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Zhang Y, Liu J, Yuan S, Liu S, Zhang M, Hu H, Cao Y, Hu G, Fu S, Guo W. Unveiling the Regulatory Role of SIRT1 in Oxidative Stress Response of bovine mammary cells. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00925-1. [PMID: 38876213 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
High-yield dairy cows typically undergo intense cellular metabolism, leading to oxidative stress in their mammary tissues. Our study found that these high-yield cows had significantly elevated levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipoperoxidase, and total antioxidant capacity in their blood, compared with ordinary cows. This increased oxidative stress is associated with heightened expression of genes such as GCLC, GCLM and SIRT1 and proteins such as SIRT1 in the mammary tissue of high-yield cows. MAC-T cells were stimulated with H2O2 at a concentration equal to the average H2O2 level in the serum of ethically high-yielding cows, as detected by an assay kit. Our observations revealed that short-term exposure (12 h) to H2O2 upregulated the expression of SIRT1 gene and protein. It also increased gene expression for SOD2, CAT, GCLC, GCLM, PGC-1α, and NQO1, elevated the phosphorylation of AMPK, and enhanced protein expression of PGC-1α, NQO1, Nrf2, and HO-1, while reducing the phosphorylation of NF-κB. Additionally, short-term H2O2 stimulation resulted in increased total antioxidant capacity, SOD, GSH, and CAT levels in the mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows. In contrast, prolonged exposure to H2O2 (24 h) yielded opposite results, indicating reduced antioxidant capacity. Further investigation showed that SIRT1 inhibitor (EX 527) could reverse the enhanced cellular antioxidant capacity triggered by short-term oxidative stress. However, it is crucial to note that while 12 h H2O2 stimulation improved antioxidant capacity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels inside the cell gradually increased over time, suggesting greater damage under long-term stimulation. Conversely, the SIRT1 activator (SRT 2104) could reverse the reduced cellular antioxidant capacity caused by long-term oxidative stress and significantly inhibit the accumulation of ROS and MDA. Notably, SRT 2104 demonstrated similar effects in MAC-T cells during lactation. In summary, SIRT1 plays a crucial role in regulating the antioxidant capacity of mammary epithelial cells in dairy cows. This discovery provides valuable insights into the antioxidant mechanisms of mammary cells, which can serve as a theoretical foundation for future mammary health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Juxiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Shu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Huijie Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yu Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Guiqiu Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Shoupeng Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Wenjin Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China; Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, 401120, Chongqing, China.
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Zhang Y, Mgeni M, Xiu Z, Chen Y, Chen J, Sun Y. Effects of Dandelion Extract on Promoting Production Performance and Reducing Mammary Oxidative Stress in Dairy Cows Fed High-Concentrate Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6075. [PMID: 38892271 PMCID: PMC11172500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of rumen bypass dandelion extract on the lactation performance, immune index, and mammary oxidative stress of lactating dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet. This study used a complete randomized block design, and initial milk production, somatic cell counts, and parities were set as block factors. Sixty Holstein cows with similar health conditions and lactating periods (70 ± 15 d) were divided into three groups with 20 replicates per group. The treatments included the LCD group (low-concentrate diet, concentrate-forage = 4:6), HCD group (high-concentrate group, concentrate-forage = 6:4), and DAE group (dandelion aqueous extract group, HCD group with 0.5% DAE). The experimental period was 35 d, and cows were fed three times in the morning, afternoon, and night with free access to water. The results showed the following: (1) Milk production in the HCD and DAE groups was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that in the LCD group from WK4, and the milk quality differed during the experimental period. (2) The HCD group's pH values significantly differed (p < 0.01) from those of the LCD and DAE groups. (3) In WK2 and WK4 of the experimental period, the somatic cell counts of dairy cows in the HCD group were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those in the DAE group. (4) The serum concentrations of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and protein carbonyl (PC) in the HCD group were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those in the LCD group. The activity of catalase (CAT) in the LCD and DAE groups was stronger (p < 0.01) than that in the HCD group. (5) The correlation analysis revealed significantly positive correlations between the plasma LPS concentration and serum concentrations of 8-OHdG (p < 0.01), PC (p < 0.01), and malondialdehyde (MDA, p < 0.05) and significantly negative correlations (p < 0.01) between the plasma LPS concentration and activities of CAT and superoxide dismutase. (6) Compared with that in the HCD and DAE groups, the mRNA expression of α, β, and κ casein and acetyl CoA carboxylase in bovine mammary epithelial cells was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the LCD group, and the mRNA expression of fatty acid synthetase and stearoyl CoA desaturase in the LCD group was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than that in the HCD group. (7) Compared with that in the LCD and HCD groups, the mRNA expression of Nrf2 was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the DAE group, and the mRNA expression of cystine/glutamate transporter and NAD (P) H quinone oxidoreductase 1 in the DAE group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that in the HCD group. Overall, feeding a high-concentrate diet could increase the milk yield of dairy cows, but the milk quality, rumen homeostasis, and antioxidative capability were adversely affected. The supplementation of DAE in a high-concentrate diet enhanced antioxidative capability by activating the Nrf2 regulatory factor and improved rumen homeostasis and production performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yawang Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.X.)
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Ford HR, Bionaz M. The Experimental and In Silico-Based Evaluation of NRF2 Modulators, Sulforaphane and Brusatol, on the Transcriptome of Immortalized Bovine Mammary Alveolar Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4264. [PMID: 38673850 PMCID: PMC11049820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Changes during the production cycle of dairy cattle can leave these animals susceptible to oxidative stress and reduced antioxidant health. In particular, the periparturient period, when dairy cows must rapidly adapt to the sudden metabolic demands of lactation, is a period when the production of damaging free radicals can overwhelm the natural antioxidant systems, potentially leading to tissue damage and reduced milk production. Central to the protection against free radical damage and antioxidant defense is the transcription factor NRF2, which activates an array of genes associated with antioxidant functions and cell survival. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect that two natural NRF2 modulators, the NRF2 agonist sulforaphane (SFN) and the antagonist brusatol (BRU), have on the transcriptome of immortalized bovine mammary alveolar cells (MACT) using both the RT-qPCR of putative NRF2 target genes, as well as RNA sequencing approaches. The treatment of cells with SFN resulted in the activation of many putative NRF2 target genes and the upregulation of genes associated with pathways involved in cell survival, metabolism, and antioxidant function while suppressing the expression of genes related to cellular senescence and DNA repair. In contrast, the treatment of cells with BRU resulted in the upregulation of genes associated with inflammation, cellular stress, and apoptosis while suppressing the transcription of genes involved in various metabolic processes. The analysis also revealed several novel putative NRF2 target genes in bovine. In conclusion, these data indicate that the treatment of cells with SFN and BRU may be effective at modulating the NRF2 transcriptional network, but additional effects associated with cellular stress and metabolism may complicate the effectiveness of these compounds to improve antioxidant health in dairy cattle via nutrigenomic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimo Bionaz
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
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Egbujor MC, Olaniyan OT, Emeruwa CN, Saha S, Saso L, Tucci P. An insight into role of amino acids as antioxidants via NRF2 activation. Amino Acids 2024; 56:23. [PMID: 38506925 PMCID: PMC10954862 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-024-03384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative stress can affect the protein, lipids, and DNA of the cells and thus, play a crucial role in several pathophysiological conditions. It has already been established that oxidative stress has a close association with inflammation via nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) signaling pathway. Amino acids are notably the building block of proteins and constitute the major class of nitrogen-containing natural products of medicinal importance. They exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities, including the ability to activate NRF2, a transcription factor that regulates endogenous antioxidant responses. Moreover, amino acids may act as synergistic antioxidants as part of our dietary supplementations. This has aroused research interest in the NRF2-inducing activity of amino acids. Interestingly, amino acids' activation of NRF2-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) signaling pathway exerts therapeutic effects in several diseases. Therefore, the present review will discuss the relationship between different amino acids and activation of NRF2-KEAP1 signaling pathway pinning their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. We also discussed amino acids formulations and their applications as therapeutics. This will broaden the prospect of the therapeutic applications of amino acids in a myriad of inflammation and oxidative stress-related diseases. This will provide an insight for designing and developing new chemical entities as NRF2 activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melford C Egbujor
