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Du X, Liu M, Trevisi E, Ju L, Yang Y, Gao W, Song Y, Lei L, Zolzaya M, Li X, Fang Z, Liu G. Expression of hepatic genes involved in bile acid metabolism in dairy cows with fatty liver. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00833-6. [PMID: 38825110 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Bile acids are cholesterol-derived molecules that are primarily produced in the liver. In nonruminants with fatty liver, overproduction of bile acids is associated with liver injury. During the transition period, fatty liver is a metabolic disorder that can affect up to 50% of high-producing dairy cows. The purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive evaluation on hepatic bile acid metabolism in dairy cows with fatty liver by assessing expression changes of genes involved in bile acid synthesis, export and uptake. The serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase and concentration of total bile acids were all greater, whereas serum concentration of total cholesterol was lower in cows with fatty liver than in healthy cows. Content of total bile acids was higher but total cholesterol was slightly lower in liver tissues from fatty liver cows than from healthy cows. The hepatic mRNA abundance of cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 β- and steroid delta-isomerase 7 (HSD3B7) and sterol 12α-hydroxylase (CYP8B1), enzymes involved in the classic pathway of bile acid synthesis, was higher in fatty liver cows than in healthy cows. Compared with healthy cows, the hepatic mRNA abundance of alternative bile acid synthesis pathway-related genes sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) and oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) did not differ in cows with fatty liver. The protein and mRNA abundance of bile acid transporter bile salt efflux pump (BSEP) were lower in the liver of dairy cow with fatty liver. Compared with healthy cows, the hepatic mRNA abundance of bile acid transporters solute carrier family 51 subunit α (SLC51A), ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 1 (ABCC1) and 3 (ABCC3) was greater in cows with fatty liver, whereas the solute carrier family 51 subunit β (SLC51B) did not differ. The expression of genes involved in bile acid uptake, including solute carrier family 10 member 1 (NTCP), solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2 (SLCO1A2) and 2B1 (SLCO2B1) was upregulated in dairy cows with fatty liver. Furthermore, the hepatic protein and mRNA abundance of bile acid metabolism regulators farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and small heterodimer partner (SHP) were lower in cows with fatty liver than in healthy cows. Overall, these data suggest that inhibition of FXR signaling pathway may lead to the increased bile acid synthesis and uptake and decreased secretion of bile acids from hepatocytes to the bile, which elevates hepatic bile acids content in dairy cows with fatty liver. As the hepatotoxicity of bile acids has been demonstrated on nonruminant hepatocytes, it is likely that the liver injury is induced by increased hepatic bile acids content in dairy cows with fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiliang Du
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Mingchao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Erminio Trevisi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Lingxue Ju
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yuting Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Wenwen Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yuxiang Song
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lin Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Majigsuren Zolzaya
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian Mongolian University of Life Sciences (MULS)
| | - Xinwei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zhiyuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Guowen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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Barcarolo D, Angeli E, Etchevers L, Ribas LE, Matiller V, Rey F, Ortega HH, Hein GJ. Effect of Parenteral Supplementation of Minerals and Vitamins on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Hepatic Fatty Acid Metabolism in Dairy Cows During the Transition Period. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:1582-1593. [PMID: 37466757 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03776-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
In the present work we aimed to study the effects of parenteral vitamin and mineral supplementation on hepatic fatty acid metabolism as well as on the oxidative stress biomarkers in biological samples of transition cows. The supplemented group (SG, n = 11) received a subcutaneous injection of 5 mL of vitamin A palmitate 35 mg/mL, vitamin E acetate 50 mg/mL plus other injection of 5 mL of copper edetate 10 mg/mL, zinc edetate 40 mg/mL, manganese edetate 10 mg/mL, and sodium selenite 5 mg/mL on days - 60, - 30, and 7 (± 3) relative to calving. The control group (CG, n = 11) received two subcutaneous injections of 5 mL of 9 mg/mL sodium chloride at the same times of the SG. Blood, urine, and liver biopsies were sampled 21 (± 3) days before the expected calving date and 7 and 21 (± 3) days after calving. Results revealed that supplemented animals had higher glutation peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, lower and higher concentration of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) in the liver and plasma, respectively, higher expression of the mitochondrial beta-oxidation enzyme carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 in the liver, and lower content of hepatic triacylglycerol, mirroring plasma liver function parameters. No differences between groups were found in the superoxide dismutase activity, MDA concentrations, the protein abundance of peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase 1, diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha. These results suggest that the vitamin and mineral supplementation provided to dairy cows had a beneficial effect on GSH-Px activity, hepatic 3-NT concentration, and on the metabolic adaptation during the peripartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana Barcarolo
- Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), R. P. Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Emmanuel Angeli
- Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), R. P. Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Lucas Etchevers
- Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), R. P. Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Lucas E Ribas
- Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), R. P. Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Centro Universitario Gálvez, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Gálvez, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Valentina Matiller
- Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), R. P. Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Florencia Rey
- Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), R. P. Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Hugo H Ortega
- Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), R. P. Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gustavo J Hein
- Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), R. P. Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Centro Universitario Gálvez, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Gálvez, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Wang GY, Qin SL, Zheng YN, Geng HJ, Chen L, Yao JH, Deng L. Propionate promotes gluconeogenesis by regulating mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in calf hepatocytes. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 15:88-98. [PMID: 37841648 PMCID: PMC10568569 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing hepatic gluconeogenesis is one of the main modes of meeting the glucose requirement of dairy cows. This study attempted to determine whether the gluconeogenesis precursor propionate had an effect on the expression of the main genes involved in gluconeogenesis in calf hepatocytes and elucidate the associated mechanisms. Calf hepatocytes were obtained from 5 healthy calves (1 d old; 30 to 40 kg) and exposed to 0-, 1-, 2.5-, or 5-mM sodium propionate (NaP), which is known to promote the expression of genes involved in the gluconeogenesis pathway, including fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and glucose-6-phosphatase. With regard to the underlying mechanism, propionate promoted the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4, and forkhead box O1 (transcription factors that regulate the expression of hepatic gluconeogenic genes) by promoting mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), but inhibiting mTORC2 activity (P < 0.01). We also established a model of palmitic acid (PA)-induced hepatic injury in calf hepatocytes and found that PA could inhibit the gluconeogenic capacity of calf hepatocytes by suppressing the expression of gluconeogenic genes, inhibiting mTORC1, and promoting the activity of mTORC2 (P < 0.01). In contrast, NaP provided protection to calf hepatocytes by counteracting the inhibitory effect of PA on the gluconeogenic capacity of calf hepatocytes (P < 0.05). Collectively, these findings indicate that NaP enhances the gluconeogenic capacity of calf hepatocytes by regulating the mTOR pathway activity. Thus, in addition to improving the glucose production potential, propionate may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of hepatic injury in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi Ning Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hui Jun Geng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jun Hu Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lu Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Martens H. [The lipidosis in the liver of the dairy cow: Part 2 Genetic predisposition and prophylaxis]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2023; 51:305-313. [PMID: 37956673 DOI: 10.1055/a-2178-8847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic lipidosis in dairy cows is the result of a disturbed balance between the uptake of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), their metabolism in the hepatocytes, and the limited efflux of TG as very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Lipidosis and the associated risk for ketosis represents a consequence of selecting dairy cows primarily for milk production without considering the basic physiological mechanisms of this trait. The overall risk for lipidosis and ketosis possesses a genetic background and the recently released new breeding value of the German Holstein Friesian cows now sets the path for correction of this risk and in that confirms the assumed genetic threat. Ectopic fat deposition in the liver is the result of various steps including lipolysis, uptake of fat by the liver cell, its metabolism, and finally release as very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). These reactions may be modulated directly or indirectly and hence, serve as basis for prophylactic measures. The pertaining methods are described in order to support an improved understanding of the pathogenesis of lipidosis and ketosis. They consist of feeding a glucogenic diet, restricted feeding during the close-up time as well as supplementation with choline, niacin, carnitine, or the reduction of milking frequency. Prophylactic measures for the prevention of ketosis are also included in this discussion.
