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Zhao X, Liu S, Li S, Jiang W, Wang J, Xiao J, Chen T, Ma J, Khan MZ, Wang W, Li M, Li S, Cao Z. Unlocking the power of postbiotics: A revolutionary approach to nutrition for humans and animals. Cell Metab 2024; 36:725-744. [PMID: 38569470 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Postbiotics, which comprise inanimate microorganisms or their constituents, have recently gained significant attention for their potential health benefits. Extensive research on postbiotics has uncovered many beneficial effects on hosts, including antioxidant activity, immunomodulatory effects, gut microbiota modulation, and enhancement of epithelial barrier function. Although these features resemble those of probiotics, the stability and safety of postbiotics make them an appealing alternative. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the latest research on postbiotics, emphasizing their positive impacts on both human and animal health. As our understanding of the influence of postbiotics on living organisms continues to grow, their application in clinical and nutritional settings, as well as animal husbandry, is expected to expand. Moreover, by substituting postbiotics for antibiotics, we can promote health and productivity while minimizing adverse effects. This alternative approach holds immense potential for improving health outcomes and revolutionizing the food and animal products industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sumin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianxin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tianyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiaying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, The University of Agriculture, Dera Ismail Khan 29220, Pakistan
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Maina TW, McDonald PO, Rani Samuel BE, Sardi MI, Yoon I, Rogers A, McGill JL. Feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation postbiotic products alters immune function and the lung transcriptome of preweaning calves with an experimental viral-bacterial coinfection. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:2253-2267. [PMID: 37806633 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease causes morbidity and mortality in cattle of all ages. Supplementing with postbiotic products from Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation (SCFP) has been reported to improve growth and provide metabolic support required for immune activation in calves. The objective of this study was to determine effects of SCFP supplementation on the transcriptional response to coinfection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and Pasteurella multocida in the lung using RNA sequencing. Twenty-three calves were enrolled and assigned to 2 treatment groups: control (n = 12) or SCFP-treated (n = 11, fed 1 g/d SmartCare in milk and 5 g/d NutriTek on starter grain; both from Diamond V Mills Inc.). Calves were infected with ∼104 median tissue culture infectious dose per milliliter of BRSV, followed 6 d later by intratracheal inoculation with ∼1010 cfu of Pasteurella multocida (strain P1062). Calves were euthanized on d 10 after viral infection. Blood cells were collected and assayed on d 0 and 10 after viral infection. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells were collected and assayed on d 14 of the feeding period (preinfection) and d 10 after viral infection. Blood and BAL cells were assayed for proinflammatory cytokine production in response to stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or a combination of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid and imiquimod, and BAL cells were evaluated for phagocytic and reactive oxygen species production capacity. Antemortem and postmortem BAL and lesioned and nonlesioned lung tissue samples collected at necropsy were subjected to RNA extraction and sequencing. Sequencing reads were aligned to the bovine reference genome (UMD3.1) and edgeR version 3.32.1 used for differential gene expression analysis. Supplementation with SCFP did not affect the respiratory burst activity or phagocytic activity of either lung or blood immune cells. Immune cells from the peripheral blood of SCFP-supplemented calves produced increased quantities of IL-6 in response to toll-like receptor stimulation, whereas cells from the BAL of SCFP-treated calves secreted fewer proinflammatory cytokines and less tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-6 in response to the same stimuli. Transcriptional responses in lung tissues and BAL samples from SCFP-fed calves differed from the control group. The top enriched pathways in SCFP-treated lungs were associated with decreased expression of inflammatory responses and increased expression of plasminogen and genes involved in glutathione metabolism, supporting effective lung repair. Our results indicate that supplementing with SCFP postbiotics modulates both systemic and mucosal immune responses, leading to increased resistance to bovine respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresia W Maina
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010
| | - Paiton O McDonald
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Beulah E Rani Samuel
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010
| | | | - Ilkyu Yoon
- Diamond V Mills Inc., Cedar Rapids, IA 52404
| | - Adam Rogers
- Diamond V Mills Inc., Cedar Rapids, IA 52404
| | - Jodi L McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010.
