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Qu Q, Peng H, Chen M, Liu X, Che R, Bello-Onaghise G, Zhang Z, Chen X, Li Y. The relationship between resistance evolution and carbon metabolism in Staphylococcus xylosus under ceftiofur sodium stress. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:370. [PMID: 39115561 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus xylosus has emerged as a bovine mastitis pathogen with increasing drug resistance, resulting in substantial economic impacts. This study utilized iTRAQ analysis to investigate the mechanisms driving resistance evolution in S. xylosus under ceftiofur sodium stress. Findings revealed notable variations in the expression of 143 proteins, particularly glycolysis-related proteins (TpiA, Eno, GlpD, Ldh) and peptidoglycan (PG) hydrolase Atl. Following the induction of ceftiofur sodium resistance in S. xylosus, the emergence of resistant strains displaying characteristics of small colony variants (SCVs) was observed. The transcript levels of TpiA, Eno, GlpD and Ldh were up-regulated, TCA cycle proteins (ICDH, MDH) and Atl were down-regulated, lactate content was increased, and NADH concentration was decreased in SCV compared to the wild strain. That indicates a potential role of carbon metabolism, specifically PG hydrolysis, glycolysis, and the TCA cycle, in the development of resistance to ceftiofur sodium in S. xylosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwei Qu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
- The Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, College of Animal Science and Technol, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Haixin Peng
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Mo Chen
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Xin Liu
- Guiyang University of Chinese Medicine, Huaxi university town, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, PR China
| | - Ruixiang Che
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, 163319, PR China
| | - God'spower Bello-Onaghise
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Zhiyun Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Xueying Chen
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yanhua Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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2
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Nelson VK, Nuli MV, Ausali S, Gupta S, Sanga V, Mishra R, Jaini PK, Madhuri Kallam SD, Sudhan HH, Mayasa V, Abomughaid MM, Almutary AG, Pullaiah CP, Mitta R, Jha NK. Dietary anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial medicinal plants and its compounds in bovine mastitis associated impact on human life. Microb Pathog 2024; 192:106687. [PMID: 38750773 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis (BM) is the most common bacterial mediated inflammatory disease in the dairy cattle that causes huge economic loss to the dairy industry due to decreased milk quality and quantity. Milk is the essential food in the human diet, and rich in crucial nutrients that helps in lowering the risk of diseases like hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. The main causative agents of the disease include various gram negative, and positive bacteria, along with other risk factors such as udder shape, age, genetic, and environmental factors also contributes much for the disease. Currently, antibiotics, immunotherapy, probiotics, dry cow, and lactation therapy are commonly recommended for BM. However, these treatments can only decrease the rise of new cases but can't eliminate the causative agents, and they also exhibit several limitations. Hence, there is an urgent need of a potential source that can generate a typical and ideal treatment to overcome the limitations and eliminate the pathogens. Among the various sources, medicinal plants and its derived products always play a significant role in drug discovery against several diseases. In addition, they are also known for its low toxicity and minimum resistance features. Therefore, plants and its compounds that possess anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties can serve better in bovine mastitis. In addition, the plants that are serving as a food source and possessing pharmacological properties can act even better in bovine mastitis. Hence, in this evidence-based study, we particularly review the dietary medicinal plants and derived products that are proven for anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial effects. Moreover, the role of each dietary plant and its compounds along with possible role in the management of bovine mastitis are delineated. In this way, this article serves as a standalone source for the researchers working in this area to help in the management of BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar Nelson
- Center for global health research, saveetha medical college, saveetha institute of medical and technical sciences, India.
