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Nobrega DB, Miltenburg C, Séguin G, Kelton DF. Prevalence and spatial distribution of infectious diseases of dairy cattle in Ontario, Canada. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:5029-5040. [PMID: 38428494 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the prevalence and spatial distribution of selected pathogens associated with infectious diseases of dairy cattle in Ontario, Canada. The cross-sectional study surveyed bulk tank milk for antibodies against bovine leukemia virus (BLV), Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP), and Salmonella Dublin, and for the presence of mastitis pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Mycoplasma bovis). Between October 2021 and June 2022, bulk tank milk samples were obtained from every commercial dairy farm in Ontario (n = 3,286). Samples underwent ELISA testing for the presence of BLV, MAP, and S. Dublin antibodies, and quantitative PCR testing for the detection of specific antigens of pathogens associated with mastitis. Bayesian models were used to estimate prevalence, and spatial analysis was carried out to identify regional clusters of high pathogen prevalence. Prevalence varied for different pathogens, and BLV was widespread across dairy farms in Ontario, with an estimated prevalence of 88.3%. The prevalence of MAP, Staph. aureus and S. Dublin in Ontario dairy herds was 39.8%, 31.5%, and 5.1%, respectively. The vast majority of dairy herds in Ontario were free of intramammary infections caused by Strep. agalactiae and M. bovis. Clusters of increased positive test rates were detected for S. Dublin, MAP, and Staph. aureus, indicating potential geographic risk factors for pathogen transmission. For S. Dublin, an area of increased test positivity rates was detected in southwestern Ontario, close to the Canada-United States border where most of the dairy herds in Ontario are located. Conversely, a localized cluster of positive test outcomes involving 14 subdivisions located in the southeastern region of Ontario was detected for Staph. aureus. Findings from our survey highlight the importance of the testing of aggregated samples and conducting spatial analysis as part of disease surveillance programs, and for implementing risk-based trading approaches among dairy producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego B Nobrega
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada.
| | - C Miltenburg
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Elora, ON N1G 4Y2, Canada
| | - G Séguin
- Dairy Farmers of Ontario, Mississauga, ON K2P 0W6, Canada
| | - David F Kelton
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Chakrawarti A, Casey CL, Burk A, Mugabi R, Ochoa A, Barlow JW. An observational study demonstrates human-adapted Staphylococcus aureus strains have a higher frequency of antibiotic resistance compared to cattle-adapted strains isolated from dairy farms making farmstead cheese. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:75. [PMID: 38409123 PMCID: PMC10898128 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03910-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is a multi-host zoonotic pathogen causing human and livestock diseases. Dairy farms that make artisan cheese have distinctive concerns for S. aureus control. Antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) S. aureus is a public and animal health concern. There is a need to study the population structure of AMR S. aureus at the human-animal interface and understand the path of zoonotic transmission. This cross-sectional observational study aimed to assess the genetic diversity and AMR patterns of S. aureus isolated from cattle and humans on conventional and organic Vermont dairy farms that produce and sell farmstead cheese. RESULTS A convenience sample of 19 dairy farms in Vermont was enrolled, and 160 S. aureus isolates were collected from cow quarter milk (CQM), bulk tank milk (BTM), human-hand and -nasal swabs. After deduplication, 89 isolates were used for the analysis. Sequence types (STs) were determined by multilocus sequence typing and cataloged to the PubMLST database. Nine defined and five novel STs were identified. For BTM and CQM samples, six STs were identified within cow-adapted CC97 and CC151. Two human-adapted STs were isolated from BTM and CQM. Seven human-adapted clonal complexes with eight STs were identified from human samples. One cow-adapted ST was isolated from a human. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was tested using disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Approximately 27% of the isolates were beta-lactam resistant and blaZ gene-positive. S. aureus isolates from human swabs were more likely to carry blaZ compared to isolates from CQM or BTM. S. aureus isolated from cows and humans on the same farm belonged to different STs. CONCLUSION Humans were more likely to carry beta-lactam-resistant S. aureus compared to cows, and on organic farms only human-adapted blaZ positive STs were isolated from BTM. Moreover, we identified potential spillover events of S. aureus sequence types between host species. The presence of penicillin-resistant-human-adapted S. aureus on both organic and conventional dairy farms highlights a "One Health" concern at the junction of public and animal health requiring further surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashma Chakrawarti
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Christine L Casey
- Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, Frankfort, KY, USA
| | - Ariela Burk
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Robert Mugabi
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - John W Barlow