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El Jeni R, Villot C, Koyun OY, Osorio-Doblado A, Baloyi JJ, Lourenco JM, Steele M, Callaway TR. Invited review: "Probiotic" approaches to improving dairy production: Reassessing "magic foo-foo dust". J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1832-1856. [PMID: 37949397 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal microbial consortium in dairy cattle is critical to determining the energetic status of the dairy cow from birth through her final lactation. The ruminant's microbial community can degrade a wide variety of feedstuffs, which can affect growth, as well as production rate and efficiency on the farm, but can also affect food safety, animal health, and environmental impacts of dairy production. Gut microbial diversity and density are powerful tools that can be harnessed to benefit both producers and consumers. The incentives in the United States to develop Alternatives to Antibiotics for use in food-animal production have been largely driven by the Veterinary Feed Directive and have led to an increased use of probiotic approaches to alter the gastrointestinal microbial community composition, resulting in improved heifer growth, milk production and efficiency, and animal health. However, the efficacy of direct-fed microbials or probiotics in dairy cattle has been highly variable due to specific microbial ecological factors within the host gut and its native microflora. Interactions (both synergistic and antagonistic) between the microbial ecosystem and the host animal physiology (including epithelial cells, immune system, hormones, enzyme activities, and epigenetics) are critical to understanding why some probiotics work but others do not. Increasing availability of next-generation sequencing approaches provides novel insights into how probiotic approaches change the microbial community composition in the gut that can potentially affect animal health (e.g., diarrhea or scours, gut integrity, foodborne pathogens), as well as animal performance (e.g., growth, reproduction, productivity) and fermentation parameters (e.g., pH, short-chain fatty acids, methane production, and microbial profiles) of cattle. However, it remains clear that all direct-fed microbials are not created equal and their efficacy remains highly variable and dependent on stage of production and farm environment. Collectively, data have demonstrated that probiotic effects are not limited to the simple mechanisms that have been traditionally hypothesized, but instead are part of a complex cascade of microbial ecological and host animal physiological effects that ultimately impact dairy production and profitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- R El Jeni
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - C Villot
- Lallemand SAS, Blagnac, France, 31069
| | - O Y Koyun
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - A Osorio-Doblado
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - J J Baloyi
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - J M Lourenco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - M Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - T R Callaway
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.
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Ma L, Wang L, Zhang Z, Xiao D. Research Progress of Biological Feed in Beef Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2662. [PMID: 37627453 PMCID: PMC10451282 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological feed is a feed product developed through bioengineering technologies such as fermentation engineering, enzyme engineering, protein engineering, and genetic engineering. It possesses functional characteristics of high nutritional value and good palatability that can improve feed utilization, replace antibiotics, enhance the health level of livestock and poultry, improve the quality of livestock products, and promote a better breeding environment. A comprehensive review is provided on the types of biological feed, their mechanism of action, fermenting strains, fermenting raw material resources, and their current status in animal production to facilitate in-depth research and development of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dingfu Xiao
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.M.); (L.W.); (Z.Z.)