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Barć J, Flaga J, Kozubek A, Kowalski ZM. Short Culture of Bovine Hepatocytes Biopsied from Dairy Cows as a Model for Toxicological Studies-CYP 1A1 Activity Response to Zearalenone Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12344. [PMID: 37569719 PMCID: PMC10418373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study presents a simple and cost-effective method for isolating hepatocytes from liver biopsies obtained from healthy and ketotic dairy cows, which can be utilized for studying cellular metabolism, drug toxicity, and hepatocyte-specific gene function and regulation. The expression of hepatocyte marker genes (G6PC, ALB, CYP1A2) was measured and found to be highest at 6 h post-isolation, with a subsequent decrease over time. Cells isolated from ketotic livers exhibited lower expression levels than those from healthy livers. Furthermore, for the functional characterization of ketotic hepatocytes, the cells were exposed to varying doses of zearalenone (ZEA). While doses of 10-50 µM did not affect cell viability, the highest dose of ZEA (100 µM) significantly decreased cell viability, as measured using XTT assay. Additionally, the potential induction of cytochrome P450 A1 (CYP1A1) by ZEA was found. Despite limitations such as a short-term culture, this model provides a useful tool for conducting toxicological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Barć
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (J.F.); (Z.M.K.)
| | - Jadwiga Flaga
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (J.F.); (Z.M.K.)
| | - Anna Kozubek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Zygmunt Maciej Kowalski
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (J.F.); (Z.M.K.)
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Liver Disorders Associated with Metabolic Imbalances in Dairy Cows. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2022; 38:433-446. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Pralle RS, Holdorf HT, Caputo Oliveira R, Seely CR, Kendall SJ, White HM. Prediction of Liver Triglyceride Content in Early Lactation Multiparous Holstein Cows Using Blood Metabolite, Mineral, and Protein Biomarker Concentrations. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192556. [PMID: 36230297 PMCID: PMC9558982 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine fatty liver syndrome (bFLS) is difficult to diagnose because a liver tissue biopsy is required to assess liver triglyceride (TG) content. We hypothesized that a blood biomarker panel could be a convenient alternative method of liver TG content assessment and bFLS diagnosis. Our objectives were to predict liver TG using blood biomarker concentrations across days in milk (DIM; longitudinal, LT) or at a single timepoint (ST; 3, 7, or 14 DIM), as well as different biomarker combination based on their perceived accessibility. Data from two separate experiments (n = 65 cows) was used for model training and validation. Response variables were based on the maximum liver TG observed in 1 and 14 DIM liver biopsies: Max TG (continuous), Low TG (TG > 13.3% dry matter; DM), Median TG (TG > 17.1% DM), and High TG (TG > 22.0% DM). Model performance varied but High TG was well predicted by sparse partial least squares—discriminate analysis models using LT and ST data, achieving balanced error rates ≤ 15.4% for several model variations during cross-validation. In conclusion, blood biomarker panels using 7 DIM, 14 DIM, or LT data may be a useful diagnostic tool for bFLS in research and field settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S. Pralle
- School of Agriculture, University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Platteville, WI 53818, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-608-342-1244
| | - Henry T. Holdorf
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Rafael Caputo Oliveira
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Claira R. Seely
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sophia J. Kendall
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Heather M. White
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Abstract
Glucose plays a central role in numerous physiological processes in dairy cows related to immune defence and milk production. A lack of glucose impairs both objectives, although to different degrees. A method for the estimation of glucose balance (GB) in dairy cows was developed to assess glucose reserves in the intermediary metabolism. Digestive fluxes of glucogenic carbon were individually estimated via the Systool Web application based on data on body weight (BW), dry matter intake (DMI), and chemical analyses of feedstuffs. Fluxes of endogenous precursors glycerol, alanine and L-lactate and the glucose demand imposed by major glucose-consuming organs were deduced from BW, lactose yield and lactation stage. GB was calculated for 201 lactations (1 to 105 DIM) of 157 cows fed isoenergetic rations. Individual DMI, BW and milk yield were assessed on a daily basis. The results showed that the GB varied greatly between cows and lactation stages. In the first week of lactation, average daily GB reached levels close to zero (3.2 ± 13.5 mol C) and increased as lactation progressed. Most cows risk substantial shortages of glucose for maintenance during the first weeks of lactation. In face of the specific role of glucose for the functional capability of the immune function, the assessment of glucose reserves is a promising measure for the identification of cows at risk of impaired immunocompetence.
