1
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An D, Li L. Effects of molecular weight of hydrolysate on the formation of soy protein isolate hydrolysate nanofibrils: Kinetics, structures, and interactions. Food Chem 2024; 456:139687. [PMID: 38889496 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis prior to protein fibrillation was an effective way to facilitate the formation of nanofibrils. This study aimed to investigate the effects of molecular weights of hydrolysate on the kinetics, structures, and interactions of soy protein isolate (SPI) hydrolysate nanofibrils. The results showed that hydrolysate with molecular weight > 10 kDa showed a distinct fibrillation kinetics curve and a higher apparent rate constant (27.72) during fibrillation, indicating their vital role in determining the fibrillation. Hydrolysate with molecular weight > 10 kDa could form nanofibrils with higher radius gyration (17.11 ± 0.77 Å) due to stronger hydrophobic interaction, showing a stronger fibrillation ability. Hydrolysate with molecular weight within 5-10 kDa exhibited enhanced π-π stacking interactions during fibrillation, thereby promoting the extension of nanofibrils, and contributing to the formation of more nanofibrils. Hydrolysate with molecular weight < 5 kDa tended to randomly aggregate during fibrillation, resulting in a significant loss of cross-β structures in nanofibrils. Therefore, hydrolysate with different molecular weights exhibited synergistic effects during fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di An
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Liang Li
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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2
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Tan H, Wu X, Zhao M, Li H, Wu W. Formation of self-assembled fibril aggregates of trypsin-controllably hydrolyzed soy protein and its regulation on stability of high internal phase Pickering emulsions. Food Chem 2024; 462:140996. [PMID: 39213962 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The mechanisms of trypsin hydrolysis time on the structure of soy protein hydrolysate fibril aggregates (SPHFAs) and the stability of SPHFAs-high internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs) were investigated. SPHFAs were prepared using soy protein hydrolysate (SPH) with different trypsin hydrolysis time (0 min-120 min) to stabilize SPHFAs-HIPPEs. The results showed that moderate trypsin hydrolysis (30 min, hydrolysis degree of 2.31 %) induced SPH unfolding and increased the surface hydrophobicity of SPH, thereby promoting the formation of flexible SPHFAs with maximal thioflavin T intensity and ζ-potential. Moreover, moderate trypsin hydrolysis improved the viscoelasticity of SPHFAs-HIPPEs, and SPHFAs-HIPPEs remained stable after storage at 25 °C for 80 d and heating at 100 °C for 1 h. Excessive trypsin hydrolysis (> 30 min) decreased the stability of SPHFAs-HIPPEs. In conclusion, moderate trypsin hydrolysis promoted the formation of flexible SPHFAs with high surface charge by inducing SPH unfolding, thereby promoting the stability of SPHFAs-HIPPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitong Tan
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wu
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Helin Li
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China.
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3
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Sulatsky MI, Stepanenko OV, Stepanenko OV, Povarova OI, Kuznetsova IM, Turoverov KK, Sulatskaya AI. Broken but not beaten: Challenge of reducing the amyloids pathogenicity by degradation. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00161-9. [PMID: 38642804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accumulation of ordered protein aggregates, amyloid fibrils, accompanies various neurodegenerative diseases (such as Parkinson's, Huntington's, Alzheimer's, etc.) and causes a wide range of systemic and local amyloidoses (such as insulin, hemodialysis amyloidosis, etc.). Such pathologies are usually diagnosed when the disease is already irreversible and a large amount of amyloid plaques have accumulated. In recent years, new drugs aimed at reducing amyloid levels have been actively developed. However, although clinical trials have demonstrated a reduction in amyloid plaque size with these drugs, their effect on disease progression has been controversial and associated with significant side effects, the reasons of which are not fully understood. AIM OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize extensive array of data on the effect of exogenous and endogenous factors (physico-mechanical effects, chemical effects of low molecular weight compounds, macromolecules and their complexes) on the structure and pathogenicity of mature amyloids for proposing future directions of the development of effective and safe anti-amyloid therapeutics. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Our analysis show that destruction of amyloids is in most cases incomplete and degradation products often retain the properties of amyloids (including high and sometimes higher than fibrils, cytotoxicity), accelerate amyloidogenesis and promote the propagation of amyloids between cells. Probably, the appearance of protein aggregates, polymorphic in structure and properties (such as amorphous aggregates, fibril fragments, amyloid oligomers, etc.), formed because of uncontrolled degradation of amyloids, may be one of the reasons for the ambiguous effectiveness and serious side effects of the anti-amyloid drugs. This means that all medications that are supposed to be used both for degradation and slow down the fibrillogenesis must first be tested on mature fibrils: the mechanism of drug action and cytotoxic, seeding, and infectious activity of the degradation products must be analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim I Sulatsky
- Laboratory of Cell Morphology, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky ave., 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga V Stepanenko
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky ave., 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olesya V Stepanenko
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky ave., 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga I Povarova
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky ave., 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina M Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky ave., 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Konstantin K Turoverov
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky ave., 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna I Sulatskaya
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky ave., 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia.