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Wang L, Sun H, Gao H, Xia Y, Zan L, Zhao C. A meta-analysis on the effects of probiotics on the performance of pre-weaning dairy calves. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:3. [PMID: 36597147 PMCID: PMC9811714 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00806-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics have been used in livestock production for many years, but information on their benefits during the early life of calves is inconsistent. This study aimed to assess the effects of probiotics on the performance of pre-weaning dairy calves and identify the factors influencing their effect sizes. RESULTS Forty-nine studies were selected for meta-analysis based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study qualities were evaluated using a predefined risk assessment tool following GRADE guidelines. Meta-analysis results showed that probiotics increased the growth performance (body weight by 1.988 kg and average daily gain by 40.689 g/d), decreased digestibility and feed efficiency (feed conversion rate by 0.073), altered rumen parameter (decreased acetate by 2.815 mmol/L and increased butyrate by 0.788 mmol/L), altered blood parameter (decreased AST by 4.188 U/L, increased BHBA by 0.029 mmol/L and IgG by 0.698 g/L), increased faecal parameter (faecal bacteria counts by 0.680 log10 CFU/g), based on the strict criteria (PSMD < 0.05, I2 < 50%). Additionally, probiotics increased digestibility and feed efficiency (starter dry matter intake by 0.034 kg/d and total dry matter intake by 0.020 kg/d), altered blood parameter (increased IgA by 0.313 g/L, IgM by 0.262 g/L, and total antioxidant capacity by 0.441 U/mL, decreased MDA by 0.404 nmol/mL), decreased faecal parameter (faecal score by 0.052), based on the loose criteria (PSMD < 0.05, I2 > 50%). Regression and sub-group analyses showed that probiotic strains, supplementation dosage, and methods significantly affected the performance of calves. The probiotics supplied with more than 9.5 log10 CFU/d significantly increased IgA and IgM contents (PSMD < 0.05). Additionally, the compound probiotics significantly increased TDMI, IgA, and IgM (PSMD ≤ 0.001). Furthermore, probiotics supplemented in liquid (whole milk or milk replacer) significantly increased TDMI and decreased faecal score (PSMD < 0.05), while in whole milk, they significantly increased body weight, IgA, and IgM (PSMD < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Probiotics could improve the growth performance, feed intake and efficiency, rumen fermentation, immune and antioxidant capacity, and health of pre-weaning calves. However, the effect sizes were related to the dosage, composition, and supplementation methods of probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Wang
- grid.144022.10000 0004 1760 4150College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No.22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 P. R. China
| | - Honghong Sun
- grid.144022.10000 0004 1760 4150College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No.22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 P. R. China
| | - Haixu Gao
- grid.144022.10000 0004 1760 4150College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No.22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 P. R. China
| | - Yaohui Xia
- grid.144022.10000 0004 1760 4150College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No.22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 P. R. China
| | - Linsen Zan
- grid.144022.10000 0004 1760 4150College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No.22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 P. R. China
| | - Chunping Zhao
- grid.144022.10000 0004 1760 4150College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No.22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 P. R. China
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The addition of hydrolyzable tannin extract to milk affects calves' performance, health, blood metabolites, and pathogen shedding. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Davis EM, Liang Y, Batchelder TA, Sellers MD, Ballou MA. Impacts of Various Nutraceutical Milk Replacer Supplements on the Health and Performance of High-Risk Holstein Calves. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.872786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the impacts of supplementing various nutraceuticals in milk replacers, including a blend of probiotics, β-glucan extract, mannanoligosaccharide extract, or a non-immunoglobulin rich extract, from colostrum on the performance and health of high-risk calves and to determine carry-over effects into the immediate post-weaned period. One hundred bull calves were acquired from a local calf ranch within 24 h of birth and randomly assigned to one of five dietary treatments added to milk replacer only: (1) Control (CON), no additive; (2) Immu-PRIME (ImmPr), 1.5 g/d ImmPr first 3 d only (Sterling Technology, Brookings, SD, USA); (3) Beta glucan (BG), 1 g/d BG extract (ImmuOligo, Irvine, CA, USA); (4) Mannanoligosaccharide + Bacillus subtilis (MOS+Bs), 3 g/d CEREVIDA EXCELL-M + 4 x 109 CFU/d Bacillus subtilis (MB Nutritional Sciences, Lubbock, TX, USA); and (5) PROVIDA CALF (PRO), proprietary blend of 2 x 109 CFU/d of a Lactobacillus casei and an Enterococcus faecium + 2 x 109 CFU/d Saccharomyces cerevisiae (MB Nutritional Sciences, Lubbock, TX, USA). Calves were weaned at d 56, comingled, and treatment carry-over effects evaluated through d 84. Starter intake was measured daily and BW weekly. Peripheral blood samples were collected and analyzed for hematology and serum was analyzed for haptoglobin concentrations. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) function was assessed through surface L-selectin expression, phagocytic, and oxidative burst activities against Escherichia coli. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed in SAS (SAS 9.4, Cary, NC). The BG calves consumed the most starter from d 1 to 28 and pre-weaned average daily gain was greater for both the PRO and BG when compared to the CON group. There was a tendency for BG, MOS+Bs, and PRO to have reduced serum haptoglobin throughout the study. Total leukocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts were reduced among MOS+Bs calves, whereas BG calves tended to have the greatest neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio. Oxidative burst function for PMNL was reduced among BG and PRO treatments, suggesting a decreased need for neutrophil function. Supplementing BG, MOS+Bs, and PRO all influenced the performance and health of high-risk calves, but mechanistically appear to be different.
