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Huffman J, Drouin P, Renaud JB, Dunière L, LaPointe G. Farm management practices and season dependent factors affect the microbial community and chemical profile of corn and grass-legume silages of farms in Ontario, Québec, and Northern New York. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1214915. [PMID: 37538849 PMCID: PMC10394519 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1214915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of farm management practices and seasonal variation on the microbial community and chemical composition of corn and grass-legume silage are largely understudied due to the advantages of controlled mini-silo experiments. This study aims to investigate the effects that some key farm factors (use of an inoculant, farm region, and bunker or tower silo) and seasonal variations have on corn and grass-legume silage from farms across Ontario, Quebec, and New York. The silage was either treated with a commercial inoculant (Lallemand Biotal Buchneri 500® or Chr Hansen SiloSolve FC®) or left untreated. The bacterial communities of silage were compared to those of raw bulk tank milk from the same farm to determine if they were similarly affected by management practices or seasonal variations. Family level analysis of the 16S rRNA V3-V4 gene amplicon bacterial community, the ITS1 amplicon fungal community, NMR water soluble metabolome, and mycotoxin LC-MS were performed on silage over a two-year period. Chemical compounds associated with the use of inoculants in corn and grass-legume silage were higher in inoculated corn (acetate, propane-1,2-diol, γ-aminobutyrate; p < 0.001) and grass-legume (propionate; p = 0.011). However, there was no significant difference in the relative abundance (RA) of Lactobacillaceae in either silage type. Leuconostocaceae was higher in non-inoculated corn (p < 0.001) and grass-legume (p < 0.001) silage than in inoculated silage. Tower silos had higher RA of Leuconostocaceae (p < 0.001) and higher pH (p < 0.001) in corn and grass-legume silage. The one farm that used liquid manure with no other fertilizer type had higher RA of Clostridiaceae (p = 0.045) and other rumen/fecal (p < 0.006) bacteria in grass-legume silage than all other farms. Seasonal variation affected most of the key silage microbial families, however the trends were rarely visible across both years. Few trends in microbial variation could be observed in both silage and bulk tank milk: two farms had higher Moraxellaceae (p < 0.001) in milk and either corn or grass-legume silage. In farms using an inoculant, lower Staphylococcaceae was observed in the raw bulk tank milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Huffman
- Department of Food Science, Dairy at Guelph, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Pascal Drouin
- Independent Researcher, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC, Canada
| | - Justin B. Renaud
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Center, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Gisèle LaPointe
- Department of Food Science, Dairy at Guelph, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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2
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Ridwan R, Abdelbagi M, Sofyan A, Fidriyanto R, Astuti WD, Fitri A, Sholikin MM, Rohmatussolihat, Sarwono KA, Jayanegara A, Widyastuti Y. A meta-analysis to observe silage microbiome differentiated by the use of inoculant and type of raw material. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1063333. [PMID: 36910222 PMCID: PMC9998704 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1063333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Silage fermentation is naturally carried out by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to mainly produce lactic acid (LA) and other organic acids as preservatives. Along with fermentation time, the growth of LAB will replace and suppress undesirable microorganisms. This meta-analysis study aimed to explore silage microbiome differentiated by LAB inoculants and type of raw materials. A total of 37 articles with 185 studies and 475 datasets were used for building up the meta-database. Data were subjected to the mixed model methodology. The parameters observed were silage quality and silage microbiome post-ensiling process. Results revealed that four bacterial genera along with Weissella dominated the post-ensiling process. The addition of lactic acid inoculants in the silage has increased the abundance of Lactobacillus spp. and decreased the Shannon index significantly. Moreover, the abundance of both L. plantarum and L. buchneri increased, and subsequently, Weissella, Pseudomonas, Proteobacteria, pH value, ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), coliforms, and the yeasts were decreased significantly due to the addition of LAB inoculants in silage (p < 0.05). Environmental factors such as temperature affected the existence of Pseudomonas, Exiguobacterium, and Acinetobacter. However, the dry matter, LA, acetic acid (AA), the ratio of LA to AA, and the LAB population were enhanced significantly (p < 0.05). Among the LAB types, the lowest abundance of Pseudomonas was due to the LAB group, while the lowest abundance of Weissella and Proteobacteria was due to the addition of the combined LAB group. In conclusion, the addition of LAB is effectively enhancing the silage microbiome and silage quality by altering bacterial diversity and the metabolic products of the silage materials for safe preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Ridwan
- Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.,Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Mohammed Abdelbagi
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia.,Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Production University of Khartoum, Khartoum North, Sudan.,Study Program of Nutrition and Feed Science, Graduate School of IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Sofyan
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia.,Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Rusli Fidriyanto
- Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.,Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia.,Study Program of Nutrition and Feed Science, Graduate School of IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Wulansih D Astuti
- Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.,Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Ainissya Fitri
- Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.,Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Mohammad M Sholikin
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia.,Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Rohmatussolihat
- Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.,Study Program of Nutrition and Feed Science, Graduate School of IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Ki A Sarwono
- Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.,Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Anuraga Jayanegara
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia.,Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Yantyati Widyastuti
- Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
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3
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Franco M, Tapio I, Rinne M. Preservation characteristics and bacterial communities of crimped ensiled barley grains modulated by moisture content and additive application. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1092062. [PMID: 36620026 PMCID: PMC9812522 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1092062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Information about the relationships between preservation characteristics and main bacterial communities of fermented feeds can guide decision making during feed preservation and silage additive development. The objective was to evaluate fermentation quality, aerobic stability, microbial quality and bacterial profile of crimped barley grains ensiled under three moisture contents (MC): 228 (low MC), 287 (medium MC) and 345 (high MC) g/kg fresh matter; and using four additive treatments: 1. Control (CONT), 2. Formic and propionic acid-based additive (FPA), 3. Inoculation with homofermentative and heterofermentative strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and 4. Salt-based additive (SALT). There was a quadratic effect (p < 0.05) of incremental MC on pH where greater decline happened from low (5.81) to medium (4.83) MC than from medium to high (4.28) MC, while lactic acid concentration and aerobic stability increased in a linear manner (p < 0.05). Ammonia-N and acetic acid concentrations increased quadratically (p < 0.05) with increasing levels of MC. The effects of additives depended on MC so that improvements in preservation characteristics in response to LAB and SALT were observed at medium and high MC, while FPA was effective at all MC levels. A minor shift was observed in bacterial ecology from raw material towards low MC samples, with Erwiniaceae sp., Enterobacterales spp. and Pseudomonas dominating the fermentation. A major change occurred in medium and high MC materials, where Fructilactobacillus dominated the fermentation in CONT, FPA and SALT silages. LAB-treated silages at medium and high MC resulted in a distinguished pattern with dominance of Lentilactobacillus followed by Lactiplantibacillus. Most abundant communities in the samples, such as Fructilactobacillus, Erwiniaceae sp., Enterobacterales spp. and Pseudomonas, were correlated with several fermentation characteristics. Our results showed that crimped barley grains could be successfully ensiled under various MC and additive treatments. Low MC feeds had higher risk to be aerobically unstable while high MC resulted in more extensive fermentation, with potentially poor fermentation quality. The suitable additive depends on the raw material characteristics as LAB and SALT require relatively high MC to be effective, while FPA showed consistent improvements over all MC levels used in the current study. Awareness of the MC of grain prior to ensiling allows to identify the risks to preservation quality and provides information for choosing an effective additive.