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Deddefo A, Mamo G, Asfaw M, Amenu K. Factors affecting the microbiological quality and contamination of farm bulk milk by Staphylococcus aureus in dairy farms in Asella, Ethiopia. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:65. [PMID: 36882721 PMCID: PMC9990340 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02746-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The determination of the microbiological quality and safety of raw milk and the associated influencing factors at the farm level is very critical given that the quality or safety of subsequent products that are further produced depends on this. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the microbiological quality and safety of bulk milk and identify associated risk factors, and assess the presence/absence of S. aureus in bulk milk with potential contaminating sources in dairy farms in Asella, Ethiopia. RESULTS The geometric means of bacterial counts in farm bulk milk were 5.25 log cfu/ml, 3.1 log cfu/ml and 2.97 log cfu/ml for total bacterial count (TBC), coliform count (CC) and coagulase-positive staphylococci count (CPS), respectively. Of the 50 dairy farms, 66, 88, and 32% had TBC, CC and CPS counts, respectively, that exceeded the standard international limits for raw cow's milk intended for direct human consumption. TBC tended to increase as CC increased in bulk milk (r = 0.5). In the final regression model, increased TBC, CC and the contamination of farm bulk milk by S. aureus were significantly associated with dirty barns, dirty cows and soiled udder and teats. TBC was higher during the rainy season than during the dry season. The reported practice of washing teats with warm water significantly decreased CC and CPS. The occurrence of S. aureus was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in bulk farm milk (42%) than in pooled udder milk (37.3%), teat swabs (22.5%), milkers' hand swabs (18%), bulking bucket swabs (16.7%), milking container swabs (14%), and water for cleaning of udder and milkers' hands (10%). The questionnaire survey result showed widespred raw milk consumption habits, low level of training and poor hygienic milking practices. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed low-quality bulk farm milk with high bacterial counts and a high occurrence of S. aureus. This indicates the potential food safety risks due to consumption of raw milk or its products. This study suggests awareness creation to dairy farmers and the public on hygienic milk production and heat treatment of milk before consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiot Deddefo
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Arsi University, P.O.Box 193, Asella, Ethiopia. .,College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Gezahegne Mamo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Minda Asfaw
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Arsi University, P.O.Box 193, Asella, Ethiopia
| | - Kebede Amenu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.,Animal and Human Health Programme, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O.Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Gajewska J, Zakrzewski A, Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W, Zadernowska A. Meta-analysis of the global occurrence of S. aureus in raw cattle milk and artisanal cheeses. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Adkins PRF, Placheta LM, Borchers MR, Bewley JM, Middleton JR. Distribution of staphylococcal and mammaliicoccal species from compost-bedded pack or sand-bedded freestall dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:6261-6270. [PMID: 35570045 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this prospective observational study was to determine whether dairy cattle housing types were associated with staphylococcal and mammaliicoccal populations found on teat skin, bedding, and in bulk tank milk. Twenty herds (n = 10 sand-bedded freestall herds; n = 10 compost-bedded pack herds) were enrolled. Each herd was visited twice for sample collection, and at each visit, 5 niches were sampled, including bulk tank milk, composite teat skin swab samples collected before premilking teat preparation, composite teat skin swab samples collected after premilking teat preparation, unused fresh bedding, and used bedding. All samples were plated on Mannitol salt agar and Columbia blood agar and staphylococcal-like colonies were selected for further evaluation. Bacterial colonies were speciated using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. All species were grouped into 4 categories included host-adapted, opportunistic, environmental, and unclassified. Absolute numbers and proportions of each genus and species were calculated. Proportional data were compared between groups using Fisher's exact test. Data representing 471 staphylococcal-like organisms were analyzed. Overall, 27 different staphylococcal and mammaliicoccal species were identified. Staphylococcus chromogenes was the only species identified from all 20 farms. A total of 20 different staphylococcal-like species were identified from bulk tank milk samples with the most prevalent species being S. chromogenes, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Mammaliicoccus sciuri. Overall, more staphylococcal and mammaliicoccal isolates were identified among used bedding than unused bedding. The increased numbers of isolates within used bedding were primarily from used sand bedding samples, with 79% (76/96) of used bedding isolates being identified from sand bedding and only 20.8% (20/96) from used compost-bedded pack samples. When comparing categories found among sample types, more unclassified species were found in used sand bedding than in used compost-bedded pack samples. This finding is possibly related to the composting temperatures resulting in reduced growth or destruction of bacterial species. The prevalence of S. aureus was high in bulk tank milk for all herds, regardless of herd type, which may represent the influence of unmeasured management factors. Overall, staphylococcal and mammaliicoccal species were highly prevalent among samples from both farm types.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R F Adkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211.
