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Fu L, You Y, Zeng Y, Ran Q, Zhou Y, Long R, Yang H, Chen J, Loor JJ, Wang G, Zhang L, Dong X. Varying the ratio of Lys: Met through enhancing methionine supplementation improved milk secretion ability through regulating the mRNA expression in bovine mammary epithelial cells under heat stress. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1393372. [PMID: 38983772 PMCID: PMC11231434 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1393372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The ratio of lysine (Lys) to methionine (Met) with 3.0: 1 is confirmed as the "ideal" profile for milk protein synthesis, but whether this ratio is suitable for milk protein synthesis under HS needs to be further studied. Methods To evaluate the molecular mechanism by which HS and Lys to Met ratios affect mammary cell functional capacity, an immortalized bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T) is incubated with 5 doses of Met while maintaining a constant concentration of Lys. The MAC-T cells was treated for 6 h as follow: Lys: Met 3.0: 1 (control 37°C and IPAA 42°C) or treatments under HS (42°C) with different ratios of Lys: Met at 2.0: 1 (LM20), 2.5: 1 (LM25), 3.5: 1 (LM35) and 4.0: 1 (LM40). RNA sequencing was used to assess transcriptome-wide alterations in mRNA abundance. Results The significant difference between control and other groups was observed base on PCA analysis. A total of 2048 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the IPAA group relative to the control group. Similarly, 226, 306, 148, 157 DEGs were detected in the LM20, LM25, LM35 and LM40 groups, respectively, relative to the IPAA group. The relative mRNA abundance of HSPA1A was upregulated and anti-apoptotic genes (BCL2L1 and BCL2) was down-regulated in the IPAA group, compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Compared with the IPAA group, the relative mRNA abundance of anti-apoptotic genes and casein genes (CSN1S2 and CSN2) was up-regulated in the LM25 group (p < 0.05). The DEGs between LM25 and IPAA groups were associated with the negative regulation of transcription RNA polymerase II promoter in response to stress (GO: 0051085, DEGs of BAG3, DNAJB1, HSPA1A) as well as the mTOR signaling pathway (ko04150, DEGs of ATP6V1C2, WNT11, WNT3A, and WNT9A). Several DEGs involved in amino acids metabolism (AFMID, HYKK, NOS3, RIMKLB) and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (AFMID and MGAT5B) were up-regulated while DEGs involved in lipolysis and beta-oxidation catabolic processes (ALOX12 and ALOX12B) were down-regulated. Conclusion These results suggested that increasing Met supply (Lys: Met at 2.5: 1) may help mammary gland cells resist HS-induced cell damage, while possibly maintaining lactation capacity through regulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yinjie You
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Zeng
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Qifan Ran
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Long
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Heng Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juncai Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Gaofu Wang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianwen Dong
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
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Anger JC, Loncke C, Omphalius C, Boutinaud M, Guinard-Flament J, Lapierre H, Lemosquet S. Synthesis of milk components involves different mammary metabolism adaptations in response to net energy and protein supplies in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:2883-2899. [PMID: 38101733 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Net energy for lactation (NEL) and metabolizable protein (MP) are the 2 main nutritional forces that drive synthesis of milk components. This study investigated mammary-gland metabolism in dairy cows in response to variations in the supply of NEL and MP. Four Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design, in which each experimental period consisted of 14 d of dietary treatment. The diets provided 2 levels of NEL (low energy, 25.0 Mcal/d vs. high energy, 32.5 Mcal/d) and 2 levels of MP (low protein, 1,266 g/d vs. high protein, 2,254 g/d of protein digestible in the intestine) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Performance and dry matter intake (DMI) were measured during the last 5 d of each period, and the mammary net balance was measured on d 13 by collecting 6 sets of blood samples from the left carotid artery and left mammary vein. Mammary plasma flow was measured according to the Fick principle for Phe and Tyr. The mammary net balance of carbon equaled the uptake of nutrients expressed as carbon minus the output of lactose, fatty acids (FA) synthesized in the mammary gland, AA of milk protein, and glycerol-3P from triglyceride on d 13. Milk, lactose, fat, and protein yields increased when NEL and MP supplies increased. However, increasing the NEL supply increased FA synthesis more than increasing the protein supply did. In addition, FA secretion increased more than lactose secretion when the NEL supply increased. Increasing the NEL supply increased the left half-udder uptake of all major energy-yielding nutrients by increasing mammary plasma flow. However, nutrient uptake increased more than milk output did, which in turn increased carbon dioxide output. This increase in nutrient oxidation by the mammary gland decreased the mammary efficiency of nutrients utilization when the NEL supply increased. Increasing MP supply tended to increase glucose uptake through mammary clearance and increased mammary AA uptake with no change in mammary plasma flow. In addition, the protein supply did not change the mammary uptake of acetate or β-hydroxybutyrate. The increase in milk-component secretions in response to either NEL or MP supplies occurred through different metabolic adaptations (increase in mammary plasma flow vs. clearances, respectively). These results suggest that the nutrient use by the mammary gland is highly flexible, which helps in maintaining milk and milk-component yields even with limiting nutrient supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Anger
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint Gilles, France; Provimi France, Cargill Animal Nutrition & Health, 35320 Crevin, France
| | - C Loncke
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - C Omphalius
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint Gilles, France
| | - M Boutinaud
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint Gilles, France
| | | | - H Lapierre
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - S Lemosquet
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint Gilles, France.