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4
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Qi X, Li Y, Zhang W, Shen M, Chen Y, Yu Q, Xie J. Proteolysis improves the foaming properties of rice protein fibrils: Structure, physicochemical properties changes, and application in angel food cake. Food Chem 2024; 437:137765. [PMID: 37907000 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Proteolysis prior to fibrillation can change the functional properties of protein fibrils. This study aimed to investigate the effects of proteolysis pretreatment by alkaline protease on formation, structure, and foaming properties of rice protein fibrils. Thioflavin T fluorescence and conversion assays showed that proteolysis reduced the fibril formation capacity of rice protein. After 12 h of heating, the percent conversion of rice protein and rice protein hydrolysates to fibrils reached 60.32 ± 1.07% and 30.43 ± 2.01%, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that fibrils derived from rice protein hydrolysates had a longer contour length than rice protein fibrils. The foaming capacity and stability of rice protein hydrolysate fibrils increased by 16.70% and 11.27%, respectively, compared with those of rice protein fibrils. The addition of rice protein hydrolysate fibrils improved the texture of cakes. These results suggested that rice protein hydrolysate fibrils could be a promising plant-based foaming agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yulin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Mingyue Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jianhua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
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5
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Qi X, Li Y, Shen M, Yu Q, Chen Y, Xie J. Formation of rice protein fibrils is highly sensitive to the different types of metal ions: Aggregation behavior and possible mechanisms. Food Chem 2024; 431:137101. [PMID: 37572487 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Ca2+, Cu2+, and Fe3+ on rice protein (RP) fibril formation were investigated in this study. Low Ca2+ concentration (≤150 mM) moderately unfolded the conformation of RP, promoting the exposure of hydrophobic sites and RP fibril assembly. Fibril formation was especially promoted with earlier addition of Ca2+. Cu2+ and Fe3+ inhibited RP fibril formation in a dose-dependent manner, and the inhibitory effect of Fe3+ was stronger due to higher affinity with RP. Additionally, the addition of Cu2+ and Fe3+ reduced α-helix and β-sheet contents of RP, respectively, hindering the formation of stacked β-sheet, the main internal structure of fibrils. These two ions also resulted in the formation of random aggregates within 15-50 nm, which further inhibited the conversion of proteins to fibrils. Moreover, Cu2+ and Fe3+ prevented the recruitment of nucleus into fibril-growth-sites, and formed fibrils were disrupted into fragments when these ions were added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yulin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Mingyue Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jianhua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
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6
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Yu Z, Li N, Liu Y, Zhang B, Zhang M, Wang X, Wang X. Formation, structure and functional characteristics of amyloid fibrils formed based on soy protein isolates. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127956. [PMID: 37951451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Food protein-derived amyloid fibrils possess great untapped potential applications in food and other biomaterials. The objective of this report was to investigate the formation mechanism, structure and functional characterization of soy protein amyloid fibrils (SPF) through hydrolysis and heating (pH 2.0, 85 °C, 0-24 h) of soy protein isolate (SPI). Fibrillation growth analysis indicated polypeptide hydrolysis upon hydrolytic heating, and the amyloid fibrils were basically formed 8 h later. The microstructure of SPF was monitored by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, exhibiting change from an irregular spherical structure to a coiled, intertwined thread-like polymer. The secondary structures of SPI all changed drastically during the fibrillation process was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which the α-helical and β-turned content decreasing by 12.67 % and 5.07 %, respectively, and the content of ordered β-folded structures increasing with heating time, finally increasing to 53.61 % at 24 h. The fluorescence intensity of the endogenous fluorescence spectra decreased and the maximum emission wavelength was red-shifted, suggesting that the fibrillation unfolded the protein structure, hydrolyzed and self-assembled into amyloid fibrils aggregates obscuring the aromatic amino acid residues. The emulsification activity, emulsion stability and viscosity of SPF improved with the increase in protein fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Yu
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ning Li
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yian Liu
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Boya Zhang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Mengyue Zhang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xibo Wang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
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7
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Li Y, Liu J, Zhang H, Shi X, Li S, Yang M, Zhang T, Xiao H, Du Z. A Comprehensive Review of Self-Assembled Food Protein-Derived Multicomponent Peptides: From Forming Mechanism and Structural Diversity to Applications. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37486612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Food protein-derived multicomponent peptides (FPDMPs) are a natural blend of numerous peptides with various bioactivities and multiple active sites that can assume several energetically favorable conformations in solutions. The remarkable structural characteristics and functional attributes of FPDMPs make them promising codelivery carriers that can coassemble with different bioactive ingredients to induce multidimensional structures, such as fibrils, nanotubes, and nanospheres, thereby producing specific health benefits. This review offers a prospective analysis of FPDMPs-based self-assembly nanostructures, focusing on the mechanism of formation of self-assembled FPDMPs, the internal and external stimuli affecting peptide self-assembly, and their potential applications. In particular, we introduce the exciting prospect of constructing functional materials through precursor template-induced self-assembly of FPDMPs, which combine the bioactivity and self-assembly capacity of peptides and could dramatically broaden the functional utility of peptide-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Shi
