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Wang H, Meng L, Mi L. Effects of Leymus chinensis hay and alfalfa hay on growth performance, rumen microbiota, and untargeted metabolomics of meat in lambs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1256903. [PMID: 38033638 PMCID: PMC10687458 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1256903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to compare the effects of Leymus chinensis hay and alfalfa hay as the roughage on the rumen bacterial and the meat metabolomics in lambs. Methods Fourteen male lambs were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments (one group was fed with concentrate and Leymus chinensis hay; another was fed with concentrate and alfalfa hay) with seven replicates per treatment. The feeding experiment lasted for 60 days. Lambs were slaughtered at the end of the feeding experiment. Growth performance, carcass performance, and weights of various viscera were determined. The longissimus dorsi and rumen contents were collected for untargeted metabolomics and 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing analysis, respectively. Results The lambs fed with alfalfa hay showed a significantly increased in average daily gain, carcass weight, dressing percentage, loin-eye area, and kidney weight. Feeding Leymus chinensis hay and alfalfa hay diets resulted in different meat metabolite deposition and rumen bacterial communities in the lambs. The relative abundance of phyla Fibrobacteres, Bacteroidetes, and Spirochaetes were greater in the Leymus Chinensis hay group, while, the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia were greater in the alfalfa hay group. Based on untargeted metabolomics, the main altered metabolic pathways included alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and tyrosine metabolism. Several bacteria genera including BF31, Alistipes, Faecalibacterium, Eggerthella, and Anaeroplasma were significantly correlated with growth performance and meat metabolites. Conclusion Alfalfa hay improved growth performance and carcass characteristics in lambs. Leymus chinensis hay and alfalfa hay caused different meat metabolite deposition by modifying the rumen bacterial community. These findings will be beneficial to future forage utilization for sheep growth, carcass performance, and meat quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lan Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
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Yi S, Wu H, Liu Y, Dai D, Meng Q, Chai S, Liu S, Zhou Z. Concentrate supplementation improves cold-season environmental fitness of grazing yaks: responsive changes in the rumen microbiota and metabolome. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1247251. [PMID: 37700865 PMCID: PMC10494446 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1247251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Yak (Bos grunniens) is an important economic animal species on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Yaks grazed in the cold season often suffer from nutritional stress, resulting in low production performance. This situation can be improved by properly feeding the grazing yaks in the cold season; however, there is still little information about the effect of different feeding levels on the intestinal microflora and metabolites of yaks. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effect of feeding different doses of concentrate supplements on rumen bacterial communities and metabolites in grazing yaks during the cold season. Feed concentrate supplementation significantly improved the production performance and rumen fermentation status of grazing yaks during the cold season, and switched the type of ruminal fermentation from acetic acid fermentation to propionic acid fermentation. Ruminal fermentation parameters and ruminal bacterial abundance correlated strongly. At the phylum level, the abundance of Firmicutes increased with increasing concentrate supplementation, while the opposite was true for Bacteroidota. At the genus level, the abundance of Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, NK4A214_group, Ruminococcus, norank_f__Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group, norank_f__norank_o__ Clostridia_UCG-014, Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group, Acetitomaculum, and Family_XIII_AD3011_group increased with increasing concentrate supplementation, while the abundance of Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_ group decreased. Dietary concentrate supplementation altered the concentration and metabolic mode of metabolites in the rumen, significantly affecting the concentration of metabolites involved in amino acid and derivative metabolism (e.g., L-aspartic acid, L-glutamate, and L-histidine), purine metabolism (e.g., guanine, guanosine, and hypoxanthine), and glycerophospholipid metabolism (e.g., phosphatidate, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphocholine), and other metabolic pathways. The strong correlation between yak rumen microorganisms and metabolites provided a more comprehensive understanding of microbial community composition and function. This study showed significant changes in the composition and abundance of bacteria and metabolites in the rumen of cool season grazing yaks fed with concentrate supplements. Changes in ruminal fermentation parameters and metabolite concentration also showed a strong correlation with ruminal bacterial communities. These findings will be helpful to formulate supplementary feeding strategies for grazing yaks in the cold season from the perspective of intestinal microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Yi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongwen Dai
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Qingxiang Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shatuo Chai
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Shujie Liu