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Idowu MD, Taiwo G, Pech Cervantes A, Bowdridge S, Ogunade IM. Effects of a multi-component microbial feed additive containing prebiotics and probiotics on health, immune status, metabolism, and performance of newly weaned beef steers during a 35-d receiving period. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac053. [PMID: 35673543 PMCID: PMC9168071 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of dietary supplementation of a multicomponent blend of prebiotics and probiotics on health, immune status, metabolism, and performance of newly weaned beef steers during a 35-d receiving period. Eighty newly weaned crossbred steers (12-hour postweaning; 206 ± 12 kg of body weight [BW]) from a single source were stratified by BW into four pens (20 steers per pen) such that each pen had similar BW at the beginning of the experiment. The pens were randomly assigned to receive a corn silage-based diet with no additive (CON; two pens; n = 40 steers) or a basal diet supplemented with SYNB feed additive at an average of 28 g/steer/d (SYNB; two pens; n = 40 steers). The SYNB additive is a blend of live Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the fermentation products of S. cerevisiae, Enterococcus lactis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Bacillus subtilis and was supplemented for the first 21 d only. Percentage of steers treated for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) was calculated for each dietary treatment. Daily dry matter intake (DMI) and meal events (meal frequency and duration) were measured. Weekly BWs were measured to calculate average daily gain (ADG). Blood samples collected on days 0, 14, 21, 28, and 35 were used for ex-vivo tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) release assay following lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulation, plasma metabolome analysis, and mRNA expression analysis of 84 innate and adaptive immune-related genes. Compared with CON, supplemental SYNB increased (P ≤ 0.05) ADG, DMI, and meal events during the first 7 d. At d 21, there was no treatment effect (P > 0.05) on final BW, DMI, ADG, and meal events; however, beef steers fed supplemental SYNB had greater (P = 0.02) meal duration. Over the entire 35-d receiving period, beef steers fed supplemental SYNB had greater (P = 0.01) ADG and feed efficiency, tended to have greater (P = 0.08) meal duration, and had lower percentage (35 vs. 50%) of animals treated for BRD and lower percentage of sick animals treated for BRD more than once (7.15 vs. 45%). Whole blood expression of pro-inflammatory genes was downregulated while that of anti-inflammatory genes was upregulated in beef steers fed supplemental SYNB. Beef steers fed supplemental SYNB had lower (P = 0.03) plasma concentration of TNF-α after LPS stimulation. Six nutrient metabolic pathways associated with health benefits were enriched (false discovery rate ≤ 0.05) in beef steers fed supplemental SYNB. This study demonstrated that dietary supplementation of SYNB during the first 21 d of arrival reduced BRD morbidity, improved the performance, immune, and metabolic status of beef steers over a 35-d receiving period thereby extending the SYNB effect by a further 14 days post supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modoluwamu D Idowu
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Godstime Taiwo
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Andres Pech Cervantes
- Agricultural Research Station, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley 31030, GA, USA
| | - Scott Bowdridge
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Ibukun M Ogunade
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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Klopp R, Centeno-Martinez R, Yoon I, Johnson T, Boerman J. Effects of feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products on the health and growth performance of Holstein dairy calves. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:174-179. [PMID: 36338817 PMCID: PMC9623633 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2021-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Feeding dairy calves SCFP in milk replacer and solid feeds until 4 mo improved postweaning ADG and feed efficiency. SCFP reduced respiratory illness antibiotic treatments in calves. Feeding SCFP to calves did not affect daily fecal scores or preweaning growth.