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanglin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Zhiyang Du
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
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8
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Yang X, Guan C, Ma C, Xu H. Nuclei-induced formation of amyloid fibrils in whey protein: Effects of enzyme hydrolysis on the ability of nuclei to induce fibril formation. Food Chem 2023; 410:135433. [PMID: 36640658 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Homogeneous and secondary nuclei (HN and SN) are aggregates formed at different stages of whey protein isolate (WPI) self-assembly. More fibrils can form when HN/SN are added as nuclei than when WPI self-assembles. We evaluated the effect of hydrolysis treatment on fibril-induction ability of nuclei derived from WPI, and investigated the relationship between induction ability and nuclear structure. Hydrolyzed SN-induced 9.47% more WPI fibrils than unhydrolyzed SN-induced. Infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and atomic force microscopy were used to examine the structural changes in hydrolyzed nuclei and the fibrils induced using these nuclei. We concluded that hydrolysis treatment led to a looser inter-β-sheet packaging in nuclei by increasing the inter-β-sheet distance. The inter-β-sheet distance of cross-β structure was a key determinant of fibril-induction ability of nuclei, which could be enhanced when inter-β-sheet structure was moderately loose. This research may provide a theoretical basis for the mechanism of nuclei-induced WPI fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Chen Guan
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Caihong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Honghua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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9
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Han B, Chen P, Guo J, Yu H, Zhong S, Li D, Liu C, Feng Z, Jiang B. A Novel Intelligent Indicator Film: Preparation, Characterization, and Application. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083384. [PMID: 37110618 PMCID: PMC10143919 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of intelligent indicator film that can detect changes in food quality is a new trend in the food packaging field. The WPNFs-PU-ACN/Gly film was prepared based on whey protein isolate nanofibers (WPNFs). Anthocyanin (ACN) and glycerol (Gly) were used as the color indicator and the plasticizer, respectively, while pullulan (PU) was added to enhance mechanical properties of WPNFs-PU-ACN/Gly edible film. In the study, the addition of ACN improved the hydrophobicity and oxidation resistance of the indicator film; with an increase in pH, the color of the indicator film shifted from dark pink to grey, and its surface was uniform and smooth. Therefore, the WPNFs-PU-ACN/Gly edible film would be suitable for sensing the pH of salmon, which changes with deterioration, as the color change of ACN was completely consistent with fish pH. Furthermore, the color change after being exposed to grey was evaluated in conjunction with hardness, chewiness, and resilience of salmon as an indication. This shows that intelligent indicator film made of WPNFs, PU, ACN, and Gly could contribute to the development of safe food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Han
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Peifeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jiaxuan Guo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Hongliang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shaojing Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Chunhong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhibiao Feng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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10
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Pi J, Wang J, Lv J, Jin Y, Oh DH, Fu X. Modification of ovalbumin by the enzymatic method: Consequences for foaming characteristics of fibrils. Food Hydrocoll 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.108492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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11
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Qu Z, Chen G, Wang J, Xie X, Chen Y. Preparation, structure evaluation, and improvement in foaming characteristics of fibrotic pea protein isolate by cold plasma synergistic organic acid treatment. Food Hydrocoll 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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12
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Alraawi Z, Banerjee N, Mohanty S, Kumar TKS. Amyloidogenesis: What Do We Know So Far? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213970. [PMID: 36430450 PMCID: PMC9695042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of protein aggregation, and amyloidosis in particular, has gained considerable interest in recent times. Several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) show a characteristic buildup of proteinaceous aggregates in several organs, especially the brain. Despite the enormous upsurge in research articles in this arena, it would not be incorrect to say that we still lack a crystal-clear idea surrounding these notorious aggregates. In this review, we attempt to present a holistic picture on protein aggregation and amyloids in particular. Using a chronological order of discoveries, we present the case of amyloids right from the onset of their discovery, various biophysical techniques, including analysis of the structure, the mechanisms and kinetics of the formation of amyloids. We have discussed important questions on whether aggregation and amyloidosis are restricted to a subset of specific proteins or more broadly influenced by the biophysiochemical and cellular environment. The therapeutic strategies and the significant failure rate of drugs in clinical trials pertaining to these neurodegenerative diseases have been also discussed at length. At a time when the COVID-19 pandemic has hit the globe hard, the review also discusses the plausibility of the far-reaching consequences posed by the virus, such as triggering early onset of amyloidosis. Finally, the application(s) of amyloids as useful biomaterials has also been discussed briefly in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina Alraawi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fulbright College of Art and Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Nayan Banerjee
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Srujana Mohanty
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata 741246, India
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13