| | - L M Placheta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - M R Borchers
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546; Zoetis Inc., Kalamazoo, MI 49007
| | - J M Bewley
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546; Holstein Association USA, Brattleboro, VT 05302
| | - J R Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
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Health and Welfare Survey of 30 Dairy Goat Farms in the Midwestern United States. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072007. [PMID: 34359135 PMCID: PMC8300403 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary There appears to be a rapid expansion of dairy goat farming in the United States and the information available to producers on health, welfare, and production applicable to those in the Midwestern US is limited. This study intended to survey 30 dairy goat farms in the Midwestern US to provide insight into husbandry practices pertaining to health, welfare, and production, and to identify areas of future research. Pain relief for disbudding and castration, education and training programs, early kid management, and hoof trimming were identified as potential areas of future research. This study provided insight into the husbandry practices carried out on 30 dairy goat farms in the Midwestern US and areas of research to improve health and welfare. Abstract Dairy goat production in the Midwestern United States is increasing at a rapid rate and information on dairy goat husbandry practices applicable for producers in this region is limited. The objective of this study was to survey 30 dairy goat farms in the Midwestern US to provide insight into husbandry practices pertaining to health, welfare, and production, and to identify areas of future research. A questionnaire was developed and comprised 163 questions that were organized into categories including information on the producer (e.g., farming experience), staff, and goats (e.g., herd size, breed), housing, feeding and nutrition, milking practices and production, kid management, husbandry practices (e.g., disbudding, castration, hoof trimming), and health. Areas of future research that can improve goat health, production and welfare include pain relief for husbandry practices such as disbudding and castration, early kid management during birth to prevent illness/disease or mortality (e.g., warm and dry areas for kid rearing), eradication programs for common contagious diseases, training programs and education for claw trimming, disbudding, and udder health. In conclusion, this study provided insight into the husbandry practices carried out on 30 dairy goat farms in the Midwestern US and areas of research to improve health and welfare.
