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Liening-Ewert T, Tichy A, Mader C, Spergser J, Sodoma E, Ortner P, Kössler J, Khol JL. Management and housing factors associated with paratuberculosis-positive herds in small structured alpine cattle husbandry. Prev Vet Med 2023; 218:105999. [PMID: 37619426 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (Johne´s disease) is a world-wide cattle disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), associated with substantial economic losses. Purchase of subclinically infected animals or contact with animals and equipment of infected farms are known risk factors for disease transmission among herds. The aim of the present study was to identify specific management factors in Austria that triggered a MAP-positive herd status and to evaluate known risk factors for the transmission in cattle in small structured alpine agricultural systems. The agriculture in the Austrian province of Tyrol is characterized by smallholder structures, including shared alpine pastures and traditional barn management techniques. The data from an extensive survey with 50 questions in 2013/2014 and the development of the MAP herd status of 5592 cattle farms by taking feces and blood samples were examined and statistically evaluated. MAP herd status was determined by combining the results of boot swab samples, manure samples, pooled and individual feces samples as well as serological antibody testing by ELISA. The statistical analysis (odds ratio; OR) showed that the use of milk replacers for calf feeding (p = 0.047, OR=0.472) and the use of straw as bedding material for cows (p = 0.032, OR=0.625) were associated with a decreased chance of being a MAP-positive herd. Further, housing cows in deep litter systems (p = 0.028, OR=2.232), the presence of slurry channels (p = 0.028, OR=1.411) and the use of solid manure in young cattle (p = 0.041, OR=1.744) were associated with an increased OR for being MAP-positive. Surprisingly, sharing of lowland pastures (p = 0.564, OR=1.080), alpine pastures (p = 0.419, OR=1.143) or farm equipment (p = 0.733, OR=0.963) and farm size (p = 0.425) had no significant influence on the MAP herd status. The identified differences compared with previously published results in respect of MAP spread in cattle might be attributed to the traditional agricultural structures, including small family-based farms and common pasture during summer in alpine regions. Results of this study contribute to the understanding of the spread of MAP in cattle farming in alpine regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Tichy
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Platform, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - C Mader
- Veterinary Health Service Tyrol, Austria
| | - J Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology Department for Pathobiology University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - E Sodoma
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety Linz, Austria
| | - P Ortner
- Regional Veterinary Office Tyrol, Austria
| | - J Kössler
- Regional Veterinary Office Tyrol, Austria
| | - J L Khol
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria.
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Krieger M, Eisenberg S, Donat K, Campe A. High-Impact Risk Factors for Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in Dairy Herds in Germany. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1889. [PMID: 37370400 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In a cross-sectional study, it was identified that three regions in Germany differed with respect to their herd-level prevalence for paratuberculosis in dairy cattle. In the study presented here, the same farms were analyzed to identify those components of biosecurity and farm management with the highest impact on Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) introduction and establishment in a farm. Hence, the data analyzes included 183, 170 and 104 herds from the study regions north, east and south, respectively. A herd was considered MAP-positive if at least one fecal environmental sample was positive. Twenty-six different possible risk factors from five different components of biosecurity and farm management were analyzed. We show that the average management of calf feeding increased the odds for a MAP-positive farm by 5.22 times (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.25-21.83). With every 100-cow increase in farm size, the risk for a farm to test MAP-positive increased by 1.94 times (CI = 1.15-3.27), 1.14 times (CI = 1.02-1.27) and 5.53 times (CI = 0.44-68.97) in the north, east and south study regions, respectively. Furthermore, the purchase of cattle with an unknown MAP status increased the risk for a farm testing MAP-positive by 2.86-fold (CI = 1.45-5.67). Our results demonstrate that herd size, unknown MAP status of the purchased cattle and different aspects of calf feeding play an important role in the MAP status of a farm and should be in focus in regions with different MAP between-herd prevalence. Additionally, farm individual risk patterns should be identified during (veterinary) biosecurity consultancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Krieger
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Karsten Donat
- Animal Health Service, Thuringian Animal Diseases Fund, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Amely Campe
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Germany
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3