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Recent advances of interfacial and rheological property based techno-functionality of food protein amyloid fibrils. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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An D, Ban Q, Du H, Wang Q, Teng F, Li L, Xiao H. Nanofibrils of food-grade proteins: Formation mechanism, delivery systems, and application evaluation. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:4847-4871. [PMID: 36201382 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Due to the high aspect ratio, appealing mechanical characteristics, and various adjustable functional groups on the surface proteins, food-grade protein nanofibrils have attracted great research interest in the field of food science. Fibrillation, known as a process of peptide self-assembly, is recognized as a common attribute for food-grade proteins. Converting food-grade proteins into nanofibrils is a promising strategy to broaden their functionality and applications, such as improvement of the properties of gelling and emulsifying, especially for constructing various delivery systems for bioactive compounds. Protein source and processing conditions have a great impact on the size, structure, and morphology of nanofibrils, resulting in extreme differences in functionality. With this feature, it is possible to engineer nanofibrils into four different delivery systems, including gels, microcapsules, emulsions, and complexes. Construction of nanofibril-based gels via multiple cross-linking methods can endow gels with special network structures to efficiently capture bioactive compounds and extra mechanical behavior. The adsorption behavior of nanofibrils at the interface is highly complex due to the influence of several intrinsic factors, which makes it challenging to form stabilized nanofibril-based emulsion systems. Based on electrostatic interactions, microcapsules and complexes prepared using nanofibrils and polysaccharides have combined functional properties, resulting in adjustable release behavior and higher encapsulation efficiency. The bioactive compounds delivery system based on nanofibrils is a potential solution to enhance their absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, improve their bioavailability, and deliver them to target organs. Although food-grade protein nanofibrils show unknown toxicity to humans, further research can contribute to broadening the application of nanofibrils in delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di An
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Qingfeng Ban
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hengjun Du
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fei Teng
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Liang Li
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Huyst AM, Deleu LJ, Luyckx T, Van der Meeren L, Housmans JA, Grootaert C, Monge-Morera M, Delcour JA, Skirtach AG, Rousseau F, Schymkowitz J, Dewettinck K, Van der Meeren P. Impact of heat and enzymatic treatment on ovalbumin amyloid-like fibril formation and enzyme-induced gelation. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Wang YR, Yang Q, Du YN, Chen HQ. Evaluation of the impact of stirring on the formation, structural changes and rheological properties of ovalbumin fibrils. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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17
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Li T, Zhou J, Wu Q, Zhang X, Chen Z, Wang L. Modifying functional properties of food amyloid-based nanostructures from rice glutelin. Food Chem 2022; 398:133798. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Pretreatment of buckwheat globulin by ultra-high pressure: Effects on enzymatic hydrolysis and final hydrolysate lipid metabolism regulation capacities. Food Chem 2022; 379:132102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Curcumin-loaded composite hydrogel based on scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) male gonad hydrolysates and κ-carrageenan: Characterization and in vitro digestibility. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Chen D, Pinho LS, Federici E, Zuo X, Ilavsky J, Kuzmenko I, Yang Z, Jones OG, Campanella O. Heat accelerates degradation of β-lactoglobulin fibrils at neutral pH. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Hoppenreijs L, Fitzner L, Ruhmlieb T, Heyn T, Schild K, van der Goot AJ, Boom R, Steffen-Heins A, Schwarz K, Keppler J. Engineering amyloid and amyloid-like morphologies of β-lactoglobulin. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Guan C, Ma J, Yang X, Ma C, Guo R, Chen Y, Xu H. Multiple rounds of nuclei induced whey protein concentrate fibril formation at varying ionic species and concentrations. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Meng Y, Wei Z, Xue C. Protein fibrils from different food sources: A review of fibrillation conditions, properties, applications and research trends. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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24
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Vahedifar A, Wu J. Self-assembling peptides: Structure, function, in silico prediction and applications. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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25
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Lendel C, Solin N. Protein nanofibrils and their use as building blocks of sustainable materials. RSC Adv 2021; 11:39188-39215. [PMID: 35492452 PMCID: PMC9044473 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06878d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development towards a sustainable society requires a radical change of many of the materials we currently use. Besides the replacement of plastics, derived from petrochemical sources, with renewable alternatives, we will also need functional materials for applications in areas ranging from green energy and environmental remediation to smart foods. Proteins could, with their intriguing ability of self-assembly into various forms, play important roles in all these fields. To achieve that, the code for how to assemble hierarchically ordered structures similar to the protein materials found in nature must be cracked. During the last decade it has been demonstrated that amyloid-like protein nanofibrils (PNFs) could be a steppingstone for this task. PNFs are formed by self-assembly in water from a range of proteins, including plant resources and industrial side streams. The nanofibrils display distinct functional features and can be further assembled into larger structures. PNFs thus provide a framework for creating ordered, functional structures from the atomic level up to the macroscale. This review address how industrial scale protein resources could be transformed into PNFs and further assembled into materials with specific mechanical and functional properties. We describe what is required from a protein to form PNFs and how the structural properties at different length scales determine the material properties. We also discuss potential chemical routes to modify the properties of the fibrils and to assemble them into macroscopic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christofer Lendel