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Li X, Chen F, Xiong Y, Guo L, Xu J, Lin Y, Ni K, Yang F. Perilla frutescens as potential antimicrobial modifier to against forage oat silage spoilage. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1053933. [PMID: 36605512 PMCID: PMC9807611 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1053933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of Perilla frutescens, alone or in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum a214 or citric acid, on forage oat silage quality, bacterial and fungal microbiological profile during ensiling and aerobic exposure. With the exception of Perilla frutescens, all additives could improve silage quality of forage oat based on lower ammonia-nitrogen content and higher residual of water soluble carbohydrates during anaerobic fermentation compared to control silage, especially in Perilla frutescens combined with citric acid (CAPF). Lactobacillus was the dominant bacteria in all silages, while CAPF group increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus lindneri and Lactobacillus brevis compared to control silage. The application of Perilla frutescens suppressed the relative abundance of yeasts such as Pichia fermentans and Wickerhamomyces anomalus in response to aerobic exposure, especially in CAPF treatment, leading to high acetic acids and lower dry matter loss, as well as good aerobic stability. Therefore, Perilla frutescens, alone or in combination with citric acid, has potential to improve aerobic stability of forage oat silage by shifting bacterial and fungal community composition, and can be used as new additive to prepare high-quality silage for animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Li
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Chen
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Xiong
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Linna Guo
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanli Lin
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China,Beijing Sure Academy of Biosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kuikui Ni
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fuyu Yang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Fuyu Yang,
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Fermentation Characteristics, Microbial Compositions, and Predicted Functional Profiles of Forage Oat Ensiled with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum or Lentilactobacillus buchneri. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8120707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants on the fermentation quality, microbial compositions, and predicted functional profiles of forage oat. The forage oat was inoculated with distilled water, Lentilactobacillus buchneri (LB), and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LP) as the control (CON), LB and LP treatments, respectively, and the addition of Lentilactobacillus buchneri (LB) or Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LP) resulted in 1 × 106 colony-forming units/g of fresh weight. After 30 days of fermentation, the lowest pH (4.23) and the lowest content of ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) in dry matter (DM, 4.39%) were observed in the LP treatment. Interestingly, there was a significant (p < 0.05) difference in lactic acid (LA) concentration among the three treatments. The LP treatment had the highest lactate concentration (7.49% DM). At the same time, a markedly (p < 0.05) elevated acetic acid (AA) concentration (2.48% DM) was detected in the LB treatment. The Shannon and Chao1 indexes of bacterial and fungal communities in all the silage samples decreased compared to those in the fresh materials (FM). Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in the FM group and shifted from Proteobacteria to Firmicutes after ensiling. Lactobacillus (64.87%) and Weissella (18.93%) were the predominant genera in the CON, whereas Lactobacillus dominated the fermentation process in the LB (94.65%) and LP (99.60%) treatments. For the fungal community structure, the major genus was Apiotrichum (21.65% and 60.66%) in the FM and CON groups after 30 days of fermentation. Apiotrichum was the most predominant in the LB and LP treatments, accounting for 52.54% and 34.47%, respectively. The genera Lactococcus, Pediococcus, and Weissella were negatively associated with the LA content. The genus Ustilago and Bulleromyces were positively associated with the LA content. These results suggest that the addition of LAB regulated the microbial community in oat silage, which influenced the ensiling products, and LP was more beneficial for decreasing the pH and NH3-N and increasing the LA concentration than LB in forage oat silage.
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Zhao M, Zhang H, Pan G, Yin H, Sun J, Yu Z, Bai C, Xue Y. Effect of exogenous microorganisms on the fermentation quality, nitrate degradation and bacterial community of sorghum-sudangrass silage. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1052837. [PMID: 36386706 PMCID: PMC9664940 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1052837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effects of adding Lactobacillus buchneri (LB), Lactobacillus brevis (LBR) and Bacillus subtilis (BS) on the fermentation quality, nitrate degradation and bacterial community of sorghum-sudangrass silage. The results showed that the addition of LB significantly increased the pH and acetic acid content (p < 0.05), but high-quality silage was obtained. The addition of LBR and BS improved the fermentation quality of sorghum-sudangrass silage. The use of additives reduced the nitrate content in sorghum-sudangrass silage. The LB group increased the release of N2O at 3–7 days of ensiling (p < 0.05), and LBR and BS increased the release of N2O at 1–40 days of ensiling (p < 0.05). On the first day of ensiling, all silages were dominated by Weisslla, over 3 days of ensiling all silages were dominated by Lactobacillus. Acinetobacter, Serratia, Aquabacterium, and unclassified_f_enterobacteriaceae showed significant negative correlations with nitrate degradation during sorghum-sudangrass ensiling (p < 0.05). The BS and LBR groups increased the metabolic abundance of denitrification, dissimilatory nitrate reduction, and assimilatory nitrate reduction (p < 0.05). Overall, the additive ensures the fermentation quality of sorghum-sudangrass silage and promotes the degradation of nitrate by altering the bacterial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gang Pan
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hang Yin
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Juanjuan Sun
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhu Yu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunsheng Bai
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Chunsheng Bai,
| | - Yanlin Xue
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Microbial Ecology of Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
- Yanlin Xue,