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University Otuoke, Otuoke, Bayelsa, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Sarmistha Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences and Humanities, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, India
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Vittorio Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122, Foggia, Italy
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Khan MZ, Huang B, Kou X, Chen Y, Liang H, Ullah Q, Khan IM, Khan A, Chai W, Wang C. Enhancing bovine immune, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses with vitamins, rumen-protected amino acids, and trace minerals to prevent periparturient mastitis. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1290044. [PMID: 38259482 PMCID: PMC10800369 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1290044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Mastitis, the inflammatory condition of mammary glands, has been closely associated with immune suppression and imbalances between antioxidants and free radicals in cattle. During the periparturient period, dairy cows experience negative energy balance (NEB) due to metabolic stress, leading to elevated oxidative stress and compromised immunity. The resulting abnormal regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), along with increased non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) are the key factors associated with suppressed immunity thereby increases susceptibility of dairy cattle to infections, including mastitis. Metabolic diseases such as ketosis and hypocalcemia indirectly contribute to mastitis vulnerability, exacerbated by compromised immune function and exposure to physical injuries. Oxidative stress, arising from disrupted balance between ROS generation and antioxidant availability during pregnancy and calving, further contributes to mastitis susceptibility. Metabolic stress, marked by excessive lipid mobilization, exacerbates immune depression and oxidative stress. These factors collectively compromise animal health, productive efficiency, and udder health during periparturient phases. Numerous studies have investigated nutrition-based strategies to counter these challenges. Specifically, amino acids, trace minerals, and vitamins have emerged as crucial contributors to udder health. This review comprehensively examines their roles in promoting udder health during the periparturient phase. Trace minerals like copper, selenium, and calcium, as well as vitamins; have demonstrated significant impacts on immune regulation and antioxidant defense. Vitamin B12 and vitamin E have shown promise in improving metabolic function and reducing oxidative stress followed by enhanced immunity. Additionally, amino acids play a pivotal role in maintaining cellular oxidative balance through their involvement in vital biosynthesis pathways. In conclusion, addressing periparturient mastitis requires a holistic understanding of the interplay between metabolic stress, immune regulation, and oxidative balance. The supplementation of essential amino acids, trace minerals, and vitamins emerges as a promising avenue to enhance udder health and overall productivity during this critical phase. This comprehensive review underscores the potential of nutritional interventions in mitigating periparturient bovine mastitis and lays the foundation for future research in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Bingjian Huang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Xiyan Kou
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Yinghui Chen
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Huili Liang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Qudrat Ullah
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | | | - Adnan Khan
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenqiong Chai
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Changfa Wang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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Duan X, Liu C, Gong X, Yang Y, Jiao H, Lin Y, Hou X. mTORC2-AKT-LAT1 signalling participates in methionine-induced β-CASEIN expression in mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:1320-1327. [PMID: 36961053 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the role of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2)-protein kinase B (AKT) signalling in methionine (Met)-induced L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) expression and milk protein production. Primary mammary epithelial cells (MECs) from mammary parenchymal tissues of three lactating cows and MAC-T bovine MECs were cultured with or without 0.6 mM Met. Rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR (RICTOR) siRNA, the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin and the AKT activator SC79 were used to evaluate the effects of mTORC2-AKT signalling on Met-induced LAT1 expression and function. Each experiment was performed three times. Data were analysed with a two-sided unpaired t test or ANOVA with the Bonferroni multiple-comparison test. Western blotting showed that Met stimulation increased RICTOR expression (~244.67%; p < 0.05; control, 0.15 ± 0.026; Met, 0.517 ± 0.109) and AKT-S473 levels (~281.42%; p < 0.01; control, 0.253 ± 0.067; Met, 0.965 ± 0.019) in both primary MECs and MAC-T cells. Rapamycin-induced mTORC1 signalling inhibition decreased only Met-induced β-CASEIN expression by ~21.24% (p < 0.01; Met, 0.777 ± 0.01; Met and rapamycin, 0.612 ± 0.04) and did not affect Met-stimulated AKT-S473 levels, suggesting that mTORC2-AKT activation upon Met stimulation also contributes to milk protein synthesis. LAT1 participates in Met-induced β-CASEIN expression. In dairy cow MECs, mTORC2 inhibition by RICTOR siRNA decreased LAT1 levels on the plasma membrane by ~45.13% (p < 0.01; control, 0.359 ± 0.006; siRICTOR, 0.197 ± 0.004). However, SC79-induced AKT activation had the opposite effect (p < 0.01). In primary MECs and MAC-T cells, Met stimulation increased cytosolic and plasma membrane LAT1 expression respectively (MECs, 113.98% and 58.43%; MAC-T, 165.85% and 396.39%; p < 0.05). However, RICTOR siRNA significantly reduced Met-induced plasma membrane LAT1 expression (~76.48%; Met, 0.539 ± 0.05; Met and siRICTOR, 0.127 ± 0.012; p < 0.05). Thus, Met increased LAT1 expression and function via mTORC2-AKT signalling, upregulating milk protein synthesis in dairy cow MECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chuanping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoqing Gong
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Food Science College of Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongtao Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ye Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Food Science College of Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoming Hou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Lesta A, Marín-García PJ, Llobat L. How Does Nutrition Affect the Epigenetic Changes in Dairy Cows? Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1883. [PMID: 37889793 PMCID: PMC10251833 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dairy cows require a balanced diet that provides enough nutrients to support milk production, growth, and reproduction. Inadequate nutrition can lead to metabolic disorders, impaired fertility, and reduced milk yield. Recent studies have shown that nutrition can affect epigenetic modifications in dairy cows, which can impact gene expression and affect the cows' health and productivity. One of the most important epigenetic modifications in dairy cows is DNA methylation, which involves the addition of a methyl group to the DNA molecule. Studies have shown that the methylation status of certain genes in dairy cows can be influenced by dietary factors such as the level of methionine, lysine, choline, and folate in the diet. Other important epigenetic modifications in dairy cows are histone modification and microRNAs as regulators of gene expression. Overall, these findings suggest that nutrition can have a significant impact on the epigenetic regulation of gene expression in dairy cows. By optimizing the diet of dairy cows, it may be possible to improve their health and productivity by promoting beneficial epigenetic modifications. This paper reviews the main nutrients that can cause epigenetic changes in dairy cattle by analyzing the effect of diet on milk production and its composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lesta
- MMOPS Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera—CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Pablo Jesús Marín-García
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera—CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Lola Llobat
- MMOPS Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera—CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Valencia, Spain;