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 30 SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Niclas Solin
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Electronic and Photonic Materials, Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Linköping University Linköping 581 83 Sweden
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26
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Hu A, Li L. Effect mechanism of ultrasound pretreatment on fibrillation Kinetics, physicochemical properties and structure characteristics of soy protein isolate nanofibrils. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 78:105741. [PMID: 34537680 PMCID: PMC8455861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of soy proteins into nanofibrils is gradually considered as an effective method to improve their technical and functional properties. Ultrasound is a non-thermal, non-toxic and environmentally friendly technology that can modulate the formation of protein nanofibrils through controlled structural modification. In this research, the effect of ultrasound pretreatment on soy protein isolate nanofibrils (SPIN) was evaluated by fibrillation kinetics, physicochemical properties and structure characteristics. The results showed that the optimum ultrasound condition (20% amplitude, 15 min, 5 s on-time and 5 s off-time) could increase the formation rate of SPIN by 38.66%. Ultrasound reduced the average particle size of SPIN from 191.90 ± 5.40 nm to 151.83 ± 3.27 nm. Ultrasound could increase the surface hydrophobicity to 1547.67 in the initial stage of nanofibrils formation, and extend the duration of surface hydrophobicity increased, indicating ultrasound could expose more binding sites, creating more beneficial conditions for nanofibrils formation. Ultrasound could change the secondary and tertiary structure of SPIN. The reduction of α-helix content of ultrasound-pretreated soy protein isolate nanofibrils (USPIN) was 12.1% (versus 5.3% for SPIN) and the increase of β-sheet content was 5.9% (versus 3.5% for SPIN) during fibrillation. Ultrasound could accelerate the formation of SPIN by promoting the unfolding of SPI, exposure of hydrophobic groups and formation of β-sheets. Microscopic images revealed that USPIN generated a curlier and looser shape. And ultrasound reduced the zeta potential, free sulfhydryl groups content and viscosity of SPIN. SDS-PAGE results showed that ultrasound could promote the conversion of SPI into low molecular weight peptides, providing building blocks for the nanofibrils formation. The results indicated that ultrasound pretreatment could be a promising technology to accelerate SPIN formation and promote its application in food industry, but further research is needed for the improvement of the functional properties of SPIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hu
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Liang Li
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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27
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α-Lactalbumin/к-casein coassembly with different intermediates of β-lactoglobulin during heat-induced fibril formation. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Stepanenko OV, Sulatsky MI, Mikhailova EV, Stepanenko OV, Kuznetsova IM, Turoverov KK, Sulatskaya AI. Trypsin Induced Degradation of Amyloid Fibrils. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4828. [PMID: 34063223 PMCID: PMC8124345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes are known to be involved in the formation and degradation of various monomeric proteins, but the effect of proteases on the ordered protein aggregates, amyloid fibrils, which are considered to be extremely stable, remains poorly understood. In this work we study resistance to proteolytic degradation of lysozyme amyloid fibrils with two different types of morphology and beta-2-microglobulun amyloids. We showed that the proteolytic enzyme of the pancreas, trypsin, induced degradation of amyloid fibrils, and the mechanism of this process was qualitatively the same for all investigated amyloids. At the same time, we found a dependence of efficiency and rate of fibril degradation on the structure of the amyloid-forming protein as well as on the morphology and clustering of amyloid fibrils. It was assumed that the discovered relationship between fibrils structure and the efficiency of their degradation by trypsin can become the basis of a new express method for the analysis of amyloids polymorphism. Unexpectedly lower resistance of both types of lysozyme amyloids to trypsin exposure compared to the native monomeric protein (which is not susceptible to hydrolysis) was attributed to the higher availability of cleavage sites in studied fibrils. Another intriguing result of the work is that the cytotoxicity of amyloids treated with trypsin was not only failing to decline, but even increasing in the case of beta-2-microglobulin fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Stepanenko
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Avenue, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (O.V.S.); (E.V.M.); (O.V.S.); (I.M.K.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Maksim I. Sulatsky
- Laboratory of Cell Morphology, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Avenue, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Ekaterina V. Mikhailova
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Avenue, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (O.V.S.); (E.V.M.); (O.V.S.); (I.M.K.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Olesya V. Stepanenko
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Avenue, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (O.V.S.); (E.V.M.); (O.V.S.); (I.M.K.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Irina M. Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Avenue, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (O.V.S.); (E.V.M.); (O.V.S.); (I.M.K.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Konstantin K. Turoverov
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Avenue, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (O.V.S.); (E.V.M.); (O.V.S.); (I.M.K.); (A.I.S.)
- Institute of Physics, Nanotechnology and Telecommunications, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya 29, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna I. Sulatskaya
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Avenue, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (O.V.S.); (E.V.M.); (O.V.S.); (I.M.K.); (A.I.S.)