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Zhenming Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Souza V, Aguilar M, Storm A, Larsen M, Hanigan M. Ruminal tissue uptake of amino acids in Holstein cows when supply of nutrients within the rumen differs. Animal 2023; 17:100778. [PMID: 37043932 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterisation of amino acid (AA) use by the ruminal vein-drained viscera (RDV) has not been assessed in vivo in dairy cattle, and thus, the extent of ruminal AA use from arterial and postabsorptive blood supplies is unclear. Understanding the complete use of AA by the splanchnic bed may lead to alternative feeding programmes that maximise animal N efficiency. The objective of this work was to determine how different nutritional manipulations affect RDV net appearance and apparent affinity for arterial AA in lactating dairy cattle. Data from two arterio-venous (A-V) difference studies, that used a common set of multicatheterised lactating Holstein cows, assigned to different nutritional treatments, were used to assess ruminal metabolism. Study 1 consisted of three dietary treatments at calving [an alfalfa-glucogenic diet, a glucogenic diet (GLCG), or a ketogenic diet (KETO)] to investigate the effects of dietary nutrients and increasing intake postpartum on RDV metabolism of AA at -14, +4, +15, and +29 days relative to calving (DRTC). Study 2 consisted of two dietary levels of CP (17 or 13%) and three ruminal buffers (ammonia, butyrate, and control) to investigate the level of dietary CP and ruminal fermentation products on RDV metabolism of AA. Blood was collected at 9, 20, and 30 min after buffer administration. Regardless of dietary nutrients or fermentation products present in ruminal fluid, net RDV uptake was positive for most AA, excepting Asp, Cys, Glu, and Ser, which were consistently negative. The general positive net uptakes indicate that any AA potentially absorbed from the rumen were not adequate to meet apparent needs. Ruminal plasma flow and net RDV uptake of Trp, Ala, Gly, and Pro increased linearly with increased DRTC. Feeding KETO or GLCG diets increased ruminal plasma flow, and net RDV uptake of Thr and Gly. Feeding high CP diets increased ruminal uptake of Leu, Phe, and Val. The increased AA uptakes were partially driven by increased plasma flow, however, tissue affinity as reflected in clearance rates also increased or tended to for Met, Trp, Ala, Gly, Pro, and Tyr suggesting that changes in RDV uptake were regulated and not due solely to mass action. In conclusion, splanchnic tissue bed responses to dietary and washed rumen conditions were in part driven by changes in RDV nutrient demand and metabolic activity. The adaptive responses alter the fraction of absorbed AA utilised for non-productive purposes and thus the efficiency of conversion of those AA to product.
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Zhang X, Han L, Gui L, Raza SHA, Hou S, Yang B, Wang Z, Ma Y, Makhlof RTM, Alhuwaymil Z, Ibrahim SF. Metabolome and microbiome analysis revealed the effect mechanism of different feeding modes on the meat quality of Black Tibetan sheep. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1076675. [PMID: 36687606 PMCID: PMC9854131 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1076675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Black Tibetan sheep is one of the primitive sheep breeds in China that is famous for its great eating quality and nutrient value but with little attention to the relationship between feeding regimes and rumen metabolome along with its impact on the muscle metabolism and meat quality. Methods This study applies metabolomics-based analyses of muscles and 16S rDNA-based sequencing of rumen fluid to examine how feeding regimes influence the composition of rumen microbiota, muscle metabolism and ultimately the quality of meat from Black Tibetan sheep. Twenty-seven rams were randomly assigned to either indoor feeding conditions (SG, n = 9), pasture grazing with indoor feeding conditions (BG, n = 9) or pasture grazing conditions (CG, n = 9) for 120 days. Results The results showed that, compared with BG and CG, SG improved the quality of Black Tibetan sheep mutton by preventing a decline in pH and increasing fat deposition to enhance the color, tenderness and water holding capacity (WHC) of the Longissimus lumborum (LL). Metabolomics and correlation analyses further indicated that the feeding regimes primarily altered amino acid, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in muscles, thereby influencing the amino acid (AA) and fatty acid (FA) levels as well as the color, tenderness and WHC of the LL. Furthermore, SG increased the abundance of Christensenellaceae R-7 group, [Eubacterium] coprostanoligenes group, Methanobrevibacter, Ruminococcus 2 and Quinella, decreased the abundance of Lactobacillus, Prevotella 1 and Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, and showed a tendency to decrease the abundance of Succinivibrio and Selenomonas 1. Interestingly, all of these microorganisms participated in the deposition of AAs and FAs and modified the levels of different metabolites involved in the regulation of meat quality (maltotriose, pyruvate, L-ascorbic acid, chenodeoxycholate, D-glucose 6-phosphate, glutathione, etc.). Discussion Overall, the results suggest that feeding Black Tibetan sheep indoors with composite forage diet was beneficial to improve the mouthfeel of meat, its color and its nutritional value by altering the abundance of rumen bacteria which influenced muscle metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Lijuan Han
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China,*Correspondence: Lijuan Han, ✉
| | - Linsheng Gui
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Sayed Haidar Abbas Raza
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China,Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengzhen Hou
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Baochun Yang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Zhiyou Wang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Raafat T. M. Makhlof
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minya, Egypt
| | - Zamzam Alhuwaymil