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Agarussi MCN, Pereira OG, Pimentel FE, Azevedo CF, da Silva VP, E Silva FF. Microbiome of rehydrated corn and sorghum grain silages treated with microbial inoculants in different fermentation periods. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16864. [PMID: 36207495 PMCID: PMC9546842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21461-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the co-evolved intricate relationships and mutual influence between changes in the microbiome and silage fermentation quality, we explored the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and Propionibacterium acidipropionici (Inoc1) or Lactobacillus buchneri (Inoc2) inoculants on the diversity and bacterial and fungal community succession of rehydrated corn (CG) and sorghum (SG) grains and their silages using Illumina Miseq sequencing after 0, 3, 7, 21, 90, and 360 days of fermentation. The effects of inoculants on bacterial and fungal succession differed among the grains. Lactobacillus and Weissella species were the main bacteria involved in the fermentation of rehydrated corn and sorghum grain silage. Aspergillus spp. mold was predominant in rehydrated CG fermentation, while the yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus was the major fungus in rehydrated SG silages. The Inoc1 was more efficient than CTRL and Inoc2 in promoting the sharp growth of Lactobacillus spp. and maintaining the stability of the bacterial community during long periods of storage in both grain silages. However, the bacterial and fungal communities of rehydrated corn and sorghum grain silages did not remain stable after 360 days of storage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Odilon Gomes Pereira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Vicosa, Avenida PH. Rolfs, Vicosa, Mina Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Evangelista Pimentel
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Vicosa, Avenida PH. Rolfs, Vicosa, Mina Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Camila Ferreira Azevedo
- Departament of Statistics, Federal University of Vicosa, Avenida PH. Rolfs, Vicosa, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Paula da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Vicosa, Avenida PH. Rolfs, Vicosa, Mina Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Fabyano Fonseca E Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Vicosa, Avenida PH. Rolfs, Vicosa, Mina Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
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Li X, Chen F, Wang X, Xiong Y, Liu Z, Lin Y, Ni K, Yang F. Innovative utilization of herbal residues: Exploring the diversity of mechanisms beneficial to regulate anaerobic fermentation of alfalfa. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 360:127429. [PMID: 35667532 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to increase the utilization of herbal residues, realize efficient utilization of resources, the bacterial community and anaerobic fermentation characteristics of alfalfa ensiling treated with 36 kinds of herbal residues were studied. All the herbal residues improved the anaerobic fermentation quality in different degrees, indicated by lower pH, NH3-N and butyric acid concentrations. However, the contents of lactic and acetic acids varied widely in silage with different herbal residues. Pearson's correlation analysis showed that the improved fermentation quality was closely associated with the variation of lactic acid bacteria community. Consequently, the herbal residues could improve anaerobic fermentation quality by stimulating desirable Lactobacillus species and inhibiting undesirable microbes. This study provides new insights for efficient utilization of herbal residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Li
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Chen
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuekai Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Xiong
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yanli Lin
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kuikui Ni
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fuyu Yang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Time of Day for Harvest Affects the Fermentation Parameters, Bacterial Community, and Metabolic Characteristics of Sorghum-Sudangrass Hybrid Silage. mSphere 2022; 7:e0016822. [PMID: 35862805 PMCID: PMC9429962 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00168-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize the effects of time of day for harvest on the fermentation parameters, bacterial community, and metabolic characteristics of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (SSG) silage, SSG (vegetative stage) harvested at 7:00 (AM), 12:00 (M), and 17:00 (PM) on three sunny days were ensiled for 1, 3, 7, 14, 30, and 60 days. Compared to AM silage, M and PM silages were characterized by delayed fermentation, unnormal lower final pH, and lower acetic acid production. In addition, PM silage contained higher residual water-soluble carbohydrates than other silages. After 60 days of ensiling, AM silage was dominated by Lactobacillus, whereas the bacterial communities of M and PM silages were complex and mainly composed of bacteria such as Delftia, Methylobacterium-Methylorubrum, Enhydrobacter, Acinetobacter, and Bacillus. The harvest time affected a wide range of metabolic pathways including "Metabolism" and "Cellular Processes" and "Organismal Systems" in SSG silage. Particularly, at the late stage of ensiling M silage exhibited highest relative abundances of amino acid metabolisms including "glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism," "phenylalanine metabolism," and lowest relative abundances of "lysine biosynthesis." These results suggest that the time of day for harvest could affect the fermentation parameters, bacterial community, and metabolic characteristics of SSG silage. Better SSG silage characteristics could be achieved through morning harvest. IMPORTANCE Ensiling is a common way for preserving green forages worldwide. Silage fermentation quality can vary greatly depending on the chemical and microbial characteristics of forage crop being ensiled. It is well documented that forages exhibit considerable variations in chemical composition and epiphytic microbiota during daylight. However, the effects of the time of day for harvest on silage fermentation is less investigated. Our results demonstrate that the time of day for harvest could affect the fermentation parameters, bacterial community, and metabolic characteristics of SSG hybrid silage. Harvesting SSG late in the day delayed fermentation process, lowered acetic acid production and final pH, and increased the residual water-soluble carbohydrates content in silage. Moreover, the delayed harvest time increased the relative abundances of bacteria such as Delftia, Methylobacterium-Methylorubrum, Acinetobacter, Enhydrobacter, and Bacillus, and amino acid metabolisms at the late stage of SSG ensiling. This study highlights the importance of diurnal changes in forage to fermentation characteristics, providing a strategy to improve silage quality through optimizing the harvest time.