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Tesseraud S, Avril P, Bonnet M, Bonnieu A, Cassar-Malek I, Chabi B, Dessauge F, Gabillard JC, Perruchot MH, Seiliez I. Autophagy in farm animals: current knowledge and future challenges. Autophagy 2021; 17:1809-1827. [PMID: 32686564 PMCID: PMC8386602 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1798064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy (a process of cellular self-eating) is a conserved cellular degradative process that plays important roles in maintaining homeostasis and preventing nutritional, metabolic, and infection-mediated stresses. Surprisingly, little attention has been paid to the role of this cellular function in species of agronomical interest, and the details of how autophagy functions in the development of phenotypes of agricultural interest remain largely unexplored. Here, we first provide a brief description of the main mechanisms involved in autophagy, then review our current knowledge regarding autophagy in species of agronomical interest, with particular attention to physiological functions supporting livestock animal production, and finally assess the potential of translating the acquired knowledge to improve animal development, growth and health in the context of growing social, economic and environmental challenges for agriculture.Abbreviations: AKT: AKT serine/threonine kinase; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ASC: adipose-derived stem cells; ATG: autophagy-related; BECN1: beclin 1; BNIP3: BCL2 interacting protein 3; BVDV: bovine viral diarrhea virus; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CMA: chaperone-mediated autophagy; CTSB: cathepsin B; CTSD: cathepsin D; DAP: Death-Associated Protein; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; GFP: green fluorescent protein; Gln: Glutamine; HSPA8/HSC70: heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 8; IF: immunofluorescence; IVP: in vitro produced; LAMP2A: lysosomal associated membrane protein 2A; LMS: lysosomal membrane stability; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MDBK: Madin-Darby bovine kidney; MSC: mesenchymal stem cells; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MTORC1: MTOR complex 1; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; NDV: Newcastle disease virus; NECTIN4: nectin cell adhesion molecule 4; NOD1: nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1; OCD: osteochondritis dissecans; OEC: oviduct epithelial cells; OPTN: optineurin; PI3K: phosphoinositide-3-kinase; PPRV: peste des petits ruminants virus; RHDV: rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TEM: transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pascale Avril
- INRAE, UAR1247 Aquapôle, Saint Pée Sur Nivelle, France
| | - Muriel Bonnet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Anne Bonnieu
- DMEM, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Cassar-Malek
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | | | - Frédéric Dessauge
- INRAE, UMR1348 PEGASE, Saint-Gilles, France
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1348 PEGASE, Rennes, France
| | | | - Marie-Hélène Perruchot
- INRAE, UMR1348 PEGASE, Saint-Gilles, France
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1348 PEGASE, Rennes, France
| | - Iban Seiliez
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, INRAE, UMR1419 Nutrition Métabolisme et Aquaculture, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
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Leal Yepes FA, Mann S, Overton TR, Behling-Kelly E, Nydam DV, Wakshlag JJ. Hepatic effects of rumen-protected branched-chain amino acids with or without propylene glycol supplementation in dairy cows during early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:10324-10337. [PMID: 34176626 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Essential amino acids (EAA) are critical for multiple physiological processes. Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation provides energy substrates, promotes protein synthesis, and stimulates insulin secretion in rodents and humans. Most dairy cows face a protein and energy deficit during the first weeks postpartum and utilize body reserves to counteract this shortage. The objective was to evaluate the effect of rumen-protected BCAA (RP-BCAA; 375 g of 27% l-leucine, 85 g of 48% l-isoleucine, and 91 g of 67% l-valine) with or without oral propylene glycol (PG) administration on markers of liver health status, concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in plasma, and liver triglycerides (TG) during the early postpartum period in dairy cows. Multiparous Holstein cows were enrolled in blocks of 3 and randomly assigned to either the control group or 1 of the 2 treatments from calving until 35 d postpartum. The control group (n = 