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Parveen S, Zhu P, Shafique L, Lan H, Xu D, Ashraf S, Ashraf S, Sherazi M, Liu Q. Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Casein Gene Family in Camelus ferus. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020256. [PMID: 36833182 PMCID: PMC9957437 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Camel milk is known for its exceptional medical uses. It has been used since ancient times to treat infant diarrhea, hepatitis, insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM), lactose intolerance, alcohol-induced liver damage, allergies, and autism. It has the power to treat several diseases, with cancer being the most significant. This study investigated the evolutionary relationship, physiochemical characteristics, and comparative genomic analysis of the casein gene family (CSN1S1, CSN2, CSN1S2, and CSN3) in Camelus ferus. Molecular phylogenetics showing the camelid species clustered casein nucleotide sequences into four groups: CSN1S1, CSN2, CSN1S2, and CSN3. The casein proteins from camels were evaluated and found to be unstable, thermostable, and hydrophilic. CSN1S2, CSN2, and CSN3 were acidic, but CSN1S1 was basic. CSN1S1 showed positive selection for one amino acid (Q), CSN1S2 and CSN2 for three (T, K, Q), and CSN3 showed no positive selection. We also compared high-milk-output species such as cattle (Bos Tarus) and low-milk-yield species such as sheep (Ovies Aries) with camels (Camel ferus) and discovered that YY1 sites are more frequent in sheep than in camels and very low in cattle. We concluded that the ratio of YY1 sites in these species may affect milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakeela Parveen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Guangxi 535011, China
- Department of Zoology, Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Peng Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Guangxi 535011, China
| | - Laiba Shafique
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Guangxi 535011, China
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (Q.L.)
| | - Hong Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Dingyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Sana Ashraf
- Department of Zoology, Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Saba Ashraf
- Department of Zoology, Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Sherazi
- Department of Dairy Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Qingyou Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (Q.L.)
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Li X, Spencer GW, Ong L, Gras SL. Beta casein proteins – A comparison between caprine and bovine milk. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Smirnov AV, Shnaider TА, Korablev AN, Yunusova AM, Serova IA, Battulin NR. A hypomorphic mutation in the mouse Csn1s1 gene generated by CRISPR/Cas9 pronuclear microinjection. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2021; 25:331-336. [PMID: 34901729 PMCID: PMC8627868 DOI: 10.18699/vj21.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Caseins are major milk proteins that have an evolutionarily conserved role in nutrition. Sequence variations in the
casein genes affect milk composition in livestock species. Regulatory elements of the casein genes could be used to direct
the expression of desired transgenes into the milk of transgenic animals. Dozens of casein alleles have been identified for
goats, cows, sheep, camels and horses, and these sequence variants are associated with altered gene expression and milk
protein content. Most of the known mutations affecting casein genes’ expression are located in the promoter and 3’-untranslated regions. We performed pronuclear microinjections with Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA against the first coding exon of
the mouse Csn1s1 gene to introduce random mutations in the α-casein (Csn1s1) signal peptide sequence at the beginning
of the mouse gene. Sanger sequencing of the founder mice identified 40 mutations. As expected, mutations clustered
around the sgRNA cut site (3 bp from PAM). Most of the mutations represented small deletions (1–10 bp), but we detected
several larger deletions as well (100–300 bp). Functionally most mutations led to gene knockout due to a frameshift or a
start codon loss. Some of the mutations represented in-frame indels in the first coding exon. Of these, we describe a novel
hypomorphic Csn1s1 (Csn1s1c.4-5insTCC) allele. We measured Csn1s1 protein levels and confirmed that the mutation has a
negative effect on milk composition, which shows a 50 % reduction in gene expression and a 40–80 % decrease in Csn1s1
protein amount, compared to the wild-type allele. We assumed that mutation affected transcript stability or splicing by an
unknown mechanism. This mutation can potentially serve as a genetic marker for low Csn1s1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Smirnov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - T А Shnaider
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A N Korablev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A M Yunusova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - I A Serova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N R Battulin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Genetic Diversity in Casein Gene Cluster in a Dromedary Camel ( C. dromedarius) Population from the United Arab Emirates. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091417. [PMID: 34573399 PMCID: PMC8465939 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms, causing variation in casein genes (CSN1S1, CSN1S2, CSN2, and CSN3), have been extensively studied in goats and cows, but there are only few studies reported in camels. Therefore, we aimed to identify alleles with functional roles in the United Arab Emirates dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) population to complement previous studies conducted on the same species. Using targeted next-generation sequencing, we sequenced all genes in the casein gene cluster in 93 female camels to identify and characterize novel gene variants. Most variants were found in noncoding introns and upstream sequences, but a few variants showed the possibility of functional impact. CSN2 was found to be most polymorphic, with total 91 different variants, followed by CSN1S1, CSN3 and CSN1S2. CSN1S1, CSN1S2 and CSN2 each had at least two variants while CSN3 had only one functional allele. In future research, the functional impact of these variants should be investigated further.
