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Forouzani‐Moghaddam MJ, Habibi S, Hosseini‐Safa A, Khanaliha K, Mokarinejad R, Akhoundzadeh F, Oshaghi M. Rapid detection of major enterotoxin genes and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk in the Yazd province, Iran. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1407. [PMID: 38519836 PMCID: PMC10959825 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Raw milk is a nutrient-rich food, but it may harbour harmful bacteria, such as enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), which can cause staphylococcal food poisoning. Antibiotic resistance of S. aureus in raw milk can increase the risk of such infections, particularly among susceptible individuals. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of enterotoxin genes a, d, g, i and j and the antibiotic resistance of S. aureus isolated from raw milk samples. METHODS During a 6-month sampling period, 60 raw milk specimens were obtained from diverse locations in Yazd province, Iran. Antibiogram profiling was conducted via the disc diffusion method. In addition, staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes a, d, g, i, and j were detected through real-time PCR analysis. RESULTS Bacteriological assays confirmed the presence of S. aureus in 11 samples (18.3%). All isolates demonstrated 100% resistance to penicillin G but exhibited sensitivity to vancomycin, while resistance to other antibiotics ranged from 36.4% to 45.5%. The prevalence of enterotoxin genes in these strains showed variable distribution, with sea being the predominant SE (45.5%), followed by sed (36.4%), seg (18.2), sej and sei (9.1% each). CONCLUSIONS This study discovered the presence of multiple enterotoxins in S. aureus strains obtained from raw milk samples. These strains also demonstrated resistance to a variety of antibiotics. Since enterotoxigenic S. aureus is known to cause human food poisoning, monitoring food hygiene practices, especially during raw milk production, is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sina Habibi
- Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesFaculty of Allied MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Ahmad Hosseini‐Safa
- Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesFaculty of Allied MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Khadijeh Khanaliha
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious DiseasesInstitute of Immunology and Infectious DiseasesIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Roya Mokarinejad
- Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesFaculty of Allied MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Fatemeh Akhoundzadeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesFaculty of Allied MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mojgan Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesFaculty of Allied MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Aouadhi C, Jouini A, Maaroufi K, Maaroufi A. Antibacterial Effect of Eight Essential Oils against Bacteria Implicated in Bovine Mastitis and Characterization of Primary Action Mode of Thymus capitatus Essential Oil. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:237. [PMID: 38534672 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13030237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
During the current investigation, eight essential oils (EOs) were tested for their antimicrobial activity against six species, belonging to the genus of staphylococcus, multi-resistant to antibiotics (S. epidermidis, S. cohni, S. wareneri, S. scuiri, S. chromogenes, S. pasteuri), three methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains (MRSA) and two strains of Escherichia coli, producing extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) responsible for bovine mastitis. Our results indicated that the antimicrobial activities of eight EOs varied significantly among the types of EOs and bacterial species. Thymus capitatus and Trachyspermum ammi EOs display important antibacterial activity against all tested strains, with the inhibition zone diameters situated between 20 and 45 mm, while EOs of Artemisia absinthium, Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Myrtus communis and Mentha pulegium exerted an intermediate activity. For Cymbopogon citratus, this effect depends on bacteria species. In fact, an important effect was observed against S. warneri, S. epidermidis, S. cohenii, S. pasteuri and MRSA (EC 39+) strains. In addition, the important lytic effect was observed against MRSA strains, showing that Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to T. capitatus EO than Gram-negative ones. Concerning the characterization of the mode action of T. capitatus, experiments of kill-time, bacteriolytic, loss of salt tolerance and loss of cytoplasmic material showed that the used EO was able to destroy cell walls and membranes followed by the loss of vital intracellular materials. In addition, it inhibits the normal synthesis of DNA, causing the bacterial death of E. coli and MRSA strains. This study shows the potential of using of EOs, particularly T. capitaus, to inhibit the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria multi-resistant to antibiotics causing bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chedia Aouadhi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Group of Bacteriology and Biotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Tunisia (IPT), University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), BP 74, 13 Place Pasteur, Belvédère, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja, University of Jendouba, Beja 9000, Tunisia
| | - Ahlem Jouini
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Group of Bacteriology and Biotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Tunisia (IPT), University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), BP 74, 13 Place Pasteur, Belvédère, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Karima Maaroufi
- Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Bio-Resources Valorization, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja, University of Jendouba, Beja 9000, Tunisia
| | - Abderrazak Maaroufi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Group of Bacteriology and Biotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Tunisia (IPT), University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), BP 74, 13 Place Pasteur, Belvédère, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
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Zhang D, Lu X, Feng X, Shang X, Liu Q, Zhang N, Yang H. Molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from subclinical mastitis of water buffaloes in Guangdong Province, China. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1177302. [PMID: 38026659 PMCID: PMC10663324 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1177302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intramammary infections (IMI) in animals reared for milk production can result in large economic losses and distress to the animals. Staphylococcus aureus is an important causative agent of IMI in dairy cows, but its prevalence in water buffaloes has not been determined. Therefore, the current study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in water buffaloes and the antimicrobial susceptibility, virulence genes and biofilm formation abilities of Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from water buffaloes in Guangdong, China. Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated from milk samples of water buffaloes with subclinical mastitis, and twofold microdilution, PCR and crystal violet staining methods were used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility, distributions of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes and biofilm formation ability, respectively. Our results indicated that 29.44% of water buffaloes were diagnosed with subclinical mastitis, and the most prevalent pathogens were Escherichia coli (96.17%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) (67.60%) and S. aureus (28.57%). Most S. aureus isolates showed resistance to bacitracin, doxycycline, penicillin, florfenicol, and tetracycline but were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, ceftizoxime, cefoquinoxime, and ofloxacin. Moreover, 63.72% of S. aureus isolates were positive for tetM, and the prevalence of msrB, blaZ, mecA, fexA, and tetK ranged from 21.24 to 6.19%. All S. aureus isolates harbored clfB and icaA genes, and the virulence genes hla (93.8%), hld (91.15%), clfA (90.27%), fnbA (86.73%), and hlb (83.19%), and tsst, icaD, sec, see, fnbB, and sea showed a varied prevalence ranging from 3.5 to 65.49%. All S. aureus isolates possessed the ability to form biofilms, and 30.09% of isolates showed strong biofilm formation abilities, while 19.47% of isolates were weak biofilm producers. Our results indicated that subclinical mastitis is prevalent in water buffaloes in Guangdong, China, and S. aureus is prevalent in samples from water buffaloes with subclinical mastitis. Most S. aureus isolates were susceptible to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones; thus, ceftizoxime and cefoquinoxime can be used to treat subclinical mastitis in water buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexian Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Ximing Lu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Xiangyan Feng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Xuzeng Shang
- Liaoning Agricultural Development Service Center, Shenyang, China
| | - Qingyou Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Hong Yang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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Daneshi M, Caton JS, Caixeta LS, Eftekhari Z, Ward AK. Expression, Regulation, and Function of β-Defensins in the Bovine Mammary Glands: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3372. [PMID: 37958127 PMCID: PMC10650070 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Defensins are cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that play an important role in the innate immune defense of bovines. They are constitutively expressed in mammary glands and induced differently in response to pathogens. Their expression is influenced by various factors, including hormones, plant-derived compounds, and dietary energy imbalance. The toll-like receptors (TLRs)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway plays a crucial role in β-defensin induction, while alternative pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and epigenetic regulation also make substantial contributions. β-Defensins exhibit bactericidal activity against a wide range of pathogens, including two major mastitis pathogens, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), primarily through membrane disruption. β-Defensins have low cytotoxicity to host cells and demonstrate immunomodulatory properties, and pathogens also display minimal resistance to these AMPs. Given the increasing concern in antimicrobial resistance, the potential of β-defensins as natural antimicrobials has garnered considerable attention. This article provides an overview of the characteristics of bovine β-defensins, their expression pathways, their mode of action, and factors influencing their expression in the mammary glands of cattle. Additionally, it identifies the current gaps in research within this field and suggests areas that require further investigation. Understanding the regulation and function of β-defensins offers valuable insights to develop effective strategies for strengthening the immune system of mammary glands, reducing the reliance on synthetic antimicrobials, and explore novel natural antimicrobial alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Daneshi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Joel S. Caton
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Luciano S. Caixeta
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Zohre Eftekhari
- Biotechnology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran;
| | - Alison K. Ward
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada;