16) received 200 g of dry molasses per cow/d; the RP-BCAA group (n = 14) received RP-BCAA mixed with 200 g of dry molasses per cow/d; the RP-BCAA plus PG (RP-BCAAPG) group (n = 16) received RP-BCAA mixed with 200 g of dry molasses per cow/d, plus 300 mL of PG, once daily from calving until 7 d in milk (DIM). The RP-BCAA and RP-BCAAGP groups, on average (± standard deviation), were predicted to receive a greater supply of metabolizable protein in the form of l-Leu 27.4 ± 3.5 g/d, l-Ile 15.2 ± 1.8 g/d, and l-Val 24.2 ± 2.4 g/d compared with the control cows. Liver biopsies were collected at d 9 ± 4 prepartum and at 5 ± 1 and 21 ± 1 DIM. Blood was sampled 3 times per week from calving until 21 DIM. Milk yield, dry matter intake, NEFA, BHB, EAA blood concentration, serum chemistry, insulin, glucagon, and liver TG and protein abundance of total and phosphorylated branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase E1α (p-BCKDH-E1α) were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Cows in the RP-BCAA and RP-BCAAPG groups had lower liver TG and lower activities of aspartate aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase during the first 21 DIM, compared with control. All cows, regardless of treatment, showed an upregulation of p-BCKDH-E1α at d 5 postpartum, compared with levels at 21 d postpartum. Insulin, Met, and Glu blood concentration were greater in RP-BCAA and RP-BCAAPG compared with control during the first 35 DIM. Therefore, the use of RP-BCAA in combination with PG might be a feasible option to reduce hepatic lipidosis in dairy cows during early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Leal Yepes
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
| | - S Mann
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - T R Overton
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - E Behling-Kelly
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - D V Nydam
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - J J Wakshlag
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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11
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Welboren AC, Hatew B, López-Campos O, Cant JP, Leal LN, Martín-Tereso J, Steele MA. Effects of energy source in milk replacer on glucose metabolism of neonatal dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:5009-5020. [PMID: 33612241 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Milk replacers (MR) formulated to contain more lactose than whole milk could potentially reduce insulin sensitivity in dairy calves. This study evaluated how partially replacing lactose in MR with fat on a weight/weight basis affects glucose-insulin kinetics in neonatal dairy calves fed high quantities of MR. Thirty-four Holstein bull calves were blocked by dam parity (1.6 ± 0.3) and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments (n = 17): a high-lactose MR (HL; 46.1% lactose, 18.0% crude fat, and 23.9% crude protein on a dry matter basis) or a high fat MR (HF; 39.9% lactose, 24.6% crude fat, and 24.0% crude protein on a dry matter basis). Calves were individually housed and fed pooled colostrum at 1.5 h and 12 h postnatal at 18 and 9% of metabolic body weight (BW0.75), respectively. From 24 h postnatal until the end of the study (d 7), calves were transitioned to MR (prepared at 150 g/L) at 18% of BW0.75 twice daily at 0700 and 1900 h. On d 4, an insulin-modified intravenous glucose tolerance test was conducted 8 h after the morning meal by intravenous infusion of glucose (0.54 g/kg of BW0.75, min 0) and insulin (3.9 µg/kg of BW0.75, min 20). During postprandial sampling on d 6, abomasal emptying was assessed by dosing acetaminophen (0.13 g/kg of BW0.75) with MR and measuring its appearance within plasma. Sequential blood samples were collected and analyzed for plasma glucose, insulin, and acetaminophen concentrations. Calves were killed on d 7 and liver and pancreatic tissues were collected for histomorphological analysis. Partially replacing lactose in MR with fat increased body weight gain (679.6 vs. 462.0 ± 69.68 g/d) and gain:metabolizable energy intake (186.6 vs. 120.5 ± 20.21 g of body weight/Mcal) compared with feeding HL MR. Furthermore, abomasal emptying rate was reduced in calves fed HF MR. Calculated variables based on postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations, such as maximum concentration or area under the curve, were or tended to be lower in HF than in HL calves. Postprandial insulin sensitivity tended to be reduced in HL compared with HF, although insulin sensitivity estimated from the insulin-modified intravenous glucose tolerance test was not different. Calves fed HF MR showed enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In conclusion, partially replacing lactose in MR with fat resulted in smaller fluctuations in postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations and tended to increase postprandial but not fasting insulin sensitivity in neonatal dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Welboren