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McAloon CG, Tratalos JA, O'Grady L, Green MJ, Gavey L, Graham D, More SJ, McGrath G, Mee JF. An observational study of ear-tagged calf mortality (1 to 100 days) on Irish dairy farms and associations between biosecurity practices and calf mortality on farms participating in a Johne's disease control program. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00266-7. [PMID: 37225580 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Postnatal mortality among replacement stock has a detrimental effect on the social, economic, and environmental sustainability of dairy production. Calf mortality rates vary between countries and show differences in temporal trends; most, however, are characterized by high levels of between-farm variability. Explaining this variation can be difficult because herd-level information on management practices relevant to calf health is often not available. The Irish Johne's Control Programme (IJCP) contains a substantial on-farm monitoring program called the Veterinary Risk Assessment and Management Plan (VRAMP). Although this risk assessment is largely focused on factors relevant to the transmission of paratuberculosis, many of its principles are good practice biocontainment policies that are also advocated for the protection of calf health. The objectives of this study were (1) to quantify mortality in ear-tagged Irish dairy calves between 2016 and 2020 using both survival and risk approaches, (2) to determine risk factors for 100-d cumulative mortality hazard in ear-tagged Irish dairy calves between 2016 and 2020, (3) to determine whether 100-d cumulative mortality hazard was higher in ear-tagged calves within herds registered in the IJCP versus those that were not registered in the IJCP and whether there were differences between these cohorts over time, and (4) within IJCP herds, to determine whether VRAMP score or changes in VRAMP score were associated with 100-d cumulative mortality hazard. Excluding perinatal mortality, the overall 100-d cumulative mortality hazard was 4.1%. Calf mortality was consistently underestimated using risk approaches that did not account for calf censoring. Cox proportional hazards models showed that cumulative mortality hazard was greater in male calves; particularly, calves born to Jersey breed dams and those with a beef breed sire. Mortality hazard increased with increasing herd size, was highest in calves born in herds that contract-reared heifers, and lowest in those born in mixed dairy-beef enterprises. Mortality hazard decreased over time with the mortality hazard in 2020 being 0.83 times that of 2016. Mortality hazard was higher in IJCP-registered herds than nonregistered herds (hazard ratio 1.06, 95% CI 1.01-1.12), likely reflecting differences in herds that enrolled in the national program. However, we detected a significant interaction between IJCP status (enrolled vs. not enrolled) and year (hazard ratio 0.96, 95% CI 0.92-1.00), indicating that the decrease in mortality hazard between 2016 and 2020 was greater in IJCP herds versus non-IJCP herds. Finally, increasing VRAMP scores (indicating higher risk for paratuberculosis transmission) were positively associated with increased calf mortality hazard. Postnatal calf mortality rates in Irish dairy herds declined between 2016 and 2020. Our study suggests that implementation of recommended biocontainment practices to control paratuberculosis in IJCP herds was associated with a reduction in calf mortality hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor G McAloon
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Stillorgan Road, Dublin 4, D04 W6F6, Ireland.
| | - Jamie A Tratalos
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, University College Dublin, Stillorgan Road, Dublin 4, D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | - Luke O'Grady
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Stillorgan Road, Dublin 4, D04 W6F6, Ireland; School of Veterinary Science and Medicine, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom, LE12 5RD
| | - Martin J Green
- School of Veterinary Science and Medicine, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom, LE12 5RD
| | - Lawrence Gavey
- Animal Health Ireland, Carrick-on-Shannon, N41 WN27, Ireland
| | - David Graham
- Animal Health Ireland, Carrick-on-Shannon, N41 WN27, Ireland
| | - Simon J More
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Stillorgan Road, Dublin 4, D04 W6F6, Ireland; Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, University College Dublin, Stillorgan Road, Dublin 4, D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | - Guy McGrath
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, University College Dublin, Stillorgan Road, Dublin 4, D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | - John F Mee
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc, Moorepark Research Centre, Fermoy, P61 C997 Cork, Ireland
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Imada JB, Roche SM, Bauman CA, Kelton DF. Management practices associated with Johne's bulk tank milk ELISA positivity. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:1330-1340. [PMID: 36543648 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD) control is often based on the culling of positive animals and the adoption of management practices that minimize exposure of young stock to the pathogen (Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis). Throughout 2010 to 2013, the province of Ontario, Canada, instituted a voluntary Johne's control program consisting of whole-herd testing and risk assessment. The JD risk assessment evaluated 5 management areas to characterize herd JD risk. Using a modified milk ELISA technique with an optical density cut-off of 0.089, province-wide bulk tank milk (BTM) testing was used to assess the prevalence of JD high-risk herds at the end of the control program and again 4 yr after its completion. Approximately 71% of Ontario bulk tanks were classified as positive in 2017 compared with roughly 46% in 2013. In 2019, the same JD risk assessment used in the original program was readministered on 180 Ontario dairy farms. Using this cross-sectional approach, logistic regression models were built using data from the original program risk assessment and follow-up risk assessment as well as the BTM ELISA results to determine management factors associated with the control of JD. We demonstrated that management of the maternity area is an important factor in the control of Johne's disease. Although it is believed that the highest risk group for JD infection is calves under 6 mo, the cleanliness scores of older heifers and their exposure to mature cow manure was significantly associated with JD control; farms with highly contaminated weaned and bred heifers and those that had exposure to mature cow manure were more likely to be unsuccessful in their JD control efforts. Careful management of young calves appears to be important for JD control, and this management should continue even after calves have left the maternity area.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Imada
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1.