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Xu J, Wang XL, Zeng HF, Han ZY. Methionine alleviates heat stress-induced ferroptosis in bovine mammary epithelial cells through the Nrf2 pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 256:114889. [PMID: 37079940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) triggers mammary gland degradation, accompanied by apoptosis and autophagy in bovine mammary epithelial cells, negatively affecting milk performance and mammary gland health. Ferroptosis is iron-mediated regulated cell death caused by over production of lipid peroxides, however, the relationship between ferroptosis and HS in bovine mammary epithelial cells has not been clarified. Methionine (Met) plays a notable role in alleviating HS affecting the mammary glands in dairy cows, but the underlying mechanisms require further exploration. Therefore, we evaluated the regulatory effect and mechanism of Met in alleviating HS-induced ferroptosis by using bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T) as an in vitro model. The results showed that Met improved cell vitality, restored mitochondrial function; reduced the content of various reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion (O2·-); had positive effects on antioxidant enzyme activity, namely glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). More importantly, Met reduced labile iron protein (LIP) levels; increased iron storage and simultaneously decreased the levels of lipid reactive oxygen species (lipid ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), which all caused by HS in MAC-T. Mechanistically, Met increased the protein expression levels of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), solute carrier family 7, member 11 (SLC7A11) and ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1) by activating nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression. Additionally, the protection effect of Met was cut off in MAC-T cells after interference with Nrf2, manifesting in decresing the protein expression levels of GPX4, SLC7A11 and FTH1,and increasing the levels of LIP and lipid ROS. Our findings indicate that Met eases HS-induced ferroptosis in MAC-T through the Nrf2 pathway, revealing that Met produces a marked effect on easing HS-induced bovine mammary gland injury in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xin-Ling Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Han-Fang Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhao-Yu Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Horii S, Mori S, Ogata R, Nukaga S, Nishida R, Kishi S, Sasaki R, Ikemoto A, Owari T, Maesaka F, Honoki K, Miyake M, Tanaka Y, Fujimoto K, Fujiwara-Tani R, Kuniyasu H. 5-Aminolevrinic Acid Exhibits Dual Effects on Stemness in Human Sarcoma Cell Lines under Dark Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076189. [PMID: 37047157 PMCID: PMC10094087 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is used for tumor-targeting phototherapy because it is converted to protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) upon excitation and induces phototoxicity. However, the effect of ALA on malignant cells under unexcited conditions is unclear. This information is essential when administering ALA systemically. We used sarcoma cell lines that usually arise deep in the body and are rarely exposed to light to examine the effects of ALA treatment under light (daylight lamp irradiation) and dark (dark room) conditions. ALA-treated human SW872 liposarcoma cells and human MG63 osteosarcoma cells cultured under light exhibited growth suppression and increased oxidative stress, while cells cultured in the dark showed no change. However, sphere-forming ability increased in the dark, and the expression of stem-cell-related genes was induced in dark, but not light, conditions. ALA administration increased heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) expression in both cell types; when carbon monoxide (CO), a metabolite of HO-1, was administered to sarcoma cells via carbon-monoxide-releasing molecule 2 (CORM2), it enhanced sphere-forming ability. We also compared the concentration of biliverdin (BVD) (a co-product of HO-1 activity alongside CO) with sphere-forming ability when HO-1 activity was inhibited using ZnPPIX in the dark. Both cell types showed a peak in sphere-forming ability at 60–80 μM BVD. Furthermore, a cell death inhibitor assay revealed that the HO-1-induced suppression of sphere formation was rescued by apoptosis or ferroptosis inhibitors. These findings suggest that in the absence of excitation, ALA promotes HO-1 expression and enhances the stemness of sarcoma cells, although excessive HO-1 upregulation induces apoptosis and ferroptosis. Our data indicate that systemic ALA administration induces both enhanced stemness and cell death in malignant cells located in dark environments deep in the body and highlight the need to pay attention to drug delivery and ALA concentrations during phototherapy.
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Khan MZ, Liu S, Ma Y, Ma M, Ullah Q, Khan IM, Wang J, Xiao J, Chen T, Khan A, Cao Z. Overview of the effect of rumen-protected limiting amino acids (methionine and lysine) and choline on the immunity, antioxidative, and inflammatory status of periparturient ruminants. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1042895. [PMID: 36713436 PMCID: PMC9878850 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1042895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a well-known phenomenon experienced by ruminants, especially during the transition from late gestation to successful lactation. This overproduction of ROS may lead to oxidative stress (OS), which compromises the immune and anti-inflammatory systems of animals, thus predisposing them to health issues. Besides, during the periparturient period, metabolic stress is developed due to a negative energy balance, which is followed by excessive fat mobilization and poor production performance. Excessive lipolysis causes immune suppression, abnormal regulation of inflammation, and enhanced oxidative stress. Indeed, OS plays a key role in regulating the metabolic activity of various organs and the productivity of farm animals. For example, rapid fetal growth and the production of large amounts of colostrum and milk, as well as an increase in both maternal and fetal metabolism, result in increased ROS production and an increased need for micronutrients, including antioxidants, during the last trimester of pregnancy and at the start of lactation. Oxidative stress is generally neutralized by the natural antioxidant system in the body. However, in some special phases, such as the periparturient period, the animal's natural antioxidant system is unable to cope with the situation. The effect of rumen-protected limiting amino acids and choline on the regulation of immunity, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory status and milk production performance, has been widely studied in ruminants. Thus, in the current review, we gathered and interpreted the data on this topic, especially during the perinatal and lactational stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China,Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, the University of Agriculture, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qudrat Ullah
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, the University of Agriculture, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Ibrar Muhammad Khan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproduction Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Jingjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Adnan Khan
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Zhijun Cao,
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11
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Sulforaphane Suppresses H 2O 2-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis via the Activation of AMPK/NFE2L2 Signaling Pathway in Goat Mammary Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021070. [PMID: 36674585 PMCID: PMC9867344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress in high-yielding dairy goats adversely affects lactation length, milk quality, and the economics of dairy products. During the lactation period, goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs) are often in a state of disordered metabolic homeostasis primarily caused by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Sulforaphane (SFN), an electrophilic compound that is enriched in broccoli, is a promising antioxidant agent for future potential clinical applications. The objective of the present study was to investigate the function of SFN on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative damage in primary GMECs and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Isolated GMECs in triplicate were pretreated with SFN (1.25, 2.5, and 5 μM) for 24 h in the absence or presence of H2O2 (400 μM) for 24 h. The results showed that SFN effectively enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, elevated the ratio of glutathione (GSH)/glutathione oxidized (GSSG), and reduced H2O2-induced ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA) production and cell apoptosis. Mechanically, SFN-induced nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2/NFE2L2) translocation to the nucleus through the activation of the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway coupled with inhibition of the caspase apoptotic pathway. In addition, GMECs were transfected with NFE2L2 small interfering RNA (NFE2L2 siRNA) for 48 h and/or treated with SFN (5 μM) for 24 h before being exposed to H2O2 (400 μM) for 24 h. We found that knockdown of NFE2L2 by siRNA abrogated the preventive effect of SFN on H2O2-induced ROS overproduction and apoptosis. Taken together, sulforaphane suppressed H2O2-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis via the activation of the AMPK/NFE2L2 signaling pathway in primary GMECs.
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12
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Kyriakaki P, Zisis F, Pappas AC, Mavrommatis A, Tsiplakou E. Effects of PUFA-Rich Dietary Strategies on Ruminants' Mammary Gland Gene Network: A Nutrigenomics Review. Metabolites 2022; 13:metabo13010044. [PMID: 36676968 PMCID: PMC9861346 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the inclusion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in ruminants' diets appears to be a well-documented strategy to enrich milk with PUFAs, several gene networks that regulate milk synthesis and mammary gland homeostasis could be impaired. The objective of this literature review is to assess the effects of nutritional strategies focused on enriching milk with PUFAs on gene networks regulating mammary gland function and lipogenesis, as well as the impact of feed additives and bioactive compounds with prominent antioxidant potential on immune-oxidative transcriptional profiling, as a part of mammary gland homeostasis and health. The findings support the conclusion that PUFAs' inclusion in ruminants' diets more strongly downregulate the stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) gene compared to other key genes involved in de novo fatty acid synthesis in the mammary gland. Additionally, it was revealed that seed oils rich in linoleic and linolenic acids have no such strong impact on networks that regulate lipogenic homeostasis compared to marine oils rich in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. Furthermore, ample evidence supports that cows and sheep are more prone to the suppression of lipogenesis pathways compared to goats under the impact of dietary marine PUFAs. On the other hand, the inclusion of feed additives and bioactive compounds with prominent antioxidant potential in ruminants' diets can strengthen mammary gland immune-oxidative status. Considering that PUFA's high propensity to oxidation can induce a cascade of pro-oxidant incidences, the simultaneous supplementation of antioxidant compounds and especially polyphenols may alleviate any side effects caused by PUFA overload in the mammary gland. In conclusion, future studies should deeply investigate the effects of PUFAs on mammary gland gene networks in an effort to holistically understand their impact on both milk fat depression syndrome and homeostatic disturbance.