It is essential to reduce antibiotic use in the livestock industry, which leads to a need for alternatives to antibiotics that reduce illness and promote growth in dairy calves. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding dairy calves Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP) on average daily gain (ADG) and antibiotic use in dairy calves through 4 mo of age. Holstein bull calves (n = 60; 5 ± 3 d old) were blocked by body weight (BW) and serum total protein (STP) and assigned to 1 of 2 treatments. The control treatment (CON) fed a 24% crude protein (CP):17% fat milk replacer (MR), calf starter, grower #1, and grower #2 with no SCFP added. The SCFP treatment fed the same MR with 1 g/d of SCFP, calf starter with 0.8% (dry matter; DM) SCFP, grower #1 with 0.44% (DM) SCFP, and grower #2 with 0.275% (DM) SCFP. Calves were offered 2.84 L (12.5% solids) of MR twice daily (0630 and 1630 h) through d 51 and MR once daily (0630 h) from d 52 to 56, and were weaned on d 57. From d 1 to 56, calves also received ad libitum access to calf starter and water. On d 57, calves were switched to grower #1 and on d 84, calves were switched to grower #2, which contained a lower level of CP and a higher level of neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Individual calf BW, body condition score (BCS), hip height (HH), and hip width (HW) were measured biweekly from d 0 to 112. Feed intake was recorded daily, and feed efficiency (gain:feed) and ADG were calculated. Daily fecal and respiratory scores were recorded for each calf through d 56, and all medical interventions were recorded for the duration of the study and grouped based on illness. We found no effect of treatment on STP, BW, BCS, HH, or HW at d 0 or 56, nor effects on preweaning ADG and feed efficiency. No treatment effect was observed for BCS or HH at d 112; however, BW and HW were increased in SCFP calves at d 112. A treatment tendency was observed for postweaning ADG, with SCFP calves being larger than CON calves and SCFP calves having improved feed efficiency compared with CON calves after weaning. A treatment effect was observed for respiratory treatments postweaning, with SCFP calves being treated less frequently than CON calves. Our results suggest that feeding SCFP to calves improves postweaning growth and feed efficiency, and reduces postweaning respiratory disease interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.N. Klopp
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | | | - I. Yoon
- Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA 52404
| | - T.A. Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - J.P. Boerman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Corresponding author:
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Bacterial Causes of Intestinal Disease in Dairy Calves: Acceptable Control Measures. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2022; 38:107-119. [PMID: 35219479 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although diarrhea in dairy calves is common, it is not always due to bacteria. Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Clostridium perfringens are the most commonly implicated bacteria, but an etiologic diagnosis should be sought before specific treatment is instituted. Nonspecific treatment such as fluid, electrolyte, and nutritional support should be accomplished while diagnostics are pending. Antimicrobials should not be a first-line therapy for calf diarrhea. Control measures are discussed.