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Morales-Ubaldo AL, Rivero-Perez N, Valladares-Carranza B, Velázquez-Ordoñez V, Delgadillo-Ruiz L, Zaragoza-Bastida A. Bovine mastitis, a worldwide impact disease: Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and viable alternative approaches. Vet Anim Sci 2023; 21:100306. [PMID: 37547227 PMCID: PMC10400929 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2023.100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is globally considered one of the most important diseases within dairy herds, mainly due to the associated economic losses. The most prevalent etiology are bacteria, classified into contagious and environmental, with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae being the most common pathogens associated with mastitis cases. To date these pathogens are resistant to the most common active ingredients used for mastitis treatment. According to recent studies resistance to new antimicrobials has increased, which is why developing of alternative treatments is imperative. Therefore the present review aims to summarize the reports about bovine mastitis along 10 years, emphasizing bacterial etiology, its epidemiology, and the current situation of antimicrobial resistance, as well as the development of alternative treatments for this pathology. Analyzed data showed that the prevalence of major pathogens associated with bovine mastitis varied according to geographical region. Moreover, these pathogens are classified as multidrug-resistant, since the effectiveness of antimicrobials on them has decreased. To date, several studies have focused on the research of alternative treatments, among them vegetal extracts, essential oils, or peptides. Some other works have reported the application of nanotechnology and polymers against bacteria associated with bovine mastitis. Results demonstrated that these alternatives may be effective on bacteria associated with bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lizet Morales-Ubaldo
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Rancho Universitario Av. Universidad km 1, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, EX-Hda de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo, C.P 43660, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Nallely Rivero-Perez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Rancho Universitario Av. Universidad km 1, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, EX-Hda de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo, C.P 43660, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Valladares-Carranza
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km 15.5 Carretera Panamericana Toluca-Atlacomulco, C.P. 50200 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Valente Velázquez-Ordoñez
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km 15.5 Carretera Panamericana Toluca-Atlacomulco, C.P. 50200 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Lucía Delgadillo-Ruiz
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, CP. 98068, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Adrian Zaragoza-Bastida
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Rancho Universitario Av. Universidad km 1, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, EX-Hda de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo, C.P 43660, Hidalgo, Mexico
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6
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Garvey M, Meade E, Rowan NJ. Effectiveness of front line and emerging fungal disease prevention and control interventions and opportunities to address appropriate eco-sustainable solutions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158284. [PMID: 36029815 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens contribute to significant disease burden globally; however, the fact that fungi are eukaryotes has greatly complicated their role in fungal-mediated infections and alleviation. Antifungal drugs are often toxic to host cells and there is increasing evidence of adaptive resistance in animals and humans. Existing fungal diagnostic and treatment regimens have limitations that has contributed to the alarming high mortality rates and prolonged morbidity seen in immunocompromised cohorts caused by opportunistic invasive infections as evidenced during HIV and COVID-19 pandemics. There is a need to develop real-time monitoring and diagnostic methods for fungal pathogens and to create a greater awareness as to the contribution of fungal pathogens in disease causation. Greater information is required on the appropriate selection and dose of antifungal drugs including factors governing resistance where there is commensurate need to discover more appropriate and effective solutions. Popular azole fungal drugs are widely detected in surface water and sediment due to incomplete removal in wastewater treatment plants where they are resistant to microbial degradation and may cause toxic effects on aquatic organisms such as algae and fish. UV has limited effectiveness in destruction of anti-fungal drugs where there is increased interest in the combination approaches such as novel use of pulsed-plasma gas-discharge technologies for environmental waste management. There is growing interest in developing alternative and complementary green eco-biocides and disinfection innovation. Fungi present challenges for cleaning, disinfection and sterilization of reusable medical devices such as endoscopes where they (example, Aspergillus and Candida species) can be protected when harboured in build-up biofilm from lethal processing. Information on the efficacy of established disinfection and sterilization technologies to address fungal pathogens including bottleneck areas that present high risk to patients is lacking. There is a need to address risk mitigation and modelling to inform efficacy of appropriate intervention technologies that must consider all contributing factors where there is potential to adopt digital technologies to enable real-time analysis of big data, such as use of artificial intelligence and machine learning. International consensus on standardised protocols for developing and reporting on appropriate alternative eco-solutions must be reached, particularly in order to address fungi with increasing drug resistance where research and innovation can be enabled using a One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Garvey
- Department of Life Science, Atlantic Technological University, Sligo, Ireland; Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials and Manufacturing Research (PEM), Atlantic Technological University, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Elaine Meade
- Department of Life Science, Atlantic Technological University, Sligo, Ireland; Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials and Manufacturing Research (PEM), Atlantic Technological University, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Neil J Rowan
- Bioscience Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon Midlands Midwest, Athlone, Ireland; Centre for Decontamination, Sterilization and Biosecurity, Technological University of the Shannon Midlands Midwest, Athlone, Ireland; Empower Eco Sustainability Hub, Technological University of the Shannon Midlands Midwest, Athlone, Ireland.
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7
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Park S, Jung D, O'Brien B, Ruffini J, Dussault F, Dube-Duquette A, Demontier É, Lucier JF, Malouin F, Dufour S, Ronholm J. Comparative genomic analysis of Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with either bovine intramammary infections or human infections demonstrates the importance of restriction-modification systems in host adaptation. Microb Genom 2022; 8. [PMID: 35179459 PMCID: PMC8942034 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major etiological agent of clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis. The versatile and adaptative evolutionary strategies of this bacterium have challenged mastitis control and prevention globally, and the high incidence of S. aureus mastitis increases concerns about antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and zoonosis. This study aims to describe the evolutionary relationship between bovine intramammary infection (IMI)-associated S. aureus and human pathogenic S. aureus and further elucidate the specific genetic composition that leads to the emergence of successful bovine IMI-associated S. aureus lineages. We performed a phylogenomic analysis of 187 S. aureus isolates that originated from either dairy cattle or humans. Our results revealed that bovine IMI-associated S. aureus isolates showed distinct clades compared to human-originated S. aureus isolates. From a pan-genome analysis, 2070 core genes were identified. Host-specific genes and clonal complex (CC)-specific genes were also identified in bovine S. aureus isolates, mostly located in mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Additionally, the genome sequences of three apparent human-adapted isolates (two from CC97 and one from CC8), isolated from bovine mastitis samples, may provide an snapshot of the genomic characteristics in early host spillover events. Virulence and AMR genes were not conserved among bovine IMI-associated S. aureus isolates. Restriction-modification (R-M) genes in bovine IMI-associated S. aureus demonstrated that the Type I R-M system was lineage-specific and Type II R-M system was sequence type (ST)-specific. The distribution of exclusive, virulence, and AMR genes were closely correlated with the presence of R-M systems in S. aureus, suggesting that R-M systems may contribute to shaping clonal diversification by providing a genetic barrier to the horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Our findings indicate that the CC or ST lineage-specific R-M systems may limit genetic exchange between bovine-adapted S. aureus isolates from different lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoun Park
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Québec, Canada.,Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.,Regroupement FRQNT Op+Lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Dongyun Jung
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Québec, Canada.,Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.,Regroupement FRQNT Op+Lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Bridget O'Brien
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Québec, Canada
| | - Janina Ruffini
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Alexis Dube-Duquette
- Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.,Regroupement FRQNT Op+Lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.,Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Élodie Demontier
- Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.,Regroupement FRQNT Op+Lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.,Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Jean-François Lucier
- Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - François Malouin
- Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.,Regroupement FRQNT Op+Lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.,Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Simon Dufour
- Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.,Regroupement FRQNT Op+Lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.,Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Jennifer Ronholm
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Québec, Canada.,Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.,Regroupement FRQNT Op+Lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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8
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Use of photodynamic therapy and photobiomodulation as alternatives for microbial control on clinical and subclinical mastitis in sheep. Lasers Med Sci 2022; 37:2305-2310. [PMID: 35031932 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-022-03506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Evaluate the effects of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and photobiomodulation (PBM) as alternatives in the treatment of mastitis in sheep. A total of 100 sheep were evaluated, and four teats with clinical mastitis and 16 teats with subclinical mastitis were selected. Milk was collected for isolation and identification of microorganisms. They were grown on TSA, EMB, and MacConkey agar for 24 h, and the microorganisms were identified by Gram stain and biochemical tests. The ceilings were subdivided into four groups: G1, treatment with photosensitizer; G2, treatment with PBM (diode laser λ = 660 nm); G3, aPDT with methylene blue, and G4, control group. Milk samples were collected before, 24 and 48 h after treatments. Cases of subclinical mastitis presented coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Streptococcus spp, and clinical mastitis had Escherichia coli grow from the samples. The treatments decrease the total bacterial count of negative coagulase Staphylococcus, Streptococcus spp, and Escherichia coli. Comparing the treatments, aPDT stood out, as it was able to photoinactivate all bacteria. Treatment with methylene blue photosensitizer, PBM, and aPDT induced the initial microbial reduction, but aPDT was more effective 48 h after treatment.