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29
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Alavi F, Chen L, Emam-Djomeh Z. Structuring of acidic oil-in-water emulsions by controlled aggregation of nanofibrillated egg white protein in the aqueous phase using sodium hexametaphosphate. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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30
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Nanocomplexes of whey protein fibrillar aggregates and quercetin as novel multi-functional biopolymeric ingredients: interaction, chemical structure, and bio-functionality. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-020-01946-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Formation and characterization of soy protein nanoparticles by controlled partial enzymatic hydrolysis. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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32
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Hu Y, He C, Jiang C, Liao Y, Xiong H, Zhao Q. Complexation with whey protein fibrils and chitosan: A potential vehicle for curcumin with improved aqueous dispersion stability and enhanced antioxidant activity. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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33
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The Effect of Limited Proteolysis by Trypsin on the Formation of Soy Protein Isolate Nanofibrils. J CHEM-NY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/8185037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanofibril system constructed by protein self-assembly is widely used in the food industry because of purposive functional properties. Soy protein isolate nanofibrils (SPINs) were reported to form via heating at pH 2.0. In this research, the soy protein isolate (SPI) hydrolysate prepared by trypsin was used as a raw material for the formation of nanofibrils called soy protein isolate hydrolysate nanofibrils (SPIHNs). Microscopic images demonstrated the formation of two nanofibrils. Based on circular dichroism spectroscopy and Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence spectral, we concluded that β-sheet played an important role in SPIN and SPIHN’s structural composition. At the same time, the α-helix in SPI had not been destroyed, thereby favoring the formation of SPIHN. The surface hydrophobicity of SPIHN continued to increase during the heating process and reached the highest value when heating 8 h. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that peptides produced by enzyme-modified SPI affected the formation of SPIHN. These results proposed that enzymatic hydrolysis prior to acidic during fibrillation process affected the fibrillation of SPI, and the peptides formed by enzymatic hydrolysis were more efficient for the self-assembly process. This study will provide a theoretical basis for the future research of SPI nanofibril functionality.
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34
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Physico-chemical and foaming properties of nanofibrillated egg white protein and its functionality in meringue batter. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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35
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Comparative experiments of electrical conductivity from whey protein concentrates conventional film and nanofibril film. J DAIRY RES 2020; 87:103-109. [PMID: 32008586 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029919000876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We compared the electrical conductivity from two different aggregates of whey protein concentrates (WPC) film: conventional amorphous aggregation at natural pH (pH 6.5) and amyloid fibrils at a low pH (pH 2.0) far away from the isoelectric point. The two types of film fabricated by these solutions with different aggregate structures showed large variations in electrical conductivity and other properties. The WPC fibril film (pH 2.0) exhibited higher electrical conductivity than that of the conventional WPC film (pH 6.5), improved mechanical properties and oil resistance, due to varying morphology, higher surface hydrophobicity and more (absolute value) surface charge of film-forming solutions. The evidence from this study suggests that fibrilized WPC with high-ordered and β-sheets-rich structures fabricated high electrical conductivity film, which broadens the potential application of fibrils as functional bio-nanomaterials.
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36
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Effect of protein aggregates on properties and structure of rice bran protein-based film at different pH. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2019; 56:5116-5127. [PMID: 31741536 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-03984-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Rice bran protein (RBP) aggregates were prepared by heating of RBP solution at 90 °C for 4 h at pH 2, 7, or 11 and used for preparing of packaging films. The structure and properties of RBP aggregates and RBP-based films were characterized with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscope, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and circular dichroism. The results showed formation of fibrillar, globular, and large molecular protein aggregates during the heating at pH 2, 7 and 11. The heat-aggregated RBP-based films exhibited lower opacity, moisture content, water solubility, and water vapor permeability than those of untreated RBP-based films. Also, improved mechanical and thermal properties were found for the heat-aggregated RBP-based films. In addition, the heat-aggregated RBP-based film at pH 11 showed homogenous and smooth surface as well as compact appearance compared with the untreated RBP-based films or heat-aggregated RBP-based film at pH 2 or 7. Furthermore, the secondary structure of heat-aggregated RBP film exhibited an increase in β-sheet content and molecular interactions through non-covalent bonds. The obtained results indicated that formation of protein aggregates could improve physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of RBP-based film, especially at pH 11.
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37
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Kang SM, Kim DH, Jin C, Ahn HC, Lee BJ. The crystal structure of AcrR from Mycobacterium tuberculosis reveals a one-component transcriptional regulation mechanism. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:1713-1725. [PMID: 31369208 PMCID: PMC6768106 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulator proteins are closely involved in essential survival strategies in bacteria. AcrR is a one-component allosteric repressor of the genes associated with lipid transport and antibiotic resistance. When fatty acid ligands bind to the C-terminal ligand-binding cavity of AcrR, a conformational change in the N-terminal operator-binding region of AcrR is triggered, which releases the repressed DNA and initiates transcription. This paper focuses on the structural transition mechanism of AcrR of Mycobacterium tuberculosis upon DNA and ligand binding. AcrR loses its structural integrity upon ligand-mediated structural alteration and bends toward the promoter DNA in a more compact form, initiating a rotational motion. Our functional characterization of AcrR and description of the ligand- and DNA-recognition mechanism may facilitate the discovery of new therapies for tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Min Kang
- The Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do-Hee Kim
- The Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chenglong Jin
- The Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Chul Ahn
- Department of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Korea
| | - Bong-Jin Lee
- The Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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38
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Mohammadian M, Salami M, Emam-Djomeh Z. Characterization of hydrogels formed by non-toxic chemical cross-linking of mixed nanofibrillated/heat-denatured whey proteins. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-019-01733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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39
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Cao Y, Mezzenga R. Food protein amyloid fibrils: Origin, structure, formation, characterization, applications and health implications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 269:334-356. [PMID: 31128463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid fibrils have traditionally been considered only as pathological aggregates in human neurodegenerative diseases, but it is increasingly becoming clear that the propensity to form amyloid fibrils is a generic property for all proteins, including food proteins. Differently from the pathological amyloid fibrils, those derived from food proteins can be used as advanced materials in biomedicine, tissue engineering, environmental science, nanotechnology, material science as well as in food science, owing to a combination of highly desirable feature such as extreme aspect ratios, outstanding stiffness and a broad availability of functional groups on their surfaces. In food science, protein fibrillization is progressively recognized as an appealing strategy to broaden and improve food protein functionality. This review article discusses the various classes of reported food protein amyloid fibrils and their formation conditions. It furthermore considers amyloid fibrils in a broad context, from their structural characterization to their forming mechanisms and ensued physical properties, emphasizing their applications in food-related fields. Finally, the biological fate and the potential toxicity mechanisms of food amyloid fibrils are discussed, and an experimental protocol for their health safety validation is proposed in the concluding part of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Cao
- Food and Soft Materials, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Food and Soft Materials, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.