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Lu Q, Niu J, Wu Y, Zhang W. Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii on growth, incidence of diarrhea, serum immunoglobulins, and rectal microbiota of suckling dairy calves. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Klopp RN, Yoon I, Eicher S, Boerman JP. Effects of feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products on the health of Holstein dairy calves following a lipopolysaccharide challenge. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:1469-1479. [PMID: 34802742 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Before weaning, dairy calves are at high risk for illness, especially respiratory and digestive diseases, which reduces average daily gain, age at first calving, and first-lactation milk production. Although these illnesses are commonly treated with antibiotics, efforts are being made to reduce antibiotic use, due to concerns about antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The objective was to evaluate the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP) on the immune status of calves, following a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge administered just before weaning. Thirty Holstein bull calves were blocked based on initial body weight and then assigned to 1 of 2 study treatments. The control group (CON) was fed a 24% crude protein:17% fat milk replacer (MR) and calf starter with no SCFP added. The SCFP treatment was fed the same 24% crude protein:17% fat MR with 1 g/d of SmartCare (Diamond V) and calf starter with 0.8% NutriTek (Diamond V). SmartCare and NutriTek are both produced from anaerobic fermentation of S. cerevisiae. Calves were offered 2.84 L (12.5% solids) of MR twice daily at 0630 and 1630 h through d 51; from d 52 to 56, calves were fed MR once daily at 0630 h; and calves were weaned on d 57. Calves also received ad libitum access to a texturized calf starter and water. On d 50, a subset of calves (n = 20, 10 calves per treatment) were enrolled in an LPS challenge. At -1.5, -0.5, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 24 h relative to dosing with LPS, 20 mL of blood was collected, and rectal temperature and respiration rate were measured for each calf. Blood serum samples were analyzed for interleukin 6, TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α), interferon-gamma, haptoglobin, serum amyloid-A, fibrinogen, nonesterified fatty acid, cortisol, and glucose. This study observed increased concentrations of TNF-α at 1 h and 1.5 h and glucose at 0.5 h after dosing with LPS in SCFP calves compared with CON. Calves supplemented with SCFP also had an increase in respiration rate 0.5 h after dosing with LPS and reduced feed intake the day of the challenge compared with CON calves. These results suggest that dairy calves supplemented with SCFP exhibit an increased acute immune response, as observed by increased TNF-α, glucose, and respiration rate immediately after dosing with LPS, compared with CON calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca N Klopp
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | | | - Susan Eicher
- USDA-ARS, Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Creutzinger K, Pempek J, Habing G, Proudfoot K, Locke S, Wilson D, Renaud D. Perspectives on the Management of Surplus Dairy Calves in the United States and Canada. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:661453. [PMID: 33928141 PMCID: PMC8076512 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.661453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The care of surplus dairy calves is a significant issue for the United States and Canadian dairy industries. Surplus dairy calves commonly experience poor welfare as evidenced by high levels of mortality and morbidity, and negative affective states resulting from limited opportunities to express natural behaviors. Many of these challenges are a result of a disaggregated production system, beginning with calf management at the dairy farm of origin and ending at a calf-raising facility, with some calves experiencing long-distance transportation and commingling at auction markets or assembly yards in the interim. Thus, the objectives of this narrative review are to highlight specific challenges associated with raising surplus dairy calves in the U.S. and Canada, how these challenges originate and could be addressed, and discuss future directions that may start with refinements of the current system, but ultimately require a system change. The first critical area to address is the management of surplus dairy calves on the dairy farm of origin. Good neonatal calf care reduces the risk of disease and mortality, however, many dairy farms in Canada and the U.S. do not provide sufficient colostrum or nutrition to surplus calves. Transportation and marketing are also major issues. Calves can be transported more than 24 consecutive hours, and most calves are sold through auction markets or assembly yards which increases disease exposure. Management of calves at calf-raisers is another area of concern. Calves are generally housed individually and fed at low planes of nutrition, resulting in poor affective states and high rates of morbidity and mortality. Strategies to manage high-risk calves identified at arrival could be implemented to reduce disease burden, however, increasing the plane of nutrition and improving housing systems will likely have a more significant impact on health and welfare. However, we argue the current system is not sustainable and new solutions for surplus calves should be considered. A coordinated and holistic approach including substantial change on source dairy farms and multiple areas within the system used to market and raise surplus dairy calves, can lead to more sustainable veal and beef production with improved calf outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Pempek