- Organic Department, College of Science and Humanities at Al-Quway'iyah, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samah F. Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Sujani S, White RR, Firkins JL, Wenner BA. Network analysis to evaluate complexities in relationships among fermentation variables measured within continuous culture experiments. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad085. [PMID: 37078886 PMCID: PMC10158529 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to leverage a frequentist (ELN) and Bayesian learning (BLN) network analyses to summarize quantitative associations among variables measured in 4 previously published dual-flow continuous culture fermentation experiments. Experiments were originally designed to evaluate effects of nitrate, defaunation, yeast, and/or physiological shifts associated with pH or solids passage rates on rumen conditions. Measurements from these experiments that were used as nodes within the networks included concentrations of individual volatile fatty acids, mM and nitrate, NO3-,%; outflows of non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN, g/d), bacterial N (BN, g/d), residual N (RN, g/d), and ammonia N (NH3-N, mg/dL); degradability of neutral detergent fiber (NDFd, %) and degradability of organic matter (OMd, %); dry matter intake (DMI, kg/d); urea in buffer (%); fluid passage rate (FF, L/d); total protozoa count (PZ, cells/mL); and methane production (CH4, mmol/d). A frequentist network (ELN) derived using a graphical LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) technique with tuning parameters selected by Extended Bayesian Information Criteria (EBIC) and a BLN were constructed from these data. The illustrated associations in the ELN were unidirectional yet assisted in identifying prominent relationships within the rumen that were largely consistent with current understanding of fermentation mechanisms. Another advantage of the ELN approach was that it focused on understanding the role of individual nodes within the network. Such understanding may be critical in exploring candidates for biomarkers, indicator variables, model targets, or other measurement-focused explorations. As an example, acetate was highly central in the network suggesting it may be a strong candidate as a rumen biomarker. Alternatively, the major advantage of the BLN was its unique ability to imply causal directionality in relationships. Because the BLN identified directional, cascading relationships, this analytics approach was uniquely suited to exploring the edges within the network as a strategy to direct future work researching mechanisms of fermentation. For example, in the BLN acetate responded to treatment conditions such as the source of N used and the quantity of substrate provided, while acetate drove changes in the protozoal populations, non-NH3-N and residual N flows. In conclusion, the analyses exhibit complementary strengths in supporting inference on the connectedness and directionality of quantitative associations among fermentation variables that may be useful in driving future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathya Sujani
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Robin R White
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Firkins
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Benjamin A Wenner
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Yang X, Fan X, Jiang H, Zhang Q, Basangwangdui, Zhang Q, Dang S, Long R, Huang X. Simulated seasonal diets alter yak rumen microbiota structure and metabolic function. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1006285. [PMID: 36212853 PMCID: PMC9538157 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1006285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Yak is the only ruminant on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau that grazes year-round. Although previous research has shown that yak rumen microbiota fluctuates in robust patterns with seasonal foraging, it remains unclear whether these dynamic shifts are driven by changes in environment or nutrient availability. The study examines the response of yak rumen microbiota (bacteria, fungi, and archaea) to simulated seasonal diets, excluding the contribution of environmental factors. A total of 18 adult male yaks were randomly divided into three groups, including a nutrition stress group (NSG, simulating winter pasture), a grazing simulation group (GSG, simulating warm season pasture), and a supplementation group (SG, simulating winter pasture supplemented with feed concentrates). Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) profiling showed that ruminal acetate, propionate and total VFA contents were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in GSG rumen. Metagenomic analysis showed that Bacteroidetes (53.9%) and Firmicutes (37.1%) were the dominant bacterial phyla in yak rumen across dietary treatments. In GSG samples, Actinobacteriota, Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-002, and Ruminococcus albus were the most abundant, while Bacteroides was significantly more abundant in NSG samples (p < 0.05) than that in GSG. The known fiber-degrading fungus, Neocallimastix, was significantly more abundant in NSG and SG samples, while Cyllamyces were more prevalent in NSG rumen than in the SG rumen. These findings imply that a diverse consortium of microbes may cooperate in response to fluctuating nutrient availability, with depletion of known rumen taxa under nutrient deficiency. Archaeal community composition showed less variation between treatments than bacterial and fungal communities. Additionally, Orpinomyces was significantly positively correlated with acetate levels, both of which are prevalent in GSG compared with other groups. Correlation analysis between microbial taxa and VFA production or between specific rumen microbes further illustrated a collective response to nutrient availability by gut microbiota and rumen VFA metabolism. PICRUSt and FUNGuild functional prediction analysis indicated fluctuation response of the function of microbial communities among groups. These results provide a framework for understanding how microbiota participate in seasonal adaptations to forage availability in high-altitude ruminants, and form a basis for future development of probiotic supplements to enhance nutrient utilization in livestock.
