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Samfaß J, Stark TD, Hofmann TF. Sensory-Directed Identification of Creaminess-Enhancing Semi-Volatile Lactones in Crumb Chocolate. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071483. [PMID: 34202281 PMCID: PMC8306539 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to gain a more comprehensive knowledge of the chemical nature of creaminess-related flavor compounds in milk chocolates on a molecular level, crumb chocolate was analyzed by means of activity guided screening techniques. Sensory studies of a triglyceride-free lipid emulsion indicated that the n-pentane extract showed the highest impact regarding creaminess sensation. Enhancement of creaminess by adding anhydrous milk fat fractions to chocolate was demonstrated by fractionated high-vacuum distillation of different fats associated with the chocolate production combined with sensory experiments. Syntheses of various δ-lactones and the quantification of these sensory active semi-volatiles led to the conclusion that the anhydrous milk fat contains a series of γ- and δ-lactones. Cocoa butter revealed a high concentration of δ-hexadecalactone, too. Experiments suggested that lactones are generated from the potential precursors monohydroxyalkanoic acid(s) esterified (mono-tri)glyceride(s) during heating. Sensory studies exhibited recognition thresholds of 29–40 µmol/kg for the long-chain δ-lactones in crumb chocolate. Furthermore, significant enhancement of the retro-nasal creamy flavor was found for δ-tetradecalactone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timo D. Stark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-8161-71-2911; Fax: +49-8161-71-2949
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2
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Batsika CS, Mantzourani C, Gkikas D, Kokotou MG, Mountanea OG, Kokotos CG, Politis PK, Kokotos G. Saturated Oxo Fatty Acids (SOFAs): A Previously Unrecognized Class of Endogenous Bioactive Lipids Exhibiting a Cell Growth Inhibitory Activity. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5654-5666. [PMID: 33881857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of novel bioactive lipids that promote human health is of great importance. Combining "suspect" and targeted lipidomic liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) approaches, a previously unrecognized class of oxidized fatty acids, the saturated oxo fatty acids (SOFAs), which carry the oxo functionality at various positions of the long chain, was identified in human plasma. A library of SOFAs was constructed, applying a simple green photochemical hydroacylation reaction as the key synthetic step. The synthesized SOFAs were studied for their ability to inhibit in vitro the cell growth of three human cancer cell lines. Four oxostearic acids (OSAs) were identified to inhibit the cell growth of human lung carcinoma A549 cells. 6OSA and 7OSA exhibited the highest cell growth inhibitory potency, suppressing the expression of both STAT3 and c-myc, which are critical regulators of cell growth and proliferation. Thus, naturally occurring SOFAs may play a role in the protection of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charikleia S Batsika
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Christiana Mantzourani
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Gkikas
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Maroula G Kokotou
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Olga G Mountanea
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Panagiotis K Politis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
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3
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Zha M, Li K, Zhang W, Sun Z, Kwok LY, Menghe B, Chen Y. Untargeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach unveils molecular changes in milk fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum P9. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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4
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Free Saturated Oxo Fatty Acids (SOFAs) and Ricinoleic Acid in Milk Determined by a Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS) Method. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11010046. [PMID: 33440625 PMCID: PMC7828063 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized saturated fatty acids, containing a hydroxyl or an oxo functionality, have attracted little attention so far. Recent studies have shown that saturated hydroxy fatty acids, which exhibit cancer cell growth inhibition and may suppress β-cell apoptosis, are present in milk. Herein, we present the application of a liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method for the detection and quantification of various saturated oxo fatty acids (SOFAs) previously unrecognized in milk. This robust and rapid analytical method, which involves simple sample preparation and a single 10-min run, revealed the presence of families of oxostearic acids (OSAs) and oxopalmitic acids (OPAs) in milk. 8OSA, 9OSA, 7OSA, 10OSA and 10OPA were found to be the most abundant SOFAs in both cow and goat milk. Higher contents of SOFAs were found in cow milk in comparison to goat milk. Together with SOFAs, ricinoleic acid, which is isobaric to OSA, was detected and quantified in all milk samples, following a “suspect” HRMS analysis approach. This unique natural fatty acid, which is the main component (>90%) of castor oil triglycerides, was estimated at mean content values of 534.3 ± 6.0 μg/mL and 460 ± 8.1 μg/mL in cow and goat milk samples, respectively.