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Oliveira ACD, Souza FN, de Sant'Anna FM, Faúla LL, Chande CG, Cortez A, Della Libera AMMP, Costa M, Souza MR, Heinemann MB, Cerqueira MMOP. Temporal and geographical comparison of bulk tank milk and water microbiota composition in Brazilian dairy farms. Food Microbiol 2021; 98:103793. [PMID: 33875221 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between the bacterial communities of bulk tank milk (BTM) and water used in Brazilian dairy farms. We also explored the association between BTM microbiota and its quality parameters (i.e., somatic cell count [SCC] and total bacteria count [TBC]). Water and BTM samples were collected twice for high throughput metataxonomic characterization. Milk samples were collected for SCCs, TBCs, and antimicrobial residue analysis. Water samples were submitted for physico-chemical and microbiological analyses. Overall, the BTM bacterial community was not influenced by the water microbiota. Furthermore, a higher number of Bacillus spp. and a tendency toward a higher number of Lactococcus spp. was associated with a higher TBC, and consequently could be used as an indicator of milk quality. A higher number of Streptococcus spp. and a tendency toward a higher number of Staphylococcus spp. were associated with a higher SCC. Apart from a variation on the content of the Bacillus taxa, no effect of sampling time on BTM bacterial community was observed. Finally, a negative correlation between the number of different species (richness) on BTM and SCC was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Dumont Oliveira
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, 30123-970, Brazil
| | - Fernando Nogueira Souza
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, 58397-000, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Machado de Sant'Anna
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, 30123-970, Brazil
| | - Leandro Leão Faúla
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, 30123-970, Brazil; Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, Serviço de Microbiologia, Belo Horizonte, 30510-010, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Cortez
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Santo Amaro, Rua Prof. Enéas de Siqueira Neto 340, São Paulo, 04829-300, Brazil
| | - Alice Maria Melville Paiva Della Libera
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Márcio Costa
- Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, University of Montreal, 3200, Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marcelo Resende Souza
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, 30123-970, Brazil
| | - Marcos Bryan Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Mônica Maria Oliveira Pinho Cerqueira
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, 30123-970, Brazil
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Pacha PA, Munoz MA, González-Rocha G, San Martín I, Quezada-Aguiluz M, Aguayo-Reyes A, Bello-Toledo H, Latorre AA. Molecular diversity of Staphylococcus aureus and the role of milking equipment adherences or biofilm as a source for bulk tank milk contamination. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:3522-3531. [PMID: 33358810 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequent pathogens causing intramammary infections in dairy herds. Consequently, virulence factors, pathobiology, and epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus strains have been widely assessed through the years. Nevertheless, not much has been described about the epidemiology of Staph. aureus strains from bulk tank milk (BTM) and adherences on milking equipment (AMES), even when these strains may play a role in the quality of milk that is intended for human consumption. The objective of this study was to assess the strain diversity of 166 Staph. aureus isolates collected from 3 consecutive BTM samples, and from AMES in contact with milk from 23 Chilean dairy farms. Isolates were analyzed and typed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Diversity of strains, both within and among farms, was assessed using Simpson's index of diversity (SID). On farms where Staph. aureus was isolated from both AMES and BTM (n = 8), pulsotypes were further analyzed to evaluate the role of AMES as a potential source of Staph. aureus strains in BTM. Among all Staph. aureus analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, a total of 42 pulsotypes (19 main pulsotypes and 23 subtypes) were identified. Among dairy farms, strain diversity was highly heterogeneous (SID = 0.99). Within dairy farms, Staph. aureus strain diversity was variable (SID = 0 to 1), and 18 dairy operations (81.8%) had one pulsotype that was shared between at least 2 successive BTM samples. In those farms where Staph. aureus was isolated in both AMES and BTM (n = 8), 7 (87.5%) showed a clonal distribution of Staph. aureus strains between these 2 types of samples. The overlapping of certain Staph. aureus strains among dairy farms may point out common sources of Staph. aureus among otherwise epidemiologically unrelated farms. Indistinguishable Staph. aureus strains between AMES and BTM across dairy farms suggest that Staph. aureus-containing AMES may represent a source for BTM contamination, thus affecting milk quality. Our study highlights the role of viable Staph. aureus in AMES as a source for BTM contamination on dairy farms, and also describes the overlapping and presence of specific BTM and AMES pulsotypes among farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Pacha
- Departamento de Patología y Medicina Preventiva-Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán 3812120, Chile
| | - M A Munoz
- Departamento de Patología y Medicina Preventiva-Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán 3812120, Chile
| | - G González-Rocha
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile; Millennium Nucleus on Interdisciplinary Approach to Antimicrobial Resistance, MICROB, Las Condes 7590943, Chile
| | - I San Martín
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - M Quezada-Aguiluz
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile; Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - A Aguayo-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - H Bello-Toledo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - A A Latorre
- Departamento de Patología y Medicina Preventiva-Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán 3812120, Chile.