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13
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Thanh LP, Jiang Q, Wichasit N, Batistel F, Parys C, Guyader J, Loor JJ. Alterations in Skeletal Muscle mRNA Abundance in Response to Ethyl-Cellulose Rumen-Protected Methionine during the Periparturient Period in Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131641. [PMID: 35804540 PMCID: PMC9264958 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding ethyl cellulose rumen-protected methionine (RPM) on skeletal muscle mRNA abundance during the periparturient period. Sixty multiparous Holstein cows were used in a block design and assigned to either a control or RPM diet. The RPM was supplied from −28 to 60 days in milk (DIM) at a rate of 0.09% (prepartum) or 0.10% (postpartum) of dry matter (DM), ensuring a Lys:Met in the metabolizable protein of ~2.8:1. Muscle biopsies were collected at −21, 1, and 21 DIM. Thirty-five target genes associated with nutrient metabolism and biochemical pathways were measured via RT-qPCR. The mRNA abundance of genes associated with amino acid (AA) transport (SLC7A8, SLC43A2), carnitine transport (SLC22A5), insulin signaling (IRS1), and antioxidant response (NFE2L2) had diet × time effect (p < 0.05) due to greater abundance in RPM versus CON cows, especially at 1 and 21 DIM. Members of the AA transport (SLC7A8, SLC25A29, SCL38A9), fatty acid β-oxidation (ACADVL), vitamin transport (SLC5A6, SLC19A2), mTOR pathway (AKT1 and mTOR), antioxidant response (KEAP1, CUL3), CDP-Choline pathway and arginine metabolism had overall greater abundance (p < 0.05) in RPM versus CON cows. Overall, data indicate that RPM can alter nutrient metabolism in the skeletal muscle around parturition partly through alterations in mRNA abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Phuoc Thanh
- Department of Animal Sciences, Can Tho University, Ninh Kieu, Can Tho 94000, Vietnam;
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (Q.J.); (N.W.)
| | - Qianming Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (Q.J.); (N.W.)
| | - Nithat Wichasit
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (Q.J.); (N.W.)
- Department of Agricultural Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Fernanda Batistel
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA;
| | - Claudia Parys
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, 63457 Essen, Germany; (C.P.); (J.G.)
| | - Jessie Guyader
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, 63457 Essen, Germany; (C.P.); (J.G.)
| | - Juan J. Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (Q.J.); (N.W.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Ding H, Li Y, Zhao C, Yang Y, Xiong C, Zhang D, Feng S, Wu J, Wang X. Rutin Supplementation Reduces Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Apoptosis of Mammary Gland in Sheep During the Transition Period. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:907299. [PMID: 35711805 PMCID: PMC9196631 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.907299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rutin, a common dietary flavonoid, exhibits remarkable pharmacological activities such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions. Metabolic stress in mammals during the transition period affects mammary gland health. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the protective effect of rutin supplementing against metabolic stress in the mammary glands of sheep during the transition period, particularly after parturition. Transition Hu sheep (2-3 years old with 62.90 ± 2.80 kg) were randomly divided into three groups, the control group was fed a diet without rutin, while rutin (50 and 100 mg/kg body weight/day) was administered to the two treatment groups (-28 day to +28 day relative to parturition). Serum and blood samples were collected from jugular vein on days -14, -7, +1, +2, +7, +14, +21, +28 relative to parturition. Mammary tissue biopsy samples of four sheep from the treatment group were harvested on day +28 postpartum. Compared to that in the control group, rutin supplementation resulted in lower β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) while increasing the concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and globulin after lactation. Furthermore, rutin treatment led to lower hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malonaldehyde (MDA) levels, resulting in increased catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant potential (T-AOC). Compared to that in the control group, rutin inhibits the mRNA expression of inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). In addition, rutin markedly downregulated the ratio of phosphorylated NF-κB p65 (p-p65) to total NF-κB p65 (p65). Meanwhile, rutin supplementation resulted in high mRNA abundance of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (NFE2L2, formerly NRF2) and its target gene, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which plays critical roles in maintaining the redox balance of the mammary gland. Furthermore, rutin treatment lowered the levels of various downstream apoptotic markers, including Bax, caspase3 and caspase9, while upregulating anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein. These data indicate the positive effect of rutin against inflammation, oxidative stress status, and anti-apoptotic activity in the mammary gland. The mechanism underlying these responses merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jinjie Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xichun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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15
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Coleman DN, Vailati-Riboni M, Pate RT, Aboragah A, Luchini D, Cardoso FC, Loor JJ. Increased Supply of Methionine During a Heat-Stress Challenge in Lactating Holstein Cows Alters Mammary Tissue mTOR Signaling and its Response to Lipopolysaccharide. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6585298. [PMID: 35553680 PMCID: PMC9387603 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The first objective was to investigate the effects of feeding rumen-protected methionine (RPM) during a heat stress (HS) challenge on abundance and phosphorylation of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)-related signaling proteins in mammary gland. The second objective was to investigate how HS and RPM may modulate the response of mammary gland explants to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Thirty-two multiparous, lactating Holstein cows (184 ± 59 DIM) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 environmental treatment groups, and 1 of 2 dietary treatments [TMR with RPM (Smartamine M; Adisseo Inc.; 0.105% DM as top dress) or TMR without RPM (CON)] in a crossover design. There were 2 periods with 2 phases per period. In phase 1 (9 d), all cows were in thermoneutral conditions (TN) and fed ad libitum. During phase 2 (9 d), group 1 (n = 16) was exposed to HS using electric heat blankets while group 2 (n = 16) remained in TN but were pair-fed to HS counterparts to control for DMI decreases associated with HS. After a washout period (14 d), the study was repeated (period 2). Environmental treatments were inverted in period 2 (sequence), while dietary treatments remained the same. Mammary tissue was harvested via biopsy at the end of both periods. Tissue was used for protein abundance analysis and also for incubation with 0 or 3 μg/mL of LPS for 2 h and subsequently used for mRNA abundance. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS. Analysis of protein abundance data included the effects of diet, environment and their interaction, and period and sequence to account for the crossover design. The explant data model also included the effect of LPS and its interaction with environment and diet. Abundance of phosphorylated mTOR and ratio of phosphorylated eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 (p-EEF2) to total EEF2 in non-challenged tissue was greater with RPM supplementation (P = 0.04 for both) and in both cases tended to be greater with HS (P = 0.08 for both). Regardless of RPM supplementation, incubation with LPS upregulated mRNA abundance of IL8, IL6, IL1B, CXCL2, TNF, NFKB1 and TLR2 (P < 0.05). An environment × LPS interaction was observed for NFKB1 (P = 0.03); abundance was greater in LPS-treated explants from non-HS compared with HS cows. Abundance of CXCL2, NFKB1, NOS2, NOS1, and SOD2 was lower with HS (P < 0.05). While LPS did not alter abundance of mRNA associated with the antioxidant transcription factor NFE2L2 signaling (P = 0.59), explants from HS cows had lower abundance of NFE2L2 (P < 0.001) and CUL3 (P = 0.04). Overall, RPM supplementation may alter mTOR activation. Additionally, while HS reduced explant immune and antioxidant responses, RPM did not attenuate the inflammatory response induced by LPS in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Coleman
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801 USA
| | - M Vailati-Riboni
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801 USA
| | - R T Pate
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801 USA
| | - A Aboragah
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801 USA
| | | | - F C Cardoso
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801 USA
| | - J J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801 USA.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801 USA
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16
