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Pszczolkowski VL, Hu H, Zhang J, Connelly MK, Munsterman AS, Arriola Apelo SI. Effects of methionine, leucine, and insulin on circulating concentrations and mammary extraction of energy substrates and amino acids in lactating dairy cows. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2022; 81:106730. [PMID: 35580513 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2022.106730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to test whether insulin potentiates the effects of two abomasally infused amino acids (AA), leucine and methionine (LM), on mammary extraction efficiency of energetic and nitrogenous nutrients. Six lactating Holstein cows (155 ± 9 DIM) were ruminally-cannulated and had the right carotid artery subcutaneously transposed. Cows were fed a 20% metabolizable protein-restricted diet and abomasally infused with water (8 L/d) or AA (Met 26 g/d, Leu 70 g/d) for 8 h/d, for 7 days. On the last day of each period, cows were intravenously infused with saline (0.9% NaCl, 110 mL/h) or subjected to 8 h hyperinsulinemic clamp (IC) alongside abomasal infusions. For IC, insulin was infused at 1 µg/kg/h. Normoglycemia was maintained by varying glucose (50% w/v in water) infusion rate based on coccygeal vein glucose concentration. Carotid arterial and subcutaneous abdominal (mammary) vein blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h from the start of infusions. Milk weights and samples for baseline measurements of production were taken on day 5 PM, day 6 AM and PM, and day 7 AM of the experimental period. A final milk weight and sample was taken immediately after abomasal and intravenous infusions on day 7 PM for assessing the interaction between insulin and the infused AA. The experiment had an incompletely replicated Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (abomasal and intravenous infusion). Baseline milk production when cows were only receiving abomasal infusions was largely unaffected by LM, but milk protein yield tended to be decreased. On day 7, LM tended to positively increase milk fat and de novo fatty acid content, and IC tended to decrease milk protein content. Both milk urea nitrogen and plasma urea nitrogen were decreased by IC. Circulating AA concentrations in plasma were decreased by both LM and IC, but mammary extraction efficiency was affected by neither. Infusion of LM had no effect on any energy metabolite analyzed. Circulating non-esterified fatty acid concentration was decreased by IC, with no effect on mammary extraction efficiency. Mammary extraction efficiency of both acetate and β-hydroxybutyrate were decreased by IC. Overall, while both circulating concentrations of energy metabolites and amino acids were decreased in response to treatments, this was not due to improved mammary extraction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia L Pszczolkowski
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 1675 Observatory Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Haowen Hu
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 1675 Observatory Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 1675 Observatory Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi, China
| | - Meghan K Connelly
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 1675 Observatory Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Vita Plus Corporation, Madison, WI, 53713, USA
| | - Amelia S Munsterman
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sebastian I Arriola Apelo
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 1675 Observatory Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Thum C, Roy NC, Everett DW, McNabb WC. Variation in milk fat globule size and composition: A source of bioactives for human health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:87-113. [PMID: 34190660 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1944049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Milk fat globules (MFGs) are secreted from the mammalian gland and are composed of a triacylglycerol core surrounded by a triple membrane structure, the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). The MFGM contains complex lipids and proteins reported to have nutritional, immunological, neurological and digestive functions. Human and ruminant milk are shown to share a similar MFG structure but with different size, profile and abundance of protein and polar lipids. This review summarizes the reported data on human, bovine, caprine and ovine MFG composition and concentration of bioactive components in different MFG-size fractions. A comprehensive understanding of compositional variations between milk from different species and MFG size fractions may help promote various milk sources as targeted supplements to improve human development and health. MFG size and MFGM composition are species-specific and affected by lactation, diet and breed (or maternal origin). Purification and enrichment methods for some bioactive proteins and lipids present in the MFGM have yet to be established or are not scaled sufficiently to be used to supplement human diets. To overcome this problem, MFG size selection through fractionation or herd selection may provide a convenient way to pre-enrich the MFG fraction with specific protein and lipid components to fulfill human dietary and health requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Thum
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nicole C Roy
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David W Everett
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Warren C McNabb
- Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Argov-Argaman N, Glasser T, Muklada H, Hadaya O, Mesilati-Stahy R, Raz C, Landau SY. Lipidome changes, with a focus on phospholipids, due to feeding systems and processing in goat milk. Food Chem 2020; 340:127938. [PMID: 32871356 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of processing - pasteurization and yoghurt manufacturing - on some health-promoting lipidome components in milk from two feeding treatments - brushland grazing or hay-feeding in confinement - in dairy goats. The contents of fat and protein were higher, and of urea, lower, in grazing goats. Fatty acid composition - at the exception of saturated fatty acids - was affected by dietary management and milk processing. Phospholipid contents was lower in confined goats, with little effect for processing. The phospholipid-to-triglyceride ratio was decreased by pasteurization. Sensitivity to pasteurization of phospholipid composition differed between feeding treatments. The percentage of sphingomyelin increased following pasteurization, with no response for fermentation to yoghurt. These results can be exploited to modulate health-promoting fats in dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Argov-Argaman
- Department of Animal Science, The Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | | | - Hussein Muklada
- Department of Natural Resources, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 Hamakabim Road, Rishon Letzion 7505101, Israel.