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Gregory Habing
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kathryn Proudfoot
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - Samantha Locke
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Devon Wilson
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - David Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Vailati-Riboni M, Coleman DN, Lopreiato V, Alharthi A, Bucktrout RE, Abdel-Hamied E, Martinez-Cortes I, Liang Y, Trevisi E, Yoon I, Loor JJ. Feeding a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product improves udder health and immune response to a Streptococcus uberis mastitis challenge in mid-lactation dairy cows. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:62. [PMID: 33827684 PMCID: PMC8028142 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00560-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to characterize the protective effects and the molecular mechanisms of action of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (NTK) in response to a mastitis challenge. Eighteen mid-lactation multiparous Holstein cows (n = 9/group) were fed the control diet (CON) or CON supplemented with 19 g/d NTK for 45 d (phase 1, P1) and then infected in the right rear quarter with 2500 CFU of Streptococcus uberis (phase 2, P2). After 36-h, mammary gland and liver biopsies were collected and antibiotic treatment started until the end of P2 (9 d post challenge). Cows were then followed until day 75 (phase 3, P3). Milk yield (MY) and dry matter intake (DMI) were recorded daily. Milk samples for somatic cell score were collected, and rectal and udder temperature, heart and respiration rate were recorded during the challenge period (P2) together with blood samples for metabolite and immune function analyses. Data were analyzed by phase using the PROC MIXED procedure in SAS. Biopsies were used for transcriptomic analysis via RNA-sequencing, followed by pathway analysis. Results DMI and MY were not affected by diet in P1, but an interaction with time was recorded in P2 indicating a better recovery from the challenge in NTK compared with CON. NTK reduced rectal temperature, somatic cell score, and temperature of the infected quarter during the challenge. Transcriptome data supported these findings, as NTK supplementation upregulated mammary genes related to immune cell antibacterial function (e.g., CATHL4, NOS2), epithelial tissue protection (e.g. IL17C), and anti-inflammatory activity (e.g., ATF3, BAG3, IER3, G-CSF, GRO1, ZFAND2A). Pathway analysis indicated upregulation of tumor necrosis factor α, heat shock protein response, and p21 related pathways in the response to mastitis in NTK cows. Other pathways for detoxification and cytoprotection functions along with the tight junction pathway were also upregulated in NTK-fed cows. Conclusions Overall, results highlighted molecular networks involved in the protective effect of NTK prophylactic supplementation on udder health during a subclinical mastitic event. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40104-021-00560-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vailati-Riboni
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - D N Coleman
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - V Lopreiato
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122, Piacenza, Italy
| | - A Alharthi
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - R E Bucktrout
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - E Abdel-Hamied
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - I Martinez-Cortes
- Agricultural and Animal Production Department, UAM-Xochimilco, 04960, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Y Liang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - E Trevisi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122, Piacenza, Italy
| | - I Yoon
- Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA, USA
| | - J J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Thorsteinsson M, Martin H, Larsen T, Sehested J, Vestergaard M. The effects of supplementation of yeast ( Saccharomyces
cerevisiae) and postbiotic from Lactobacillus acidophilus on the health and growth performance