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Anggraeni A, Syifa L, Kurnia Sari O, Baso Lompengeng Ishak A, Sumantri C. Polymorphism of CSN1S1 (g.12164G>A) and CSN2 (g.8913C>A) genes in pure and cross dairy goats. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20213302001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Casein genes directly control milk protein of animals. CSN1S1 (αS1-Casein) and CSN2 (β-Casein) genes influence on milk protein fractions. Genetic polymorphisms of CSN1S1 gene at g.12164G>A locus and CSN2 gene at g.8913C>A locus were identified by PCR-RFLP technique. Animal samples were pure dairy goats providing PE (5 hds.), Saanen (8 hds.) and their crosses providing Sapera (50% Saanen, 50% PE) (51 hds.) and SaanPE (75% Saanen, 25% PE) (3 hds.) from IRIAP dairy goat station. Allele frequency, genotype frequency, heterozygosity value, and Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) equilibrium value were analyzed by Popgen32 program. CSN1S1_g.12164G>A locus resulted in two alleles, i.e. G allele (192 bp, 145 bp, and 101 bp) and A allele (337 bp and 101 bp). The G allele from the highest frequenciest was successively Saanen (0.625), Sapera (0.578), PE (0.400), and SaanPE (0.333). Most dairy goats were heterozygote (Ho>He) and in H-W equilibrium (q2 count < q2P0.05). Whereas CSN2_g.8913C>A locus was monomorphic for possesing only C allele (233 bp and 162 bp), without A allele (416 bp). The existent g.12164G>A SNP of the CSN1S1 gene of could be a potencial molecular selection marker of milk protein content in dairy goat.
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Luigi-Sierra MG, Mármol-Sánchez E, Amills M. Comparing the diversity of the casein genes in the Asian mouflon and domestic sheep. Anim Genet 2020; 51:470-475. [PMID: 32281138 DOI: 10.1111/age.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to determine whether casein variants that are currently segregating in ovine populations existed before the domestication of sheep or, to the contrary, if their emergence is much more recent. To this end, we have retrieved whole-genome sequences from Iranian and domestic sheep from Africa, Europe, South and East Asia and West Asia. Population structure analysis based on 55,352,935 SNPs revealed a clear separation between Iranian mouflons and domestic sheep. Moreover, we also observed a strong genetic differentiation between Iranian mouflons sampled in geographic areas close to Tehran and Tabriz. Based on sequence data, hundreds of SNPs mapping to the casein αS1 (CSN1S1, 248 SNPs), casein αS2 (CSN1S2, 268 SNPs), casein ß (CSN2, 146 SNPs) and casein κ (CSN3, 112 SNPs) genes were identified. Approximately 25-63.02% of the casein variation was shared between Iranian mouflons and domestic sheep, and the four domestic sheep populations also shared 44.2-57.4% of the casein polymorphic sites. These findings suggest that an important fraction of the casein variation present in domestic sheep was already segregating in the mouflon prior to its domestication. Genomic studies performed in horses and dogs are consistent with this view, suggesting that much of the diversity that we currently detect in domestic animals comes from standing variation already segregating in their wild ancestors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Luigi-Sierra
- Department of Animal Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - E Mármol-Sánchez
- Department of Animal Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - M Amills
- Department of Animal Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain.,Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
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An 11-bp Indel Polymorphism within the CSN1S1 Gene Is Associated with Milk Performance and Body Measurement Traits in Chinese Goats. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9121114. [PMID: 31835668 PMCID: PMC6940862 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The casein alpha s1 (CSN1S1) gene encodes α-s1 casein, one of the proteins constituting milk, which affects milk performance, as well as improving the absorption of calcium and bone development in mammals. A previous study found that an 11-bp insertion/deletion (indel) of this gene strongly affected litter size in goats. However, to our knowledge, the relationships between this polymorphism and the milk performance and body measurement traits of goats have not been reported. In this paper, the previously identified indel has been recognized in three Chinese goat breeds, namely the Guanzhong dairy goat (GZDG; n = 235), Shaanbei white cashmere goat (SBWC; n = 1092), and Hainan black goat (HNBG; n = 278), and the following three genotypes have been studied for all of the breeds: insertion/insertion (II), deletion/deletion (DD), and insertion/deletion (ID). The allele frequencies analyzed signified that the frequencies of the "D" allele were higher (47.8%-65.5%), similar to the previous report, which indicates that this polymorphism is genetically stable in different goat breeds. Further analysis showed that this indel was markedly associated with milk fat content, total solids content, solids-not-fat content, freezing point depression, and acidity in GZDG (p < 0.05), and also affected different body measurement traits in all three breeds (p < 0.05). The goats with II genotypes had superior milk performance, compared with the others; however, goats with DD genotypes had better body measurement sizes. Hence, it may be necessary to select goats with an II or DD genotype, based on the desired traits, while breeding. Our study provides information on the potential impact of the 11-bp indel polymorphism of the CSN1S1 gene for improving the milk performance and body measurement traits in goats.
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