| | - S M Roche
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1; ACER Consulting, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 5L3
| | - C A Bauman
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - D F Kelton
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
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The effect of risk-based trading and within-herd measures on Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis spread within and between Irish dairy herds. Prev Vet Med 2022; 209:105779. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Blanco-Vázquez C, Alonso-Hearn M, Iglesias N, Vázquez P, Juste RA, Garrido JM, Balseiro A, Canive M, Amado J, Queipo MA, Iglesias T, Casais R. Use of ATP-Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 13 (ABCA13) for Sensitive Detection of Focal Pathological Forms of Subclinical Bovine Paratuberculosis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:816135. [PMID: 35359676 PMCID: PMC8960928 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.816135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine paratuberculosis (PTB) is a chronic enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) that causes a heavy economic impact worldwide. Map infected animals can remain asymptomatic for years while transmitting the mycobacteria to other members of the herd. Therefore, accurate detection of subclinically infected animals is crucial for disease control. In a previous RNA-Seq study, we identified several mRNAs that were overexpressed in whole blood of cows with different PTB-associated histological lesions compared with control animals without detected lesions. The proteins encoded by two of these mRNAs, ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 13 (ABCA13) and Matrix Metallopeptidase 8 (MMP8) were significantly overexpressed in whole blood of animals with focal histological lesions, the most frequent pathological form in the subclinical stages of the disease. In the current study, the potential of sensitive early diagnostic tools of commercial ELISAs, based on the detection of these two biomarkers, was evaluated in serum samples of 704 Holstein Friesian cows (566 infected animals and 138 control animals from PTB-free farms). For this evaluation, infected animals were classified into three groups, according to the type of histological lesions present in their gut tissues: focal (n = 447), multifocal (n = 59), and diffuse (n = 60). The ELISA based on the detection of ABCA13 was successfully validated showing good discriminatory power between animals with focal lesions and control animals (sensitivity 82.99% and specificity 80.43%). Conversely, the MMP8-based ELISA showed a poor discriminatory power between the different histological groups and non-infected controls. The ABCA13-based ELISA showed a higher diagnostic value (0.822) than the IDEXX ELISA (0.517), the fecal bacterial isolation (0.523) and the real-time PCR (0.531) for the detection of animals with focal lesions. Overall, our results indicate that this ABCA13 ELISA greatly improves the identification of subclinically infected animals with focal lesions that are undetectable using current diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Blanco-Vázquez
- Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Deva, Spain
| | - Marta Alonso-Hearn
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Natalia Iglesias
- Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Deva, Spain
| | - Patricia Vázquez
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Ramón A. Juste
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Joseba M. Garrido
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Ana Balseiro
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC-Universidad de León), León, Spain
| | - María Canive
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Javier Amado
- Laboratorio Regional de Sanidad Animal del Principado de Asturias, Gijón, Spain
| | - Manuel A. Queipo
- Servicio de Sanidad y Producción Animal del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Tania Iglesias
- Unidad de Consultoría Estadística, Servicios científico-técnicos, Universidad de Oviedo, Gijón, Spain
| | - Rosa Casais
- Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Deva, Spain
- *Correspondence: Rosa Casais
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7
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Keeping continuous diagnostic data continuous: Application of Bayesian latent class models in veterinary research. Prev Vet Med 2022; 201:105596. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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McCarthy MC, O'Grady L, McAloon CG, Mee JF. A survey of biosecurity and health management practices on Irish dairy farms engaged in contract-rearing. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:12859-12870. [PMID: 34593236 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A survey was conducted to investigate potential differences in biosecurity and health management practices on Irish dairy farms that sent their heifers for contract-rearing (source dairy farms, SDF; n = 62) and those rearing their own heifers (control farms, CF; n = 50). Participating farmers were surveyed by postal questionnaire between September and November 2018. The overall response rate was 93%. Results show that structurally, SDF were larger, less fragmented, and more specialized than CF. Outsourcing of labor-intensive activities to external contractors was more common among SDF than CF, exposing them to potentially increased biosecurity risks associated with animal movements, use of shared equipment, and increased frequency of farm visitors. The majority of SDF sent heifers to a single-origin rearing facility (70%), with heifers most commonly arriving at the rearing unit between 2 and 4 mo (53%) and returning to the dairy farm between 18 and 21 mo of age (56%). Despite the increased biosecurity risk associated with contract-rearing, implementation of disease prevention measures was not superior on SDF compared with CF. For both farm types, there was scope for improvement to visitor biosecurity protocols, quarantine procedures, colostrum feeding practices, and hygiene of calving areas. This research provides an overview of the demographics and farm management practices implemented by dairy farmers engaged in contract-rearing of replacement heifers, and will serve to inform farmers, veterinary advisors, and policy makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C McCarthy
- Teagasc, Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Dairy Production Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland; School of Veterinary Medicine, University College, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - L O'Grady
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - C G McAloon
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - J F Mee
- Teagasc, Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Dairy Production Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland.