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Pascu C, Herman V, Iancu I, Costinar L. Etiology of Mastitis and Antimicrobial Resistance in Dairy Cattle Farms in the Western Part of Romania. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11010057. [PMID: 35052934 PMCID: PMC8772981 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the bacteria isolated from bovine mastitis and their antimicrobial resistance in the western part of Romania. Clinical mastitis was diagnosed based on local inflammation in the udder, changes in milk, and when present, generalized symptoms. Subclinical mastitis was assessed using a rapid test—the California Mastitis Test. The identification of bacterial strains was performed based on biochemical profiles using API system tests (API 20 E, API Staph, API 20 Strep, API Coryne, API 20 NE (bioMerieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France), and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS). The prevalent isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus spp. (50/116; 43.19%), followed by Streptococcus spp. (26/116; 22.41%), E. coli (16/116; 13.79%), Corynebacterium spp. (9/116; 7.75%), Enterococcus spp. (10/116; 8.62%), and Enterobacter spp. (5/116; 4.31%). Phenotype antimicrobial resistance profiling was performed used the disc diffusion method. Generally, Gram-positive bacteria showed low susceptibility to most of the antimicrobials tested, except cephalothin. Susceptibilities to penicillins and quinolones were fairly high in Gram-negative bacteria, whereas resistance was observed to macrolides, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines. The highest number of isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR), the resistance pathotypes identified including the most frequently antimicrobials used in cow mastitis treatment in Romania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Pascu
- Correspondence: (C.P.); (L.C.); Tel.: +40-723-277-978 (C.P.)
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10
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Alsayeqh AF, Baz AHA, Darwish WS. Antimicrobial-resistant foodborne pathogens in the Middle East: a systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:68111-68133. [PMID: 34668139 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens are known as significant public health hazards worldwide, particularly in the Middle East region. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among foodborne pathogens becomes one of the top challenges for the environment, public health, and food safety sectors. However, less is known about antimicrobial-resistant foodborne pathogens in the Middle East region. Possibly because of the lack of surveillance, documentation, and reporting. This review focuses on the current status of antimicrobial resistance profiling among foodborne pathogens in the Middle East. Therefore, PubMed and other relevant databases were searched following PRISMA guidelines. Subject heading and texts were searched for "antimicrobial resistances," "foodborne," and "Middle East" to identify observational studies on AMR foodborne pathogens published during the last 10 years (2011 to 2020). Article retrieval and screening were done using a structured search string and strict inclusion/exclusion criteria. Median and interquartile ranges of percent resistance were calculated for each antibiotic-bacterium combination. A total of 249 articles were included in the final analysis from ten countries, where only five countries had more than 85% of the included articles. The most commonly reported pathogens were Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria spp. An apparent rise in drug resistance among foodborne pathogens was recorded particularly against amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, and tetracycline that are commonly prescribed in most countries in the Middle East. Besides, there is a lack of standardization and quality control for microbiological identification and susceptibility testing methods in many of the Middle East countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah F Alsayeqh
- Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, 662251452, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Wageh Sobhy Darwish
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
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Susceptibility to Nisin, Bactofencin, Pediocin and Reuterin of Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus uberis Causing Bovine Mastitis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111418. [PMID: 34827356 PMCID: PMC8614789 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are the most effective strategy to prevent and treat intramammary infections. However, their misuse has led to the dissemination of multidrug resistant bacteria (MDR) for both animals and humans. Efforts to develop new alternative strategies to control bacterial infections related to MDR are continuously on the rise. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of different bacteriocins and reuterin against MDR Staphylococcus and Streptococcus clinical isolates involved in bovine mastitis. A bacterial collection including S. aureus (n = 19), S. dysgalactiae (n = 17) and S. uberis (n = 19) was assembled for this study. Antibiotic resistance profiles were determined by the disk diffusion method. In addition, sensitivity to bacteriocins and reuterin was evaluated by determining minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). A total of 21 strains (37.5%) were MDR. MICs ranged from ≤1.0 μg/mL to ≥100 μg/mL for nisin and 2.0 to ≥250 μg/mL for bactofencin. Reuterin was active against all tested bacteria, and MICs vary between 70 and 560 μg/mL. Interestingly, 20 MDR strains were inhibited by bactofencin at a concentration of ≤250 μg/mL, while 14 were inhibited by nisin at an MIC of ≤100 μg/mL. Pediocin did not show an inhibitory effect.
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12
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Kou X, Cai H, Huang S, Ni Y, Luo B, Qian H, Ji H, Wang X. Prevalence and Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From Retail Raw Milk in Northern Xinjiang, China. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:705947. [PMID: 34434176 PMCID: PMC8381379 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.705947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main pathogens causing mastitis in dairy animals worldwide. It is an important opportunistic pathogen of raw milk, and the enterotoxin causes significant food poisoning. Monitoring the antibiotic resistance of S. aureus in raw milk is helpful for a risk assessment of S. aureus. In this study, 62 strains (43.1%) of S. aureus were isolated from 144 retail raw milk samples of different varieties from four regions in northern Xinjiang, China. Among them, the isolation rates at Shihezi, Hami, Altay, and Tacheng were 58.1% (54/93), 12.9% (4/31), 18.2% (2/11), and 22.2% (2/9), respectively. The isolation rate of positive strains in cow milk samples was the highest (61.7%, 37/60), followed by camel milk (35.9%, 23/64), and horse milk (10.0%, 2/20). The results of the classical virulence genes test showed that 12.9% (8/62) of the isolates carried at least one virulence gene. The main genotype was see (6.5%, 4/62), followed by sea+sec (3.2%, 2/62), sea (1.6%, 1/62), and sec (1.6%, 1/62). The analysis of 13 resistance genes and the susceptibility to 12 different antibiotics of 62 isolates showed that 80.6% (50/62) of the strains were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and 46.8% (29/62) were resistant to three or more antibiotics. The isolated strains had the highest resistance rate to penicillin (72.6%, 45/62), and 25.8% (16/62) of the isolates carried the blaZ resistance gene. In addition, 32 strains (51.6%, 32/62) of methicillin-resistant S. aureus were detected. All isolates had the ability to form biofilms. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis results showed that the 47 isolates revealed 13 major pulsotypes (P1–P13) and 26 subtypes with 80% similarity, indicating the overall genetic diversity in the distribution area and sources of the samples. These findings indicate that S. aureus causes serious pollution of raw milk in northern Xinjiang, which has a negative effect on public health. Therefore, control measures and continuous monitoring should be undertaken to ensure the quality and safety of raw milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Kou
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Huixue Cai
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Shudi Huang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yongqing Ni
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Baolong Luo
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Hao Qian
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Hua Ji
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Xingyi Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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13