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40
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Lambrecht MA, Jansens KJ, Rombouts I, Brijs K, Rousseau F, Schymkowitz J, Delcour JA. Conditions Governing Food Protein Amyloid Fibril Formation. Part II: Milk and Legume Proteins. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:1277-1291. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlies A. Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe)KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 B‐3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Koen J.A. Jansens
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe)KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 B‐3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Ine Rombouts
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe)KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 B‐3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Kristof Brijs
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe)KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 B‐3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Frederic Rousseau
- Switch LaboratoryVIB B‐3000 Leuven Belgium
- Dept. of Cellular and Molecular MedicineKU Leuven B‐3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Joost Schymkowitz
- Switch LaboratoryVIB B‐3000 Leuven Belgium
- Dept. of Cellular and Molecular MedicineKU Leuven B‐3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Jan A. Delcour
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe)KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 B‐3001 Leuven Belgium
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41
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Mohammadian M, Salami M, Momen S, Alavi F, Emam-Djomeh Z, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. Enhancing the aqueous solubility of curcumin at acidic condition through the complexation with whey protein nanofibrils. Food Hydrocoll 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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42
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Jansens KJA, Rombouts I, Grootaert C, Brijs K, Van Camp J, Van der Meeren P, Rousseau F, Schymkowitz J, Delcour JA. Rational Design of Amyloid-Like Fibrillary Structures for Tailoring Food Protein Techno-Functionality and Their Potential Health Implications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 18:84-105. [PMID: 33337021 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To control and enhance protein functionality is a major challenge for food scientists. In this context, research on food protein fibril formation, especially amyloid fibril formation, holds much promise. We here first provide a concise overview of conditions, which affect amyloid formation in food proteins. Particular attention is directed towards amyloid core regions because these sequences promote ordered aggregation. Better understanding of this process will be key to tailor the fibril formation process. Especially seeding, that is, adding preformed protein fibrils to protein solutions to accelerate fibril formation holds promise to tailor aggregation and fibril techno-functionality. Some studies have already indicated that food protein fibrillation indeed improves their techno-functionality. However, much more research is necessary to establish whether protein fibrils are useful in complex food systems and whether and to what extent they resist food processing unit operations. In this review the effect of amyloid formation on gelation, interfacial properties, foaming, and emulsification is discussed. Despite their prevalent role as functional structures, amyloids also receive a lot of attention due to their association with protein deposition diseases, prompting us to thoroughly investigate the potential health impact of amyloid-like aggregates in food. A literature review on the effect of the different stages of the human digestive process on amyloid toxicity leads us to conclude that food-derived amyloid fibrils (even those with potential pathogenic properties) very likely have minimal impact on human health. Nevertheless, prior to wide-spread application of the technology, it is highly advisable to further verify the lack of toxicity of food-derived amyloid fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen J A Jansens
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ine Rombouts
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Grootaert
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Ghent Univ., Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Brijs
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - John Van Camp
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Ghent Univ., Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul Van der Meeren
- Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Ghent Univ., Coupure Links 653, B- 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frederic Rousseau
- Switch Laboratory, VIB, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. Authors Rousseau and Schymkowitz are also with Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joost Schymkowitz
- Switch Laboratory, VIB, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. Authors Rousseau and Schymkowitz are also with Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan A Delcour
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
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43
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Tan JY, Xu HH, Xie MM, Wang X, Dong SR, Li TJ, Yue CH, Cui L. Comparative experiments of fibril formation from whey protein concentrate with homogeneous and secondary nuclei. Food Res Int 2018; 111:556-564. [PMID: 30007718 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Two types of special structures, homogeneous and secondary nuclei, form during fibril formation. The structural and functional properties of amyloid fibrils in whey protein concentrate (WPC) with different ratios of added homogeneous nuclei to secondary nuclei were investigated. Thioflavin T fluorescence analysis and kinetic equations indicated that two types of nuclei could accelerate WPC fibrillation compared with WPC self-assembling into amyloid fibrils, thereby reducing the lag time and increasing the number of fibrils. However, there were considerable differences in the nucleation-inducing capability of WPC fibrillation between homogeneous and secondary nuclei. The number of fibrils formed by adding homogeneous nuclei was higher than that obtained with secondary nuclei, the increase in the Th T fluorescence intensity induced by homogeneous nuclei was 1.83-fold much than secondary nuclei. Meanwhile, secondary nuclei yielded a 2.71-fold faster aggregation rate of WPC than homogeneous nuclei, particularly during the first hour of thermal treatment (protein mass ratio of nuclei to WPC 1:1). The gelation time of WPC after secondary nuclei addition was shorter, from 10 h (WPC (2.0/6.5)) to 4 h (WPC + HN) to 2 h (WPC + SN); however, the gel microstructure of WPC after the addition of homogeneous nuclei was denser, yielding a preferred water holding capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030 Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Hua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030 Harbin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ming-Ming Xie