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Veshkini A, M Hammon H, Vogel L, Delosière M, Viala D, Dèjean S, Tröscher A, Ceciliani F, Sauerwein H, Bonnet M. Liver proteome profiling in dairy cows during the transition from gestation to lactation: Effects of supplementation with essential fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids as explored by PLS-DA. J Proteomics 2022; 252:104436. [PMID: 34839038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the synergistic effects of essential fatty acids (EFA) and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) on the liver proteome profile of dairy cows during the transition to lactation. 16 Holstein cows were infused from 9 wk. antepartum to 9 wk. postpartum into the abomasum with either coconut oil (CTRL) or a mixture of EFA (linseed + safflower oil) and CLA (EFA + CLA). Label-free quantitative proteomics was performed in liver tissue biopsied at days -21, +1, +28, and + 63 relative to calving. Differentially abundant proteins (DAP) between treatment groups were identified at the intersection between a multivariate and a univariate analysis. In total, 1680 proteins were identified at each time point, of which between groups DAP were assigned to the metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, drug metabolism - cytochrome P450, steroid hormone biosynthesis, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and glutathione metabolism. Cytochrome P450, as a central hub, enriched with specific CYP enzymes comprising: CYP51A1 (d - 21), CYP1A1 & CYP4F2 (d + 28), and CYP4V2 (d + 63). Collectively, supplementation of EFA + CLA in transition cows impacted hepatic lipid metabolism and enriched several common biological pathways at all time points that were mainly related to ω-oxidation of fatty acids through the Cytochrome p450 pathway. SIGNIFICANCE: In three aspects this manuscript is notable. First, this is among the first longitudinal proteomics studies in nutrition of dairy cows. The selected time points are critical periods around parturition with profound endocrine and metabolic adaptations. Second, our findings provided novel information on key drivers of biologically relevant pathways suggested according to previously reported performance, zootechnical, and metabolism data (already published elsewhere). Third, our results revealed the role of cytochrome P450 that is hardly investigated, and of ω-oxidation pathways in the metabolism of fatty acids with the involvement of specific enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Veshkini
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Harald M Hammon
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Laura Vogel
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Mylène Delosière
- INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Didier Viala
- INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Sèbastien Dèjean
- Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse, UMR5219, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Fabrizio Ceciliani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Helga Sauerwein
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Muriel Bonnet
- INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
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17
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Buaban S, Lengnudum K, Boonkum W, Phakdeedindan P. Genome-wide association study on milk production and somatic cell score for Thai dairy cattle using weighted single-step approach with random regression test-day model. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:468-494. [PMID: 34756438 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies are a powerful tool to identify genomic regions and variants associated with phenotypes. However, only limited mutual confirmation from different studies is available. The objectives of this study were to identify genomic regions as well as genes and pathways associated with the first-lactation milk, fat, protein, and total solid yields; fat, protein, and total solid percentage; and somatic cell score (SCS) in a Thai dairy cattle population. Effects of SNPs were estimated by a weighted single-step GWAS, which back-solved the genomic breeding values predicted using single-step genomic BLUP (ssGBLUP) fitting a single-trait random regression test-day model. Genomic regions that explained at least 0.5% of the total genetic variance were selected for further analyses of candidate genes. Despite the small number of genotyped animals, genomic predictions led to an improvement in the accuracy over the traditional BLUP. Genomic predictions using weighted ssGBLUP were slightly better than the ssGBLUP. The genomic regions associated with milk production traits contained 210 candidate genes on 19 chromosomes [Bos taurus autosome (BTA) 1 to 7, 9, 11 to 16, 20 to 21, 26 to 27 and 29], whereas 21 candidate genes on 3 chromosomes (BTA 11, 16, and 21) were associated with SCS. Many genomic regions explained a small fraction of the genetic variance, indicating polygenic inheritance of the studied traits. Several candidate genes coincided with previous reports for milk production traits in Holstein cattle, especially a large region of genes on BTA14. We identified 141 and 5 novel genes related to milk production and SCS, respectively. These novel genes were also found to be functionally related to heat tolerance (e.g., SLC45A2, IRAG1, and LOC101902172), longevity (e.g., SYT10 and LOC101903327), and fertility (e.g., PAG1). These findings may be attributed to indirect selection in our population. Identified biological networks including intracellular cell transportation and protein catabolism implicate milk production, whereas the immunological pathways such as lymphocyte activation are closely related to SCS. Further studies are required to validate our findings before exploiting them in genomic selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Buaban
- Bureau of Animal Husbandry and Genetic Improvement, Department of Livestock Development, Pathum Thani 12000, Thailand
| | - K Lengnudum
- Bureau of Biotechnology in Livestock Production, Department of Livestock Development, Pathum Thani 12000, Thailand
| | - W Boonkum
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - P Phakdeedindan
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Genomics and Precision Dentistry Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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18
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Ma N, Liang Y, Coleman DN, Li Y, Ding H, Liu F, Cardoso FF, Parys C, Cardoso FC, Shen X, Loor JJ. Methionine supplementation during a hydrogen peroxide challenge alters components of insulin signaling and antioxidant proteins in subcutaneous adipose explants from dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:856-865. [PMID: 34635354 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced postruminal supply of methionine (Met) during the peripartal period alters protein abundance of insulin, AA, and antioxidant signaling pathways in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Whether SAT is directly responsive to supply of Met and can induce molecular alterations is unknown. Our objective was to examine whether enhanced Met supply during an oxidative stress challenge in vitro alters insulin, AA, inflammation, and antioxidant signaling-related protein networks. Four late-lactation Holstein cows (average 27.0 kg of milk per day) were used for SAT collection. Tissue was incubated in duplicate for 4 h in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2 at 37°C according to the following experimental design: control medium with an "ideal" profile of essential AA (CTR; Lys:Met 2.9:1), CTR plus 100 μM H2O2 (HP), or CTR with greater Met supply plus 100 μM H2O2 (HPMET; Lys:Met 2.5:1). Molecular targets associated with insulin signaling, lipolysis, antioxidant nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 (NFE2L2), inflammation, and AA metabolism were determined through reverse-transcription quantitative PCR and western blotting. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc.). Among proteins associated with insulin signaling, compared with CTR, HP led to lower abundance of phosphorylated AKT serine/threonine kinase (p-AKT) and solute carrier family 2 member 4 (SLC2A4; insulin-induced glucose transporter). Although incubation with HPMET restored abundance of SLC2A4 to levels in the CTR and upregulated abundance of fatty acid synthase (FASN) and phosphorylated 5'-prime-AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), it did not alter p-AKT, which remained similar to HP. Among proteins associated with AA signaling, compared with CTR, challenge with HP led to lower abundance of phosphorylated mechanistic target of rapamycin (p-MTOR), and HPMET did not restore abundance to CTR levels. Among inflammation-related targets studied, incubation with HPMET led to greater protein abundance of nuclear factor kappa B subunit p65 (NFKB-RELA). The response in NFKB observed with HPMET was associated with a marked upregulation of the antioxidant transcription regulator NFE2L2 and the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1). No effects of treatment were detected for mRNA abundance of proinflammatory cytokines or antioxidant enzymes, underscoring the importance of post-transcriptional regulation. Overall, data indicated that short-term challenge with H2O2 was particularly effective in reducing insulin and AA signaling. Although a greater supply of Met had little effect on those pathways, it seemed to restore the protein abundance of the insulin-induced glucose transporter. Overall, the concomitant upregulation of key inflammation and antioxidant signaling proteins when a greater level of Met was supplemented to oxidant-challenged SAT highlighted the potential role of this AA in regulating the inflammatory response and oxidant status. Further studies should be conducted to assess the role of postruminal supply of Met and other AA in the regulation of immune, antioxidant, and metabolic systems in peripartal cow adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ma
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Liang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - D N Coleman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Y Li
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - H Ding
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - F Liu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450086, Henan, China
| | - F F Cardoso
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - C Parys