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Zaatout N, Hezil D. A meta-analysis of the global prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:140-154. [PMID: 34171143 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This meta-analysis aims to assess the point prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from bovine mastitis cases at the global level. METHODS AND RESULTS Several electronic databases were searched for relevant publications (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Knowledge and Cochrane Library). Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using the Cochrane Q test and I2 test statistics based on the random-effect model. The potential sources of between-study heterogeneity were evaluated using subgroup analysis and meta-regression. Sensitivity and publication bias analyses were performed. Sixty-six studies with a total of 77,644 mastitis cases were eligible and included in the analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of MRSA was 4·30% (95% CI: 3·24-5·50) with a significant heterogeneity (I2 = 97·48%, p < 0·001). In the subgroup analysis by region, the highest prevalence was found in Asia (6·47%, 95% CI: 4·33-8·97), and the lowest prevalence was reported in Europe (1·18%, 95% CI: 0·18-2·83). The pooled prevalence was significantly higher in clinical mastitis and cases published during 2016-2020. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that there is a lower prevalence of MRSA in bovine mastitis. However, its prevalence increased in the past 4 years. Therefore, continuous surveillance is urgently required for monitoring the dissemination of these clinically important bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis to estimate the global prevalence of MRSA isolated from bovine mastitis cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawel Zaatout
- Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Batna 2, Batna, Algeria
| | - Djamila Hezil
- Research Laboratory Management of Local Animal Resources, National Veterinary School, Algiers, Algeria
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14
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Prevalence and characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Kazak cheese in Xinjiang, China. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Krishnamoorthy P, Goudar AL, Suresh KP, Roy P. Global and countrywide prevalence of subclinical and clinical mastitis in dairy cattle and buffaloes by systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:561-586. [PMID: 33892366 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, subclinical mastitis (SCM) and clinical mastitis (CM) prevalence for various countries in the World were calculated by using online and offline databases. The SCM and CM prevalence studies reported during 1967-2019 were collected, reviewed, and a meta-analysis was done in R-Software. A total of 222 and 150 studies from the World and 103 and 37 studies from India on SCM and CM, respectively were included. The pooled prevalence of SCM and CM were 42% [Confidence Interval (CI) 38-45%, Prediction Interval (PI) 10-83%] and 15% [CI 12-19%, PI 1-81%] in the World respectively, 45% [CI 40-49%, PI 11-84%] and 18% [CI 14-23%, PI 3-60%] in India respectively. Continent-wise analysis indicated a higher prevalence of SCM in North America and CM in Europe and among the countries, a higher SCM prevalence in Uganda and CM in the United Kingdom was observed. Further, species-wise indicated a higher SCM and CM prevalence in buffaloes of the World than the cattle. Based on method-wise, SCM and CM prevalence were high in somatic cell count and clinical examination, respectively in the World. The SCM prevalence was higher than CM and indicated the importance of SCM in dairy cattle. This might result in low milk productivity in dairying and may set off losses to dairy farmers. Hence, there is an urgent need to reduce the SCM and CM prevalence by implementing scientific dairy management, good feeding practices, and timely therapeutic interventions for increasing the benefits from dairying to the farmers in the World.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramanandham Krishnamoorthy
- Pathoepidemiology Laboratory, ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Post Box No.6450, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India.
| | - Akshata Lokanath Goudar
- Pathoepidemiology Laboratory, ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Post Box No.6450, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Kuralayanapalya Puttahonnappa Suresh
- Pathoepidemiology Laboratory, ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Post Box No.6450, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Parimal Roy
- Pathoepidemiology Laboratory, ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Post Box No.6450, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India
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16
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Kwapisz E, Garbacz K, Kosecka-Strojek M, Schubert J, Bania J, Międzobrodzki J. Presence of egc-positive major clones ST 45, 30 and 22 among methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible oral Staphylococcus aureus strains. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18889. [PMID: 33144661 PMCID: PMC7609576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity may comprise a significant reservoir for Staphylococcus aureus but the data on molecular epidemiology and clonal distribution of oral strains are really scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the clonal relatedness in S. aureus isolated from oral cavity and their relationship with carriage of virulence genes, and antimicrobial resistance profiles. A total of 139 oral S. aureus isolates were obtained from 2327 analysed oral samples of dental patients. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed. Isolates were characterized using protein A gene (spa) typing, spa-CC clonal complexes, toxin genes and SCCmec typing for MRSA. High resistance rates for penicillin, tetracycline and gentamicin were detected, respectively 58.3%, 42.4%, and 35.2%. Twelve (8.6%) S. aureus isolates were identified as MRSA. All of MRSA isolates were mecA-positive and mecC-negative. SCCmec IV was the most common type (66.7%), which was typical for community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA). Overall, the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc) was the most frequent detected virulence factor (44.9%), both in MSSA and MRSA isolates. Presence of genes encoding for the enterotoxins (sea, seb, sec, seh, sek), exfoliative toxin A (eta), and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (tst) was also observed. Strains carrying lukS-PV/lukF-PV genes belonged to SCCmecV- spa type t437. The most prevalent spa types were t091, t015, t084, t002, t571, and t026 among all 57 identified. Spa types, including 3 new ones, grouped in 6 different spa-CC clonal complexes, with four major dominated; CC45, CC30, CC5, and CC15. This study demonstrated that both methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant major European clones of S. aureus could be isolated from the oral cavity of dental patients, with the emergence of PVL-positive CA-MRSA strains. The oral cavity should be considered as a possible source of toxigenic egc-positive S. aureus strains, in terms of potential risk of cross-infection and dissemination to other body sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kwapisz
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Garbacz
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Maja Kosecka-Strojek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Justyna Schubert
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Bania
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Międzobrodzki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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17
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Antimicrobial resistance and genomic insights into bovine mastitis-associated Staphylococcus aureus in Australia. Vet Microbiol 2020; 250:108850. [PMID: 33011663 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial resistance and population structure of bovine mastitis-associated Staphylococcus aureus isolates, and compare them to human isolates obtained from Western Australian hospitals and overseas strains to determine relatedness to human isolates from a zoonotic or reverse zoonotic aspect. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on 202 S. aureus isolates of which 166 isolates underwent whole genome sequencing. Only resistance to penicillin (12.4%) and erythromycin (0.5%) was identified and of note, no resistance was demonstrated to oxacillin. Genomic characterisation identified 14 multilocus sequence types (STs), with most isolates belonging to clonal complexes 97, 705, and 1. Four distinct clades based on virulence gene composition were identified. The four clades were predominantly ST based, consisting of ST352, ST97, ST81/ST1, and ST705. Core genome comparison of the bovine and human S. aureus isolates demonstrated defined clustering by ST, with the Australian bovine S. aureus isolates clustering together according to their ST separately from human isolates. In addition, a bovine specific cluster comprising Australian ST151 and ST705 isolates, and ST151 isolates from Irish dairy cattle was clearly delineated. Examination of a detailed ST352 phylogeny provided evidence for geographical clustering of Australian strains into a distinct grouping separate from international strains. This study has identified Australian S. aureus isolates have limited genetic diversity and are genetically distinct from human and international bovine S. aureus isolates. Current first line therapies for bovine mastitis in Australian dairy cattle remain appropriate.