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Strain S, Verner S, Campbell E, Hodnik JJ, Santman-Berends IMGA. The Northern Ireland Control Programmes for Infectious Cattle Diseases Not Regulated by the EU. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:694197. [PMID: 34513968 PMCID: PMC8427759 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.694197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The disease control programmes for Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD), Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Johne's Disease (JD), Leptospirosis and Neosporosis are described including the approved diagnostic tools, diagnostic quality systems, and the role of vaccination (where appropriate). This paper describes the control programmes within NI, the challenges relating them, as well as assessing their impact and effectiveness, taking into consideration the quality of data available and number of herds participating. With the NI agricultural industry experiencing increasing financial pressures and post Brexit changes, the necessity of working to maximise the performance of bovine disease control programmes at the individual farm level as well as at the regional level is increasingly important. The programmes described fall into two categories with two distinct aims. Two managed by Animal Health & Welfare NI (AHWNI), the BVD eradication and JD Dairy Control programmes seek to eradicate or control infection at the regional level. A further 5 programmes, covering BVD, JD, IBR, Leptospirosis and Neosporosis, are managed by the Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI) and focus on facilitating eradication or control at the individual herd level. These latter programmes conform to the Cattle Health Certification Standards (UK) (CHeCS) which is a UK self-regulatory body set up to ensure consistency between different disease control schemes across herds. The largest of all the programmes described is the AHWNI BVD Eradication Programme which has led to significant reductions in infection incidence. Compliance with it has been high with more than 97% of all cattle alive at the end of 2020 having a BVD test status. The rolling annual incidence of BVD virus positive calves has fallen by 56% since the start of the compulsory programme in 2016. This decrease has occurred largely through industry initiatives to deal with BVD positives, including the voluntary culling of persistently infected (PI) animals by herd owners, a voluntary abattoir ban on the slaughter of BVD virus (BVDv) positive animals, and the inclusion of retention of a BVDv positive animal as a non-conformance in the industry-run Farm Quality Assurance Scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Strain
- Animal Health and Welfare Northern Ireland, Dungannon, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Verner
- Animal Health and Welfare Northern Ireland, Dungannon, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Campbell
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Disease Surveillance and Investigation Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Jaka Jakob Hodnik
- Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals-Section for Ruminants, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Rapaliute E, van Roon A, van Schaik G, Santman-Berends I, Koleci X, Mincu M, Gethmann J, Conrady B, Knific T, Hodnik JJ, Berezowski J, Carmo LP, Madouasse A, Tarpai A, Gerilovych A, Malakauskas A, Sekovska B, Fourichon C, Kalaitzakis E, Roch FF, Houe H, Dudek K, Mõtus K, Ózsvári L, Costa L, Guelbenzu-Gonzalo M, Henry MK, Alishani M, Pozzato N, Hopp P, Juste R, Strain S, Mandelik R, Vilček Š, Autio T, Tamminen LM, Faverjon C. Existence and Quality of Data on Control Programs for EU Non-regulated Cattle Diseases: Consequences for Estimation and Comparison of the Probability of Freedom From Infection. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:689375. [PMID: 34350229 PMCID: PMC8328145 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.689375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some European countries have successfully implemented country-specific control programs (CPs) for infectious cattle diseases that are not regulated or are regulated only to a limited extent at the European Union (EU) level. Examples of such diseases include bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), and Johne's disease (JD). The CPs vary between countries in the design and quality of collected data as well as methods used to detect infection and estimate prevalence or probability of freedom from infection. Differences in disease status between countries and non-standardized approaches to assess freedom from infection pose a risk for countries with CPs for non-regulated diseases as infected animals may influence the progress of the disease control or eradication program. The implementation of output-based standards allows estimation and comparison of the probability of freedom for non-regulated cattle diseases in European countries. The aim of the current study was to assess the existence and quality of data that could be used for estimating freedom from infection in European countries. The online data collection tool was sent to 32 countries participating in the SOUND control COST Action and was completed by 24 countries. Data on cattle demographics and data from CPs of IBR and BVD exist in more than 50% of the response countries. However, data describing risk factors and CP of JD was reported as existing in <25% of the countries. The overall quality of data in the sections on demographics and CPs of IBR and BVD were evaluated as "good", but risk factors and JD data were mostly evaluated as "fair." Data quality was considered less good mainly due to two quality criteria: accessibility and accuracy. The results of this study show that the quantity and quality of data about cattle populations and CPs are relatively similar in many surveyed countries. The outcome of this work provides an overview of the current situation in the European countries regarding data on EU non-regulated cattle diseases and will further assist in the development and implementation of output-based standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle Rapaliute