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Wang W, Yang X, Li J, Dong Z, Zhao J, Shao T, Yuan X. Effects of hexanoic acid on microbial communities, fermentation, and hygienic quality of corn silages infested with toxigenic fungi. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:3522-3534. [PMID: 34841530 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to reveal the effects of hexanoic acid on the microbial communities, fermentation, and the hygienic quality of corn silages with or without fungal infection. Fungal-infested (FI) and non-infested (NFI) whole-crop corn samples were separately ensiled without (control, CON) or with hexanoic acid (Hex, 90% purity) at 0.2 g·kg-1 fresh weight (FW). RESULT The addition of Hex accelerated the pH decline during the first 5 days of ensiling regardless of fungal infestation. The lactic acid (LA) concentration in Hex silages was lower than that in CON during 45 days of ensiling; however the FI-Hex silage had the highest LA concentration among treatments on day 90. The Hex silage showed lower aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ), zearalenone (ZEA), and deoxynivalenol (DON) concentrations than CON for FI silages. On day 5, the addition of Hex decreased the relative abundance of Klebsiella, Pantoea, and Enterobacter compared with CON, regardless of fungal infestation. This inhibitory effect lasted until day 90 for NFI silages but disappeared for FI silages on day 90. The fungal infestation resulted in the accumulation of Candida (34.05%) and Wickerhamomyces (19.46%). Hex decreased the relative abundance of Asperigillus, Issatchenkia, and Penicillium for NFI silages on day 5; however, its inhibitory effects were not observed in FI silages on day 5. CONCLUSION Fungal infestation was associated with poor fermentation and hygienic quality of corn silage. Adding Hex accelerated the pH decline and maintained the antifungal activity until 90 days of ensiling, attenuating adverse effects of fungal infestation on the fermentation and preventing the accumulation of mycotoxins in corn silages. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Wang
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junfeng Li
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhihao Dong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Shao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianjun Yuan
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Wang S, Shao T, Li J, Zhao J, Dong Z. A survey of fermentation parameters, bacterial community compositions and their metabolic pathways during the ensiling of sorghum. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:3563-3577. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.15484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siran Wang
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro‐Grassland Science Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Tao Shao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro‐Grassland Science Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Junfeng Li
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro‐Grassland Science Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro‐Grassland Science Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Zhihao Dong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro‐Grassland Science Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
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12
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Yuan X, Yang X, Wang W, Li J, Dong Z, Zhao J, Shao T. The effects of natamycin and hexanoic acid on the bacterial community, mycotoxins concentrations, fermentation profiles, and aerobic stability of high moisture whole-crop corn silage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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13
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Wang S, Li J, Zhao J, Dong Z, Shao T. An investigation of fermentative profile, microbial numbers, bacterial community diversity and their predicted metabolic characteristics in Sudangrass ( Sorghum sudanense Stapf.) silages. Anim Biosci 2022; 35:1162-1173. [PMID: 34991212 PMCID: PMC9262718 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the fermentation profiles, bacterial community and predicted metabolic characteristics of Sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense Stapf.) during ensiling. Methods First-cutting Sudangrass was harvested at the vegetative stage and ensiled in laboratory-scale silos (1 L capacity). Triplicate silos were sampled after 1, 3, 7, 15, 30, and 60 days of ensiling, respectively. The bacterial communities on day 3 and 60 were assessed through high-throughput sequencing technology, and 16S rRNA-gene predicted functional profiles were analyzed according to the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes using Tax4Fun. Results The Sudangrass silages showed good fermentation quality, indicated by higher lactic acid contents, and lower pH, butyric acid and ammonia nitrogen contents. The dominant genus Lactococcus on day 3 was replaced by Lactobacillus on day 60. The metabolism of amino acid, energy, cofactors and vitamins was restricted, and metabolism of nucleotide and carbohydrate was promoted after ensiling. The 1-phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase of bacterial community seemed to play important roles in stimulating the lactic acid fermentation, and the promotion of arginine deiminase could help lactic acid bacteria to tolerate the acidic environment. Conclusion High-throughput sequencing technology combined with 16S rRNA gene-predicted functional analyses revealed the differences during the early and late stages of Sudangrass ensiling not only for distinct bacterial community but also for specific functional metabolites. The results could provide a comprehensive insight into bacterial community and metabolic characteristics to further improve the silage quality.
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Xu H, Sun L, Na N, Wang C, Yin G, Liu S, Xue Y. Dynamics of Bacterial Community and Fermentation Quality in Leymus chinensis Silage Treated With Lactic Acid Bacteria and/or Water. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:717120. [PMID: 34803939 PMCID: PMC8595406 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.717120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to reveal the bacterial community and fermentation quality of Leymus chinensis silage during the fermentation process. L. chinensis was harvested at the heading stage, and ensiled with lactic acid bacteria (LAB, L), water (W), or a combination of both (LW) in vacuum-sealed plastic bags. As a control silage, untreated L. chinensis silage was also assessed. The samples were taken at 0, 5, 15, 35, and 60 days after ensiling. The bacterial community structure was assessed by plate cultivation and Illumina sequencing, and the fermentation parameters were also analyzed. Fresh L. chinensis contained low moisture (509 g/kg) and LAB (3.64 log colony-forming units/g fresh weight). Control silage displayed higher pH and lower lactic acid (LA) than other treatments during ensilage (p < 0.05); moreover, LW-treatment had lower pH from 5 to 35 days and greater LA at 5 days than L- and W-treatments (p < 0.05). During the fermentation process, Lactobacillus in L- and LW-treatments was the most dominant bacterial genus (>97%), had higher abundance than that in control silage and W-treatment (p < 0.05), and correlated negatively with other main genera and pH, and positively with LA and acetic acid (p < 0.05). Moreover, Lactobacillus had considerable abundance in W-treatment from 5 to 15 days (81.38–85.86%). Enterobacteriaceae had the most abundance among bacteria in control silage during ensiling (49.31–69.34%), and in W-treatment from 35 to 60 days (47.49–54.15%). The L-, W-, and LW-treatments displayed the aggregated bacterial community at 5 and 15 days, with W-treatment diverging from L- and LW-treatments at 35 and 60 days. Overall, the low moisture and/or insufficient LAB in fresh L. chinensis led to Enterobacteriaceae dominating bacterial community and contributing to the high pH and low LA in control silage during the fermentation process. Applying L, W, or LW contributed to Lactobacillus succession, LA production, and pH reduction during early stage of fermentation; moreover, treating with L and LW displayed more efficiency. Lactobacillus dominated the entire ensilage process in L- and LW-treatments and the early stage of fermentation in W-treatment, and contributed to the satisfactory fermentation quality of L. chinensis silage. The L- and LW-treatments displayed a similar pattern of bacterial succession during ensiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwen Xu
- College of Foreign Languages, Inner Mongolia University of Finance and Economics, Hohhot, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Na Na
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Guomei Yin
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Sibo Liu
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Yanlin Xue
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
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Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of ellagic acid on the bacterial community and fermentability of stylo silage. Three treatments of stylo silage were used: control (CK) and treated with 1% or 2% ellagic acid (EA1 and EA2) on a fresh matter basis. All silage was stored at ambient temperature and opened on days 3, 7, 14, and 30. Fermentation characteristics, protein fraction, and bacteria community of all periods of silage were analyzed. Results showed that dry matter and crude protein content were increased, and pH value, number of coliform bacteria, contents of acetic acid, and ammonium nitrogen were decreased with the addition of ellagic acid. The antioxidant activity of 1% and 2% ellagic acid treated silages was significantly higher than the control. Meanwhile, the relative abundance of Klebsiella and Clostridium was decreased with the addition of ellagic acid, and the abundance of Lactobacillus, Weissella, and Enterococcus was increased with prolonged days of ensiling. Adding ellagic acid to stylo silage could improve the fermentation quality and preservation of protein, and reduce the abundance of harmful bacteria.