| | - Oren Hadaya
- Department of Animal Science, The Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ronit Mesilati-Stahy
- Department of Animal Science, The Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Chen Raz
- Department of Animal Science, The Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Serge Yan Landau
- Department of Natural Resources, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 Hamakabim Road, Rishon Letzion 7505101, Israel.
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Argov-Argaman N. Symposium review: Milk fat globule size: Practical implications and metabolic regulation. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:2783-2795. [PMID: 30639008 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Milk fat globule (MFG) size ranges over 3 orders of magnitude, from less than 200 nm to over 15 µm. The significance of MFG size derives from its tight association with its lipidome and proteome. More specifically, small MFG have relatively higher content of membrane compared with large globules, and this membrane exerts diverse positive health effects, as reported in human and animal studies. In addition, MFG size has industrial significance, as it affects the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of dairy products. Studies on the size regulation of MFG are scarce, mainly because various confounders indirectly affect MFG size. Because MFG size is determined before and during its secretion from mammary epithelial cells, studies on the size regulation of its precursors, the intracellular lipid droplets (LD), have been used as a proxy for understanding the mechanisms controlling MFG size. In this review, we provide evidence for 2 distinct mechanisms regulating LD size in mammary epithelial cells: co-regulation of fat content and triglyceride-synthesis capacity of the cells, and fusion between LD. The latter is controlled by the membrane's polar lipid composition and involves mitochondrial enzymes. Accordingly, this review also discusses MFG size regulation in the in vivo metabolic context, as MFG morphometric features are often modulated under conditions that involve animals' altered energy status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Argov-Argaman
- Department of Animal Science, the Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, POB 76100.
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Azulay Chertok IR, Haile ZT, Eventov-Friedman S, Silanikove N, Argov-Argaman N. Influence of gestational diabetes mellitus on fatty acid concentrations in human colostrum. Nutrition 2017; 36:17-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Argov-Argaman N, Hadaya O, Glasser T, Muklada H, Dvash L, Mesilati-Stahy R, Landau SY. Milk fat globule size, phospholipid contents and composition of milk from purebred and Alpine-crossbred Mid-Eastern goats under confinement or grazing condition. Int Dairy J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lu J, Argov-Argaman N, Anggrek J, Boeren S, van Hooijdonk T, Vervoort J, Hettinga KA. The protein and lipid composition of the membrane of milk fat globules depends on their size. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:4726-4738. [PMID: 26995123 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In bovine milk, fat globules (MFG) have a heterogeneous size distribution with diameters ranging from 0.1 to 15 µm. Although efforts have been made to explain differences in lipid composition, little is known about the protein composition of MFG membranes (MFGM) in different sizes of MFG. In this study, protein and lipid analyses were combined to study MFG formation and secretion. Two different sized MFG fractions (7.6±0.9 µm and 3.3±1.2 µm) were obtained by centrifugation. The protein composition of MFGM in the large and small MFG fractions was compared using mass-spectrometry-based proteomics techniques. The lipid composition and fatty acid composition of MFG was determined using HPLC-evaporative light-scattering detector and gas chromatography, respectively. Two frequently studied proteins in lipid droplet biogenesis, perilipin-2 and TIP47, were increased in the large and small MFG fractions, respectively. In the large MFG fraction, besides perilipin-2, cytoplasmic vesicle proteins (heat shock proteins, 14-3-3 proteins, and Rabs), microfilaments and intermediate filament-related proteins (actin and vimentin), host defense proteins (cathelicidins), and phosphatidylinositol were higher in concentration. On the other hand, cholesterol synthesis enzymes [lanosterol synthase and sterol-4-α-carboxylate 3-dehydrogenase (decarboxylating)], cholesterol, unsaturated fatty acids, and phosphatidylethanolamine were, besides TIP47, higher in concentration in the small MFG fraction. These results suggest that vesicle proteins, microfilaments and intermediate filaments, cholesterol, and specific phospholipids play an important role in lipid droplet growth, secretion, or both. The observations from this study clearly demonstrated the difference in protein and lipid composition between small and large MFG fractions. Studying the role of these components in more detail in future experiments may lead to a better understanding of fat globule formation and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Dairy Science and Technology, Food Quality and Design group, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Nurit Argov-Argaman
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Jeni Anggrek
- Dairy Science and Technology, Food Quality and Design group, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Toon van Hooijdonk
- Dairy Science and Technology, Food Quality and Design group, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jacques Vervoort
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kasper Arthur Hettinga