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18
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Badua AT, Boonyayatra S, Awaiwanont N, Gaban PBV, Mingala CN. Antibiotic resistance and genotyping of mecA-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from milk and nasal carriage of dairy water buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis) in the Philippines. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7:397-406. [PMID: 33005664 PMCID: PMC7521815 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2020.g434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Mastitis is considered as an economically important disease of dairy buffaloes in Asia. This study examined the mastitis milk and nasal swab samples for the detection and genotyping of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in water buffaloes. Materials and Methods Staphylococcus aureus was identified based on biochemical tests and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) detection of nuc gene, whereas MRSA on mecA gene. The disc diffusion test was used to determine the antibiotic resistance and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), spa, and multilocus sequence typing for the genotyping of isolates. Results Staphylococcus aureus was detected on 39/93 milk (41.94%) and 27/384 nasal swab (7.03%) samples. However, only nine isolates (23.08%) harbored the mecA gene from milk samples and three isolates (11.11%) from the nasal carriage. All MRSA isolates exhibited resistance to cefoxitin and penicillin, whereas 50% were found resistant to clindamycin. All these isolates were found susceptible to sulfa-trimethoprim and chloramphenicol, whereas the majority of the isolates were susceptible to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and rifampicin. The SCCmec types of the MRSA isolates were type IVc (50.00%), type II (8.33%), type I (8.33%), and non-typeable (33.33%). The spa types and sequence type (ST) identified were t019 (ST30), t701 (ST1649), t311 (ST5), t657 (ST1148), t015 (ST508), t1939 (ST12), t800 (ST9), t091 (ST2454), t138 (ST5991), and t1642 (ST5992). Conclusion Milk and nasal swab samples from dairy water buffaloes were found positive for MRSA. The MRSA isolates were still susceptible to most antibiotics tested. Moreover, the genotypes of some MRSA isolates were found similar to some human MRSA strains, suggesting a possible human to animal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alona T Badua
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Central Luzon State University, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | | | | | - Paula Blanca V Gaban
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center National Headquarters and Gene Pool, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Claro N Mingala
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center National Headquarters and Gene Pool, Nueva Ecija, Philippines.,Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Central Luzon State University, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
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19
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Pérez VKC, Costa GMD, Guimarães AS, Heinemann MB, Lage AP, Dorneles EMS. Relationship between virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2020; 22:792-802. [PMID: 32603906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review summarizes the literature on the role of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes of Staphylococcus aureus in bovine mastitis, focusing on the association between these characteristics and their implications for public and animal health. CONCLUSIONS There is the possibility of antimicrobial resistance gene exchange among different bacteria, which is of serious concern in livestock husbandry, as well as in the treatment of human staphylococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Karen Castro Pérez
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Márcio da Costa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Sá Guimarães
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora 36038-330, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos Bryan Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrey Pereira Lage
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elaine Maria Seles Dorneles
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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20
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Shi C, Yu Z, Ho H, Wang J, Wu W, Xing M, Wang Y, Rahman SME, Han R. Occurrence, Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns, and Genetic Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Raw Milk in the Dairy Farms over Two Seasons in China. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 27:99-110. [PMID: 32498596 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence and resistance rates of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from raw milk in the dairy farms over two seasons (spring and autumn) and across four regions that included 11 provinces in China. In total, 750 raw milk samples from the 405 dairy farms were collected. Fifteen antimicrobial agents were tested for antimicrobial resistance via disk diffusion tests, and PCR tests were performed to identify drug resistance genes of S. aureus isolates. Out of 750 samples, 276 (36.8%) were positive for S. aureus, with 150 (41.1%) being positive in spring and 126 (32.7%) being positive in autumn. The occurrence rate of S. aureus in northeastern China (45%) was higher than that in western China (33%) and southern China (31.9%), respectively, and the rate significantly (p < 0.05) differed from those of western China and southern China. Of 276 isolates, 261 (94.6%) strains were resistant to more than 1 antimicrobial drug, and 193 (69.9%) strains were multidrug resistant. The blaZ (46.3%), dfrG (35.5%), and tetM (27.2%) genes were detected at a high frequency in the S. aureus strains. Our data revealed a variation (p < 0.05) in the resistance patterns in the different regions and across the two seasons. The occurrence and drug resistance rates of S. aureus isolated from raw milk obtained from dairy farms may still cause severe problems in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao City, China
| | - Zhongna Yu
- Haidu College.Qingdao Agricultural University, Laiyang, China
| | - Harvey Ho
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao City, China
| | - Wei Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao City, China
| | - Mengru Xing
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao City, China
| | - Yutao Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Test Technology for Agro-products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - S M E Rahman
- Department of Animal Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Rongwei Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao City, China
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21
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KEYVAN E, YURDAKUL O, DEMIRTAS A, YALCIN H, BILGEN N. Identification of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Bulk Tank Milk. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.35818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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22
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Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of udder pathogens isolated from dairy cows in Slovakia. J DAIRY RES 2019; 86:436-439. [PMID: 31727191 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029919000694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The data presented in this research communication represent the first comprehensive report on the prevalence of udder pathogens and their resistance in Slovak dairy cattle breeds. A total of 633 milk samples from 42 herds were tested. The most frequently isolated pathogens were coagulase negative staphylococci CNS or non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) followed by Escherichia (E.) coli, Staphylococcus (S.) aureus, Streptococcus (Str.) uberis and Streptococcus (Str.) agalactiae. Generally, isolated pathogens showed common resistance to aminoglycosides (streptomycin, neomycin), which are the most commonly used antibiotics to treat mastitis in Slovakia.
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23
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Genotyping and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from dairy ruminants: differences in the distribution of clonal types between cattle and small ruminants. Arch Microbiol 2019; 202:115-125. [PMID: 31501949 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01722-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is part of the normal flora of animals, and represents one of the leading causes of contagious mastitis in dairy herds worldwide. Sixty-seven epidemiologically unrelated S. aureus isolates from nasal and mastitis milk samples of dairy-producing animals (32 cows, 25 sheep, and 10 goats) were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing and spa typing followed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) on representative isolates and SCCmec-typing on methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates. The highest resistance was observed to penicillin (64.2%, 43/67), followed by tetracycline (23.9%, 16/67), erythromycin (22.4%, 15/67), and streptomycin (17.9%, 12/67). In general, 18 spa types (including newly identified t16958) and 13 sequence types (STs) belonging to 8 clonal complexes (CCs) were detected. The cow-associated isolates were mainly assigned to CC5 (n = 18, related to t267-ST97, t521-ST352, t527-ST97, t304-ST6, and t084-ST15), followed by CC398 (n = 6, t937-ST291), CC45 (n = 3, t230-ST45), CC88 (n = 2, t2526-ST88), CC22 (n = 2, t3680-ST22), and CC522 (n = 1, t3576-ST522). Small ruminant isolates were mostly clustered into CC522 (n = 29, related to t3576, t1534, t16958, t7308, t7311, t7305 [ST522], t1534-ST2057, and t5428-ST2079). Two isolates from cows with mastitis were found to be MRSA, exhibited a composite profile of t937-ST291-SCCmecIV. No isolates carried the PVL and mecC genes. A significant difference in clonal types of S. aureus isolates from cows in comparison with those from small ruminants was found. This study demonstrated the circulation of diverse clones of S. aureus among dairy animals in Iran, with a different clonal composition between cows and small ruminants. The current study also reports MRSA-related mastitis in dairy cows, emphasizing the need for comprehensive surveillance.
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Alba DF, da Rosa G, Hanauer D, Saldanha TF, Souza CF, Baldissera MD, da Silva Dos Santos D, Piovezan AP, Girardini LK, Schafer Da Silva A. Subclinical mastitis in Lacaune sheep: Causative agents, impacts on milk production, milk quality , oxidative profiles and treatment efficacy of ceftiofur. Microb Pathog 2019; 137:103732. [PMID: 31505264 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is a major disease affecting dairy sheep. It is caused by microorganisms that generate inflammation of the mammary gland in response to tissue invasion. This syndrome affects the welfare of ewes, as well as the production and quality of the milk, thereby reducing its productive efficiency. Because mastitis causes inflammation process, it also increases the production of free radicals that cause lesions via lipoperoxidation, causing damage to proteins, cells and tissues. One way to minimize the impact of the disease is antimicrobial treatment. Nevertheless, the continuous use of antimicrobials contributes to microbial resistance, in addition to producing residues in the milk and derivatives if not given during the grace period. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the consequences of subclinical mastitis on ewe health, milk production, milk composition and quality. We also evaluated the susceptibility of the bacteria in vitro using disk diffusion antibiograms. Finally, we performed two-way testing of efficacy of treatment in Lacaune ewes using the same agents. In the first stage of the study, 30 lactating ewes (±90 days) were used, 10 of which were negative on the CMT (California Mastitis Test) used as control group (CG) and 20 sheep with subclinical mastitis diagnosed by CMT (MG). Samples were collected and several analyses were performed on the milk and blood. We found that ewes in the MG had higher lipid peroxidation in serum and milk, as well as lower production, with reduction of the total dry extract in milk. There were 15 isolates of Staphylococcus hyicus, four isolates of each S. epidermidis and S. intermedius, and two isolates of Corynebacterium spp. The primary hematological result was leukocytosis in ewes with mastitis. Based on the antibiogram, we chose ceftiofur for in vivo tests. In this stage, we divided the sheep with subclinical mastitis into two subgroups of 10 ewes each, to receive drug by two routes: intramuscular (IM) and intramammary (IMM). In the IMM group, of the 10 CMT-positive ewes at the beginning of the experiment, seven were already negative by the racket test 120 h after the last application (70% efficacy). In the IM group, of the 10 positive ewes, only four were negative after 120 h of the final application, a low efficacy treatment (40%). We evaluated antimicrobial residues in the milk of treated animals. We found this material within 5 days after treatment in the two forms used; despite the fact that the product's stated withholding period is 3 days. We conclude that ewes with mastitis produce less milk of lower quality. We also conclude that, although ceftiofur is 100% effective in vitro, when used in ewes with mastitis, the efficacy did not exceed 70%, and was more efficient when administered via the intramammary route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi Fernando Alba