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Kokotou MG, Kokotos AC, Gkikas D, Mountanea OG, Mantzourani C, Almutairi A, Lei X, Ramanadham S, Politis PK, Kokotos G. Saturated Hydroxy Fatty Acids Exhibit a Cell Growth Inhibitory Activity and Suppress the Cytokine-Induced β-Cell Apoptosis. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12666-12681. [PMID: 33124824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The field of bioactive lipids is ever expanding with discoveries of novel lipid molecules that promote human health. Adopting a lipidomic-assisted approach, two new families of previously unrecognized saturated hydroxy fatty acids (SHFAs), namely, hydroxystearic and hydroxypalmitic acids, consisting of isomers with the hydroxyl group at different positions, were identified in milk. Among the various regio-isomers synthesized, those carrying the hydroxyl at the 7- and 9-positions presented growth inhibitory activities against various human cancer cell lines, including A549, Caco-2, and SF268 cells. In addition, 7- and 9-hydroxystearic acids were able to suppress β-cell apoptosis induced by proinflammatory cytokines, increasing the possibility that they can be beneficial in countering autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes. 7-(R)-Hydroxystearic acid exhibited the highest potency both in cell growth inhibition and in suppressing β-cell death. We propose that such naturally occurring SHFAs may play a role in the promotion and protection of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroula G Kokotou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Alexandros C Kokotos
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Gkikas
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Olga G Mountanea
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Christiana Mantzourani
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Abdulaziz Almutairi
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States.,Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Xiaoyong Lei
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States.,Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Sasanka Ramanadham
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States.,Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Panagiotis K Politis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
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6
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Kokotou MG, Mantzourani C, Bourboula A, Mountanea OG, Kokotos G. A Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS) Method for the Determination of Free Hydroxy Fatty Acids in Cow and Goat Milk. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173947. [PMID: 32872426 PMCID: PMC7504762 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method for the direct determination of various saturated hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) in milk was developed for the first time. The method involves mild sample preparation conditions, avoids time-consuming derivatization procedures, and permits the simultaneous determination of 19 free HFAs in a single 10-min run. This method was validated and applied in 17 cow milk and 12 goat milk samples. This work revealed the existence of various previously unrecognized hydroxylated positional isomers of palmitic acid and stearic acid in both cow and goat milk, expanding our knowledge on the lipidome of milk. The most abundant free HFAs in cow milk were proven to be 7-hydroxystearic acid (7HSA) and 10-hydroxystearic acid (10HSA) (mean content values of 175.1 ± 3.4 µg/mL and 72.4 ± 6.1 µg/mL in fresh milk, respectively). The contents of 7HSA in cow milk seem to be substantially higher than those in goat milk.
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7
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Capó X, Ferrer MD, Olek RA, Salaberry E, Gomila RM, Martorell G, Sureda A, Tur JA, Pons A. Simultaneous analysis of saturated and unsaturated oxylipins in 'ex vivo' cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells and neutrophils. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 186:113258. [PMID: 32294601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxylipins are a family of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids peroxidation products with bioactive properties. We have developed an improved method for the measurement of ex vivo oxylipin production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and neutrophils. We aimed to develop an analytical method to determine the production rates of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), PUFA-oxylipin, and saturated-oxylipins by stimulated PBMCs and neutrophils based on solid phase extraction and HPLC-MS/MS technology. A UHPLC system coupled to a Q-Exactive Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer was used to identify and quantify oxylipin production. For each oxylipin and PUFA their differential response was calculated with respect to a deuterated internal standard factor (ISF). To calculate oxylipin and PUFAs in the culture samples, the individual ISF was used for each oxylipin and PUFA with respect to the deuterated internal standard. PBMCs and neutrophils showed a different pattern of oxylipin production and fatty acid secretion. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) did not stimulate oxylipin production or fatty acids secretion in PBMCs, whereas phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulation increased the production rate of 5-HETE, 15-HETE, 15-HEPE, 17-DoHE, PGE2, AA, and DHA. LPS stimulation decreased 16-hydroxyl-palmitatte (16-OHPAL) production and DHA secretion in neutrophils, while PMA stimulation increased the production rate of AA and its derivate oxylipins, 5-HETE, 15-HETE, and PGE2. In conclusion, we have developed a new method to determine oxylipins derived from both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in culture cell media. This method has enough sensitivity, and accuracy, to determine oxylipin production and fatty acid secretion by PBMCs and neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Capó
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (IDISBA), E-07120 Palma, Spain; Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, E- 07122, Palma, Spain
| | - M D Ferrer
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (IDISBA), E-07120 Palma, Spain; Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, E- 07122, Palma, Spain
| | - R A Olek
- Poznan University of Physical Education, Poland
| | - E Salaberry
- Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, E- 07122, Palma, Spain
| | - R M Gomila
- Serveis cientificotècnics, University of Balearic Islands, E- 07122, Palma, Spain
| | - G Martorell
- Serveis cientificotècnics, University of Balearic Islands, E- 07122, Palma, Spain
| | - A Sureda
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (IDISBA), E-07120 Palma, Spain; Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, E- 07122, Palma, Spain; CIBEROBN - Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, CB12/03/30038, University of Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma, Spain
| | - J A Tur
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (IDISBA), E-07120 Palma, Spain; Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, E- 07122, Palma, Spain; CIBEROBN - Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, CB12/03/30038, University of Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma, Spain
| | - A Pons
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (IDISBA), E-07120 Palma, Spain; Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, E- 07122, Palma, Spain; CIBEROBN - Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, CB12/03/30038, University of Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma, Spain.