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Li MM, Ghimire S, Wenner BA, Kohn RA, Firkins JL, Gill B, Hanigan MD. Effects of acetate, propionate, and pH on volatile fatty acid thermodynamics in continuous cultures of ruminal contents. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:8879-8897. [PMID: 36085109 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of acetate, propionate, and pH on thermodynamics of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen, a dual-flow continuous culture study was conducted to quantify production of major VFA, interconversions among the VFA, and H2 and CH4 emissions in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The 4 treatments were (1) control: pH buffered to an average of 6.75; (2) control plus 20 mmol/d of infused acetate (InfAc); (3) control plus 7 mmol/d of infused propionate (InfPr); and (4) a 0.5-unit decline in pH elicited by adjustment of the buffer (LowpH). All fermentors were fed 40 g of a pelleted diet containing whole alfalfa pellets and concentrate mix pellets (50:50) once daily. After 7 d of treatment, sequential, continuous infusions of [2-13C] sodium acetate (3.5 mmol/d), [U-13C] sodium propionate (2.9 mmol/d), and [1-13C] sodium butyrate (0.22 mmol/d) were carried out from 12 h before feeding for 36 h. Filtered liquid effluent (4 mL) was sampled at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, and 22 h after feeding, and assessed for VFA concentrations, with another filtered sample (20 mL) used to quantify aqueous concentrations of CH4 and H2. Headspace CH4 and H2 gases were monitored continuously. Ruminal microbes were isolated from the mixed effluent samples, and the microbial community structure was analyzed using the 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing technique. The digestibility of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and starch and microbial C sequestrated from VFA were not affected by treatments. The LowpH treatment increased net propionate production and decreased H2 and CH4 headspace emissions, primarily due to shifts in metabolic pathways of VFA formation, likely due to the observed changes in bacterial community structure. Significant interconversions occurred between acetate and butyrate, whereas interconversions of other VFA with propionate were relatively small. The InfAc and InfPr treatments increased net acetate and propionate production, respectively; however, interconversions among VFA were not affected by pH, acetate, or propionate treatments, suggesting that thermodynamics might not be a primary influencer of metabolic pathways used for VFA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng M Li
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China, 100193
| | - S Ghimire
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
| | - B A Wenner
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - R A Kohn
- Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
| | - J L Firkins
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - B Gill
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
| | - M D Hanigan
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061.