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Universidade Do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, Brazil
| | - Gilneia da Rosa
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Universidade Do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, Brazil
| | - Dalana Hanauer
- Food Engineering, Universidade Do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Pinhalzinho, Brazil
| | - Thalia Festa Saldanha
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Realeza, Brazil
| | - Carine F Souza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil
| | - Matheus D Baldissera
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil
| | | | - Ana Paula Piovezan
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Do Oeste de Santa Catarina (Unoesc), Xanxere, Brazil
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Schnitt A, Tenhagen BA. Risk Factors for the Occurrence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Dairy Herds: An Update. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 17:585-596. [PMID: 31433237 PMCID: PMC7549011 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In dairy cows, Staphylococcus aureus is a major mastitis pathogen and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has been reported from dairy farms around the world. The risk of foodborne zoonotic infections with bovine MRSA strains seems to be low since MRSA prevalence is low in dairy herds and milk is commonly heat treated before consumption. However, bovine mastitis caused by MRSA is an important issue in veterinary medicine since treatment options with non-β-lactam antibiotics are limited. For the development of effective MRSA prevention strategies, it is necessary to know which factors increase the risk for MRSA transmission into and within dairy herds. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the risk factors for the occurrence of MRSA in dairy herds and to identify the respective knowledge gaps. MRSA was more frequently detected in conventional dairy farms than in organic farms and in larger farms than in smaller farms. Dairy farms housing pigs along with cattle are more frequently affected by MRSA. Moreover, humans carrying MRSA can probably infect dairy cows. Consequently, pigs and humans may introduce new MRSA strains into dairy herds. MRSA transmission within dairy herds was associated with improper milking hygiene procedures. Furthermore, methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) were repeatedly isolated from dairy farms. This is an important issue since MR-CoNS may transfer resistance genes to S. aureus. The role of antimicrobial exposure as a risk factor for the occurrence of MRSA within dairy herds needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Schnitt
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd-Alois Tenhagen
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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26
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Chitosan nanoparticles enhance the antibacterial activity of the native polymer against bovine mastitis pathogens. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 213:1-9. [PMID: 30879647 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus is the most commonly isolated genus from animals with intramammary infections, and mastitis is the most prevalent disease that affects dairy cows in many countries. These pathogens can live in biofilms, a self-produced matrix, which allow them evade the innate immune system and the antibiotic therapy, thereby producing persistent infections. The aim of this study was to explore the antimicrobial potential of chitosan nanoparticles (Ch-NPs) obtained by the reverse micellar method. We found that the nanoformulation developed presents antimicrobial activity against mastitis pathogens in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, different experiments corroborated that the antimicrobial effectiveness of Ch-NP was greater than that shown by the native polymer used in the preparation of these nanocomposites. Ch-NPs caused membrane damage to bacterial cells and inhibited bacterial biofilm formation, without affecting the viability of bovine cells. These findings show the great potential of Ch-NPs as therapeutic agent for bovine mastitis treatment.
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27
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Matallah AM, Bouayad L, Boudjellaba S, Mebkhout F, Hamdi TM, Ramdani-Bouguessa N. Staphylococcus aureus isolated from selected dairies of Algeria: Prevalence and susceptibility to antibiotics. Vet World 2019; 12:205-210. [PMID: 31040559 PMCID: PMC6460871 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.205-210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk in Algerian dairies, to study the effect of seasons on the contamination of milk and the susceptibility of isolated strains to antibiotics, and to estimate the risk on the health consumer. Materials and Methods: The ISO method 6888-1 (1) was used for Staphylococcus screening. Antimicrobial susceptibility to the 11most used antibiotics in veterinary medicine was assessed using the disk diffusion assay. Results: The overall prevalence was 31.56% (95/301); 34.84% (85/244) from raw milk collectors cisterns (MCC), 22.73% (5/22) from mixing tank milk before pasteurization, and 14.29% (5/35) from pasteurized tank milk (p<0.05). A significant difference (p<0.001) of contamination on MCC was observed between dairies without season influence (p≥0.05). It was observed that 49.47% of S. aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin, 5.26% to tetracycline, 4.21% to erythromycin, 3.15% to neomycin, 2.10% to cefoxitin, 2.10% to clindamycin, and 1.05% to ofloxacin. No resistance was observed for vancomycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Conclusion: A high prevalence of S. aureus from MCC was observed without significant effect of season. The pasteurization does not ensure the elimination of bacteria in all samples. Half of the isolates were resistant to penicillin. These findings emphasize the importance of S. aureus control in Algerian milk industry at different levels to improve public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Manel Matallah
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene and Quality Insurance System (HASAQ), Higher National Veterinary School, Rue Issad Abbes, Oued Smar, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Leila Bouayad
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene and Quality Insurance System (HASAQ), Higher National Veterinary School, Rue Issad Abbes, Oued Smar, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Sofiane Boudjellaba
- Research Laboratory Management of Local Animal Resources (GRAAL), Higher National Veterinary School, Rue Issad Abbes, Oued Smar, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Faiza Mebkhout
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene and Quality Insurance System (HASAQ), Higher National Veterinary School, Rue Issad Abbes, Oued Smar, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Taha Mossadak Hamdi
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene and Quality Insurance System (HASAQ), Higher National Veterinary School, Rue Issad Abbes, Oued Smar, Algiers 16000, Algeria
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28
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Klibi A, Jouini A, Gómez P, Slimene K, Ceballos S, Torres C, Maaroufi A. Molecular Characterization and Clonal Diversity of Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Isolates of Milk of Cows with Clinical Mastitis in Tunisia. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 24:1210-1216. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amira Klibi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Group of Bacteriology and Biotechnology Developement, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Univérsité de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ahlem Jouini
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Group of Bacteriology and Biotechnology Developement, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Univérsité de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Paula Gómez
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Khouloud Slimene
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Group of Bacteriology and Biotechnology Developement, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Univérsité de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sara Ceballos
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Abderrazek Maaroufi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Group of Bacteriology and Biotechnology Developement, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Univérsité de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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29
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Antibiotic-resistance, enterotoxin gene profiles and farm-level prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in cow, sheep and goat bulk tank milk in Jordan. Int Dairy J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Breser ML, Felipe V, Bohl LP, Orellano MS, Isaac P, Conesa A, Rivero VE, Correa SG, Bianco ID, Porporatto C. Chitosan and cloxacillin combination improve antibiotic efficacy against different lifestyle of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates from chronic bovine mastitis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5081. [PMID: 29572457 PMCID: PMC5865155 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23521-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis affects the health of dairy cows and the profitability of herds worldwide. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are the most frequently isolated pathogens in bovine intramammary infection. Based on the wide range of antimicrobial, mucoadhesive and immunostimulant properties demonstrated by chitosan, we have evaluated therapy efficiency of chitosan incorporation to cloxacillin antibiotic as well as its effect against different bacterial lifestyles of seven CNS isolates from chronic intramammary infections. The therapeutic effects of combinations were evaluated on planktonic cultures, bacterial biofilms and intracellular growth in mammary epithelial cells. We found that biofilms and intracellular growth forms offered a strong protection against antibiotic therapy. On the other hand, we found that chitosan addition to cloxacillin efficiently reduced the antibiotic concentration necessary for bacterial killing in different lifestyle. Remarkably, the combined treatment was not only able to inhibit bacterial biofilm establishment and increase preformed biofilm eradication, but it also reduced intracellular bacterial viability while it increased IL-6 secretion by infected epithelial cells. These findings provide a new approach to prophylactic drying therapy that could help to improve conventional antimicrobial treatment against different forms of bacterial growth in an efficient, safer and greener manner reducing multiresistant bacteria generation and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L Breser
- Centro de Investigación y Transferencia (CIT-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Arturo Jauretche 1555, Ciudad Universitaria, Villa María, Argentina.,Instituto A.P. de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Arturo Jauretche 1555, Ciudad Universitaria, Villa María, Argentina
| | - Verónica Felipe
- Instituto A.P. de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Arturo Jauretche 1555, Ciudad Universitaria, Villa María, Argentina
| | - Luciana P Bohl
- Centro de Investigación y Transferencia (CIT-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Arturo Jauretche 1555, Ciudad Universitaria, Villa María, Argentina.,Instituto A.P. de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Arturo Jauretche 1555, Ciudad Universitaria, Villa María, Argentina
| | - María S Orellano
- Centro de Investigación y Transferencia (CIT-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Arturo Jauretche 1555, Ciudad Universitaria, Villa María, Argentina
| | - Paula Isaac
- Centro de Investigación y Transferencia (CIT-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Arturo Jauretche 1555, Ciudad Universitaria, Villa María, Argentina.,Instituto A.P. de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Arturo Jauretche 1555, Ciudad Universitaria, Villa María, Argentina
| | - Agustín Conesa
- Centro de Investigación y Transferencia (CIT-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Arturo Jauretche 1555, Ciudad Universitaria, Villa María, Argentina.,Instituto A.P. de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Arturo Jauretche 1555, Ciudad Universitaria, Villa María, Argentina
| | - Virginia E Rivero
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Silvia G Correa
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ismael D Bianco
- Centro de Excelencia en Productos y Procesos de Córdoba (CEPROCOR), Ministerio de Industria, Comercio, Minería y Desarrollo Científico Tecnológico, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carina Porporatto
- Centro de Investigación y Transferencia (CIT-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Arturo Jauretche 1555, Ciudad Universitaria, Villa María, Argentina. .,Instituto A.P. de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Arturo Jauretche 1555, Ciudad Universitaria, Villa María, Argentina.