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Li J, Wang W, Chen S, Shao T, Tao X, Yuan X. Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Fermentation Quality and Mycotoxins Concentrations of Corn Silage Infested with Mycotoxigenic Fungi. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100699. [PMID: 34678992 PMCID: PMC8537395 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on fermentation quality, mycotoxin concentrations, and microbial communities of whole-crop corn silages infested with mycotoxigenic fungi. Cultured spores (106 cfu/mL) of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium graminearum were sprayed (5 mL) on corn forage on 27 July and 10 August 2018. On 21 August 2018, sprayed (FI; 3 plots) and unsprayed (NFI; 3 plots) corn forage were harvested at the 1/2 kernel milk line stage, followed by chopping and ensiling without inoculants (CON), or with Lactobacillus buchneri (LB, 1 × 106 cfu/g FW), Lactobacillus plantarum (LT, 1 × 106 cfu/g FW), or L. buchneri + L. plantarum (BT: both L. buchneri and L. plantarum applied at 0.5 × 106 cfu/g FW). After 90 d of ensiling, FI silages had a higher (p < 0.05) pH value and higher acetic acid (ACA), ethanol, and ammonia nitrogen (ammonia N) concentrations, but lower (p < 0.05) lactic acid (LA) concentrations than NFI silage. The inoculants decreased pH and increased LA concentration and LA/ACA compared with CON. The aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was only detected in FI fresh corn and silages; ensiling decreased (p < 0.05) AFB1 concentration compared with fresh corn, and LB and BT decreased AFB1 concentration compared with CON. The zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), and fumonisin B1 (FB1) concentrations were similar (p < 0.05) for NFI silages, while ZEN concentration in BT was the lowest (p < 0.05) among all FI silages; DON and FB1 concentrations in LB, LT, and BT silages were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those of CON in FI silages. The fungal infestation increased the bacterial and fungal diversity of silages compared with NFI silages. The FI silages had a higher relative abundance (RA) of Lactobacillus, Weissella, Wickerhamomyces, Pichia, and Epicoccum than the corresponding NFI silages. The RA of Aspergillus and Fusarium markedly decreased after 90 d of ensiling, and the inoculation expanded this trend irrespective of fungal infestation. The Penicillium in FI silages survived after 90 d of ensiling, while the inoculants decreased the RA of Penicillium. Inoculants mitigate the adverse effects of fungal infestation on corn silage quality by changing the bacterial and fungal communities.
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Benjamim da Silva É, Costa DM, Santos EM, Moyer K, Hellings E, Kung L. The effects of Lactobacillus hilgardii 4785 and Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on the microbiome, fermentation, and aerobic stability of corn silage ensiled for various times. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:10678-10698. [PMID: 34334198 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-20111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the ability of an inoculant containing a combination of Lactobacillus hilgardii and Lactobacillus buchneri to modify the microbiome and improve the aerobic stability of whole-plant corn silage after various lengths of ensiling. Chopped whole-plant corn at about 33% dry matter (DM) was uninoculated (CTR) or inoculated with L. hilgardii CNCM I-4785 and L. buchneri NCIMB 40788 at 200,000 cfu/g of fresh forage weight each (combined application rate of 400,000 cfu of lactic acid bacteria/g of fresh forage weight; LHLB), L. buchneri NCIMB 40788 at 400,000 cfu/g of fresh forage weight and Pediococcus pentosaceus NCIMB 12455 at 100,000 cfu/g of fresh forage weight, used as a positive control (LB500), L. hilgardii CNCM I-4785 at the application rate used in the LHLB formulation of 200,000 cfu/g of fresh forage weight (LH), or L. buchneri NCIMB 40788 at the application rate used in the LHLB formulation of 200,000 cfu/g of fresh forage weight (LB). Silos were opened after 34 and 99 d of ensiling and analyzed for nutrient composition, fermentation profile, microbiome, and aerobic stability. After 34 d of ensiling, the inoculated silages had greater numbers of culturable lactic acid bacteria, a bacterial community less rich and diverse, greater relative abundance of Lactobacillus, lower relative abundance of Klebsiella, and a greater concentration of propionic acid than uninoculated silages. Inoculation decreased the ratio of lactic acid to acetic acid, except for LB alone. Treatment LHLB resulted in silage with a greater concentration of 1,2-propanediol than LB500 and was the only treatment to have a lower relative abundance of Saccharomycetes compared with uninoculated silage. Treatments LHLB and LB500 improved the aerobic stability compared with CTR, but the individual LH and LB treatments applied at a low dose did not. Whereas LB500 was stable 34 h longer than CTR, LHLB was stable 91 h longer. After 99 d of ensiling, all inoculated silages had markedly greater aerobic stability than uninoculated silage and were stable for more than 360 h. The inoculant containing a combination of L. hilgardii and L. buchneri markedly improved the aerobic stability of corn silage after a relatively short period of ensiling, and such improvements were greater than the ones obtained from inoculation with the combination of L. buchneri and P. pentosaceus. Inoculating with the combination of L. hilgardii and L. buchneri may be helpful to producers that must feed silage shortly after ensiling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daviane Martinele Costa
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19716; Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil 37200-900
| | - Edson Mauro Santos
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19716; Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, Areia, PB, Brazil 58397-000
| | - Kassandra Moyer
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19716
| | - Elizabeth Hellings
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19716
| | - Limin Kung
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19716.