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Yi S, Dai D, Wu H, Chai S, Liu S, Meng Q, Zhou Z. Dietary Concentrate-to-Forage Ratio Affects Rumen Bacterial Community Composition and Metabolome of Yaks. Front Nutr 2022; 9:927206. [PMID: 35911107 PMCID: PMC9329686 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.927206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in dietary composition affect the rumen microbiota in ruminants. However, information on the effects of dietary concentrate-to-forage ratio changes on yak rumen bacteria and metabolites is limited. This study characterized the effect of three different dietary concentrate-to-forage ratios (50:50, C50 group; 65:35, C65 group; 80:20, C80 group) on yak rumen fluid microbiota and metabolites using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses. Rumen fermentation parameters and the abundance of rumen bacteria were affected by changes in the dietary concentrate-to-forage ratio, and there was a strong correlation between them. At the genus level, higher relative abundances of norank_f__F082, NK4A214_group, Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group, Acetitomaculum, and norank_f__norank_o__Clostridia_UCG-014 were observed with a high dietary concentrate-to-forage ratio (P < 0.05). Combined metabolomic and enrichment analyses showed that changes in the dietary concentrate-to-forage ratio significantly affected rumen metabolites related to amino acid metabolism, protein digestion and absorption, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, and purine metabolism. Compared with the C50 group, 3-methylindole, pantothenic acid, D-pantothenic acid, and 20-hydroxy-leukotriene E4 were downregulated in the C65 group, while spermine and ribose 1-phosphate were upregulated. Compared to the C50 group, Xanthurenic acid, tyramine, ascorbic acid, D-glucuronic acid, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1a, lipoxin B4, and deoxyadenosine monophosphate were upregulated in the C80 group, while 3-methylindole and 20-hydroxy-leukotriene E4 were downregulated. All metabolites (Xanthurenic acid, L-Valine, N-Acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde, N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid, Tyramine, 6-Keto-prostaglandin F1a, Lipoxin B4, Xanthosine, Thymine, Deoxyinosine, and Uric acid) were upregulated in the C80 group compared with the C65 group. Correlation analysis of microorganisms and metabolites provided new insights into the function of rumen bacteria, as well as a theoretical basis for formulating more scientifically appropriate feeding strategies for yak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongwen Dai
- Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shatuo Chai
- Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Shujie Liu
- Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Qingxiang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenming Zhou,
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9
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Effects of rumen-protected methionine and lysine supplementation on milk yields and components, rumen fermentation, and the rumen microbiome in lactating yaks (Bos grunniens). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Ahmad AA, Zhang JB, Liang Z, Yang C, Kalwar Q, Shah T, Du M, Muhammad I, Zheng J, Yan P, Ding XZ, Long R. Dynamics of rumen bacterial composition of yak ( Bos grunniens) in response to dietary supplements during the cold season. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11520. [PMID: 34178446 PMCID: PMC8216167 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the rumen bacterial community of yak in response to dietary supplements during the cold season. In addition, the rumen fermentation products were also analyzed. Twenty-one female domestic yaks were randomly divided into three groups i.e., pure grazing (GG) group, grazing plus oats hay supplement (OG) group, and grazing plus concentrate supplement group (CG). Rumen contents were collected after 90 days to assess rumen fermentation parameters and bacterial community. The GC group presented higher concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (P < 0.001), and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) (P < 0.001), and lower rumen pH (P < 0.001) compared to other experimental groups. The CG group displayed higher proportions of propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, and isovalerate while lower A/P ratio compared to other experimental groups. Shannon, Chao1, and ACE values were significantly lower in the OG group compared to GG and CG groups. Anosim test showed significant differences in bacterial community structure between groups but the PCA plot was not very informative to see these differences. Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes were the three dominant phyla in all groups. The genera Oscillospira was more abundant in GG and OG groups. Higher relative abundance of Ruminococcus and Clostridium was observed in the GG group, while Ruminobacter, Corynebacterium, and Selenomonas were more abundant in the CG group. These findings will help in improving our understanding of rumen bacteria in yaks in response to changes in diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anum Ali Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zeyi Liang
- Key Laboratory of yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chao Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan, Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qudratullah Kalwar
- Key Laboratory of yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tariq Shah
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mei Du
- Key Laboratory of yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ishaq Muhammad
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juanshan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ping Yan
- Key Laboratory of yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xue-Zhi Ding
- Key Laboratory of yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruijun Long
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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11