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Guadagnin AR, Fehlberg LK, Thomas B, Sugimoto Y, Shinzato I, Cardoso FC. Feeding rumen-protected lysine prepartum alters placental metabolism at a transcriptional level. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6567-6576. [PMID: 37532623 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Rumen-protected Lys (RPL) fed to Holstein cows prepartum resulted in a greater intake and improved health of their calves during the first 6 wk of life. However, whether increased supply of Lys in late gestation can influence placental tissue and, if so, which pathways are affected remain to be investigated. Therefore, we hypothesize that feeding RPL during late gestation could modulate placental metabolism, allowing for improved passage of nutrients to the fetus and thus influencing the offspring development. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effects of feeding RPL (AjiPro-L Generation 3, Ajinomoto Health and Nutrition North America) prepartum (0.54% DM of TMR) on mRNA gene expression profiles of placental samples of Holstein cows. Seventy multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments, consisting of TMR top-dressed with RPL (PRE-L) or without (control, CON), fed from 27 ± 5 d prepartum until calving. After natural delivery (6.87 ± 3.32 h), placentas were rinsed with physiological saline (0.9% sodium chloride solution) to clean any dirtiness from the environment and weighed. Then, 3 placentomes were collected, one from each placental region (cranial, central, and caudal), combined and flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen to evaluate the expression of transcripts and proteins related to protein metabolism and inflammation. Placental weights did not differ from cows in PRE-L (15.5 ± 4.03 kg) and cows in CON (14.5 ± 4.03 kg). Feeding RPL prepartum downregulated the expression of NOS3 (nitric oxide synthase 3), involved in vasodilation processes, and SOD1, which encodes the enzyme superoxide dismutase, involved in oxidative stress processes. Additionally, feeding RPL prepartum upregulated the expression of transcripts involved in energy metabolism (SLC2A3, glucose transporter 3; and PCK1, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1), placental metabolism and cell proliferation (FGF2, fibroblast growth factor 2; FGF2R, fibroblast growth factor 2 receptor; and PGF, placental growth factor), Met metabolism (MAT2A, methionine adenosyltransferase 2-α), and tended to upregulate IGF2R (insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor). Placental FGF2 and LRP1 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1) protein abundance were greater for cows that received RPL prepartum than cows in CON. In conclusion, feeding RPL to prepartum dairy cows altered uteroplacental expression of genes and proteins involved in cell proliferation, and in metabolism and transport of glucose. Such changes are illustrated by increased expression of SLC2A3 and PCK1 and increased protein abundance of FGF2 and LRP1 in uteroplacental tissue of cows consuming RPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Guadagnin
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801
| | - L K Fehlberg
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801
| | - B Thomas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801
| | | | | | - F C Cardoso
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801.