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Bai C, Wang C, Sun L, Xu H, Jiang Y, Na N, Yin G, Liu S, Xue Y. Dynamics of Bacterial and Fungal Communities and Metabolites During Aerobic Exposure in Whole-Plant Corn Silages With Two Different Moisture Levels. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:663895. [PMID: 34211442 PMCID: PMC8239417 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.663895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was aimed to investigate the effect of moisture content on microbial communities, metabolites, fermentation quality, and aerobic stability during aerobic exposure in whole-plant corn silages preserved long time to improve the quality and aerobic stability of the silage during feed-out. Corn plants with two different moisture levels (high-moisture content, 680 g/kg; low-moisture content, 620 g/kg) were harvested at one-third and two-thirds milk-line stages, respectively, ensiled in laboratory-scale silos, and then sampled at 350 day after ensiling and at 2 and 5 day after opening to investigate bacterial and fungal communities, metabolites, and aerobic stability. High-moisture content increased aerobic stability and pH and decreased lactic acid and microbial counts in silages (P < 0.05). During aerobic exposure, the low-moisture silages had higher pH and lactic acid bacterial count and lower lactic acid than the high-moisture silages (P < 0.05); Acinetobacter sp. was the most main bacterial species in the silages; Candida glabrata and unclassified Candida had an increasing abundance and negatively correlation with aerobic stability of high-moisture silages (P < 0.05), while C. glabrata, Candida xylopsoci, unclassified Saccharomycetaceae, and unclassified Saccharomycetales negative correlated with aerobic stability of low-moisture silages (P < 0.05) with a rising Saccharomycetaceae; the silages had a reducing concentration of total metabolites (P < 0.05). Moreover, the high-moisture silages contained greater total metabolites, saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acid), essential fatty acids (linoleic acid), essential amino acids (phenylalanine), and non-essential amino acids (alanine, beta-alanine, and asparagine) than the low-moisture silages at 5 day of opening (P < 0.05). Thus, the high-moisture content improved the aerobic stability. Acinetobacter sp. and Candida sp. dominated the bacterial and fungal communities, respectively; Candida sp. resulted in the aerobic deterioration in high-moisture silages, while the combined activities of Candida sp. and Saccharomycetaceae sp. caused the aerobic deterioration in low-moisture silages. The greater aerobic stability contributed to preserve the palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, phenylalanine, alanine, beta-alanine, and asparagine during aerobic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Bai
- Horticultural College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Haiwen Xu
- College of Foreign Languages, Inner Mongolia University of Finance and Economics, Hohhot, China
| | - Yun Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Na Na
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Guomei Yin
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Sibo Liu
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Yanlin Xue
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
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Microbial Communities, Metabolites, Fermentation Quality and Aerobic Stability of Whole-Plant Corn Silage Collected from Family Farms in Desert Steppe of North China. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9050784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-plant corn silages on family farms were sampled in Erdos (S1), Baotou (S2), Ulanqab (S3), and Hohhot (S4) in North China, after 300 d of ensiling. The microbial communities, metabolites, and aerobic stability were assessed. Lactobacillusbuchneri, Acinetobacter johnsonii, and unclassified Novosphingobium were present at greater abundances than others in S2 with greater bacterial diversity and metabolites. Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus parafarraginis, Lactobacillus kefiri, and unclassified Lactobacillus accounted for 84.5%, and 88.2%, and 98.3% of bacteria in S1, S3, and S4, respectively. The aerobic stability and fungal diversity were greater in S1 and S4 with greater abundances of unclassified Kazachstania, Kazachstania bulderi, Candida xylopsoci, unclassified Cladosporium, Rhizopus microspores, and Candida glabrata than other fungi. The abundances of unclassified Kazachstania in S2 and K. bulderi in S3 were 96.2% and 93.6%, respectively. The main bacterial species in S2 were L. buchneri, A. johnsonii, and unclassified Novosphingobium; Lactobacillus sp. dominated bacterial communities in S1, S3, and S4. The main fungal species in S1 and S4 were unclassified Kazachstania, K. bulderi, C. xylopsoci, unclassified Cladosporium, R. microspores, and C. glabrata; Kazachstania sp. dominated fungal communities in S2 and S3. The high bacterial diversity aided the accumulation of metabolites, and the broad fungal diversity improved the aerobic stability.
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Sun L, Bai C, Xu H, Na N, Jiang Y, Yin G, Liu S, Xue Y. Succession of Bacterial Community During the Initial Aerobic, Intense Fermentation, and Stable Phases of Whole-Plant Corn Silages Treated With Lactic Acid Bacteria Suspensions Prepared From Other Silages. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:655095. [PMID: 33841382 PMCID: PMC8032959 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.655095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed at investigating the bacterial community in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) suspensions prepared from whole-plant corn silage (LAB suspension-CS) and Elymus sibiricus silage (LAB suspension-ES) and the bacterial community succession of whole-plant corn silages inoculated with LAB suspension-CS or LAB suspension-ES during initial aerobic phase, intense fermentation phase, and stable phase. The LAB suspensions were cultured in sterile Man, Rogosa, Sharpe broth at 37°C for 24 h and used as inoculants for ensiling. The chopped whole-plant corn was treated with distilled water (CK), LAB suspension-CS (CSL), or LAB suspension-ES (ESL) and then ensiled in vacuum-sealed plastic bags containing 500 g of fresh forage. Silages were sampled at 0 h, anaerobic state (A), 3 h, 5 h, 10 h, 24 h, 2 days, 3 days, 10 days, 30 days, and 60 days of ensiling with four replicates for each treatment. The results showed that Lactobacillus, Weissella, and Lachnoclostridium_5 dominated the bacterial community in LAB suspension-CS; Lactobacillus was the most predominant bacterial genus in LAB suspension-ES. During the initial aerobic phase (from 0 h to A) of whole-plant corn silage, the pH and the abundances of Pantoea, Klebsiella, Rahnella, Erwinia, and Serratia increased. During the intense fermentation phase (from A to 3 days), the pH decreased rapidly, and the microbial counts increased exponentially; the most predominant bacterial genus shifted from Pantoea to Weissella, and then to Lactobacillus; inoculating LAB suspensions promoted the bacterial succession and the fermentation process, and LAB suspension-CS was more effective than LAB suspension-ES. During the stable phase (from 3 to 60 days), the pH and the microbial counts decreased, and Lactobacillus dominated the bacterial community with a little decrease. The results also confirmed the existence of LAB fermentation relay during fermentation process, which was reflected by Weissella, Lactococcus, and Leuconostoc in the first 5 h; Weissella, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, and Pediococcus between 5 and 24 h; and Lactobacillus from 24 h to 60 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China.,Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Hohhot, China
| | - Chunsheng Bai
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Hohhot, China.,Horticultural College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haiwen Xu
- College of Foreign Languages, Inner Mongolia University of Finance and Economics, Hohhot, China
| | - Na Na
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China.,Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Hohhot, China
| | - Yun Jiang
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Hohhot, China.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Guomei Yin
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China.,Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Hohhot, China
| | - Sibo Liu
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China.,Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Hohhot, China
| | - Yanlin Xue
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China.,Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Hohhot, China