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8
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Boratyński F, Szczepańska E, De Simeis D, Serra S, Brenna E. Bacterial Biotransformation of Oleic Acid: New Findings on the Formation of γ-Dodecalactone and 10-Ketostearic Acid in the Culture of Micrococcus luteus. Molecules 2020; 25:E3024. [PMID: 32630666 PMCID: PMC7411827 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial conversion of oleic acid (1) to form value-added industrial products has gained increasing scientific and economic interest. So far, the production of natural lactones with flavor and fragrance properties from fatty acids by non-genetically modified organisms (non-GMO) involves whole cells of bacteria catalyzing the hydration of unsaturated fatty acids as well as yeast strains responsible for further β-oxidation processes. Development of a non-GMO process, involving a sole strain possessing both enzymatic activities, significantly lowers the costs of the process and constitutes a better method from the customers' point of view regarding biosafety issues. Twenty bacteria from the genus of Bacillus, Comamonas, Dietzia, Gordonia, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus and Streptomyces were screened for oxidative functionalization of oleic acid (1). Micrococcus luteus PCM525 was selected as the sole strain catalyzing the one-pot transformation of oleic acid (1) into natural valuable peach and strawberry-flavored γ-dodecalactone (6) used in the food, beverage, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. Based on the identified products formed during the process of biotransformation, we clearly established a pathway showing that oleic acid (1) is hydrated to 10-hydroxystearic acid (2), then oxidized to 10-ketostearic acid (3), giving 4-ketolauric acid (4) after three cycles of β-oxidation, which is subsequently reduced and cyclized to γ-dodecalactone (6) (Scheme 1). Moreover, three other strains (Rhodococcus erythropolis DSM44534, Rhodococcus ruber PCM2166, Dietzia sp. DSM44016), with high concomitant activities of oleate hydratase and alcohol dehydrogenase, were identified as efficient producers of 10-ketostearic acid (3), which can be used in lubricant and detergent formulations. Considering the prevalence of γ-dodecalactone (6) and 10-ketostearic acid (3) applications and the economic benefits of sustainable management, microbial bioconversion of oleic acid (1) is an undeniably attractive approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Boratyński
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Ewa Szczepańska
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Davide De Simeis
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC)—CNR, Via Mancinelli 7, I-20131 Milan, Italy; (D.D.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Stefano Serra
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC)—CNR, Via Mancinelli 7, I-20131 Milan, Italy; (D.D.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Elisabetta Brenna
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, I-20131 Milan, Italy;
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Parente MDOM, Susin I, Nolli CP, Ferreira EM, Gentil RS, Polizel DM, Pires AV, Alves SP, Bessa RJB. Effects of supplementation with vegetable oils, including castor oil, on milk production of ewes and on growth of their lambs. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:354-363. [PMID: 29365200 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skx015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives in this experiment were to compare the effects of castor oil, canola oil, or sunflower oil on lactation performance, milk composition, and milk fatty acid (FA) profile in Santa Inês ewes and on growth of lambs. Forty-four ewes (66.9 ± 4.7 kg of initial BW, mean ± SD) were penned individually with their lambs and used in a randomized complete block design with 11 blocks and four diets. The experimental diets were as follows: 1) basal diet without added oil (control), 2) 30 g FA/kg DM of canola oil (CAN), 3) 30 g FA/kg DM of sunflower oil (SUN), and 4) 30 g FA/kg DM of castor oil (CAS). The oils were added to a basal diet containing 50% of roughage. Once a week, from the 2nd to 8th wk of lactation, ewes were separated from their lambs, injected with oxytocin, and mechanically milked to empty the udder. After 3 h, using the same procedure, milk production was recorded, and milk was sampled for composition and FA profile determination. The growth of the lambs was monitored weekly. Ewes fed the control diet had greater (P < 0.05) dry matter intake (DMI) than those fed the oil-supplemented diets. No effect was observed on milk yield and on final BW of lambs. Milk fat and milk total solid concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) with the supply of CAS. Supplementation with CAN and SUN, but not with CAS, reduced (P < 0.05) the sum of FA with 14 or less carbon chains and increased (P < 0.05) the c9-18:1, 18:0 and most of the biohydrogenation intermediates, including the t10-18:1, t11-18:1, and c9,t11-18:2. All oil-supplemented diets reduced (P < 0.05) the content of 16:0 when compared with the control. Milk from ewes fed CAS presented only small proportion of 12-OH,c9-18:1 (0.31% of total FA) but much larger proportions of 12-OH-18:0 (1.58% of total FA) and particularly of 12-oxo-18:0 (2.95 % of total FA), which suggests that 12-OH,c9-18:1 was extensively metabolized in the rumen. Concluding, CAS increased milk fat and modified the milk FA composition by increasing the hydroxy- and oxo-FA. The potential health promoting proprieties and technological advantages of milk enriched with hydroxy- and oxo-FA are not know at present but deserve to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivanete Susin