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030 Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030 Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Rong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030 Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tie-Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030 Harbin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chong-Hui Yue
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030 Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Cui
- Life Science & Biotechnique Research Center, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
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44
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Mohammadian M, Madadlou A. Technological functionality and biological properties of food protein nanofibrils formed by heating at acidic condition. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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45
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Ye X, Hedenqvist MS, Langton M, Lendel C. On the role of peptide hydrolysis for fibrillation kinetics and amyloid fibril morphology. RSC Adv 2018; 8:6915-6924. [PMID: 35540346 PMCID: PMC9078321 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10981d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-assembly of proteins into amyloid-like nanofibrils is not only a key event in several diseases, but such fibrils are also associated with intriguing biological function and constitute promising components for new biobased materials. The bovine whey protein β-lactoglobulin has emerged as an important model protein for the development of such materials. We here report that peptide hydrolysis is the rate-determining step for fibrillation of β-lactoglobulin in whey protein isolate. We also explore the observation that β-lactoglobulin nanofibrils of distinct morphologies are obtained by simply changing the initial protein concentration. We find that the morphological switch is related to different nucleation mechanisms and that the two classes of nanofibrils are associated with variations of the peptide building blocks. Based on the results, we propose that the balance between protein concentration and the hydrolysis rate determines the structure of the formed nanofibrils. Peptide hydrolysis determines the fibrillation rate and the morphology of amyloid-like nanofibrils formed by β-lactoglobulin at low pH.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchen Ye
- Dept. of Fibre and Polymer Technology
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - Mikael S. Hedenqvist
- Dept. of Fibre and Polymer Technology
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - Maud Langton
- Dept. of Molecular Sciences
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
- Uppsala
- Sweden
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46
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Kang SM, Kim DH, Lee KY, Park SJ, Yoon HJ, Lee SJ, Im H, Lee BJ. Functional details of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis VapBC26 toxin-antitoxin system based on a structural study: insights into unique binding and antibiotic peptides. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:8564-8580. [PMID: 28575388 PMCID: PMC5737657 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are essential for bacterial persistence under stressful conditions. In particular, Mycobacterium tuberculosis express VapBC TA genes that encode the stable VapC toxin and the labile VapB antitoxin. Under normal conditions, these proteins interact to form a non-toxic TA complex, but the toxin is activated by release from the antitoxin in response to unfavorable conditions. Here, we present the crystal structure of the M. tuberculosis VapBC26 complex and show that the VapC26 toxin contains a pilus retraction protein (PilT) N-terminal (PIN) domain that is essential for ribonuclease activity and that, the VapB26 antitoxin folds into a ribbon-helix-helix DNA-binding motif at the N-terminus. The active site of VapC26 is sterically blocked by the flexible C-terminal region of VapB26. The C-terminal region of free VapB26 adopts an unfolded conformation but forms a helix upon binding to VapC26. The results of RNase activity assays show that Mg2+ and Mn2+ are essential for the ribonuclease activity of VapC26. As shown in the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, several residues of VapB26 participate in the specific binding to the promoter region of the VapBC26 operon. In addition, toxin-mimicking peptides were designed that inhibit TA complex formation and thereby increase toxin activity, providing a novel approach to the development of new antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Min Kang
- The Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hee Kim
- The Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Young Lee
- The Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jean Park
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 534-2 Yeonsu-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jae Lee
- The Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hookang Im
- The Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Jin Lee
- The Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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47
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Madadlou A, Abbaspourrad A. Bioactive whey peptide particles: An emerging class of nutraceutical carriers. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:1468-1477. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1264064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Madadlou
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, University College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Alireza Abbaspourrad
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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48
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Dong SR, Xu HH, Li BY, Cheng W, Zhang LG. Inhibition or improvement for acidic subunits fibril aggregation formation from β-conglycinin, glycinin and basic subunits. J Cereal Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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49
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Lacou L, Léonil J, Gagnaire V. Functional properties of peptides: From single peptide solutions to a mixture of peptides in food products. Food Hydrocoll 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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50
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Mohammadian M, Madadlou A. Characterization of fibrillated antioxidant whey protein hydrolysate and comparison with fibrillated protein solution. Food Hydrocoll 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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