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Drouin P, Tremblay J, Renaud J, Apper E. Microbiota succession during aerobic stability of maize silage inoculated with Lentilactobacillus buchneri NCIMB 40788 and Lentilactobacillus hilgardii CNCM-I-4785. Microbiologyopen 2020; 10:e1153. [PMID: 33369186 PMCID: PMC7885010 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic deterioration of silage following feeding out is responsible for the deterioration of its quality. Inoculation of silage with lactic acid bacteria is one strategy to limit these effects. A trial was performed using whole‐plant corn ensiled in bag silo, and forage was inoculated with Lentilactobacillus buchneri NCIMB 40788 (Lactobacillus buchneri) and Lentilactobacillus hilgardii CNCM‐I‐4785 (Lactobacillus hilgardii) or not (Control silage). After 159 days of fermentation, the silos were opened and the silage was sampled at 24‐h intervals during a 10‐day aerobic stability assay to measure pH, the fermentation profile, mycotoxins, and microbial and fungal populations. In inoculated silage, lactic acid concentrations and pH remained stable during the aerobic phase and higher microorganism alpha‐diversity was observed. Treated silage was characterized by a high abundance of Saccharomycetes and maintenance of Lactobacillus throughout the aerobic stability assay. The high aerobic stability of the inoculated silage contrasted with the decrease in lactic acid contents and the increase in pH observed in the Control silage, concomitantly with an increase in lactate‐assimilating yeast (Pichia and Issatchenkia), and in Acetobacter and Paenibacillus OTUs. Remarkably, Penicillium and roquefortine C were detected in this silage by day 8 following exposure to air. Our study highlighted the fact that the use of L. buchneri with L. hilgardii modified the consequences of exposure to air by maintaining higher microbial diversity, avoiding the dominance of a few bacteria, and preventing fungi from having a detrimental effect on silage quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julien Tremblay
- National Research Council of Canada, Energy, Mining, and Environment, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Justin Renaud
- London Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, London, ON, Canada
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da Silva ÉB, Savage RM, Biddle AS, Polukis SA, Smith ML, Kung L. Effects of a chemical additive on the fermentation, microbial communities, and aerobic stability of corn silage with or without air stress during storage. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5881359. [PMID: 32756961 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of a chemical additive on the microbial communities, fermentation profile, and aerobic stability of whole-plant corn silage with or without air stress during storage. Whole-plant corn was either untreated or treated with a chemical additive containing sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and sodium nitrite at 2 or 3 liters/t of fresh forage weight. Ten individually treated and replicated silos (7.5 liters) were made for each treatment. Half of the silos remained sealed throughout a 63-d storage period, and the other half was subjected to air stress for 2 h/wk. The composition of the bacterial and fungal communities of fresh forage and silages untreated or treated with 2 liters/t of fresh forage weight was analyzed by Illumina Miseq sequencing. Treated silage had greater (P < 0.05) aerobic stability than untreated, even when subjected to air stress during storage, but the numbers of yeasts culturable on selective agar were not affected. However, the additive reduced the relative abundance (RA) of the lactating-assimilating yeast Candida tropicalis (P < 0.01). In air-stressed silages, untreated silage had a greater (P < 0.05) RA of Pichia kudriavzevii (also a lactate assimilator) than treated silage, whereas treated silage was dominated by Candida humilis, which is usually unable to assimilate lactate or assimilates it slowly. The additive improved the aerobic stability by specifically preventing the dominance of yeast species that can consume lactate and initiate aerobic spoilage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that identifies the specific action of this additive on shifting the microbial communities in corn silage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica B da Silva
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Rebecca M Savage
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Amy S Biddle
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | | | - Megan L Smith
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Limin Kung
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
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da Silva EB, Smith ML, Savage RM, Polukis SA, Drouin P, Kung L. Effects of Lactobacillus hilgardii 4785 and Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on the bacterial community, fermentation and aerobic stability of high-moisture corn silage. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:1481-1493. [PMID: 33040472 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the capacity of Lactobacillus hilgardii and Lactobacillus buchneri on modifying the bacterial community and improving fermentation and aerobic stability of high-moisture corn (HMC). METHODS AND RESULTS High-moisture corn was untreated (CTR), treated with L. hilgardii (LH) or L. buchneri (LB) at 600 000 CFU per gram fresh weight, or with L. hilgardii and L. buchneri at 300 000 CFU per gram fresh weight each (LHLB), and stored for 10, 30 or 92 days. Compared to CTR, inoculated silages had higher Lactobacillaceae relative abundance, lower yeasts numbers and higher aerobic stability. Treatment with LHLB resulted in a higher acetic acid concentration than LH and higher 1,2 propanediol concentration than LB, such differences were numerically greater at 10 and 30 days but statistically greater at 92 days. At 10 days, all inoculated silages were more stable than CTR, but LHLB was even more stable than LB or LH. CONCLUSIONS The combination of L. hilgardii and L. buchneri had a synergistic effect on yeast inhibition, leading to greater improvements in aerobic stability as early as 10 days after ensiling. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Lactobacillus hilgardii, especially in combination with L. buchneri, can improve the aerobic stability of HMC after a very short period of ensiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B da Silva
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - M L Smith
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - R M Savage
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - S A Polukis
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - P Drouin
- Lallemand Specialties Inc, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - L Kung
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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Drouin P, Ferrero F. Testing selectivity of bacterial and fungal culture media compared to original silage samples using next generation sequencing. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 179:106088. [PMID: 33091456 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.106088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Plate counts using selective culture media is still the most frequently used method for the enumeration of the different microbial groups that colonize silage, including lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and molds. Since different culture media have specific composition, they may allow the growth of specific populations. To date, no study has used next generation sequencing technology to compare the selective capacity of these different culture media although this approach could provide comprehensive insight into the relevance of using one culture medium over another. Sequencing of the 16S rDNA and ITS amplicon were performed to compare the selectivity of different culture media used in silage microbiology. Corn silage, grass-alfalfa silage and total mixed ration extracts were plated on five selective media for lactic acid bacteria, incubated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and on eight selective media for yeast and molds to compare their selectivity. Ensiling provided a pre-selection environment for specific microorganisms over forage and reduced the number of observed OTUs: only 12 OTUs of bacteria were observed in corn silage sampled in the center of a bunker silo, while the mean number of OTUs identified in samples taken closer to the side of the silo, influenced by higher oxygen and humidity level, increased to 79. Still, MRS and Rogosa plates had less than 12 different OTUs in the center and 24 at the side, mainly Lactobacillaceae, Acetobacteraceae, and Leuconostocaceae. Incubating the plates under anaerobic conditions was selective against Acetobacteraceae. MRS supplemented with acetic acid increased selectivity of lactic acid bacteria. When plated on culture media specific for yeast and molds, from 17 to 68 different OTUs were observed in corn silage. Mixed grass-alfalfa silage and total mixed ration samples usually had more observed OTUs and the diversity profile of the corresponding culture media was similar to that of the original samples. For yeasts and molds, Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol Agar revealed a diversity profile close to the that of the corn silage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Drouin
- Lallemand Specialities Inc., Milwaukee, WI 53218, USA.