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Wang B, Luo Y, Wang Y, Wang D, Hou Y, Yao D, Tian J, Jin Y. Rumen bacteria and meat fatty acid composition of Sunit sheep reared under different feeding regimens in China. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:1100-1110. [PMID: 32767556 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rumen bacteria play a critical role in feed degradation and productivity. This study evaluated the impact of feeding regimen on the rumen microbial populations and fatty acid composition of the meat of sheep. Twenty-four Sunit sheep were raised on a grass pasture from birth to 9 months of age, at which time they were randomly divided into two feeding groups: pasture feeding (PF) and barn feeding (BF). Sheep in the PF group were allowed to graze freely on wild grassland for 3 months. Sheep in the BF group were confined for 3 months to a dry barn, in which they roamed freely with corn straw and corn. RESULTS Sheep in the PF group had greater rumen bacteria diversity. The relative abundances of the genera Butyrivibrio_2, Saccharofermentans and Succiniclasticum were increased, and that of the genus RC9_gut_group was decreased, in the PF compared to the BF sheep. The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid contents were greater in meat from PF sheep than from BF sheep. In addition, the α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3, ALA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) contents were positively correlated with the abundance of Butyrivibrio_2. CONCLUSION Grazing may improve the diversity of rumen bacteria and increase the proportion of ALA and CLA in sheep meat. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohui Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Ordos City Food Inspection and Testing Center, Ordos, China
| | - Yulong Luo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Debao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yanru Hou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Duo Yao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jianjun Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Ye Jin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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12
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Li MM, Hanigan MD. A revised representation of ruminal pH and digestive reparameterization of the Molly cow model. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:11285-11299. [PMID: 33041031 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ruminal pH is a critical factor to regulate nutrient degradation and fermentation. However, it has been poorly predicted in the Molly cow model, and recent improvements in the representation of nitrogen cycling across the rumen wall altered some of the modeled responses to feed nutrients, resulting in some model bias. The objectives of this study were to further improve the representation of pH and to refit parameters related to ruminal metabolism and nutrient digestion in the model to resolve this bias, and to use the improved model to estimate nitrogen and energy fluxes with varying rumen-degradable protein (RDP; 40 vs. 60%) and ruminally degraded starch (RDSt; 50 vs. 75%). A meta data set containing 284 peer reviewed studies with 1,223 treatment means was used to derive parameter estimates for ruminal metabolism and nutrient digestions. Refitting the parameters significantly improved the accuracy and precision of the model predictions for ruminal nutrient outflow [acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total N, microbial N, nonammonia N, and nonammonia nonmicrobial N], ammonia and blood urea concentrations, and fecal nutrient outflow (protein, ADF, and NDF). The prediction error for body weight was decreased from 19.3 to 6.2% with decreased mean bias (from 76.0 to 11.5%) and slope bias (from 17.2 to 7.7%), primarily due to improved representations of ruminal dry matter and liquid pool size. Adding ammonia concentration as a driver to the pH equation increased the precision of predicted ruminal pH and, thereby, the precision of predicted volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, due to improved representation of pH regulation of VFA production rates. Although minor mean and slope bias were observed for ruminal pH and VFA concentrations, the concordance correlation coefficients indicated that much of the observed variation in these variables remains unexplained. Overall, the biological functions of nutrient degradation and digestion appear to be represented without bias. Simulated results indicated that decreasing RDP and RDSt proportions in an isonitrogenous and isocaloric diet can slightly improve N efficiency, and increasing RDSt proportions can increase energy efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng M Li
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
| | - Mark D Hanigan
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061.
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13
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Abstract
The dairy cow model 'Molly' is a mixed discrete event-continuous system model that simulates feeding, metabolism and lactation of dairy cows. Decades of model development have resulted in a valuable tool in dairy science. Due to the deprecation of the ACSL (Advanced Continuous Simulation Language) programming language, Molly has been translated into C++. This paper describes the translation process and discusses the advantages of the new implementation, one of which is the ability to run Molly within RStudio, a popular integrated development environment (IDE) for data science.
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14
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Hanigan MD, Daley VL. Use of Mechanistic Nutrition Models to Identify Sustainable Food Animal Production. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2020; 8:355-376. [PMID: 31730368 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To feed people in the coming decades, an increase in sustainable animal food production is required. The efficiency of the global food production system is dependent on the knowledge and improvement of its submodels, such as food animal production. Scientists use statistical models to interpret their data, but models are also used to understand systems and to integrate their components. However, empirical models cannot explain systems. Mechanistic models yield insight into the mechanism and provide guidance regarding the exploration of the system. This review offers an overview of models, from simple empirical to more mechanistic models. We demonstrate their applications to amino acid transport, mass balance, whole-tissue metabolism, digestion and absorption, growth curves, lactation, and nutrient excretion. These mechanistic models need to be integrated into a full model using big data from sensors, which represents a new challenge. Soon, training in quantitative and computer science skills will be required to develop, test, and maintain advanced food system models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Hanigan