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - B Hatew
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada, T6G 2P5
| | - O López-Campos
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB Canada, T4L 1V7
| | - J P Cant
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - L N Leal
- Trouw Nutrition Research and Development, PO Box 299, 3800 AG, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - J Martín-Tereso
- Trouw Nutrition Research and Development, PO Box 299, 3800 AG, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - M A Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON Canada, N1G 2W1; Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada, T6G 2P5.
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12
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Durrer M, Mevissen M, Holinger M, Hamburger M, Graf-Schiller S, Mayer P, Potterat O, Bruckmaier R, Walkenhorst M. Effects of a Multicomponent Herbal Extract on the Course of Subclinical Ketosis in Dairy Cows - a Blinded Placebo-controlled Field-study. PLANTA MEDICA 2020; 86:1375-1388. [PMID: 33003231 DOI: 10.1055/a-1260-3148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A blinded placebo-controlled multi-center on-farm trial was conducted in dairy cows with subclinical ketosis to investigate effects of a multicomponent herbal extract. Blood ketone levels were measured weekly in early lactating cows from 16 Swiss herds. Cows were subclassified based on their initial blood-β-hydroxybutyrate levels (≥ 1.0 [KET-low, 84 cows] and > 1.2 mmol/L [KET-high, 39 cows]) and randomly distributed to 3 groups treated orally with herbal extract containing Camellia sinensis, Cichcorium intybus, Gentiana lutea, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Taraxacum officinale, Trigonella foenum-graecum, and Zingiber officinale, sodium propionate, or placebo twice a day for 5 days. Milk yield, milk acetone, blood-β-hydroxybutyrate, glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and glutamate dehydrogenase were analyzed over 2 wk. Linear mixed effect models were used for data analysis. No effects were found for nonesterifed fatty acids, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and glucose. Significantly higher glutamate dehydrogenase (29.71 U/L) values were found in herbal extract-treated animals compared to sodium propionate on day 7 (22.33 U/L). By trend, higher blood-β-hydroxybutyrate levels (1.36 mmol/L) were found in the placebo group of KET-high-cows on day 14 compared to the sodium propionate group (0.91 mmol/L). Milk yields of all treatment groups increased. Milking time and treatment showed a significant interaction for milk acetone: sodium propionate led to an immediate decrease, whereas herbal extracts resulted in a milk acetone decrease from day 7 on, reaching significantly lower milk acetone on day 14 (3.17 mg/L) when compared to placebo (4.89 mg/L). In conclusion, herbal extracts and sodium propionate are both likely to improve subclinical ketosis in dairy cows, however, by different modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Durrer
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Livestock Science, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland
| | - Meike Mevissen
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam Holinger
- Department of Livestock Science, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Hamburger
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Olivier Potterat
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rupert Bruckmaier
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Walkenhorst
- Department of Livestock Science, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland
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13
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Duplessis M, Blais L, Poisson W, Girard CL. Technical note: Extrapolation of hepatic glycogen concentration of the whole organ by performing a liver biopsy. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:4858-4862. [PMID: 32113751 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen, a complex polysaccharide, is the form of storage of glucose in mammals that can be released rapidly when needed. Recent studies have mainly reported hepatic glycogen concentration for early-lactating cows, when the energy demand is higher than the energy supply from dry matter intake, driving the cow to use the energy stored as hepatic glycogen. Generally, liver samples are obtained through percutaneous needle biopsies in the right lobe of the liver. Our objective was to analyze the variation of glycogen concentration in the livers of Holstein and Jersey cows among different liver locations representing all lobes, to evaluate whether samples obtained by liver biopsies are representative of the whole organ. Liver from 10 culled lactating cows (5 Holstein and 5 Jersey cows) from 30 to 113 mo of age at slaughter were obtained. Each liver was sampled no more than 3 h after death on the following sites: 3 sites in the right lobe (1 to 3), 2 in the diaphragmatic surface of the left lobe (4 and 5), 3 in the visceral surface of the left lobe (6 to 8), 1 in the quadrate lobe (9), and 1 in the caudate lobe (10). Samples were snap frozen in liquid N2 and were then analyzed for glucose concentration after conversion of glycogen to glucose using amyloglucosidase (EC 3.2.1.3). Glycogen results are reported as grams of glucose per 100 g of wet weight of liver (i.e., percent of wet weight of liver). Liver weights averaged 5.1 [standard deviation (SD) 1.2, minimum 3.3, maximum 6.2] kg for Holstein and 6.0 (SD 1.8, minimum 4.7, maximum 8.9) kg for Jersey cows. Holstein cows [1.31, standard error of the mean (SEM) 0.05% of wet weight] had greater liver glycogen concentration than did Jersey cows (0.75, SEM 0.05% of wet weight). No significant difference was noted among the 10 liver locations regarding glycogen concentration and averaged, for both breeds, 1.03% of wet weight (SEM 0.10). These results suggest that, in dairy cows, percutaneous needle liver biopsy in the right lobe is an accurate technique to fairly extrapolate glycogen concentration of the whole organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Duplessis
- Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, Centre de recherche et développement de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada.
| | - L Blais
- Département de microbiologie et d'infectiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - W Poisson
- Département des sciences animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - C L Girard
- Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, Centre de recherche et développement de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada
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14
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Grünberg W, Witte S, Cohrs I, Golbeck L, Brouwers JF, Müller AE, Schmicke M. Liver phosphorus content and liver function in states of phosphorus deficiency in transition dairy cows. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219546. [PMID: 31329617 PMCID: PMC6645509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) deficiency in early lactating dairy cows is receiving increased attention because of incentives aiming at curtailing environmental pollution with P by reducing dietary P in ruminant diets. An in-vitro study using bovine hepatocytes incubated for 7 days with phosphate (Pi) concentrations of 0.9, 1.8 or 2.7 mmol/L, and an in-vivo study feeding late pregnant dairy cows diets with either adequate (0.28% and 0.44% in DM ante-partum and post-partum respectively) or low P content (0.15% and 0.20% in DM ante-partum and post-partum respectively) from 4 weeks before to 4 weeks after calving were conducted to explore effects of P deprivation on liver function. In vitro the relative abundance of mRNA of key enzymes of the carbohydrate metabolism in incubated hepatocytes and liver metabolites in culture medium were determined. In vivo health and productivity of experimental cows on low and adequate dietary P supply were monitored, and liver tissue and blood samples were obtained repeatedly. Liver tissue was assayed for its triacylglycerol-, mineral and water content as well as for the relative abundance of mRNA of enzymes of the carbohydrate-, fat- and protein metabolism. Reduced Pi-availability was not associated with altered enzyme transcription rates or metabolic activity in-vitro. The most prominent clinical finding associated with P deprivation in-vivo was feed intake depression developing after the first week of lactation. Accordingly cows on low P diets had lower milk yield and showed more pronounced increases in liver triacylglycerol after calving. Although the liver P content decreased in P deficient cows, neither negative effects on enzyme transcription rates nor on blood parameters indicative of impaired liver metabolic activity or liver injury were identified. These results indicate the P deprivation only indirectly affects the liver through exacerbation of the negative energy balance occurring as P deficient cows become anorectic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Grünberg
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany.,Dept. Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Witte
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Imke Cohrs
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Lennart Golbeck
