LPS injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Dairy Food Science, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan.
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20
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Silanikove N, Merin U, Shapiro F, Leitner G. Early mammary gland metabolic and immune responses during natural-like and forceful drying-off in high-yielding dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:6400-11. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Chiaradia E, Valiani A, Tartaglia M, Scoppetta F, Renzone G, Arena S, Avellini L, Benda S, Gaiti A, Scaloni A. Ovine subclinical mastitis: Proteomic analysis of whey and milk fat globules unveils putative diagnostic biomarkers in milk. J Proteomics 2013; 83:144-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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Lipopolysaccharide challenge of the mammary gland in cows induces nitrosative stress that impairs milk oxidative stability. Animal 2013; 6:1451-9. [PMID: 23031518 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731112000201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the effects of mastitis induced by intramammary lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge on milk oxidative stability, as well as to understand the underlying biochemical processes that cause such changes. LPS challenge was associated with nitric oxide burst from the surrounding mammary epithelial cells and consequently induced nitrosative stress that was induced by the formation of NO2• from nitrite by lactoperoxidase. This response was associated with an ∼3-fold increased formation of hazardous compounds: nitrotyrosines, carbonyls and lipid peroxides. We sustained the involvement of xanthine oxidase as a major source of hydrogen peroxide. In consistent with previous findings, catalase has been shown to play a major role in modulating the nitrosative stress by oxidizing nitrite to nitrate. The current hygienic quality criteria cannot detect mixing of low-quality milk, such as milk with high somatic cells, and nitrite with high-quality milk. Thus, development of an improved quality control methodology may be important for the production of high-quality milk.
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23
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Wellnitz O, Arnold ET, Lehmann M, Bruckmaier RM. Short communication: differential immunoglobulin transfer during mastitis challenge by pathogen-specific components. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:1681-4. [PMID: 23295119 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis induced by Escherichia coli is often characterized by severe clinical signs, indicating a more powerful combat of the immune system against the pathogen compared with Staphylococcus aureus infections, which are often represented by chronic and subclinical diseases. The aim of this study was to test the major pathogenic component lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Staph. aureus for their effects on blood-milk barrier integrity and the related transfer of immunoglobulins and lactate from blood into milk. A similar somatic cell count (SCC) increase was achieved by intramammary challenge of 1 quarter of 5 cows with 20 µg of LTA, and 8 cows with 0.2 µg of LPS (maximum log SCC/mL: 7). Milk IgG(1) concentrations increased in LPS- but not in LTA-challenged quarters. Milk IgG(2) concentrations were increased in treated quarters at 3h after LPS, and 6h after LTA challenge. Higher maximum levels of IgG(2) were reached in milk of LPS-treated quarters (173 ± 58 μg/mL) than of LTA-challenged quarters (62 ± 13 μg/mL). Immunoglobulin G(1) and IgG(2) levels did not change in control quarters. l-Lactate concentrations in milk increased 4h after LPS and 5h after LTA challenge and reached higher maximum levels in LPS- (221 ± 48 mg/L) than in LTA-treated quarters (77 ± 18 mg/L). In conclusion, a mammary inflammation on a quantitatively similar level based on SCC increase achieves a more efficient transfer of blood components such as IgG(2) via the blood-milk barrier if induced by LPS from E. coli than by LTA from Staph. aureus. This pathogen-specific difference may play an important role in the cure rate of the respective intramammary infection, which is usually lower in Staph. aureus- than in E. coli-induced mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Wellnitz
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-1725 Posieux, Switzerland.
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24
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Lehmann M, Wellnitz O, Bruckmaier RM. Concomitant lipopolysaccharide-induced transfer of blood-derived components including immunoglobulins into milk. J Dairy Sci 2012; 96:889-96. [PMID: 23219120 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During a mammary immune response, the integrity of the blood-milk barrier is negatively affected and becomes leaky. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the blood origin, and to investigate changes in the concentration, of various constituents including immunoglobulins in blood and milk during the early phase of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mastitis. Five lactating dairy cows received continuous β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) clamp infusions to maintain elevated BHBA blood concentrations (1.5 to 2.0 mmol/L) from 48 h before and 8h after LPS administration. One udder quarter was infused with 200 μg of Escherichia coli LPS. A second quarter served as control. Milk and blood samples were taken hourly for 8h postchallenge (PC). The somatic cell count in LPS-challenged quarters was increased from 4h PC to the end of the experiment compared with control quarters. In LPS-challenged quarters, l-lactate, BHBA, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), IgG(1), and IgG(2) were increased at 3h PC and remained elevated until the end of experiment (8h PC) compared with control quarters. In addition, the optical density values in milk in a nonquantitative ELISA for antibodies directed against bluetongue virus (used as a measure of nonspecific antibody transfer; all animals were vaccinated) increased and, thus, indicates an increase in these antibodies in response to LPS treatment. l-Lactate concentration also increased in blood 2h PC and in the milk of control quarters during the experiment from 3h PC. A second experiment was conducted in vitro to investigate a possible contribution from destructed milk cells to l-lactate concentration and activity of LDH in milk. Aliquots of milk samples (n=8) were frozen (-20°C) or disrupted with ultrasound, respectively. Freeze thawing and ultrasound treatment increased LDH in milk samples, but had no effect on l-lactate concentrations. Results suggest that intramammary infusion of LPS induces a systemic response, as evidenced by an elevation of blood l-lactate concentration. The concomitant changes of all investigated components suggest that they were blood derived. However, the increase in blood components in the milk is not necessarily supportive of the mammary immune system, and likely a side effect of reduced blood-milk barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lehmann
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
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