| | - Francesco Ferrero
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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Ramírez-Vega H, Arteaga-Garibay RI, Maya-Lucas O, Gómez-Rodríguez VM, Chávez-Díaz IF, Ruvalcaba-Gómez JM, Heredia-Nava D, Loperena-Martínez R, Zelaya-Molina LX. The Bacterial Community Associated with the Amarillo Zamorano Maize ( Zea mays) Landrace Silage Process. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101503. [PMID: 33003516 PMCID: PMC7601214 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize silage is used in the diet of dairy cows, with suitable results in milk yield. In this study, the composition and diversity of the bacterial communities of the silage process of Amarillo Zamorano (AZ) Mexican maize landrace with relation to the Antilope (A) commercial hybrid are described. From both types of maize, seeds were sown in experimental plots, plants harvested at the reproductive stage, chopped, and packed in laboratory micro-silos. Physicochemical parameters were evaluated, and DNA was extracted from the juice in the micro-silos. The bacterial communities were analyzed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) of seven hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. The composition of both bacterial communities was dominated by Lactobacillales and Enterobacteriales, Lactobacillales mainly in A silage and Enterobacteriales in AZ silage; as well, the core bacterial community of both silages comprises 212 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Sugar concentration showed the highest number of significant associations with OTUs of different phyla. The structure of the bacterial communities was different in both silage fermentation processes, showing that AZ silage has a shorter fermentation process than A silage. In addition, NGS demonstrated the effect of the type of maize and local conditions on silage fermentation and contributed to potential strategies to improve the quality of AZ silage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Ramírez-Vega
- Departamento de Ciencias Pecuarias y Agrícolas, Centro Universitario de Los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (H.R.-V.); (V.M.G.-R.); (D.H.-N.); (R.L.-M.)
| | - Ramón I. Arteaga-Garibay
- Laboratorio de Recursos Genéticos Microbianos, Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarios, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (R.I.A.-G.); (I.F.C.-D.)
| | - Otoniel Maya-Lucas
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, CINVESTAV-Unidad Zacatenco, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico;
| | - Victor M. Gómez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Pecuarias y Agrícolas, Centro Universitario de Los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (H.R.-V.); (V.M.G.-R.); (D.H.-N.); (R.L.-M.)
| | - Ismael F. Chávez-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Recursos Genéticos Microbianos, Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarios, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (R.I.A.-G.); (I.F.C.-D.)
| | - José M. Ruvalcaba-Gómez
- Campo Experimental Altos de Jalisco, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarios, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco 47600, Mexico;
| | - Darwin Heredia-Nava
- Departamento de Ciencias Pecuarias y Agrícolas, Centro Universitario de Los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (H.R.-V.); (V.M.G.-R.); (D.H.-N.); (R.L.-M.)
| | - Raquel Loperena-Martínez
- Departamento de Ciencias Pecuarias y Agrícolas, Centro Universitario de Los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (H.R.-V.); (V.M.G.-R.); (D.H.-N.); (R.L.-M.)
| | - L. X. Zelaya-Molina
- Laboratorio de Recursos Genéticos Microbianos, Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarios, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (R.I.A.-G.); (I.F.C.-D.)
- Correspondence:
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Carvalho-Estrada PDA, Fernandes J, da Silva ÉB, Tizioto P, Paziani SDF, Duarte AP, Coutinho LL, Verdi MCQ, Nussio LG. Effects of hybrid, kernel maturity, and storage period on the bacterial community in high-moisture and rehydrated corn grain silages. Syst Appl Microbiol 2020; 43:126131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2020.126131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Zhou Y, Drouin P, Lafrenière C. Effects on microbial diversity of fermentation temperature (10°C and 20°C), long-term storage at 5°C, and subsequent warming of corn silage. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 32:1528-1539. [PMID: 31011004 PMCID: PMC6718904 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effects on microbial diversity and biochemical parameters of gradually increasing temperatures, from 5°C to 25°C on corn silage which was previously fermented at ambient or low temperature. Methods Whole-plant corn silage was fermented in vacuum bag mini-silos at either 10°C or 20°C for two months and stored at 5°C for two months. The mini-silos were then subjected to additional incubation from 5°C to 25°C in 5°C increments. Bacterial and fungal diversity was assessed by polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) profiling and biochemical analysis from mini-silos collected at each temperature. Results A temperature of 10°C during fermentation restricted silage fermentation compared to fermentation temperature of 20°C. As storage temperature increased from 5°C to 25°C, little changes occurred in silages fermented at 20°C, in terms of most biochemical parameters as well as bacterial and fungal populations. However, a high number of enterobacteria and yeasts (4 to 5 log10 colony forming unit/g fresh materials) were detected at 15°C and above. PCR-DGGE profile showed that Candida humilis predominated the fungi flora. For silage fermented at 10°C, no significant changes were observed in most silage characteristics when temperature was increased from 5°C to 20°C. However, above 20°C, silage fermentation resumed as observed from the significantly increased number of lactic acid bacteria colonies, acetic acid content, and the rapid decline in pH and water-soluble carbohydrates concentration. DGGE results showed that Lactobacillus buchneri started to dominate the bacterial flora as temperature increased from 20°C to 25°C. Conclusion Temperature during fermentation as well as temperature during storage modulates microorganism population development and fermentation patterns. Silage fermented at 20°C indicated that these silages should have lower aerobic stability at opening because of better survival of yeasts and enterobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqin Zhou
- University of Quebec in Abitibi-Temiscamingue, 445, boulevard de l'Universite, Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, J9X 5E4, Canada
| | - Pascal Drouin
- University of Quebec in Abitibi-Temiscamingue, 445, boulevard de l'Universite, Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, J9X 5E4, Canada.,Lallemand Specialities Inc., Milwaukee, WI 53218, USA
| | - Carole Lafrenière
- University of Quebec in Abitibi-Temiscamingue, 445, boulevard de l'Universite, Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, J9X 5E4, Canada
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