of young Jersey heifer calves. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/127447/2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Pisoni L, Relling AE. The effects of supplementing yeast fermentation products on gut permeability, hormone concentration, and growth in newborn dairy calves. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:txaa004. [PMID: 32705006 PMCID: PMC7001108 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of the use of yeast fermentation products (YFP) on growth, hormone concentration, and gut permeability in dairy calves. One hundred and twenty heifers were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: control group with no YFP supplementation (C), Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP) supplementation (1 g/head/d of SmartCare [Diamond V] in the milk and 0.7% on dry matter basis of NutriTek [Diamond V] on the starter feed), or Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extracts (AOFE) supplementation (3 g/head/d of LXtract1224 [Biozyme Inc.] in the milk). All calves received 6 L/d of pasteurized milk and had ad libitum access to water and dry feed along the study. Body weight (BW) was recorded at birth and on days 14, 30, and 45 and at weaning. Dry feed (starter) offered was measured daily and refusals twice a week to obtain starter intake (SI). Diarrhea events were recorded daily and fecal scores were classified by using a four-point scale. Blood was sampled on days 7 and 14 for plasma glucose, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), insulin, and IL-1β concentrations. Lactulose and D-mannitol were included in the morning feeding of day 14 and blood samples were taken an hour after feeding for assessment of intestinal permeability. On day 14, blood samples were taken for plasma glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) concentration. On day 30, fecal samples were collected for measurements of Salmonella and Escherichia coli concentration on feces. No treatment differences (P ≥ 0.13) were found for BW or SI. There was a time by treatment difference (P = 0.01) in average daily gain (ADG) on day 45 where C animals had a greater ADG when compared with SCFP and AOFE. Diarrhea incidence did not change between treatments (P = 0.97) and Salmonella and E. coli were not found in feces. There were no differences (P > 0.60) between treatments for plasma GLP-2, glucose, insulin, lactulose, nor D-mannitol concentrations. There was a time by treatment tendency (P = 0.06) for NEFA concentration which tended to be greater on day 7 for C and AOFE when compared with day 14. Plasma IL-1β concentration showed a treatment tendency which tended (P = 0.06) to be greater for SCFP when compared with C. Under the current conditions, supplementation with YFP did not improve performance parameters. Plasma GLP-2 concentration, intestinal permeability, and plasma metabolites did not differ after yeast fermentation products supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Pisoni
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH
| | - Alejandro E Relling
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH
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Thorsteinsson M, Vestergaard M. Performance and health of young rosé veal calves supplemented with yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and a postbiotic from Lactobacillus acidophilus. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/124040/2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ahangarani MA, Bach A, Bassols A, Vidal M, Valent D, Ruiz-Herrera S, Terré M. Short communication: Performance, intestinal permeability, and metabolic profile of calves fed a milk replacer supplemented with glutamic acid. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:433-438. [PMID: 31733874 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential benefits of supplementing glutamic acid in milk replacers (MR) with respect to calf performance, intestinal permeability, and metabolism. Sixty Holstein male calves (3 ± 1.3 d old and 45 ± 5.9 kg body weight) were individually housed and fed a control MR without AA supplementation (24.8% crude protein and 19.1% fat, dry matter basis), or MR supplemented with 0.3% glutamic acid (25.1% crude protein and 20.3% fat, dry matter basis). Animals followed the same MR feeding program and were weaned at 56 d of the study. The amount of starter concentrate offered was restricted to limit the effect of concentrate intake on calf metabolism. Individual daily consumption and weekly body weight were measured, and 4 h after the morning feeding, blood samples were obtained at 14 and 35 d to determine general biochemical parameters and plasma AA concentrations. On d 10 of the study, we conducted an intestinal permeability test by including 21 g of lactulose and 4.2 g of d-mannitol as markers in the MR. We found no differences in calf performance or in intestinal permeability (measured as lactulose:mannitol ratio). Serum glucose concentration was greater in unsupplemented calves than in Glu-supplemented calves. At 14 d, the proportion of plasma Leu was greater in Glu-supplemented calves; the proportion of Ile tended to be greater in Glu-supplemented calves; and the proportion of Met tended to be greater in unsupplemented calves. We observed no other differences. Small changes occurred in AA metabolism when supplementing calf MR with 0.3% glutamic acid, without leading to improvements in calf performance or changes in intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ahangarani
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, 98619-15599 Zabol, Iran
| | - A Bach
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA (Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain; ICREA (Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Bassols
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Vidal
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA (Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - D Valent
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Ruiz-Herrera
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Terré
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA (Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain.
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