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Li B, Khan MZ, Khan IM, Ullah Q, Cisang ZM, Zhang N, Wu D, Huang B, Ma Y, Khan A, Jiang N, Zahoor M. Genetics, environmental stress, and amino acid supplementation affect lactational performance via mTOR signaling pathway in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Front Genet 2023; 14:1195774. [PMID: 37636261 PMCID: PMC10448190 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1195774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammary glands are known for their ability to convert nutrients present in the blood into milk contents. In cows, milk synthesis and the proliferation of cow mammary epithelial cells (CMECs) are regulated by various factors, including nutrients such as amino acids and glucose, hormones, and environmental stress. Amino acids, in particular, play a crucial role in regulating cell proliferation and casein synthesis in mammalian epithelial cells, apart from being building blocks for protein synthesis. Studies have shown that environmental factors, particularly heat stress, can negatively impact milk production performance in dairy cattle. The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway is considered the primary signaling pathway involved in regulating cell proliferation and milk protein and fat synthesis in cow mammary epithelial cells in response to amino acids and heat stress. Given the significant role played by the mTORC signaling pathway in milk synthesis and cell proliferation, this article briefly discusses the main regulatory genes, the impact of amino acids and heat stress on milk production performance, and the regulation of mTORC signaling pathway in cow mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Tibet Autonomous Regional Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lhasa, China
| | - Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High‐Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Agricultural Science and Engineering School, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Ibrar Muhammad Khan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproduction Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Qudrat Ullah
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Zhuo-Ma Cisang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Tibet Autonomous Regional Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lhasa, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Tibet Autonomous Region Animal Husbandry Station, Lhasa, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Tibet Autonomous Regional Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lhasa, China
| | - Bingjian Huang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High‐Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Agricultural Science and Engineering School, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Yulin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Adnan Khan
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Tibet Autonomous Regional Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lhasa, China
| | - Muhammad Zahoor
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Lopreiato V, Alharthi AS, Liang Y, Elolimy AA, Bucktrout R, Socha MT, Trevisi E, Loor JJ. Influence of Cobalt Source, Folic Acid, and Rumen-Protected Methionine on Performance, Metabolism, and Liver Tissue One-Carbon Metabolism Biomarkers in Peripartal Holstein Cows. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2107. [PMID: 37443904 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B12 plays a role in the remethylation of homocysteine to Met, which then serves as a substrate for Met adenosyltransferase (MAT) to synthesize S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). We investigated effects of feeding two cobalt sources [Co-glucoheptonate (CoPro) or CoPectin, Zinpro Corp.], an experimental ruminally-available source of folic acid (FOA), and rumen-protected Met (RPM) on performance and hepatic one-carbon metabolism in peripartal Holstein cows. From -30 to 30 d around calving, 72 multiparous cows were randomly allocated to: CoPro, CoPro + FOA, CoPectin + FOA, or CoPectin + FOA + RPM. The Co treatments delivered 1 mg Co/kg of DM (CoPro or CoPectin), each FOA group received 50 mg/d FOA, and RPM was fed at 0.09% of DM intake (DMI). Milk yield and DMI were not affected. Compared with other groups, the percentage of milk protein was greater after the second week of lactation in CoPectin + FOA + RPM. Compared with CoPro or CoPro + FOA, feeding CoPectin + FOA or CoPectin + FOA + RPM led to a greater activity of MAT at 7 to 15 d postcalving. For betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase, CoPro together with CoPectin + FOA + RPM cows had greater activity at 7 and 15 d than CoPro + FOA. Overall, supplying FOA with CoPectin or CoPectin plus RPM may enhance S-adenosylmethionine synthesis via MAT in the liver after parturition. As such, these nutrients may impact methylation reactions and liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Lopreiato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci, snc, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Abdulrahman S Alharthi
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yusheng Liang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ahmed A Elolimy
- Animal Production Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ryan Bucktrout
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Erminio Trevisi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition (DiANA), Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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6
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Pan F, Li P, Hao G, Liu Y, Wang T, Liu B. Enhancing Milk Production by Nutrient Supplements: Strategies and Regulatory Pathways. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030419. [PMID: 36766308 PMCID: PMC9913681 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The enhancement of milk production is essential for dairy animals, and nutrient supplements can enhance milk production. This work summarizes the influence of nutrient supplements-including amino acids, peptides, lipids, carbohydrates, and other chemicals (such as phenolic compounds, prolactin, estrogen and growth factors)-on milk production. We also attempt to provide possible illuminating insights into the subsequent effects of nutrient supplements on milk synthesis. This work may help understand the strategy and the regulatory pathway of milk production promotion. Specifically, we summarize the roles and related pathways of nutrients in promoting milk protein and fat synthesis. We hope this review will help people understand the relationship between nutritional supplementation and milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengguang Pan
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Peizhi Li
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Guijie Hao
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huzhou 313001, China
- Key Laboratory of Fish Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou 313001, China
| | - Yinuo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou 313001, China
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Correspondence: (T.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Boqun Liu
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Correspondence: (T.W.); (B.L.)