- Evonik Operations GmbH
- Nutrition & Care, Hanau 63457, Germany
| | - F C Cardoso
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - X Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - J J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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Elolimy AA, Liang Y, Lopes MG, Loor JJ. Antioxidant networks and the microbiome as components of efficiency in dairy cattle. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Ford HR, Busato S, Bionaz M. In vitro–In vivo Hybrid Approach for Studying Modulation of NRF2 in Immortalized Bovine Mammary Cells. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2021.674355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) plays a key role in the response to oxidative stress. Diets containing known NRF2 modulators could be used to minimize oxidative stress in dairy cows. Currently, studies evaluating the activity of NRF2 in bovine have used the classical in vitro approach using synthetic media, which is very different than in vivo conditions. Furthermore, studies carried out in vivo cannot capture the short-term and dynamic response of NRF2. Thus, there is a need to develop new approaches to study NRF2 modulation. The aim of the present study was to establish an in vitro–in vivo hybrid system to investigate activation of NRF2 in bovine cells that can serve as an intermediate model with results closer to what is expected in vivo. To accomplish the aim, we used a combination of a gene reporter assay in immortalized bovine mammary cells, synthetic NRF2 modulators, and blood serum from periparturient cows. Synthetic agonist tert-butylhydroquinone and sulforaphane confirmed to be effective activators of bovine NRF2 with acute and large effect at 30 and 5 μM, respectively, with null response after the above doses due to cytotoxicity. When the agonists were added to blood serum the response was more linear with maximum activation of NRF2 at 100 and 30 μM, respectively, and the cytotoxicity was prevented. High concentration of albumin in blood serum plays an important role in such an effect. Brusatol (100 nM) was observed to be an effective NRF2 inhibitor while also displaying general protein synthesis inhibition and cytotoxicity when added to synthetic media. A consistent inhibition of NRF2 was observed when brusatol was added to the blood serum but the cytotoxicity was reduced. The synthetic inhibitor ML385 had no effect on modulation of bovine NRF2. Hydrogen peroxide activates NRF2 in bovine mammary cells starting from 100 μM; however, strong cytotoxicity was detected starting at 250 μM when cells were cultivated in the synthetic media, while blood serum prevented cytotoxicity. Overall, our data indicated that the use of synthetic media can be misleading in the study of NRF2 in bovine and the use of blood serum appears necessary.
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Expression patterns of major genes in fatty acid synthesis, inflammation, oxidative stress pathways from colostrum to milk in Damascus goats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9448. [PMID: 33941846 PMCID: PMC8093257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88976-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular regulation of milk secretion and quality in the transition period from colostrum to milk in goats is largely unknown. In the present study, mammary gland secretion of goats was collected in 0th, 4th, 7th, 14th and 28th days after parturition. In addition to composition and fatty acid profile of colostrum or milk, FASN, SCD, ACACA, COX-2, NRF2, TLR2, NF-kB, LTF and PTX3 genes expression patterns were determined from milk somatic cells. While somatic cell count (SCC), malondialdehyde (MDA), fat, fat-free dry matter, protein and lactose were highest as expression levels of the oxidative and inflammatory genes, freezing point and electrical conductivity were lowest in colostrum. With the continuation of lactation, most of the fatty acids, n3 ratio, and odour index increased but C14:0 and C16:0 decreased. While FASN was upregulated almost threefolds in 14th day, ACACA was upregulated more than fivefolds in 7th and 14th days. Separately, the major genes in fatty acid synthesis, inflammation and oxidative stress were significantly associated with each other due to being positively correlated. MDA was positively correlated with SCC and some of the genes related inflammation and oxidative stress. Furthermore, significant negative correlations were determined between SCC and fatty acid synthesis related genes. With this study, transition period of mammary secretion was particularly clarified at the molecular levels in Damascus goats.
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22
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Coleman DN, Alharthi AS, Liang Y, Lopes MG, Lopreiato V, Vailati-Riboni M, Loor JJ. Multifaceted role of one-carbon metabolism on immunometabolic control and growth during pregnancy, lactation and the neonatal period in dairy cattle. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:27. [PMID: 33536062 PMCID: PMC7860211 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00547-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy cattle undergo dramatic metabolic, endocrine, physiologic and immune changes during the peripartal period largely due to combined increases in energy requirements for fetal growth and development, milk production, and decreased dry matter intake. The negative nutrient balance that develops results in body fat mobilization, subsequently leading to triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in the liver along with reductions in liver function, immune dysfunction and a state of inflammation and oxidative stress. Mobilization of muscle and gluconeogenesis are also enhanced, while intake of vitamins and minerals is decreased, contributing to metabolic and immune dysfunction and oxidative stress. Enhancing post-ruminal supply of methyl donors is one approach that may improve immunometabolism and production synergistically in peripartal cows. At the cellular level, methyl donors (e.g. methionine, choline, betaine and folic acid) interact through one-carbon metabolism to modulate metabolism, immune responses and epigenetic events. By modulating those pathways, methyl donors may help increase the export of very low-density lipoproteins to reduce liver TAG and contribute to antioxidant synthesis to alleviate oxidative stress. Thus, altering one-carbon metabolism through methyl donor supplementation is a viable option to modulate immunometabolism during the peripartal period. This review explores available data on the regulation of one-carbon metabolism pathways in dairy cows in the context of enzyme regulation, cellular sensors and signaling mechanisms that might respond to increased dietary supply of specific methyl donors. Effects of methyl donors beyond the one-carbon metabolism pathways, including production performance, immune cell function, mechanistic target or rapamycin signaling, and fatty acid oxidation will also be highlighted. Furthermore, the effects of body condition and feeding system (total mixed ration vs. pasture) on one-carbon metabolism pathways are explored. Potential effects of methyl donor supply during the pepartum period on dairy calf growth and development also are discussed. Lastly, practical nutritional recommendations related to methyl donor metabolism during the peripartal period are presented. Nutritional management during the peripartal period is a fertile area of research, hence, underscoring the importance for developing a systems understanding of the potential immunometabolic role that dietary methyl donors play during this period to promote health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N. Coleman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Abdulrahman S. Alharthi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Yusheng Liang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Matheus Gomes Lopes
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Vincenzo Lopreiato
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Mario Vailati-Riboni
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Juan J. Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
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23
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Han L, Pang K, Fu T, Phillips CJC, Gao T. Nano-selenium Supplementation Increases Selenoprotein (Sel) Gene Expression Profiles and Milk Selenium Concentration in Lactating Dairy Cows. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:113-119. [PMID: 32328970 PMCID: PMC7746563 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Supplementation with selenium is common for dairy cows, but the importance of selenium source is not clear. This study aimed to compare nano-selenium (Nano-Se) and sodium selenite supplements for dairy cows on lactation performance, milk Se levels and selenoprotein (Sel) gene expression. Twelve multiparous Holstein cows were randomly divided into two groups: a control group fed a basal diet plus 0.30 mg Se/kg of DM as sodium selenite or Nano-Se for 30 days. Dry matter intake, milk yield and composition were not affected by dietary Se source (P > 0.05); however, the milk total Se levels and milk glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were higher with Nano-Se supplementation than sodium selenite (P < 0.05). At the end of the experiment, Nano-Se supplementation significantly increased plasma Se levels and GSH-Px activity, compared with the sodium selenite supplement. The mRNA expression levels of glutathione peroxidase 1, 2 and 4; thioredoxin reductase 2 and 3; and selenoproteins W, T, K and F were markedly upregulated (P < 0.05) in the mammary gland of the Nano-Se group. Thus, the source of selenium plays an important role in the antioxidant status and in particular the Sel gene expression in the mammary glands of dairy cows, both being stimulated by nano sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Han