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Artursson K, Schelin J, Thisted Lambertz S, Hansson I, Olsson Engvall E. Foodborne pathogens in unpasteurized milk in Sweden. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 284:120-127. [PMID: 29887505 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Raw milk may be a risk for public health if it is contaminated with zoonotic pathogens. To study the prevalence in unpasteurized milk from Swedish farms, bovine and small ruminant dairy farms were sampled. Since the sampling method and transport conditions may influence the outcome of analyses, efforts were made to optimize the methodology. Culturing of bacteria was done from in-line milk filters collected from the milk pipe at the point where it enters the milk bulk tank at the farms and this way of sampling was compared to sampling bulk tank milk (BTM) directly. Analysing milk filters were found to be superior to analysing BTM directly. Conditions for transport of milk filter samples were further improved by the addition of Cary Blair transport medium, which significantly increased the number of positive samples for pathogenic bacteria. The isolation of several foodborne pathogens from milk filters was demonstrated. The prevalence of samples with Staphylococcus aureus was 71% and 64%, and Listeria spp. 21% and 29% from dairy cow and goat/sheep farms, respectively. Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) O157 were detected in 9%, 2% and 2% of samples from bovine milk, respectively. We conclude that the choice of sampling method and sample handling influence the results of bacterial culturing. From the results of this study, we strongly recommend to sample in-line milk filters instead of BTM directly and to use Cary Blair medium during transport, especially if the samples are to be analysed for Campylobacter spp. and/or Listeria spp. The findings also show that unpasteurized milk from Swedish farms occasionally contain bacteria with zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Artursson
- National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden.
| | - Jenny Schelin
- Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Susanne Thisted Lambertz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden; National Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Hansson
- National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
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Chen J, Tang JN, Hu KL, Zhao YY, Tang C. The production characteristics of volatile organic compounds and their relation to growth status of Staphylococcus aureus in milk environment. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4983-4991. [PMID: 29550124 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In our previous research, 3-methyl-butanal and 3-methyl-butanoic acid were identified as representative and specific volatile organic compounds released by Staphylococcus aureus in broth. In this study, we explored the production of the 2 volatiles and their correlation to Staph. aureus growth in milk under different conditions. We found significant correlations between the production of 3-methyl-butanoic acid and cell counts of 5 Staph. aureus strains in sterile milk, and there were no obvious differences for its production among 5 tested strains. The intensities of the 2 volatiles were similar and positively correlated with bacterial counts in cultures at 25°C and 37°C despite delayed production of volatiles at 25°C; however, neither compound could be detected at 4°C. The production of 3-methyl-butanoic acid was strongly correlated with growth of Staph. aureus mixed with Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Shigella flexneri, whereas correlations for 3-methyl-butanal were not statistically significant. Compared with the monoculture of Staph. aureus, in mixed cultures, production of 3-methyl-butanal was decreased and that of 3-methyl-butanoic acid was comparatively higher. In pasteurized and raw milks, production of 3-methyl-butanoic acid was correlated with growth of Staph. aureus, and 3-methyl-butanoic acid could be detected when Staph. aureus populations reached 106 to 107 cfu/mL in pasteurized milk and 105 to 106 cfu/mL in raw milk; the correlations for 3-methyl-butanal were not statistically significant. Our results suggest that 3-methyl-butanoic acid is a more suitable marker for high counts of Staph. aureus in milk, whereas 3-methyl-butanal is a transient metabolite and easily depressed by environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities (Southwest Minzu University), Chengdu, China, 610041
| | - J N Tang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities (Southwest Minzu University), Chengdu, China, 610041.