| | - Mohana Vamsi Nuli
- Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Anantapur, India
| | - Saijyothi Ausali
- College of Pharmacy, MNR higher education and research academy campus, MNR Nagar, Sangareddy, 502294, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vaishnavi Sanga
- Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Anantapur, India
| | - Richa Mishra
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Parul University, Vadodara, 391760, Gujrat, India
| | - Pavan Kumar Jaini
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Raffles University, Neemrana, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sudha Divya Madhuri Kallam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research (Deemed to be University), Guntur, Vadlamudi, Andhra Pradesh, 522213, India
| | - Hari Hara Sudhan
- Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Anantapur, India
| | - Vinyas Mayasa
- GITAM School of Pharmacy, GITAM University Hyderabad Campus, Rudraram, India
| | - Mosleh Mohammad Abomughaid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha, 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed G Almutary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box, 59911, United Arab Emirates
| | - Chitikela P Pullaiah
- Department of Chemistry, Siddha Central Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 60016, India
| | - Raghavendra Mitta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research (Deemed to be University), Vadlamudi, Guntur, 522213, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda School of Engineering & Technology (SSET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, India; School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India; Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied & Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, 248007, India.
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3
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Bruno DR, Cleale RM, Jardon G, Short T, Mills B, Pedraza JR. Outcomes after treatment of nonsevere gram-negative clinical mastitis with ceftiofur hydrochloride for 2 or 5 days compared with negative control. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:2390-2405. [PMID: 37923203 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
A study was conducted at 3 commercial dairies in California to compare outcomes of treating nonsevere (mild and moderate) gram-negative (GN) clinical mastitis (CM) with intramammary (IMM) ceftiofur HCl (125 mg of ceftiofur HCl per tube) in either 2-d (SP2) or 5-d (SP5) treatment programs compared with nontreatment (CON). In addition, we contrasted results from cases classified as mild and moderate. Four hundred fifteen cases were included in the final dataset, including 135 CON, 133 SP2, and 147 SP5. Milk from quarters with CM was sampled for on-farm culture (OFC) to differentiate gram-positive (GP) and GN bacteria, with results known within 24 h. Those with GN infections were randomly assigned to experimental groups, while those with GP, mixed infections, and contaminated samples did not continue in the study and received standard farm therapy. For cows with GN infections, a sample was submitted for MALDI-TOF assay. Only nonsevere cases were enrolled, and all quarters yielded monocultures of GN species. Clinical scores were obtained 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 14, 21, and 28 ± 3 d relative to enrollment. Milk samples were collected from quarters 14, 21, and 28 ± 3 d after enrollment, and submitted for routine culture and, when appropriate, submitted to MALDI-TOF evaluation. For many response criteria, there were significant interactions between treatments and CM severity scores at the time of enrollment, with effectiveness of ceftiofur HCl treatment being more beneficial compared with CON as mastitis clinical severity increased. While most treatment responses were significant for animals with mild or moderate GN mastitis, the largest responses were noted among cows with moderate CM cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Bruno
- University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, Cooperative Extension, Fresno, CA 93710.
| | | | - G Jardon
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007
| | - T Short
- Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ 07054
| | - B Mills
- Cattle Services, Mooresville, NC 28115
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4
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Kour S, Sharma N, N B, Kumar P, Soodan JS, Santos MVD, Son YO. Advances in Diagnostic Approaches and Therapeutic Management in Bovine Mastitis. Vet Sci 2023; 10:449. [PMID: 37505854 PMCID: PMC10384116 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis causes huge economic losses to dairy farmers worldwide, which largely negatively affects the quality and quantity of milk. Mastitis decreases overall milk production, degrades milk quality, increases milk losses because of milk being discarded, and increases overall production costs due to higher treatment and labour costs and premature culling. This review article discusses mastitis with respect to its clinical epidemiology, the pathogens involved, economic losses, and basic and advanced diagnostic tools that have been used in recent times to diagnose mastitis effectively. There is an increasing focus on the application of novel therapeutic approaches as an alternative to conventional antibiotic therapy because of the decreasing effectiveness of antibiotics, emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, issue of antibiotic residues in the food chain, food safety issues, and environmental impacts. This article also discussed nanoparticles'/chitosan's roles in antibiotic-resistant strains and ethno-veterinary practices for mastitis treatment in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savleen Kour