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
| | - Kun Pang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, 464000 China
| | - Tong Fu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
| | - Clive J. C. Phillips
- Centre for Animal Welfare and Ethics, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, 4343 Australia
| | - Tengyun Gao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
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24
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Dai H, Coleman DN, Lopes MG, Hu L, Martinez-Cortés I, Parys C, Shen X, Loor JJ. Alterations in immune and antioxidant gene networks by gamma-d-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid in bovine mammary epithelial cells are attenuated by in vitro supply of methionine and arginine. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:776-785. [PMID: 33189269 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor 1 (NOD1) is a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor with a crucial role in the innate immune response of cells triggered by the presence of compounds such as gamma-d-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP) present in the peptidoglycan of all gram-negative and certain gram-positive bacteria. Methionine (Met) and arginine (Arg) are functional AA with immunomodulatory properties. In the present study, we aimed to assess the effect of increased Met and Arg supply on mRNA abundance of genes associated with innate immune response, antioxidant function, and AA metabolism during iE-DAP challenge in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC). Primary BMEC (n = 4 per treatment) were precultured in modified medium for 12 h with the following AA formulations: ideal profile of AA (control), increased Met supply (incMet), increased Arg supply (incArg), or increased supply of Met plus Arg (incMetArg). Subsequently, cells were challenged with or without iE-DAP (10 μg/mL) for 6 h. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4. Greater mRNA abundance of NOD1, the antioxidant enzyme SOD1, and AA transporters (SLC7A1 and SLC3A2) was observed in the incMet cells after iE-DAP stimulation. Although increased Met alone had no effect, incMetArg led to greater abundance of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6, and the antioxidant enzyme GPX1 after iE-DAP stimulation. The increased Arg alone downregulated NOD1 after iE-DAP stimulation, coupled with a downregulation in the AA transporters mRNA abundance (SLC7A1, SLC7A5, SLC3A2, and SLC38A9), and upregulation in GSS and KEAP1 mRNA abundance. Overall, the data indicated that increased supply of both Met and Arg in the culture medium were more effective in modulating the innate immune response and antioxidant capacity of BMEC during in vitro iE-DAP stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China; Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - D N Coleman
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - M G Lopes
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - L Hu
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - I Martinez-Cortés
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; Agricultural and Animal Production Department, UAM-Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico 04960
| | - C Parys
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, 63457, Germany
| | - X Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - J J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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25
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Coleman DN, Lopreiato V, Alharthi A, Loor JJ. Amino acids and the regulation of oxidative stress and immune function in dairy cattle. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:S175-S193. [PMID: 32810243 PMCID: PMC7433927 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincenzo Lopreiato
- Department of Health Science, Interdepartmental Services Centre of Veterinary for Human and Animal Health, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Abdulrahman Alharthi
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
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26
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Liang Y, Alharthi AS, Bucktrout R, Elolimy AA, Lopreiato V, Martinez-Cortés I, Xu C, Fernandez C, Trevisi E, Loor JJ. Body condition alters glutathione and nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (NFE2L2)-related antioxidant network abundance in subcutaneous adipose tissue of periparturient Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6439-6453. [PMID: 32359988 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cows with high body condition score (BCS) in late prepartum are more susceptible to oxidative stress (OS). Nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (NFE2L2) is a major antioxidant transcription factor. We investigated the effect of precalving BCS on blood biomarkers associated with OS, inflammation, and liver function, along with mRNA and protein abundance of targets related to NFE2L2 and glutathione (GSH) metabolism in s.c. adipose tissue (SAT) of periparturient dairy cows. Twenty-two multiparous Holstein cows were retrospectively classified into a high BCS (HBCS; n = 11, BCS ≥3.5) or normal BCS (NBCS; n = 11, BCS ≤3.17) on d 28 before parturition. Cows were fed a corn silage- and wheat straw-based total mixed ration during late prepartum, and a corn silage- and alfalfa hay-based total mixed ration postpartum. Blood samples obtained at -10, 7, 15, and 30 d relative to parturition were used for analyses of biomarkers associated with inflammation, including albumin, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, and myeloperoxidase, as well as OS, including ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and β-carotene. Adipose biopsies harvested at -15, 7, and 30 d relative to parturition were analyzed for mRNA (real-time quantitative PCR) and protein abundance (Western blotting) of targets associated with the antioxidant transcription regulator nuclear factor, NFE2L2, and GSH metabolism pathway. In addition, concentrations of GSH, ROS and malondialdehyde were measured. High BCS cows had lower prepartum dry matter intake expressed as a percentage of body weight along with greater BCS loss between -4 and 4 wk relative to parturition. Plasma concentrations of ROS and FRAP increased after parturition regardless of treatment. Compared with NBCS, HBCS cows had greater concentrations of FRAP at d 7 postpartum, which coincided with peak values in those cows. In addition, NBCS cows experienced a marked decrease in plasma ROS after d 7 postpartum, while HBCS cows maintained a constant concentration by d 30 postpartum. Overall, ROS concentrations in SAT were greater in HBCS cows. However, overall mRNA abundance of NFE2L2 was lower and cullin 3 (CUL3), a negative regulator of NFE2L2, was greater in HBCS cows. Although HBCS cows had greater overall total protein abundance of NFE2L2 in SAT, ratio of phosphorylated NFE2L2 to total NFE2L2 was lower, suggesting a decrease in the activity of this antioxidant system. Overall, mRNA abundance of the GSH metabolism-related genes glutathione reductase (GSR), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), and transaldolase 1 (TALDO1), along with protein abundance of glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1), were greater in HBCS cows. Data suggest that HBCS cows might experience greater systemic OS after parturition, while increased abundance of mRNA and protein components of the GSH metabolism pathway in SAT might help alleviate tissue oxidant status. Data underscored the importance of antioxidant mechanisms at the tissue level. Thus, targeting these pathways in SAT during the periparturient period via nutrition might help control tissue remodeling while allowing optimal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - A S Alharthi
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - R Bucktrout
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - A A Elolimy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205; Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock 72205; Department of Animal Production, National Research Centre, Giza 12611, Egypt
| | - V Lopreiato
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - I Martinez-Cortés
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; Agricultural and Animal Production Department, UAM-Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - C Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Xinyang Rd. 5, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - C Fernandez
- Animal Science Department, Universitàt Politècnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - E Trevisi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - J J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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27
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Amino acid transportation, sensing and signal transduction in the mammary gland: key molecular signalling pathways in the regulation of milk synthesis. Nutr Res Rev 2020; 33:287-297. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954422420000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe mammary gland, a unique exocrine organ, is responsible for milk synthesis in mammals. Neonatal growth and health are predominantly determined by quality and quantity of milk production. Amino acids are crucial maternal nutrients that are the building blocks for milk protein and are potential energy sources for neonates. Recent advances made regarding the mammary gland further demonstrate that some functional amino acids also regulate milk protein and fat synthesis through distinct intracellular and extracellular pathways. In the present study, we discuss recent advances in the role of amino acids (especially branched-chain amino acids, methionine, arginine and lysine) in the regulation of milk synthesis. The present review also addresses the crucial questions of how amino acids are transported, sensed and transduced in the mammary gland.