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA; ,
| | - Veridiana L Daley
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA; , .,National Animal Nutrition Program (NANP), Department of Animal & Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
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15
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Liu C, Wu H, Liu S, Chai S, Meng Q, Zhou Z. Dynamic Alterations in Yak Rumen Bacteria Community and Metabolome Characteristics in Response to Feed Type. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1116. [PMID: 31191470 PMCID: PMC6538947 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Current knowledge about the relationships between ruminal bacterial communities and metabolite profiles in the yak rumen is limited. This is due to differences in the nutritional and metabolic features between yak and other ordinary cattle combined with difficulties associated with farm-based research and a lack of technical guidance. A comprehensive analysis of the composition and alterations in ruminal metabolites is required to advance the development of modern yak husbandry. In the current study, we characterized the effect of feed type on the ruminal fluid microbiota and metabolites in yak using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were the predominant bacterial phyla in the yak rumen. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Bacteroidales BS11 gut group, Prevotellaceae UCG-003, Ruminococcaceae UCG-011, Bacteroidales RF16 group and Ruminococcaceae UCG-010 was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in the forage group compared to that in the concentrate group, while the concentrate group harbored higher proportions of Bacteroidales S24-7 group, Ruminococcaceae NK4A214, Succiniclasticum and Ruminococcus 2. Yak rumen metabolomics analysis combined with enrichment analysis revealed that feed type altered the concentrations of ruminal metabolites as well as the metabolic pattern, and significantly (P < 0.01) affected the concentrations of ruminal metabolites involved in protein digestion and absorption (e.g., L-arginine, ornithine, L-threonine, L-proline and β-alanine), purine metabolism (e.g., xanthine, hypoxanthine, deoxyadenosine and deoxyadenosine monophosphate) and fatty acid biosynthesis (e.g., stearic acid, myristic acid and arachidonic acid). Correlation analysis of the association of microorganisms with metabolite features provides us with a comprehensive understanding of the composition and function of microbial communities. Associations between utilization or production were widely identified between affected microbiota and certain metabolites, and these findings will contribute to the direction of future research in yak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shujie Liu
- Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Shatuo Chai
- Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Qingxiang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Zhenming Zhou
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16
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Gallo A, Giuberti G, Atzori AS, Masoero F. Short communication: In vitro rumen gas production and starch degradation of starch-based feeds depend on mean particle size. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6142-6149. [PMID: 29705420 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to model the effect of mean particle size (mPS) on in vitro rumen starch degradation (IVSD) and the kinetics of gas production for different starch-based feeds. For each feed, 2 batches of the same grains were separately processed through 2 different mills (cutter or rotor speed mills), with or without different screens to achieve a wide range of mPS (0.32 to 3.31 mm for corn meals; 0.19 to 2.81 mm for barley meals; 0.16 to 2.13 mm for wheat meals; 0.28 to 2.32 mm for oat meals; 0.21 to 2.36 mm for rye meals; 0.40 to 1.79 for sorghum meals; 0.26 to 4.71 mm for pea meals; and 0.25 to 4.53 mm for faba meals). The IVSD data and gas production kinetics, obtained by fitting to a single-pool exponential model, were analyzed using a completely randomized design, in which the main tested effect was mPS (n = 6 for all tested meals, except n = 7 for corn meals and n = 5 for sorghum meals). Rumen inocula were collected from 2 fistulated Holstein dairy cows that were fed a total mixed ration consisting of 16.2% crude protein, 28.5% starch, and 35.0% neutral detergent fiber on a dry matter basis. The IVSD, evaluated after 7 h of rumen incubation, decreased linearly with increasing mPS for corn, barley, wheat, rye, pea, and faba meals, and decreased quadratically with increasing mPS for the other meals. The y-axis intercept for 7-h IVSD was below 90% starch for corn, barley, and rye feeds and greater than 90% for the other tested feeds. The mPS adjustment factors for the rate of rumen starch degradation varied widely among the different tested feeds. We found a linear decrease in starch degradation with increasing mPS for barley, wheat, rye, and pea meals, whereas we noted a quadratic decrease in starch degradation for the other tested meals. Further, we observed a linear decrease in the rate of gas production with increasing mPS in each tested feed, except for pea meal, which had a quadratic relationship. For each 1 mm increase in mPS, the gas production was adjusted by -0.009 h-1 for corn, -0.011 h-1 for barley, -0.008 h-1 for wheat, and -0.006 h-1 for faba, whereas numerically greater adjustments were needed for oat (-0.022 h-1), rye (-0.017 h-1), and sorghum (-0.014 h-1). These mPS adjustment factors could be used to modify the starch-based feed energy values as a function of mean particle size, although in vivo validation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gallo
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29100 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - G Giuberti
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
| | - A S Atzori
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - F Masoero
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
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