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Annika van Roon
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Unit Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gerdien van Schaik
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Unit Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Royal GD, Deventer, Netherlands
| | - Inge Santman-Berends
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Unit Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Royal GD, Deventer, Netherlands
| | - Xhelil Koleci
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Madalina Mincu
- Research and Development Institute for Bovine Balotesti, Ploiesti, Romania
| | - Jörn Gethmann
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Beate Conrady
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tanja Knific
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - John Berezowski
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luís Pedro Carmo
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Attila Tarpai
- Section of Epidemiology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anton Gerilovych
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Alvydas Malakauskas
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Blagica Sekovska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | | | - Emmanouil Kalaitzakis
- Clinic of Farm Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Franz-Ferdinand Roch
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans Houe
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Katarzyna Dudek
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Kerli Mõtus
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - László Ózsvári
- Department of Veterinary Forensics and Economics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lina Costa
- Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, Praça Do Município 11, Portalegre, Portugal
| | | | - Madeleine K Henry
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Northern Faculty, Scotland's Rural College, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Mentor Alishani
- Veterinary Department of the Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Nicola Pozzato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Petter Hopp
- Section of Epidemiology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ramon Juste
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Arkaute, Spain
| | - Sam Strain
- Animal Health and Welfare Northern Ireland, Dungannon, United Kingdom
| | - Rene Mandelik
- Department of Epizootiology, Parasitology and Protection of One Health, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Štefan Vilček
- Department of Epizootiology, Parasitology and Protection of One Health, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Tiina Autio
- Veterinary Bacteriology and Pathology Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lena-Mari Tamminen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Martucciello A, Galletti G, Pesce A, Russo M, Sannino E, Arrigoni N, Ricchi M, Tamba M, Brunetti R, Ottaiano M, Iovane G, De Carlo E. Short communication: Seroprevalence of paratuberculosis in Italian water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in the region of Campania. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:6194-6199. [PMID: 33685689 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a chronic enteric disease affecting virtually all ruminants, but only anecdotal information is currently available about the occurrence of this disease in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). We carried out a survey study aimed at determining the prevalence of paratuberculosis in 2 provinces in the region of Campania, Italy, where about half of all Italian buffaloes are reared. From May 2017 to December 2018, we collected 201,175 individual serum samples from 995 buffalo herds. The sera were collected from animals over 24 mo old and were tested using a commercial ELISA test. The herd-level apparent prevalence result was 54.7%, and the animal-level apparent prevalence was 1.8%. The herd-level true prevalence was estimated using a Bayesian approach, demonstrating a high herd-level prevalence of paratuberculosis in water buffaloes from the Campania area. These findings suggest that the urgent adoption of paratuberculosis herd-control programs for water buffaloes in this area would be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martucciello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technologies of Water Buffaloes Farming and Production, c/o Diagnostic Section of Salerno, S.S.18 Via delle Calabrie 27, 84131 Fuorni (SA) Italy
| | - G Galletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Epidemiology Unit, Via P. Fiorini, 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - A Pesce
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Diagnostic Section of Caserta, Via A. Jervolino, 19, 81044 Tuoro (CE), Italy
| | - M Russo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technologies of Water Buffaloes Farming and Production, c/o Diagnostic Section of Salerno, S.S.18 Via delle Calabrie 27, 84131 Fuorni (SA) Italy
| | - E Sannino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Diagnostic Section of Caserta, Via A. Jervolino, 19, 81044 Tuoro (CE), Italy
| | - N Arrigoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, National Reference Centre for Paratuberculosis, Strada Faggiola 1, 29027 Podenzano (PC), Italy
| | - M Ricchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, National Reference Centre for Paratuberculosis, Strada Faggiola 1, 29027 Podenzano (PC), Italy.
