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Luo Z, Yong K, Huang Y, Zhang C, Shen L, Jiang H, Yang X, Zhang Y, Cao S. Effects of replacement of corn silage and distillers' grain diets with hay during prepartum on the health and production performance of dairy heifers postpartum. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022; 106:682-689. [PMID: 35102607 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to comprehensively evaluate the effects of prepartum replacement of corn silage and distillers' grain diets with hay on the postpartum health and production performance in dairy heifers. Pregnant Holstein dairy heifers were randomly assigned to two groups and fed different diets with the same net energy and protein concentrations. The low corn silage plus hay (CH) group diet mainly contained oat hay (28.5%), corn silage (25%) and folium ginkgo (23%). The high corn silage plus distillers' grains (CD) group diet contained corn silage (53.5%), distillers' grains (5%) and folium ginkgo (18%). Dairy heifers were fed from the beginning of pregnancy to the end of the transition period. Calf birthweight, postpartum morbidity, milk production and reproductive performance were determined. Compared with the cows in the CH group, those in the CD group presented increased calf birthweight and a high risk of some postpartum disorders (p < 0.05), particularly ketosis (37.63% vs. 24.54%) and retained placenta (9.41% vs. 3.92%). However, there was no difference between the groups in reproductive performance, including first timed artificial insemination (TAI) rate, date of TAI and conception rate of TAI. The lactation curves showed no difference in milk yield during the peak lactation period of primiparous cows between the CH and CD groups; the total milk production was 33.39 kg and 33.19 kg respectively. Notably, the time to peak milk production was delayed in the CD group. It can be concluded that replacing corn silage and distillers' grains with hay can reduce postpartum morbidity in dairy heifers and shorten the time to peak milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhong Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Chongqing Three Gorges Vocational College, Chongqing, China
| | - Kang Yong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Chongqing Three Gorges Vocational College, Chongqing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yixin Huang
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Chuanshi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Chongqing Three Gorges Vocational College, Chongqing, China
| | - Liuhong Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Guizhou Wanniu Animal Husbandry and Technology Development Co., Ltd, ZunYi, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Suizhong Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Liu Y, Wang G, Wu H, Meng Q, Khan MZ, Zhou Z. Effect of Hybrid Type on Fermentation and Nutritional Parameters of Whole Plant Corn Silage. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061587. [PMID: 34071355 PMCID: PMC8228834 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the effect of hybrid type on the fermentation and nutritional parameters of whole-plant corn silage (dual-purpose and silage-specific corn). For this purpose, the two corn hybrid types were harvested at the one-half to three-fourths milk line and ensiled in fermentation bags (50 × 80 cm) for 60 day. Our results demonstrated that the ratio of lactic acid to acetic acid (p = 0.004), propionic acid (p < 0.001), Flieg point (p < 0.001), ether extract (p = 0.039), starch (p < 0.001), milk-per-ton index (p < 0.005), net energy for lactation (p = 0.003), total digestible nutrients (p < 0.001), neutral detergent soluble fiber (p =0.04), and in situ dry matter digestibility (TDMDis) (p < 0.001) were higher in dual-purpose corn silage, while the pH (p = 0.014), acetic acid (p = 0.007), the ratio of ammonia nitrogen to total nitrogen (p = 0.045), neutral detergent fiber (p < 0.001), acid detergent fiber (p < 0.001), acid detergent lignin (p < 0.001), dry matter yield per ha (p < 0.001), milk-per-acre index (p = 0.003), available neutral detergent fiber (p < 0.001), and unavailable neutral detergent fiber (p < 0.001) were higher in silage-specific corn silage. Based on our analysis, we concluded that under favourable production conditions for whole-plant corn silage, the nutritive value per unit was higher in dual-purpose corn while biomass yield and nutrient value per ha were higher in silage-specific corn.