- Dairy Science and Technology, Food Quality and Design group, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Cohen BC, Shamay A, Argov-Argaman N. Regulation of lipid droplet size in mammary epithelial cells by remodeling of membrane lipid composition-a potential mechanism. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121645. [PMID: 25756421 PMCID: PMC4355593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk fat globule size is determined by the size of its precursors—intracellular lipid droplets—and is tightly associated with its composition. We examined the relationship between phospholipid composition of mammary epithelial cells and the size of both intracellular and secreted milk fat globules. Primary culture of mammary epithelial cells was cultured in medium without free fatty acids (control) or with 0.1 mM free capric, palmitic or oleic acid for 24 h. The amount and composition of the cellular lipids and the size of the lipid droplets were determined in the cells and medium. Mitochondrial quantity and expression levels of genes associated with mitochondrial biogenesis and polar lipid composition were determined. Cells cultured with oleic and palmitic acids contained similar quantities of triglycerides, 3.1- and 3.8-fold higher than in controls, respectively (P < 0.0001). When cultured with oleic acid, 22% of the cells contained large lipid droplets (>3 μm) and phosphatidylethanolamine concentration was higher by 23 and 63% compared with that in the control and palmitic acid treatments, respectively (P < 0.0001). In the presence of palmitic acid, only 4% of the cells contained large lipid droplets and the membrane phosphatidylcholine concentration was 22% and 16% higher than that in the control and oleic acid treatments, respectively (P < 0.0001). In the oleic acid treatment, approximately 40% of the lipid droplets were larger than 5 μm whereas in that of the palmitic acid treatment, only 16% of the droplets were in this size range. Triglyceride secretion in the oleic acid treatment was 2- and 12-fold higher compared with that in the palmitic acid and control treatments, respectively. Results imply that membrane composition of bovine mammary epithelial cells plays a role in controlling intracellular and secreted lipid droplets size, and that this process is not associated with cellular triglyceride content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bat-Chen Cohen
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avi Shamay
- Animal Science Department, The Volcani Center, The Ministry of Agriculture, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nurit Argov-Argaman
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Influence of glucogenic dietary supplementation and reproductive state of dairy cows on the composition of lipids in milk. Animal 2015; 9:1008-15. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731115000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Argov-Argaman N, Mesilati-Stahy R, Magen Y, Moallem U. Elevated concentrate-to-forage ratio in dairy cow rations is associated with a shift in the diameter of milk fat globules and remodeling of their membranes. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:6286-95. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mesilati-Stahy R, Argov-Argaman N. The relationship between size and lipid composition of the bovine milk fat globule is modulated by lactation stage. Food Chem 2014; 145:562-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Argov-Argaman N, Mida K, Cohen BC, Visker M, Hettinga K. Milk fat content and DGAT1 genotype determine lipid composition of the milk fat globule membrane. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68707. [PMID: 23874734 PMCID: PMC3715532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During secretion of milk fat globules, triacylglycerol (TAG) droplets are enveloped by a phospholipid (PL) trilayer. Globule size has been found to be related to polar lipid composition and fat content, and milk fat content and fatty acid composition have been associated with the diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) K232A polymorphism; however, the association between the DGAT1 polymorphism and fat globule size and polar lipid composition has not been studied. The ratio between polar and neutral lipids as well as the composition of the polar lipids in milk has industrial as well as nutritional and health implications. Understanding phenotypic and genotypic factors influencing these parameters could contribute to improving milk lipid composition for dairy products. The focus of the present study was to determine the effect of both fat content and DGAT1 polymorphism on PL/TAG ratio, as a marker for milk fat globule size, and detailed PL composition. Milk samples were selected from 200 cows such that there were equal numbers of samples for the different fat contents as well as per DGAT1 genotype. Samples were analyzed for neutral and polar lipid concentration and composition. PL/TAG ratio was significantly associated with both fat content and DGAT1 genotype. Phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine concentrations were associated with fat content*DGAT1 genotype with a stronger association for the AA than the KK genotype. Sphingomyelin concentration tended to interact with fat content*DGAT1 genotype. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) concentration showed a biphasic response to fat content, suggesting that multiple biological processes influence its concentration. These results provide a new direction for controlling polar lipid concentration and composition in milk through selective breeding of cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Argov-Argaman
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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