| | - M Tamba
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Epidemiology Unit, Via P. Fiorini, 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - R Brunetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Osservatorio Epidemiologico Regionale, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici (Naples), Italy
| | - M Ottaiano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Osservatorio Epidemiologico Regionale, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici (Naples), Italy
| | - G Iovane
- UNINA-Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - E De Carlo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technologies of Water Buffaloes Farming and Production, c/o Diagnostic Section of Salerno, S.S.18 Via delle Calabrie 27, 84131 Fuorni (SA) Italy
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12
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Villaamil FJ, Yus E, Benavides B, Allepuz A, Moya SJ, Casal J, Ortega C, Diéguez FJ. Factors Associated with the Introduction of Mycobacterium avium spp. Paratuberculosis (MAP) into Dairy Herds in Galicia (North-West Spain): The Perception of Experts. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010166. [PMID: 33445689 PMCID: PMC7828141 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Paratuberculosis remains one of the most important diseases of cattle worldwide. Control of disease is difficult and offers important challenges at both diagnostic and management levels. This paper describes a study aimed at quantification of expert opinion on risk factors for paratuberculosis infection in dairy herds in Spain. For this purpose, a panel of nine experts working in the field of paratuberculosis was selected. Risk factors were also included into a questionnaire that was responded to by 93 farms whose sanitary status was known. The most important risk factors for the introduction of MAP, according to expert opinions, were related to purchase and grazing practices. The scores obtained for each farm, based on the expert opinions, allowed MAP positive/MAP negative farms to be discriminated with 68.8% sensitivity and 68.7% specificity. Despite increased awareness of the disease and the fact that several countries are implementing control programs, there is still incomplete understanding of the epidemiology of the disease. This, together with the lack of completely reliable diagnostic methods, makes it of vital importance considering the inter-herd transmission factors in order to prevent the introduction of the disease. Prioritizing the most important factors should be useful for focusing future training initiatives and improving risk-reduction strategies in this economically important industry. Abstract This study aimed at quantifying expert opinions on the risk factors involved in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection in dairy cattle herds. For this purpose, potential risk factors associated with the introduction of MAP into dairies were chosen based on a literature review and discussions with researchers and veterinarians. For each factor, a decision tree was developed, and key questions were included in each. Answers to these key questions led to different events within each decision tree. An expert opinion workshop was organized (following the recommendations of the OIE), and ordinal values ranging from 0 to 9 (i.e., a null to very high likelihood of infection) were assigned to each event. The potential risk factors were also incorporated into a structured questionnaire that was responded to by 93 farms where the sanitary status against MAP was known. Thereby, based on the values given by the experts and the information collected in the questionnaires, each farm was assigned a score based on their MAP entry risk. From these scores (contrast variable) and using a ROC curve, the cut-off that best discriminated MAP-positive and -negative farms was estimated. The most important risk factors for the introduction of MAP, according to expert opinions, involved purchase and grazing practices related to animals under six months of age. The scores obtained for each farm, also based on the expert opinions, allowed MAP positive/MAP negative farms to be discriminated with 68.8% sensitivity and 68.7% specificity. These data should be useful for focusing future training initiatives and improving risk-reduction strategies in the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo Yus
- Institute of Food Analysis and Research, Santiago de Compostela University, 27002 Lugo, Spain;
| | - Bibiana Benavides
- Animal Health Department, Universidad de Nariño, San Juan de Pasto 52001, Colombia;
| | - Alberto Allepuz
- Department of Health and Animal Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (A.A.); (S.J.M.); (J.C.)
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB, IRTA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastián Jesús Moya
- Department of Health and Animal Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (A.A.); (S.J.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Jordi Casal
- Department of Health and Animal Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (A.A.); (S.J.M.); (J.C.)