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu 181102, India
| | - Neelesh Sharma
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu 181102, India
| | - Balaji N
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu 181102, India
| | - Pavan Kumar
- Department of Livestock Products Technology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India
| | - Jasvinder Singh Soodan
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu 181102, India
| | - Marcos Veiga Dos Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Young-Ok Son
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 690756, Republic of Korea
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5
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Guo M, Gao Y, Xue Y, Liu Y, Zeng X, Cheng Y, Ma J, Wang H, Sun J, Wang Z, Yan Y. Bacteriophage Cocktails Protect Dairy Cows Against Mastitis Caused By Drug Resistant Escherichia coli Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:690377. [PMID: 34222051 PMCID: PMC8248792 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.690377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) remains a threat to dairy animals and impacts animal welfare and causes great economic loss. Furthermore, antibiotic resistance and the lagged development of novel antibacterial drugs greatly challenge the livestock industry. Phage therapy has regained attention. In this study, three lytic phages, termed vB_EcoM_SYGD1 (SYGD1), vB_EcoP_SYGE1 (SYGE1), and vB_EcoM_SYGMH1 (SYGMH1), were isolated from sewage of dairy farm. The three phages showed a broad host range and high bacteriolytic efficiency against E. coli from different sources. Genome sequence and transmission electron microscope analysis revealed that SYGD1 and SYGMH1 belong to the Myoviridae, and SYGE1 belong to the Autographiviridae of the order Caudovirales. All three phages remained stable under a wide range of temperatures or pH and were almost unaffected in chloroform. Specially, a mastitis infected cow model, which challenged by a drug resistant E. coli, was used to evaluate the efficacy of phages. The results showed that the cocktails consists of three phages significantly reduced the number of bacteria, somatic cells, and inflammatory factors, alleviated the symptoms of mastitis in cattle, and achieved the same effect as antibiotic treatment. Overall, our study demonstrated that phage cocktail may be a promising alternative therapy against mastitis caused by drug resistant E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Guo
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Gao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yibing Xue
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanping Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zeng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqiang Cheng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjiao Ma
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hengan Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhe Sun
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaofei Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaxian Yan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
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6
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Sharun K, Dhama K, Tiwari R, Gugjoo MB, Iqbal Yatoo M, Patel SK, Pathak M, Karthik K, Khurana SK, Singh R, Puvvala B, Amarpal, Singh R, Singh KP, Chaicumpa W. Advances in therapeutic and managemental approaches of bovine mastitis: a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2021; 41:107-136. [PMID: 33509059 PMCID: PMC7906113 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.1882713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis (intramammary inflammation) caused by infectious pathogens is still considered a devastating condition of dairy animals affecting animal welfare as well as economically incurring huge losses to the dairy industry by means of decreased production performance and increased culling rates. Bovine mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary glands/udder of bovines, caused by bacterial pathogens, in most cases. Routine diagnosis is based on clinical and subclinical forms of the disease. This underlines the significance of early and rapid identification/detection of etiological agents at the farm level, for which several diagnostic techniques have been developed. Therapeutic regimens such as antibiotics, immunotherapy, bacteriocins, bacteriophages, antimicrobial peptides, probiotics, stem cell therapy, native secretory factors, nutritional, dry cow and lactation therapy, genetic selection, herbs, and nanoparticle technology-based therapy have been evaluated for their efficacy in the treatment of mastitis. Even though several strategies have been developed over the years for the purpose of managing both clinical and subclinical forms of mastitis, all of them lacked the efficacy to eliminate the associated etiological agent when used as a monotherapy. Further, research has to be directed towards the development of new therapeutic agents/techniques that can both replace conventional techniques and also solve the problem of emerging antibiotic resistance. The objective of the present review is to describe the etiological agents, pathogenesis, and diagnosis in brief along with an extensive discussion on the advances in the treatment and management of mastitis, which would help safeguard the health of dairy animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Mudasir Bashir Gugjoo