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Jos F Brouwers
- Dept. Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - M Schmicke
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
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15
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Liver fatty acid metabolism associations with reproductive performance of dairy cattle. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 208:106104. [PMID: 31405453 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The peri-calving period is characterized by a negative energy balance, which leads to lipid mobilization. Thus, during this period, the liver has important functions related to optimizing milk yield, preventing metabolic and infectious diseases, and improving fertility. To clarify the relationship between liver fatty acid metabolism and reproductive performance, the present study was conducted to assess the abundance of specific hepatic proteins related to lipid metabolism in both plasma and follicular fluid in dairy cattle with different days to conception (DC). Sixteen animals were grouped according to DC, as more and fewer DC (MDC and FDC, respectively). Blood and liver biopsies were sampled 14 days before the expected calving date and 4, 14 and 28 days after calving. The plasma beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) concentrations and the liver triacylglycerol (TAG) content were greater in the MDC group (P < 0.05), whereas the protein abundance of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 was greater in the FDC group (P < 0.05). Additionally, total bilirubin (TBil) concentration was less in the FDC than MDC group on day 28 (P < 0.05). These results indicate lipid mobilization and liver fatty acid oxidation capacity in dairy cows could contribute to the adaptations and reproductive performance.
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16
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Angeli E, Trionfini V, Gareis NC, Matiller V, Huber E, Rey F, Salvetti NR, Ortega HH, Hein GJ. Protein and gene expression of relevant enzymes and nuclear receptor of hepatic lipid metabolism in grazing dairy cattle during the transition period. Res Vet Sci 2019; 123:223-231. [PMID: 30684909 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to study the protein and gene expression of some hepatic enzymes of lipid metabolism along with plasma biomarkers in grazing dairy cattle during the transition period. Blood and liver biopsies from a group of eight multiparous cows were sampled at -28, -14, +4, +14, +28 and +56 days relative to parturition. Peak concentrations of NEFA and beta-hydroxybutyric acid with high triacylglycerol content in the liver were recorded on day 4 postpartum. Consistent with blood biomarkers, the gene expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) and acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1) increased, whereas that of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) decreased. Nevertheless, CPT1A protein expression did not change during all the period evaluated and ACOX1 protein expression increased on day 56 postpartum. In addition, the protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-alpha) increased on day 28 postpartum. On the other hand, DGAT1 protein expression decreased on day 14 postpartum. As expected, the expression of genes associated with fatty acid oxidation increased on the first days postpartum but, notably, protein expression was highest after transition. Since most infectious diseases and metabolic disorders in dairy cattle occur particularly on the first days postpartum, it is not so clear whether an increase in the oxidation capacity of the liver at that time could help to prevent disease and improve dairy production. The valuable results about protein expression of enzymes involved in liver lipid metabolism could help to better characterize the metabolism of dairy cattle during the transition period.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Angeli
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - V Trionfini
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - N C Gareis
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - V Matiller
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - E Huber
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - F Rey
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - N R Salvetti
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - H H Ortega
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - G J Hein
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Centro Universitario Gálvez, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Gálvez, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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