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Elolimy A, Alharthi A, Zeineldin M, Parys C, Helmbrecht A, Loor JJ. Supply of Methionine During Late-Pregnancy Alters Fecal Microbiota and Metabolome in Neonatal Dairy Calves Without Changes in Daily Feed Intake. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2159. [PMID: 31608024 PMCID: PMC6761860 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To our knowledge, most studies demonstrating the role of manipulating maternal nutrition on hindgut (i.e., large intestine) microbiota in the offspring have been performed in non-ruminants. Whether this phenomenon exists in cattle is largely unknown. Therefore, the objectives of the current study were to evaluate the impact of maternal post-ruminal supply of methionine during late-pregnancy in dairy cows on fecal microbiota and metabolome in neonatal calves, and their association with body development and growth performance during the preweaning period. To achieve this, heifer calves, i.e., neonatal female offspring, born to Holstein cows receiving either a control (CON) diet (n = 13) or CON plus rumen-protected methionine (MET; Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH) during the last 28 days of pregnancy were used. Fecal samples from heifers were collected from birth until 6 weeks of age, i.e., the preweaning period. Fecal microbiota was analyzed with QIIME 2 whereas fecal metabolites were measured using an untargeted LC-MS approach. At birth, MET heifers had greater (P ≤ 0.05) BW, HH, and WH. During the preweaning period, no differences between groups were detected for starter intake (P = 0.77). However, MET heifers maintained greater (P ≤ 0.05) BW, HH and tended (P = 0.06) to have greater WH and average daily gain (ADG) (P = 0.10). Fecal microbiota and metabolome profiles through 42 days of age in MET heifers indicated greater capacity for hindgut production of endogenous antibiotics and enhanced hindgut functionality and health. Enhancing maternal post-ruminal supply of methionine during late-gestation in dairy cows has a positive effect on hindgut functionality and health in their offspring through alterations in the fecal microbiota and metabolome without affecting feed intake. Those alterations could limit pathogen colonization of the hindgut while providing essential nutrients to the neonate. Together, such responses contribute to the ability of young calves to achieve better rates of nutrient utilization for growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elolimy
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Animal Production, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abdulrahman Alharthi
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Mohamed Zeineldin
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Claudia Parys
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | | | - Juan J. Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Illinois Informatics Institute, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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29
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Liang Y, Batistel F, Parys C, Loor JJ. Glutathione metabolism and nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (NFE2L2)-related proteins in adipose tissue are altered by supply of ethyl-cellulose rumen-protected methionine in peripartal Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5530-5541. [PMID: 30954259 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Enhancing the supply of rumen-protected Met (RPM) during the peripartum period alleviates inflammation and oxidative stress status in dairy cows. We tested the hypothesis that RPM could increase abundance of genes and proteins related to glutathione (GSH) metabolism and the antioxidant transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (NFE2L2) in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Multiparous Holstein cows were fed a basal diet [control prepartum diet = 1.47 Mcal/kg of dry matter (DM) and 15.3% crude protein; control postpartum diet = 1.67 Mcal/kg of DM and 17.7% crude protein] or the control plus ethyl-cellulose RPM at a rate of 0.09 and 0.10% of DM intake before expected calving and after calving, respectively. Sixty cows were assigned to treatments based on parity, previous 305-d milk yield, and body condition score at 28 d from parturition. Diets were fed from -28 to 30 d. Biopsies of subcutaneous adipose tissue collected on d -10, 10, and 30 relative to parturition from 7 cows in each group were used for measuring concentrations of GSH, reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and mRNA and protein abundance (Western blotting). A repeated-measures ANOVA was used for statistics. The statistical model included the random effect of block and fixed effects of treatment, time, and its interaction. There was a diet × time effect for reactive oxygen species due to lower concentrations in Met versus control cows specifically at d -10. Cows fed Met also had lower concentrations of malondialdehyde in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Compared with controls, overall mRNA abundance of the GSH metabolism-related genes cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM), glutathione reductase (GSR), and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) was greater in cows fed Met. Furthermore, supply of Met resulted in an overall upregulation of protein abundance of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) 1, GPX3, glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1), and glutathione S-transferase α 4 (GSTA4), all related to GSH metabolism. There was a diet × time effect for protein abundance of NFE2L2 and its repressor Kelch-like ECH associated protein 1 (KEAP1) due to lower values at 30 d in cows fed Met versus controls. The abundance of phosphorylated NFE2L2 was lower at 30 d in response to Met. Overall, the data suggest that exogenous Met may play a role in activating GSH metabolism and the antioxidant NFE2L2 pathways in subcutaneous adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - F Batistel
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan 84322
| | - C Parys
- Evonik Nutrition and Care GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, 63457, Germany
| | - J J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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30
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Wu S, Lu H, Bai Y. Nrf2 in cancers: A double-edged sword. Cancer Med 2019; 8:2252-2267. [PMID: 30929309 PMCID: PMC6536957 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nrf2/Keap1 pathway is an important signaling cascade responsible for the resistance of oxidative damage induced by exogenous chemicals. It maintains the redox homeostasis, exerts anti-inflammation and anticancer activity by regulating its multiple downstream cytoprotective genes, thereby plays a vital role in cell survival. Interestingly, in recent years, accumulating evidence suggests that Nrf2 has a contradictory role in cancers. Aberrant activation of Nrf2 is associated with poor prognosis. The constitutive activation of Nrf2 in various cancers induces pro-survival genes and promotes cancer cell proliferation by metabolic reprogramming, repression of cancer cell apoptosis, and enhancement of self-renewal capacity of cancer stem cells. More importantly, Nrf2 is proved to contribute to the chemoresistance and radioresistance of cancer cells as well as inflammation-induced carcinogenesis. A number of Nrf2 inhibitors discovered for cancer treatment were reviewed in this report. These provide a new strategy that targeting Nrf2 could be a promising therapeutic approach against cancer. This review aims to summarize the dual effects of Nrf2 in cancer, revealing its function both in cancer prevention and inhibition, to further discover novel anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hong Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yongheng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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31
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Yu M, Wang Y, Wang Z, Liu Y, Yu Y, Gao X. Taurine Promotes Milk Synthesis via the GPR87-PI3K-SETD1A Signaling in BMECs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1927-1936. [PMID: 30678459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Taurine, a β-aminosulfonic acid, exerts many cellular physiological functions. It is still unknown whether taurine can regulate milk synthesis in the mammary gland. Therefore, in this study we investigated the effects and mechanism of taurine on milk synthesis in mammary epithelial cells (MECs). Bovine MECs (BMECs) cultured in FBS-free OPTI-MEMImedium were treated with taurine (0, 0.08, 0.16, 0.24, 0.32, and 0.4 mM). Taurine treatment led to increased milk protein and fat synthesis, mTOR phosphorylation, and SREBP-1c protein expression, in a dose-dependent manner, with an apparent maximum at 0.24 mM. Gene function study approaches revealed that the GPR87-PI3K-SETD1A signaling was required for taurine to increase the mTOR and SREBP-1c mRNA levels. Taurine stimulated GPR87 expression and cell membrane localization in a dose dependent manner, suggesting a sensing mechanism of GPR87 to extracellular taurine. Collectively, these data demonstrate that taurine promotes milk synthesis via the GPR87-PI3K-SETD1A signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Yu
- Agricultural College of Guangdong Ocean University , Zhanjiang , 524088 , China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , 150030 , China
| | - Zhe Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , 150030 , China
| | - Yanxu Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , 150030 , China
| | - Yang Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , 150030 , China
| | - Xuejun Gao
- Agricultural College of Guangdong Ocean University , Zhanjiang , 524088 , China
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32
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Ma Y, Zhao L, Coleman D, Gao M, Loor J. Tea polyphenols protect bovine mammary epithelial cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage in vitro by activating NFE2L2/HMOX1 pathways. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:1658-1670. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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