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Shailesh Kumar Patel
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mamta Pathak
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Rahul Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhavani Puvvala
- Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Kurumbapet, Puducherry, India
| | - Amarpal
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Ruegg PL. What Is Success? A Narrative Review of Research Evaluating Outcomes of Antibiotics Used for Treatment of Clinical Mastitis. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:639641. [PMID: 33604368 PMCID: PMC7884469 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.639641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of clinical mastitis is the most common reason that antimicrobials are given to adult dairy cows and careful consideration of treatment protocols is necessary to ensure responsible antimicrobial stewardship. Clinical mastitis is caused by a variety of bacteria which stimulate an immune response that often results in spontaneous bacteriological clearance but can develop into long-term subclinical infections. Use of antimicrobial therapy is most beneficial for cases that are caused by pathogens that have a low rate of spontaneous cure but high rate of therapeutic cure. The purpose of this paper is to review studies that evaluated outcomes of antimicrobial therapy of clinical mastitis. Few studies reported differences in bacteriological cure among treatments and this outcome was rarely associated with clinical outcomes. Return to normal milk appearance was evaluated in most studies but demonstrated little variation and is not a reliable indicator of therapeutic success. Somatic cell count should be measured at quarter-level and will decline gradually after bacteriological clearance. Few researchers have evaluated important clinical outcomes such as post-treatment milk yield or culling. Few differences among approved antimicrobial therapies have been demonstrated and selection of antimicrobial therapy should consider the spectrum of activity relative to etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Ruegg
- David J. Ellis Chair in Antimicrobial Resistance & Professor of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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8
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Tomazi T, Sumnicht M, Tomazi ACCH, Silva JCC, Bringhenti L, Duarte LM, Silva MMM, Rodrigues MX, Bicalho RC. Negatively controlled, randomized clinical trial comparing different antimicrobial interventions for treatment of clinical mastitis caused by gram-positive pathogens. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:3364-3385. [PMID: 33358798 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The general objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 3 intramammary antibiotic interventions using 2 commercially available antibiotics with narrow- or broad-spectrum activity on cure rates of clinical mastitis (CM) caused by gram-positive bacteria. We also compared the efficacy of treatment protocols, including a negative control, on outcomes at the cow and mammary quarter level. Before the onset of the study, 5,987 animals more than 12 mo old were randomly preassigned to 1 of 4 protocols in the event of gram-positive CM (except for Staphylococcus aureus and Trueperella pyogenes) during lactation: 3 infusions with 62.5 mg of amoxicillin performed 12 h apart (AMOX-L); 5 infusions once a day with 62.5 mg of amoxicillin (AMOX-EL); 5 infusions once a day with 125 mg of ceftiofur hydrochloride (CEFT-L); or negative control, no treatment performed until 5 d after diagnosis (NEG-CTR). Randomization was performed to preassign 90% of cows to one of the antibiotic protocols (30% in each group) and 10% to the negative control. A total of 696 quarter cases of CM met the inclusion criteria and were evaluated in the study. Quarter-level outcomes were assessed based on 5 milk samples collected up to 14 ± 3 d following enrollment (i.e., first day of treatment), whereas variables at the cow level [composite somatic cell count (SCC), milk production, and survival in the herd] were assessed up to 90 d after CM diagnosis. Streptococcus uberis, followed by Streptococcus dysgalactiae, were the main causes of gram-positive CM. Overall, clinical cure was higher for CEFT-L than for AMOX-EL, and no difference was observed between CEFT-L and AMOX-L. Likewise, no significant differences were detected on overall bacteriological cure, although some treatment effects were observed at the species level. Compared with antibiotic-treated groups, quarters assigned to NEG-CTR had higher counts of colony-forming units (cfu), 16S rRNA gene copy numbers, and Streptococcus relative abundance (RA) until d 5 after enrollment. Quarters treated with AMOX-L had higher cfu counts on d 5, 8, and 14 after enrollment compared with the other antibiotic protocols. In addition, the RA of Streptococcus spp. was higher on d 14 after enrollment for AMOX-treated quarters compared with the CEFT-L group. Linear score of SCC was higher for AMOX-treated cows than for CEFT-L in the first test day after CM. However, cows assigned to