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB, IRTA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmelo Ortega
- Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza University, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Francisco Javier Diéguez
- Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences Department, Veterinary Faculty, Santiago de Compostela University, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-9828-22400
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13
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Mee JF. Denormalizing poor dairy youngstock management: dealing with "farm-blindness". J Anim Sci 2020; 98:S140-S149. [PMID: 32810251 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John F Mee
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Moorepark Research Centre, Teagasc, Ireland
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14
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Jordan AG, Citer LR, McAloon CG, Graham DA, Sergeant ESG, More SJ. Johne's disease in Irish dairy herds: considerations for an effective national control programme. Ir Vet J 2020; 73:18. [PMID: 32818053 PMCID: PMC7427772 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-020-00166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Irish dairy industry has established a reputation for the production of safe and healthy dairy products and is seeking to further expand its export market for high value dairy products. To support its reputation, stakeholders aim to control Johne’s disease. To assist decision-makers determine the most appropriate design for an Irish programme, a narrative review of the scientific literature on the epidemiology of Johne’s disease, and selected control programmes throughout the world was undertaken. Two modelling studies specifically commissioned by Animal Health Ireland to assess testing methods used to demonstrate confidence of freedom in herds and to evaluate a range of possible surveillance strategies provided additional information. The majority of control programmes tend to be voluntary, because of the unique epidemiology of Johne’s disease and limited support for traditional regulatory approaches. While acknowledging that test performance and sub-clinical sero-negative shedders contributes to the spread of infection, a range of socio-political issues also exist that influence programme activities. The paper provides a rationale for the inclusion of a Veterinary Risk Assessment and Management Plan (VRAMP), including voluntary whole herd testing to identify infected herds and to support assurance-based trading through repeated rounds of negative testing, national surveillance for herd-level case-detection, and improved understanding of biosecurity management practices. Identification and promotion of drivers for industry and producer engagement in Ireland is likely to guide the future evolution of the Irish Johne’s Control Programme (IJCP) and further enhance its success. The provision of training, education and extension activities may encourage farmers to adopt relevant farm management practices and help them recognize that they are ultimately responsible for their herd’s health and biosecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L R Citer
- Animal Health Ireland, 2-5 The Archways, Carrick on Shannon, Co. Leitrim, N41 WN27 Ireland
| | - C G McAloon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 W6F6 Ireland.,UCD Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 W6F6 Ireland
| | - D A Graham
- Animal Health Ireland, 2-5 The Archways, Carrick on Shannon, Co. Leitrim, N41 WN27 Ireland
| | | | - S J More
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 W6F6 Ireland.,UCD Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 W6F6 Ireland
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15
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Villamil FJ, Yus E, Benavides B, Casal J, Moya SJ, Allepuz A, Diéguez FJ. Short communication: Risk factors associated with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis introduction into dairy herds in Galicia, northwestern Spain. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:7411-7415. [PMID: 32534928 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed potential risk factors associated with introduction of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) into dairy cattle herds in the Galicia region, northwestern Spain. The study was carried out with data collected from 93 dairies enrolled in a voluntary MAP control program. Information on potential risk factors was obtained through personal interviews with the farmers and veterinarians in charge of the control program of each farm. In addition, blood samples were taken annually over 2 years from cows on the farms in the program, and analyzed with a commercial ELISA to detect antibodies to MAP. Fecal samples of all ELISA-positive cows were analyzed using PCR. Based on χ2 test and Fisher's exact test, purchase practices, shared manure truck, shared materials, and visitors per month who contacted animals were found to be significantly associated with farm MAP infection status. Multiple logistic regression indicated that purchase practices and herd size (included as a potential confounder) are the variables that best predict MAP status.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Villamil
- Agrupación de Defensa Sanitaria (ADSG), Costa da Morte, 15153, A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - E Yus
- Institute of Food Analysis and Research (Animal Health and Epidemiology Unit), Veterinary Faculty of Lugo, Santiago de Compostela University, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - B Benavides
- Grupo de investigación de Buiatria, Programa Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Pecuarias, Universidad de Nariño, 522020, Pasto, Colombia
| | - J Casal
- Department of Health and Anatomy Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)-Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - S J Moya
- Department of Health and Anatomy Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Allepuz
- Department of Health and Anatomy Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)-Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - F J Diéguez
- Anatomy and Animal Production, and Clinical Veterinary Sciences Department, Veterinary Faculty of Lugo, Santiago de Compostela University, Campus Universitario, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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16
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Nag R, Auer A, Markey BK, Whyte P, Nolan S, O'Flaherty V, Russell L, Bolton D, Fenton O, Richards K, Cummins E. Anaerobic digestion of agricultural manure and biomass - Critical indicators of risk and knowledge gaps. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 690:460-479. [PMID: 31299578 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion (AD) has been identified as a potential green technology to treat food and municipal waste, agricultural residues, including farmyard manure and slurry (FYM&S), to produce biogas. FYM&S and digestate can act as soil conditioners and provide valuable nutrients to plants; however, it may also contain harmful pathogens. This study looks at the critical indicators in determining the microbial inactivation potential of AD and the possible implications for human and environmental health of spreading the resulting digestate on agricultural land. In addition, available strategies for risk assessment in the context of EU and Irish legislation are assessed. Storage time and process parameters (including temperature, pH, organic loading rate, hydraulic retention time), feedstock recipe (carbon-nitrogen ratio) to the AD plant (both mesophilic and thermophilic) were all assessed to significantly influence pathogen inactivation. However, complete inactivation of all pathogens is unlikely. There are limited studies evaluating risks from FYM&S as a feedstock in AD and the spreading of resulting digestate. The lack of process standardisation and varying feedstocks between AD farms means risk must be evaluated on a case by case basis and calls for a more unified risk assessment methodology. In addition, there is a need for the enhancement of AD farm-based modelling techniques and datasets to help in advancing knowledge in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Nag
- University College Dublin School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Agathe Auer
- University College Dublin School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Bryan K Markey
- University College Dublin School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Paul Whyte
- University College Dublin School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Stephen Nolan
- National University of Ireland Galway, School of Natural Sciences, Galway, Ireland
| | - Vincent O'Flaherty
- National University of Ireland Galway, School of Natural Sciences, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Lauren Russell
- TEAGASC, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
| | - Declan Bolton
- TEAGASC, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
| | - Owen Fenton
- TEAGASC, Environment Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, County Wexford, Ireland.