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Bach A, Terré M, Vidal M. Symposium review: Decomposing efficiency of milk production and maximizing profit. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:5709-5725. [PMID: 31837781 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The dairy industry has focused on maximizing milk yield, as it is believed that this maximizes profit mainly through dilution of maintenance costs. Efficiency of milk production has received, until recently, considerably less attention. The most common method to determine biological efficiency of milk production is feed efficiency (FE), which is defined as the amount of milk produced relative to the amount of nutrients consumed. Economic efficiency is best measured as income over feed cost or gross margin obtained from feed investments. Feed efficiency is affected by a myriad of factors, but overall they could be clustered as follows: (1) physiological status of the cow (e.g., age, state of lactation, health, level of production, environmental conditions), (2) digestive function (e.g., feeding behavior, passage rate, rumen fermentation, rumen and hindgut microbiome), (3) metabolic partitioning (e.g., homeorhesis, insulin sensitivity, hormonal profile), (4) genetics (ultimately dictating the 2 previous aspects), and (5) nutrition (e.g., ration formulation, nutrient balance). Over the years, energy requirements for maintenance seem to have progressively increased, but efficiency of overall nutrient use for milk production has also increased due to dilution of nutrient requirements for maintenance. However, empirical evidence from the literature suggests that marginal increases in milk require progressively greater marginal increases in nutrient supply. Thus, the dilution of maintenance requirements associated with increases in production is partially overcome by a progressive diminishing marginal biological response to incremental energy and protein supplies. Because FE follows the law of diminishing returns, and because marginal feed costs increase progressively with milk production, profits associated with improving milk yield might, in some cases, be considerably lower than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bach
- ICREA, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona 08007, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Institut de Recerca i Tecnolgia Agroalimentàries, Caldes de Montbui 08140, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Marta Terré
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Institut de Recerca i Tecnolgia Agroalimentàries, Caldes de Montbui 08140, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria Vidal
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Institut de Recerca i Tecnolgia Agroalimentàries, Caldes de Montbui 08140, Catalonia, Spain
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Zhang S, Xu Z, Wang T, Kong J. Endoglucanase improve the growth of homofermentative Lactobacillus spp. in ensilages. J Biotechnol 2019; 295:55-62. [PMID: 30853632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Endoglucanase, an important component of cellulases, is used as additives in ensiling of forage crops. However, its detailed role is unclear in ensilages. In the present study, two endoglucanases Cel5 and Cel9 produced by strain Paenibacillus panacisoli SDMCC050309, previously isolated from ensiled corn stover, were identified in the cultures by microcrystalline cellulose absorption coupled with zymogram analysis. After heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli DE3 and purified, these two proteins were biochemically characterized. Cel5 was 61 kDa and showed maximal activity at pH 7.0 and 45 °C, while the maximum activity was at pH 8.0 and 65 °C for Cel9 with 97 kDa in size. Both of them could degrade carboxymethyl cellulose into cellooligosaccharides, in which cellobiose and cellotriose could be used as substrates for the growth of homofermentative strains Lactobacillus plantarum CGMCC6888 and L. farciminis CCTCC AB2016237, but not for the heterofermentative strains L. brevis SDMCC050297 and L. parafarraginis SDMCC050300. Therefore, we concluded that the added endoglucanase contributed to enhance the growth of homofermentative lactic acid bacteria for high level of lactic acid production in ensilages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Zhenshang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, PR China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, PR China
| | - Jian Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
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Mapato C, Wanapat M. New roughage source of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mahasarakham utilization for ruminants feeding under global climate change. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018; 31:1890-1896. [PMID: 29879829 PMCID: PMC6212747 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As the climate changes, it influences ruminant's feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen methane production and emission. This experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding Sweet grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mahasarakham; SG) as a new source of good quality forage to improve feed utilization efficiency and to mitigate rumen methane production and emission. METHODS Four, growing crossbred of Holstein Friesian heifers, 14 months old, were arranged in a 4×4 Latin square design to receive four dietary treatments. Treatment 1 (T1) was rice straw (RS) fed on ad libitum with 1.0% body weight (BW) of concentrate (C) supplementation (RS/1.0C). Treatment 2 (T2) and treatment 3 (T3) were SG, fed on ad libitum with 1.0% and 0.5% BW of concentrate supplementation, respectively (SG/1.0C and SG/0.5C, respectively). Treatment 4 (T4) was total Sweet grass fed on ad libitum basis with non-concentrate supplementation (TSG). RESULTS The results revealed that roughage and total feed intake were increased with SG when compared to RS (p<0.01) while TSG was like RS/1.0C treatment. Digestibility of nutrients, nutrients intake, total volatile fatty acids (VFAs), rumen microorganisms were the highest and CH4 was the lowest in the heifers that received SG/1.0C (p<0.01). Total dry matter (DM) feed intake, digestibility and intake of nutrients, total VFAs, NH3-N, bacterial and fungal population of animals receiving SG/0.5C were higher than those fed on RS/1.0C. Reducing of concentrate supplementation with SG as a roughage source increased NH3-N, acetic acid, and fungal populations, but it decreased propionic acid and protozoal populations (p<0.05). However, ruminal pH and blood urea nitrogen were not affected by the dietary treatments (p>0.05). CONCLUSION As the results, SG could be a good forage to improve rumen fermentation, decrease methane production and reduced the level of concentrate supplementation for growing ruminants in the tropics especially under global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaowarit Mapato
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Ferraretto L, Shaver R. Effects of whole-plant corn silage hybrid type on intake, digestion, ruminal fermentation, and lactation performance by dairy cows through a meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:2662-75. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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