AMOX-L had higher milk production than those submitted to the AMOX-EL and CEFT-L protocols. In conclusion, the 2-d protocol with 3 intramammary infusions of amoxicillin (narrow-spectrum antimicrobial) had similar overall clinical and bacteriological cures as 5 administrations (once a day) with ceftiofur hydrochloride (wide spectrum). No significant difference was observed on CM recurrence and cow survival. However, quarters treated with 5-d protocols were more effective at reducing milk cfu counts than quarters in the AMOX-L protocol. In addition, lower Streptococcus spp. RA was observed in ceftiofur-treated quarters compared with the amoxicillin protocols at d 14 after CM diagnosis. Based on results of microbiome and bacterial load (quantitative PCR and cfu count) up to 5 d after CM diagnosis, antibiotic use remains an indispensable strategy for treatment of CM caused by gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tomazi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - M Sumnicht
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - A C C H Tomazi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - J C C Silva
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - L Bringhenti
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - L M Duarte
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - M M M Silva
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - M X Rodrigues
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - R C Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401.
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9
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Nobrega DB, Naqvi SA, Dufour S, Deardon R, Kastelic JP, De Buck J, Barkema HW. Critically important antimicrobials are generally not needed to treat nonsevere clinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows: Results from a network meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10585-10603. [PMID: 32896405 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
There is ongoing debate regarding whether critically important antimicrobials (CIA) should be used to treat infections in food-producing animals. In this systematic review, we determined whether CIA and non-CIA have comparable efficacy to treat nonsevere bovine clinical mastitis caused by the most commonly reported bacteria that cause mastitis worldwide. We screened CAB Abstracts, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Scopus, and PubMed for original epidemiological studies that assessed pathogen-specific bacteriological cure rates of antimicrobials used to treat nonsevere clinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows. Network models were fit using risk ratios of bacteriological cure as outcome. A total of 30 studies met inclusion criteria. Comparisons of cure rates demonstrated that CIA and non-CIA had comparable efficacy for treatment of nonsevere clinical mastitis in dairy cattle. Additionally, for cows with nonsevere clinical mastitis caused by Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp., bacteriological cure rates were comparable for treated versus untreated cows; therefore, there was no evidence to justify treatment of these cases with CIA. Our findings supported that CIA in general are not necessary for treating nonsevere clinical mastitis in dairy cattle, the disease that accounts for the majority of antimicrobial usage in dairy herds worldwide. Furthermore, our findings support initiatives to reduce or eliminate use of CIA in dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego B Nobrega
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada; Mastitis Network, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - S Ali Naqvi
- Mastitis Network, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Simon Dufour
- Mastitis Network, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Rob Deardon
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - John P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada; Mastitis Network, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada; Mastitis Network, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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10
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An analysis of the microencapsulation of ceftiofur in chitosan particles using the spray drying technology. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 234:115922. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Effects of vitamin D on drugs: Response and disposal. Nutrition 2020; 74:110734. [PMID: 32179384 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D supplementation and vitamin D deficiency are common in clinical experience and in daily life. Vitamin D not only promotes calcium absorption and immune regulation, but also changes drug effects (pharmacodynamics and adverse reactions) and drug disposal in vivo when combined with various commonly used clinical drugs. The extensive physiological effects of vitamin D may cause synergism effects or alleviation of adverse reactions, and vitamin D's affect on drugs in vivo disposal through drug transporters or metabolic enzymes may also lead to changes in drug effects. Herein, the effects of vitamin D combined with commonly used drugs were reviewed from the perspective of drug efficacy and adverse reactions. The effects of vitamin D on drug transport and metabolism were summarized and analyzed. Hopefully, more attention will be paid to vitamin D supplementation and deficiency in clinical treatment and drug research and development.