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ/USP). Avenida Pádua Dias, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristine Paduan Nolli
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ/USP). Avenida Pádua Dias, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Evandro Maia Ferreira
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ/USP). Avenida Pádua Dias, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato Shinkai Gentil
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ/USP). Avenida Pádua Dias, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Montanher Polizel
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ/USP). Avenida Pádua Dias, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Vaz Pires
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ/USP). Avenida Pádua Dias, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Susana Paula Alves
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui José Branquinho Bessa
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Gathercole J, Reis MG, Agnew M, Reis MM, Humphrey R, Harris P, Clerens S, Haigh B, Dyer JM. Molecular modification associated with the heat treatment of bovine milk. Int Dairy J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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11
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Alves SP, Araujo CM, Queiroga RC, Madruga MS, Parente MOM, Medeiros AN, Bessa RJB. New insights on the metabolism of ricinoleic acid in ruminants. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8018-8032. [PMID: 28803011 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dairy goats were fed a total mixed ration with or without the inclusion of castor oil [40 g/kg of dry matter (DM)] to study the metabolism of ricinoleic acid (12-OH,cis-9-18:1). Ten goats, at 39.7 ± 4.0 d in milk, were individually penned and allocated at random to the 2 experimental diets. Goats were manually milked twice a day. Milk fatty acids (FA) were analyzed as methyl esters and hydroxyl groups were derivatized in trimethylsilyl ethers. Apart from ricinoleic acid, 6 FA were only detected in the milk of the castor oil group. Ricinoleic acid composed 0.3% of total FA in milk of the castor oil group, whereas the hydroxy-FA (8-OH-14:0, 10-OH-16:0, and 12-OH-18:0) and oxo-FA (8-oxo-14:0, 10-oxo-16:0, and 12-oxo-18:0) reached 7.5% of total FA in milk. We anticipate that these FA were derived from the metabolism of ricinoleic acid, although it was not clear if they were produced in the rumen or in the tissues. To confirm that, we conducted in vitro batch incubations repeated for 3 consecutive weeks with castor oil (40 g/kg of DM) and strained rumen fluid from 2 fistulated sheep. To examine the products formed over time, incubation tubes were stopped at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. The results of the in vitro experiment showed that ricinoleic acid was metabolized in the rumen at a slow rate and the main products formed were 12-OH-18:0 and 12-oxo-18:0, by hydrogenation of the cis-9 double bond, followed by oxidation of the hydroxyl group, respectively. Our results suggest that the 12-OH-18:0 and 12-oxo-18:0 escape rumen and are further metabolized through partial β-oxidation in ruminant tissues. We propose that the 10-OH-16:0 and 8-OH-14:0 found in goat milk of the castor oil group are successive products of the β-oxidation of 12-OH-18:0, and the 10-oxo-16:0 and 8-oxo-14:0 are successive products of the 12-oxo-18:0 in tissues. Overall, our results indicate that ricinoleic acid is extensively metabolized in the rumen and tissues, producing mainly oxo- and hydroxy-FA that are further excreted in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana P Alves
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Cintia M Araujo
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia-PB 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Rita C Queiroga
- Department of Nutrition, Technology Centre, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Marta S Madruga
- Department of Food Engineering, Technology Centre, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Michelle O M Parente
- Center for Agrarian and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, Chapadinha-MA 65500-000, Brazil
| | - Ariosvaldo N Medeiros
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia-PB 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Rui J B Bessa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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Xia W, Budge SM. Techniques for the Analysis of Minor Lipid Oxidation Products Derived from Triacylglycerols: Epoxides, Alcohols, and Ketones. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16:735-758. [PMID: 33371569 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipid oxidation can lead to flavor and safety issues in fat-containing foods. In order to measure the extent of lipid oxidation, hydroperoxides and their scission products are normally targeted for analytical purposes. In recent years, the formation of rarely monitored oxygenated products, including epoxides, alcohols, and ketones, has also raised concerns. These products are thought to form from alternative pathways that compete with chain scissions, and should not be neglected. In this review, a number of instrumental techniques and approaches to determine epoxides, alcohols, and ketones are discussed, with a focus on their selectivity and sensitivity in applications to food lipids and oils. Special attention is given to methods employing gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). For characterization purposes, GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) provides valuable information regarding the structures of individual oxygenated fatty acids, typically as methyl esters, isolated from oxygenated triacylglycerols (TAGs), while the use of liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS) techniques allows analysis of intact oxygenated TAGs and offers information about the position of the oxygenated acyl chain on the glycerol backbone. For quantitative purposes, traditional chromatography methods have exhibited excellent sensitivity, while spectroscopic methods, including NMR, are superior to chromatography for their rapid analytical cycles. Future studies should focus on the development of a routine quantitative method that is both selective and sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xia
- Dept. of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie Univ., Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Suzanne M Budge
- Dept. of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie Univ., Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
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de la Fuente MA, Rodríguez-Pino V, Juárez M. Use of an extremely polar 100-m column in combination with a cyanoalkyl polysiloxane column to complement the study of milk fats with different fatty acid profiles. Int Dairy J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Toral PG, Chilliard Y, Rouel J, Leskinen H, Shingfield KJ, Bernard L. Comparison of the nutritional regulation of milk fat secretion and composition in cows and goats. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:7277-97. [PMID: 26233463 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A study with 2 ruminant species (goats and cows) with inherent differences in lipid metabolism was performed to test the hypothesis that milk fat depression (MFD) due to marine lipid supplements or diets containing high amounts of starch and plant oil is caused by different mechanisms and that each ruminant species responds differently. Cows and goats were allocated to 1 of 3 groups (4 cows and 5 goats per group) and fed diets containing no additional oil (control) or supplemented with fish oil (FO) or sunflower oil and wheat starch (SOS) according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design with 26-d experimental periods. In cows, milk fat content was lowered by FO and SOS (-31%), whereas only FO decreased milk fat content in goats (-21%) compared with the control. Furthermore, FO and SOS decreased milk fat yield in cows, but not in goats. In both species, FO and SOS decreased the secretion of <C16 and C16 fatty acids (FA), and FO lowered >C16 FA output. However, SOS increased milk secretion of >C16 FA in goats. Compared with the control, SOS resulted in similar increases in milk trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in both species, but caused a 2-fold larger increase in trans-10 18:1 concentration in cows than for goats. Relative to the control, responses to FO in both species were characterized by a marked decrease in milk concentration of 18:0 (-74%) and cis-9 18:1 (-62%), together with a ~5-fold increase in total trans 18:1, but the proportionate changes in trans-10 18:1 were lower for goats. Direct comparison of animal performance and milk FA responses to FO and SOS treatments demonstrated interspecies differences in mammary lipogenesis, suggesting a lower sensitivity to the inhibitory effects of trans-10,cis-12 CLA in goats and that ruminal biohydrogenation pathways are more stable and less prone to diet-induced shifts toward the formation of trans-10-containing intermediates in goats compared with cows. Even though a direct cause and effect could not be established, results suggest that regulation of milk fat synthesis during FO-induced MFD may be related to a shortage of 18:0 for endogenous mammary cis-9 18:1 synthesis, increase in the incorporation of trans FA in milk triacylglycerols, and limitations in the synthesis of FA de novo to maintain milk fat melting point. However, the possible contribution of biohydrogenation intermediates with putative antilipogenic effects in the mammary gland, including trans-9,cis-11 CLA, trans-10 18:1, or cis-11 18:1 to FO-induced MFD cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Toral
- INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Y Chilliard
- INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - J Rouel
- INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - H Leskinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Green Technology, Nutritional Physiology FI-31600, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - K J Shingfield
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Green Technology, Nutritional Physiology FI-31600, Jokioinen, Finland; Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - L Bernard
- INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Schröder M, Vetter W. Detection of 430 Fatty Acid Methyl Esters from a Transesterified Butter Sample. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-013-2218-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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