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31
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Haubert L, Kroning IS, Iglesias MA, da Silva WP. First report of the Staphylococcus aureus isolate from subclinical bovine mastitis in the South of Brazil harboring resistance gene dfrG and transposon family Tn 916-1545. Microb Pathog 2017; 113:242-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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32
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Li M, Zhang T, Zhu L, Wang R, Jin Y. Liposomal andrographolide dry powder inhalers for treatment of bacterial pneumonia via anti-inflammatory pathway. Int J Pharm 2017; 528:163-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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33
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Kamaruzzaman NF, Kendall S, Good L. Targeting the hard to reach: challenges and novel strategies in the treatment of intracellular bacterial infections. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:2225-2236. [PMID: 27925153 PMCID: PMC5481648 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases continue to threaten human and animal health and welfare globally, impacting millions of lives and causing substantial economic loss. The use of antibacterials has been only partially successful in reducing disease impact. Bacterial cells are inherently resilient, and the therapy challenge is increased by the development of antibacterial resistance, the formation of biofilms and the ability of certain clinically important pathogens to invade and localize within host cells. Invasion into host cells provides protection from both antibacterials and the host immune system. Poor delivery of antibacterials into host cells causes inadequate bacterial clearance, resulting in chronic and unresolved infections. In this review, we discuss the challenges associated with existing antibacterial therapies with a focus on intracellular pathogens. We consider the requirements for successful treatment of intracellular infections and novel platforms currently under development. Finally, we discuss novel strategies to improve drug penetration into host cells. As an example, we discuss our recent demonstration that the cell penetrating cationic polymer polyhexamethylene biguanide has antibacterial activity against intracellular Staphylococcus aureus. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Drug Metabolism and Antibiotic Resistance in Micro-organisms. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Fadhilah Kamaruzzaman
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen BiologyRoyal Veterinary College, University of LondonNW10TUUK
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversiti Malaysia KelantanLocked Bag 36, Pengkalan Chepa16100Kota BharuKelantanMalaysia
| | - Sharon Kendall
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen BiologyRoyal Veterinary College, University of LondonNW10TUUK
| | - Liam Good
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen BiologyRoyal Veterinary College, University of LondonNW10TUUK
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34
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El-Razik KAA, Arafa AA, Hedia RH, Ibrahim ES. Tetracycline resistance phenotypes and genotypes of coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates from bubaline mastitis in Egypt. Vet World 2017; 10:702-710. [PMID: 28717325 PMCID: PMC5499090 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.702-710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim:: This study was devoted to elucidate the tetracycline resistance of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) derived from normal and subclinical mastitic (SCM) buffaloes’ milk in Egypt. Materials and Methods: :: A total of 81 milk samples from 46 normal buffalo milk samples and 35 SCM buffalo milk samples at private dairy farms of Egypt were used in this study. CNS were identified using phenotypic and molecular methods (polymerase chain reaction [PCR]). CNS isolates were tested for tetracycline resistance using routine methods and multiplex PCR targeting tetracycline (tet) resistance genes followed by sequencing of positive PCR products and phylogenetic analysis. Results:: Isolation and identification of 28 (34.5%) CNS from normal and SCM buffaloes’ milk, namely, Staphylococcus intermedius (39.2%), Staphylococcus xylosus (25.0%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (10.7%), Staphylococcus hominis (10.7%), and 3.5% to each of Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus hyicus, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, and Staphylococcus simulans. Using nested PCR, all the 28 CNS isolates revealed positive for 16srRNA gene specific for genus staphylococci and negative for thermonuclease (nuc) gene specific for Staphylococcus aureus species. The presence of tetracycline resistance-encoding genes (tetK, tetL, tetM, and tetO) was detected by multiplex PCR. All isolates were negative for tetL, M, and O genes while 14 (50%) CNS isolates were positive for tetK gene, namely, S. lugdunensis (100%), S. hominis (100%), S. epidermidis (66.6%), S. intermedius (45.4%), and S. xylosus (42.8%). Nucleotide sequencing of tetK gene followed by phylogenetic analysis showed the high homology between our CNS isolates genes of tetracycline resistance with S. aureus isolates including Egyptian ones. This proves the transfer of the tetracycline resistance encoding genes between coagulase-negative and coagulase positive Staphylococcus spp. Conclusion:: CNS isolates have distinguishingly high resistance to tetracycline. Abundant tetracycline usage for mastitis treatment leads to the spread of genetic resistance mechanisms inside CNS strains and among all Staphylococcus spp. Consequently, tetracycline is not effective anymore.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Abd El-Razik
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Veterinary Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - A A Arafa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - R H Hedia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - E S Ibrahim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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35
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Zhang T, Zhu L, Li M, Hu Y, Zhang E, Jiang Q, Han G, Jin Y. Inhalable Andrographolide-β-cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes for Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia by Regulating Immune Responses. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1718-1725. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Zhang
- Department
of Graduates, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, China
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lifei Zhu
- Department
of Graduates, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, China
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yuzhen Hu
- Department
of Graduates, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, China
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Erfeng Zhang
- Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Qingcheng Jiang
- The First People’s Hospital of Tancheng, Shandong 276199, China
| | - Guang Han
- Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yiguang Jin
- Department
of Graduates, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, China
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
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Acosta AC, Silva LBGD, Medeiros ES, Pinheiro-Júnior JW, Mota RA. Mastites em ruminantes no Brasil. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2016000700001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Resumo: A mastite é uma doença complexa e considerada uma das principais causas de perdas à indústria leiteira mundial. Objetivou-se com esta revisão compilar informações dos últimos dez anos sobre a mastite em ruminantes no Brasil. A prevalência da mastite subclínica chega a 48,64% na espécie bovina, 30,7% na espécie caprina, 31,45% na espécie ovina e 42,2% na espécie bubalina, destacando-se a etiologia por Staphylococcus spp. Os fatores de risco associados à ocorrência de mastite estão relacionados a problemas no saneamento ambiental e ao manejo dos animais. As bactérias isoladas do leite mastítico apresentam maior percentual de resistência a penicilina, ampicilina, amoxicilina e neomicina e a utilização de técnicas moleculares no diagnóstico dos agentes causadores de mastites no país, ainda é escassa o que dificulta a obtenção de um diagnóstico mais rápido, sensível e específico.