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12
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Latosinski GS, Amzalak MJ, Pantoja JCF. Efficacy of ketoprofen for treatment of spontaneous, culture-negative, mild cases of clinical mastitis: A randomized, controlled superiority trial. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:2624-2635. [PMID: 31954569 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this randomized, controlled superiority trial was to assess the efficacy of ketoprofen for the treatment of spontaneous, culture-negative clinical mastitis cases that were not treated with antimicrobials. Holstein cows from 3 herds were eligible for inclusion if they had mild or moderate culture-negative clinical mastitis cases in 1 quarter or more. Upon detection of clinical mastitis, farm personnel performed on-farm culture (OFC) using commercially available bi-plates. Samples used for OFC were also cultured in a research laboratory. Cows with culture-negative clinical mastitis that met the inclusion criteria were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 experimental groups: in the ketoprofen (KET) group, cows received an intramuscular injection of 3 mg/kg of ketoprofen upon confirmation of a negative OFC result; and in the control (CON) group, cows received no treatment or placebo. Milk samples were collected 14 and 21 d after detection of clinical mastitis for microbiological examination and somatic cell counting. Study outcomes were clinical cure (within 7 d after inclusion in the study), relapse (within 14 d after inclusion) and recurrence of clinical mastitis (15 to 90 d after inclusion), risk of new intramammary infection, and quarter milk somatic cell count at 14 and 21 d. We used Cox proportional hazards, logistic regression, and repeated-measures models to compare each outcome between groups. After exclusion of moderate cases (n = 6), a total of 123 clinical mastitis cases (CON = 58 and KET = 65) were used for analyses. Risks of clinical cure [83.08% (54/65) and 91.23% (52/57); hazard ratio = 1.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.82-1.76], relapse [19.23% (10/52) and 18.00% (9/50); hazard ratio = 1.09, 95% CI = 0.45-2.62], and recurrence of clinical mastitis [17.31% (9/52) and 18.00% (9/50); hazard ratio = 1.26, 95% CI = 0.49-3.38] were not different between the KET and CON groups, respectively. The odds of a new intramammary infection at 14 d [20.75% (11/53) and 29.79% (14/47); odds ratio = 1.76, 95% CI = 0.66-4.73] or 21 d [28.57% (12/42) and 15.22% (7/46); odds ratio = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.16-1.30] were not different between the KET and CON groups, respectively. Mean somatic cell count was not different between the groups at 14 or 21 d. The results of this study suggest that a single intramuscular injection of ketoprofen as sole treatment for OFC-negative, mild clinical mastitis did not reduce time to clinical cure, relapse or recurrence of clinical mastitis, risk of subsequent intramammary infection, or milk somatic cell count compared with untreated controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Latosinski
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Sao Paulo 18618-681, Brazil
| | - M J Amzalak
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Sao Paulo 18618-681, Brazil
| | - J C F Pantoja
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Sao Paulo 18618-681, Brazil.