| | - K L Hu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities (Southwest Minzu University), Chengdu, China, 610041
| | - Y Y Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities (Southwest Minzu University), Chengdu, China, 610041
| | - C Tang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities (Southwest Minzu University), Chengdu, China, 610041
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Soltau J, Einax E, Klengel K, Katholm J, Failing K, Wehrend A, Donat K. Within-herd prevalence thresholds for herd-level detection of mastitis pathogens using multiplex real-time PCR in bulk tank milk samples. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8287-8295. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Ou Q, Zhou J, Lin D, Bai C, Zhang T, Lin J, Zheng H, Wang X, Ye J, Ye X, Yao Z. A large meta-analysis of the global prevalence rates of S. aureus and MRSA contamination of milk. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:2213-2228. [PMID: 28686461 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1308916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Past reports have indicated a high prevalence of milk contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), but the pooled prevalence rates of S. aureus and MRSA in pasteurized and boiled cow's milk, raw cow's milk, and raw Caprinae milk (raw sheep's milk and raw goat's milk) and across different periods, continents, economic conditions and purchase locations remain inconsistent. We searched relevant articles published in PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science before July 2016. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement was used to evaluate the quality of 93 included studies. We observed that the pooled prevalence rates of S. aureus contamination in pasteurized and boiled cow's milk, raw cow's milk, and raw Caprinae milk were 15.4% (95% CI, 6.1-27.5%), 33.5% (95% CI, 29.5-37.7%) and 25.8% (95% CI, 17.5-35.0%), respectively. The pooled prevalence rates of MRSA contamination were 4.9% (95% CI, 0.0-15.7%), 2.3% (95% CI, 1.3-3.6%), and 1.1% (95% CI, 0.5-1.8%), respectively. The prevalence of S. aureus contamination in raw cow's milk increased over time. However, the pooled prevalence of raw cow's milk contaminated with S. aureus was lowest in European studies. These findings give an indication of the consequence of better milk regulation in Europe. High S. aureus prevalence rates in raw milk collected from farms and processing companies pose a potential threat to consumers. The implementation of good hygiene practices, appropriate health knowledge, and food safety principles at the farm level, as well as the prudent use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine and heat treatment before drinking, are necessary to reduce the potential risk of S. aureus and MRSA contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianting Ou
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Junli Zhou
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Dongxin Lin
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Chan Bai
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Ting Zhang
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jialing Lin
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Haoqu Zheng
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jiaping Ye
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiaohua Ye
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhenjiang Yao
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
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Ganda EK, Bisinotto RS, Decter DH, Bicalho RC. Evaluation of an On-Farm Culture System (Accumast) for Fast Identification of Milk Pathogens Associated with Clinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155314. [PMID: 27176216 PMCID: PMC4866694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed evaluate an on-farm culture system for identification of milk pathogens associated with clinical mastitis in dairy cows using two different gold standard approaches: standard laboratory culture in study 1 and 16S rRNA sequencing in study 2. In study 1, milk from mastitic quarters (i.e. presence of flakes, clots, or serous milk; n = 538) was cultured on-farm using a single plate containing three selective chromogenic media (Accumast—FERA Animal Health LCC, Ithaca, NY) and in a reference laboratory using standard culture methods, which was considered the gold standard. In study 2, mastitic milk was cultured on-farm and analyzed through 16S rRNA sequencing (n = 214). In both studies, plates were cultured aerobically at 37°C for 24 h and read by a single technician masked to gold standard results. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated based on standard laboratory culture in study 1, and PPV was calculated based on sequencing results in study 2. Overall accuracy of Accumast was 84.9%. Likewise, accuracy for identification of Gram-negative bacteria, Staphylococcus sp., and Streptococcus sp. was 96.4%, 93.8%, and 91.5%, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 75.0%, 97.9%, 79.6%, and 97.3% for identification of E. coli, 100.0%, 99.8%, 87.5%, and 100.0% for S. aureus, 70.0%, 95.0%, 45.7%, and 98.1% for other Staphylococcus sp., and 90.0%, 92.9%, 91.8%, and 91.2% for Streptococcus sp. In study 2, Accumast PPV was 96.7% for E. coli, 100.0% for Enterococcus sp., 100.0% for Other Gram-negatives, 88.2% for Staphylococcus sp., and 95.0% for Streptococcus sp., respectively. In conclusion, Accumast is a unique approach for on-farm identification pathogens associated with mastitis, presenting overall sensitivity and specificity of 82.3% and 89.9% respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Korzune Ganda
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Rafael Sisconeto Bisinotto
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Dean Harrison Decter
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Rodrigo Carvalho Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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