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37
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In vitro photoinactivation of bovine mastitis related pathogens. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2016; 13:276-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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38
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Rahimi H, Dastmalchi Saei H, Ahmadi M. Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus : Frequency and Antibiotic Resistance in Healthy Ruminants. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e22413. [PMID: 26568802 PMCID: PMC4640094 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.22413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a significant pathogen that can colonize the nares of different animals, causing a wide range of infections in various hosts. Objectives: We intended to determine the prevalence of S. aureus in the nasal cavity of healthy ruminants and also to investigate the presence of antibiotic resistance genes. Materials and Methods: In the present study, healthy cattle (n = 79), sheep (n = 78) and goats (n = 44) were screened for nasal carriage of S. aureus by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Staphylococcus aureus isolates were further assessed for the presence of blaZ (encoding penicillin resistance), mecA (encoding methicillin resistance), tetK and tetM (encoding tetracycline resistance), and ermA and ermC (encoding macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance) genes. Results: The proportion of S. aureus-positive nasal swabs from cattle, sheep and goats were four (5.06%), 11 (14.1%) and 11 isolates (25%), respectively. The blaZ gene was detected in 20 out of 26 S. aureus isolates (76.9%), including four cattle (100%), nine sheep (81.8%) and seven goats (63.6%). Two of the four cattle isolates possessing the blaZ gene also had the tetK gene. Of the nine sheep isolates harboring the blaZ gene, one possessed the mecA and tetK genes together. Of the seven goat isolates with blaZ gene, one harbored the tetM gene. None of the S. aureus isolates were positive for the ermA and ermC genes. Conclusions: In contrast to cattle, S. aureus is frequently present in the nose of sheep and goats, which may represent the primary reservoir of S. aureus in small ruminant flocks. This study also showed that nasal isolates of S. aureus from healthy ruminants might be a potential reservoir of antimicrobial-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidar Rahimi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, IR Iran
| | - Habib Dastmalchi Saei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Habib Dastmalchi Saei, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, IR Iran. Tel: +98-442972661, E-mail:
| | - Malahat Ahmadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, IR Iran
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Olivares-Pérez J, Kholif AE, Rojas-Hernández S, Elghandour MMMY, Salem AZM, Bastida AZ, Velázquez-Reynoso D, Cipriano-Salazar M, Camacho-Díaz LM, Alonso-Fresán MU, DiLorenzo N. Prevalence of bovine subclinical mastitis, its etiology and diagnosis of antibiotic resistance of dairy farms in four municipalities of a tropical region of Mexico. Trop Anim Health Prod 2015; 47:1497-504. [PMID: 26255183 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0890-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A region-wide survey was conducted in the tropical area of Tierra Caliente, State of Guerrero, Mexico to estimate the prevalence of subclinical bovine mastitis (SCM), distribution of mastitis pathogens, and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of different mastitis pathogens in dairy farms. In total, 1036 quarter milk samples were obtained from 259 cows at 87 different dairy farms. Collected quarter milk samples were submitted for California Mastitis Test (CMT), bacteriological examination, and testing for antimicrobial susceptibility. Overall prevalence of SCM in the studied area was 20.5 %. Prevalence in the different regions was as follows: 28 % in Arcelia municipality, 21 % in Tlalchapa municipality, 19.4 % in Pungarabato municipality, and 14.3 % in Finch Cutzamala municipality. Of all positive isolates, 97.5 % were Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, of all positive isolates, 37.5 % were Proteus vulgaris, 25 % Salmonella spp., 12.5 % Enterobacter aerogenes, and 10 % Escherichia coli. Klebsiella pneumonia and E. coli were sensitive for netilmicin antimicrobial. However, E. coli was sensitive for pefloxacin and gentamicin with a sensitivity for pefloxacin for E. aerogenes, while Staphylococci were sensitive for gentamicin and dicloxacillin. It could be concluded that practices such as the implementation of mastitis control programs, improved milking hygiene together with an intramammary treatment with netilmicin, pefloxacin, and gentamicin antimicrobials should be considered for mastitis prevention in the study area of Tierra Caliente, in the tropical area of Guerrero, Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Olivares-Pérez
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Altamirano, P.O. 40660, Mexico
| | - Ahmed Eid Kholif
- Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St. Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Saul Rojas-Hernández
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Altamirano, P.O. 40660, Mexico
| | | | | | - Adrian Zaragoza Bastida
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Rancho Universitario, Av. Universidad Km. 1, Ex-Hda. de Aquetzalpa AP 32, CP 43600, Tulancingo, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - David Velázquez-Reynoso
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Altamirano, P.O. 40660, Mexico
| | - Moisés Cipriano-Salazar
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Altamirano, P.O. 40660, Mexico
| | - Luis Miguel Camacho-Díaz
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Altamirano, P.O. 40660, Mexico
| | - María Uxúa Alonso-Fresán
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Nicolas DiLorenzo
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Marianna, FL, USA
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40
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Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk and dairy products. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Flórez AB, Mayo B. Diversity and dynamics of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in cheese as determined by PCR denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 214:63-69. [PMID: 26241491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the composition and succession of tetracycline- and erythromycin-resistant bacterial communities in a model cheese, monitored by polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Bacterial 16S rRNA genes were examined using this technique to detect structural changes in the cheese microbiota over manufacturing and ripening. Total bacterial genomic DNA, used as a template, was extracted from cultivable bacteria grown without and with tetracycline or erythromycin (both at 25 μg ml(-1)) on a non-selective medium used for enumeration of total and viable cells (Plate Count agar with Milk; PCA-M), and from those grown on selective and/or differential agar media used for counting various bacterial groups; i.e., lactic acid bacteria (de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe agar; MRSA), micrococci and staphylococci (Baird-Parker agar; BPA), and enterobacteria (Violet Red Bile Glucose agar; VRBGA). Large numbers of tetracycline- and erythromycin-resistant bacteria were detected in cheese samples at all stages of ripening. Counts of antibiotic-resistant bacteria varied widely depending on the microbial group and the point of sampling. In general, resistant bacteria were 0.5-1.0 Log10 units fewer in number than the corresponding susceptible bacteria. The PCR-DGGE profiles obtained with DNA isolated from the plates for total bacteria and the different bacterial groups suggested Escherichia coli, Lactococcus lactis, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus spp. as the microbial types resistant to both antibiotics tested. This study shows the suitability of the PCR-DGGE technique for rapidly identifying and tracking antibiotic resistant populations in cheese and, by extension, in other foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belén Flórez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares, s/n, 33300-Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Baltasar Mayo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares, s/n, 33300-Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
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Wang W, Song Y, Petrovski K, Eats P, Trott DJ, Wong HS, Page SW, Perry J, Garg S. Development of intramammary delivery systems containing lasalocid for the treatment of bovine mastitis: impact of solubility improvement on safety, efficacy, and milk distribution in dairy cattle. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:631-42. [PMID: 25653501 PMCID: PMC4310348 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s74731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Mastitis is a major disease of dairy cattle. Given the recent emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a cause of bovine mastitis, new intramammary (IMA) treatments are urgently required. Lasalocid, a member of the polyether ionophore class of antimicrobial agents, has not been previously administered to cows by the IMA route and has favorable characteristics for development as a mastitis treatment. This study aimed to develop an IMA drug delivery system (IMDS) of lasalocid for the treatment of bovine mastitis. Methods Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined applying the procedures recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Solid dispersions (SDs) of lasalocid were prepared and characterized using differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. IMDSs containing lasalocid of micronized, nano-sized, or as SD form were tested for their IMA safety in cows. Therapeutic efficacy of lasalocid IMDSs was tested in a bovine model involving experimental IMA challenge with the mastitis pathogen Streptococcus uberis. Results Lasalocid demonstrated antimicrobial activity against the major Gram-positive mastitis pathogens including S. aureus (MIC range 0.5–8 μg/mL). The solubility test confirmed limited, ion-strength-dependent water solubility of lasalocid. A kinetic solubility study showed that SDs effectively enhanced water solubility of lasalocid (21–35-fold). Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-lasalocid SD caused minimum mammary irritation in treated cows and exhibited faster distribution in milk than either nano or microsized lasalocid. IMDSs with PVP-lasalocid SD provided effective treatment with a higher mastitis clinical and microbiological cure rate (66.7%) compared to cloxacillin (62.5%). Conclusion Lasalocid SD IMDS provided high cure rates and effectiveness in treating bovine mastitis with acceptable safety in treated cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Yunmei Song
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kiro Petrovski
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Patricia Eats
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Darren J Trott
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hui San Wong
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Jeanette Perry
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sanjay Garg
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia Adelaide, SA, Australia
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