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13
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Alba DF, da Rosa G, Hanauer D, Saldanha TF, Souza CF, Baldissera MD, da Silva Dos Santos D, Piovezan AP, Girardini LK, Schafer Da Silva A. Subclinical mastitis in Lacaune sheep: Causative agents, impacts on milk production, milk quality , oxidative profiles and treatment efficacy of ceftiofur. Microb Pathog 2019; 137:103732. [PMID: 31505264 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is a major disease affecting dairy sheep. It is caused by microorganisms that generate inflammation of the mammary gland in response to tissue invasion. This syndrome affects the welfare of ewes, as well as the production and quality of the milk, thereby reducing its productive efficiency. Because mastitis causes inflammation process, it also increases the production of free radicals that cause lesions via lipoperoxidation, causing damage to proteins, cells and tissues. One way to minimize the impact of the disease is antimicrobial treatment. Nevertheless, the continuous use of antimicrobials contributes to microbial resistance, in addition to producing residues in the milk and derivatives if not given during the grace period. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the consequences of subclinical mastitis on ewe health, milk production, milk composition and quality. We also evaluated the susceptibility of the bacteria in vitro using disk diffusion antibiograms. Finally, we performed two-way testing of efficacy of treatment in Lacaune ewes using the same agents. In the first stage of the study, 30 lactating ewes (±90 days) were used, 10 of which were negative on the CMT (California Mastitis Test) used as control group (CG) and 20 sheep with subclinical mastitis diagnosed by CMT (MG). Samples were collected and several analyses were performed on the milk and blood. We found that ewes in the MG had higher lipid peroxidation in serum and milk, as well as lower production, with reduction of the total dry extract in milk. There were 15 isolates of Staphylococcus hyicus, four isolates of each S. epidermidis and S. intermedius, and two isolates of Corynebacterium spp. The primary hematological result was leukocytosis in ewes with mastitis. Based on the antibiogram, we chose ceftiofur for in vivo tests. In this stage, we divided the sheep with subclinical mastitis into two subgroups of 10 ewes each, to receive drug by two routes: intramuscular (IM) and intramammary (IMM). In the IMM group, of the 10 CMT-positive ewes at the beginning of the experiment, seven were already negative by the racket test 120 h after the last application (70% efficacy). In the IM group, of the 10 positive ewes, only four were negative after 120 h of the final application, a low efficacy treatment (40%). We evaluated antimicrobial residues in the milk of treated animals. We found this material within 5 days after treatment in the two forms used; despite the fact that the product's stated withholding period is 3 days. We conclude that ewes with mastitis produce less milk of lower quality. We also conclude that, although ceftiofur is 100% effective in vitro, when used in ewes with mastitis, the efficacy did not exceed 70%, and was more efficient when administered via the intramammary route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi Fernando Alba
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Universidade Do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, Brazil
| | - Gilneia da Rosa
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Universidade Do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, Brazil
| | - Dalana Hanauer
- Food Engineering, Universidade Do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Pinhalzinho, Brazil
| | - Thalia Festa Saldanha
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Realeza, Brazil
| | - Carine F Souza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil
| | - Matheus D Baldissera
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil
| | | | - Ana Paula Piovezan
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Do Oeste de Santa Catarina (Unoesc), Xanxere, Brazil
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14
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Tomazi T, Ferreira GC, Orsi AM, Gonçalves JL, Ospina PA, Nydam DV, Moroni P, dos Santos MV. Association of herd-level risk factors and incidence rate of clinical mastitis in 20 Brazilian dairy herds. Prev Vet Med 2018; 161:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Molina L, Diniz Neto H, Branco R, Lage C, Malacco V, Souza F, Diniz S, Gomes G, Silva M. Factors associated with microbiological and clinical cure of mastitis in dairy cows. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT 709 clinical mastitis cases were analyzed and treated with antimicrobial combination cephalexin-neomycin and the anti-inflammatory prednisolone. A sample of milk was collected to perform a microbiological culture before starting the treatment and 14 days later. Somatic cell count (SCC) was obtained from samples collected on the day of the clinical case (D0), 14 days after (D14) and 28 days after (D28). Of the total, 435 (61.4%) at the D0 exhibited growth of microorganisms. Of the isolated agents, 365 (84%) were Gram-positive, and 66 (16%) were Gram-negative. A clinical cure was achieved in 63% of cases. Bacteriological cure occurred in 75% of cases. Only at D28 after the clinical case a significant SCC reduction was verified. The logistic regression for clinical cure showed significant effects for days in milk and parity (P< 0.05). For bacteriological cure, there were significant effects of Log (SCC) D0; clinical cure and quarter affected (P< 0.05). In the principal component analysis, the Temperature-Humidity Index was associated with reduced clinical cure of clinical mastitis cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.R. Molina