| | - Karl Richards
- TEAGASC, Environment Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, County Wexford, Ireland.
| | - Enda Cummins
- University College Dublin School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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17
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McAloon CG, Roche S, Ritter C, Barkema HW, Whyte P, More SJ, O'Grady L, Green MJ, Doherty ML. A review of paratuberculosis in dairy herds - Part 2: On-farm control. Vet J 2019; 246:54-58. [PMID: 30902189 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bovine paratuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease of cattle, caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). This is the second in a two-part review of the epidemiology and control of paratuberculosis in dairy herds. Several negative production effects associated with MAP infection have been described, but perhaps the most significant concern in relation to the importance of paratuberculosis as a disease of dairy cattle is the potential link with Crohn's disease in humans. Milk is considered a potential transmission route to humans and it is recognised that pasteurisation does not necessarily eliminate the bacterium. Therefore, control must also include reduction of the levels of MAP in bulk milk supplied from dairy farms. There is little field evidence in support of specific control measures, although several studies seem to show a decreased prevalence associated with the implementation of a combined management and test-and-cull programme. Improvements in vaccination efficacy and reduced tuberculosis (TB) test interference may increase uptake of vaccination as a control option. Farmer adoption of best practice recommendations at farm level for the control of endemic diseases can be challenging. Improved understanding of farmer behaviour and decision making will help in developing improved communication strategies which may be more efficacious in affecting behavioural change on farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor G McAloon
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Steven Roche
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Caroline Ritter
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Paul Whyte
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simon J More
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luke O'Grady
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin J Green
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L Doherty
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
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18
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McAloon CG, Roche S, Ritter C, Barkema HW, Whyte P, More SJ, O'Grady L, Green MJ, Doherty ML. A review of paratuberculosis in dairy herds - Part 1: Epidemiology. Vet J 2019; 246:59-65. [PMID: 30902190 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bovine paratuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease of cattle caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). This is the first in a two-part review of the epidemiology and control of paratuberculosis in dairy herds. Paratuberculosis was originally described in 1895 and is now considered endemic among farmed cattle worldwide. MAP has been isolated from a wide range of non-ruminant wildlife as well as humans and non-human primates. In dairy herds, MAP is assumed to be introduced predominantly through the purchase of infected stock with additional factors modulating the risk of persistence or fade-out once an infected animal is introduced. Faecal shedding may vary widely between individuals and recent modelling work has shed some light on the role of super-shedding animals in the transmission of MAP within herds. Recent experimental work has revisited many of the assumptions around age susceptibility, faecal shedding in calves and calf-to-calf transmission. Further efforts to elucidate the relative contributions of different transmission routes to the dissemination of infection in endemic herds will aid in the prioritisation of efforts for control on farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor G McAloon
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Steven Roche
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Caroline Ritter
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Paul Whyte
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simon J More
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luke O'Grady
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin J Green
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L Doherty
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
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19
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Devitt C, Graham DA, O'Flaherty J, Strain S, Citer L. Veterinary experiences of a Johne's disease control programme in Ireland. Vet Rec 2018; 183:193. [PMID: 29705739 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Devitt
- UCD Planning and Environmental Policy, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David A Graham
- Animal Health Ireland, Carrick on Shannon, Leitrim, Ireland
| | - Joe O'Flaherty
- Animal Health Ireland, Carrick on Shannon, Leitrim, Ireland
| | - Sam Strain
- Animal Health and Welfare Northern Ireland, Animal Health Ireland, Dungannon, Northern Ireland
| | - Lorna Citer
- Animal Health Ireland, Carrick on Shannon, Leitrim, Ireland
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Strain
- Animal Health & Welfare Northern Ireland; Dungannon BT71 6JT UK
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