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - C.F.A. Lage
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - S.A. Diniz
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - M.X. Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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16
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Tomazi T, Lopes T, Masson V, Swinkels J, Santos M. Randomized noninferiority field trial evaluating cephapirin sodium for treatment of nonsevere clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:7334-7347. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Klaas IC, Zadoks RN. An update on environmental mastitis: Challenging perceptions. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65 Suppl 1:166-185. [PMID: 29083115 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Environmental mastitis is the most common and costly form of mastitis in modern dairy herds where contagious transmission of intramammary pathogens is controlled through implementation of standard mastitis prevention programmes. Environmental mastitis can be caused by a wide range of bacterial species, and binary classification of species as contagious or environmental is misleading, particularly for Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis and other streptococcal species, including Streptococcus agalactiae. Bovine faeces, the indoor environment and used pasture are major sources of mastitis pathogens, including Escherichia coli and S. uberis. A faeco-oral transmission cycle may perpetuate and amplify the presence of such pathogens, including Klebsiella pneumoniae and S. agalactiae. Because of societal pressure to reduce reliance on antimicrobials as tools for mastitis control, management of environmental mastitis will increasingly need to be based on prevention. This requires a reduction in environmental exposure through bedding, pasture and pre-milking management and enhancement of the host response to bacterial challenge. Efficacious vaccines are available to reduce the impact of coliform mastitis, but vaccine development for gram-positive mastitis has not progressed beyond the "promising" stage for decades. Improved diagnostic tools to identify causative agents and transmission patterns may contribute to targeted use of antimicrobials and intervention measures. The most important tool for improved uptake of known mastitis prevention measures is communication. Development of better technical or biological tools for management of environmental mastitis must be accompanied by development of appropriate incentives and communication strategies for farmers and veterinarians, who may be confronted with government-mandated antimicrobial use targets if voluntary reduction is not implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Klaas
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - R N Zadoks
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, UK.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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18
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Viveros M, Lopez-Ordaz R, Gutiérrez L, Miranda-Calderón JE, Sumano H. Efficacy assessment of an intramammary treatment with a new recrystallized enrofloxacin vs ceftiofur and parenteral enrofloxacin in dairy cows with nonsevere clinical mastitis. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 41:e1-e9. [PMID: 28752931 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A recrystallized form of enrofloxacin as dehydrate-HCl (enro-C) was assessed for bacteriological and clinical cure efficacies in Holstein-Friesian cows affected of nonsevere clinical mastitis. Treatments were enro-Csusp (n = 81), treated with a pharmaceutical suspension of enro-C/quarter; group enro-Cpd (n = 80) treated as above, but using enro-C powder suspended in water; group CF (n = 65), treated with ceftiofur HCl/quarter; and group enroR (n = 66), treated with standard enrofloxacin solution (5 mg/kg, intramuscular). Cows had a mean milk production of 31 L/day and were 2-3 lactational periods old. Treatments were administered every 24 hr for 3 days. Groups treated with enro-C exhibited statistically significant (p > .05) better clinical cure as compared to groups treated with CF or enroR (95.06%, 96.25%, 67.79%, and 57.55%, for enro-Csusp , enro-Cpd , CF, and enroR , respectively). In contrast, probability of bacteriological cure was not statistically different among treatments. Yet, the outstanding clinical and bacteriological cure rates obtained for enro-C for nonsevere cases of mastitis is superior to previously reported data for parenteral enrofloxacin and other antibacterial-intramammary treatments. Impact of using enro-C on the rate and pattern of bacterial resistance, somatic cell counts and milk electric conductivity, must be studied. Also, the use of enro-C for complicated cases of mastitis should be studied and milk withdrawal times must be accurately established.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Viveros
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R Lopez-Ordaz
- Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - L Gutiérrez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J E Miranda-Calderón
- Unidad Xochimilco Calzada del Hueso 1100, Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - H Sumano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
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