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Zhang J, Deng L, Zhang X, Cao Y, Li M, Yao J. Multiple Essential Amino Acids Regulate Mammary Metabolism and Milk Protein Synthesis in Lactating Dairy Cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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8
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Wang F, van Baal J, Ma L, Gao X, Dijkstra J, Bu D. MRCKα is a novel regulator of prolactin-induced lactogenesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 10:319-328. [PMID: 35891685 PMCID: PMC9304597 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy-related Cdc42-binding kinase alpha (MRCKα) is an integral component of signaling pathways controlling vital cellular processes, including cytoskeletal reorganization, cell proliferation and cell survival. In this study, we investigated the physiological role of MRCKα in milk protein and fat production in dairy cows, which requires a dynamic and strict organization of the cytoskeletal network in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC). Within a selection of 9 Holstein cows, we found that both mRNA and protein expression of MRCKα in the mammary gland were upregulated during lactation and correlated positively (r > 0.89) with the mRNA and protein levels of β-casein. Similar positive correlations (r > 0.79) were found in a primary culture of BMEC stimulated with prolactin for 24 h. In these cells, silencing of MRCKα decreased basal β-casein, sterol-regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1 and cyclin D1 protein level, phosphorylation of mTOR, triglyceride secretion, cell number and viability-while overexpression of MRCKα displayed the reversed effect. Notably, silencing of MRCKα completely prevented the stimulatory action of prolactin on the same parameters. These data demonstrate that MRCKα is a critical mediator of prolactin-induced lactogenesis via stimulation of the mTOR/SREBP1/cyclin D1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708, WD, the Netherlands
| | - Jürgen van Baal
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708, WD, the Netherlands
| | - Lu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuejun Gao
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China
| | - Jan Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708, WD, the Netherlands
| | - Dengpan Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Joint Laboratory on Integrated Crop-Tree-Livestock Systems of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) and World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Beijing, 100193, China
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Zhou J, Yue S, Xue B, Wang Z, Wang L, Peng Q, Xue B. Enhanced supply of methionine regulates protein synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells under hyperthermia condition. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:1126-1141. [PMID: 34796352 PMCID: PMC8564303 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that methionine (Met) supplementation can improve milk
protein synthesis under hyperthermia (which reduces milk production). To explore
the mechanism by which milk protein synthesis is affected by Met supplementation
under hyperthermia, mammary alveolar (MAC-T) cells were incubated at a
hyperthermic temperature of 42°C for 6 h in media with different
concentrations of Met. While the control group (CON) contained a normal amino
acid concentration profile (60 μg/mL of Met), the three treatment groups
were supplemented with Met at concentrations of 10 μg/mL (MET70, 70
μg/mL of Met), 20 μg/mL (MET80, 80 μg/mL of Met), and 30
μg/mL (MET90,90 μg/mL of Met). Our results show that additional
Met supplementation increases the mRNA and protein levels of BCL2 (B-cell
lymphoma-2, an anti-apoptosis agent), and decreases the mRNA and protein levels
of BAX (Bcl-2-associated X protein, a pro-apoptosis agent), especially at an
additional supplementary concentration of 20 μg/mL (group Met80).
Supplementation with higher concentrations of Met decreased the mRNA levels of
Caspase-3 and
Caspase-9, and increased protein levels of
heat shock protein (HSP70). The total protein levels of the mechanistic target
of rapamycin (mTOR) and the mTOR signalling pathway-related proteins, AKT,
ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1 (RPS6KB1), and ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6),
increased with increasing Met supplementation, and peaked at 80 μg/mL Met
(group Met80). In addition, we also found that additional Met supplementation
upregulated the gene expression of αS1-casein (CSN1S1),
β-casein (CSN2), and the amino acid transporter genes
SLC38A2, SLC38A3 which are known to be
mTOR targets. Additional Met supplementation, however, had no effect on the gene
expression of κ-casein (CSN3) and solute carrier family
34 member 2 (SLC34A2). Our results suggest that additional Met
supplementation with 20 μg/mL may promote the synthesis of milk proteins
in bovine mammary epithelial cells under hyperthermia by inhibiting apoptosis,
activating the AKT-mTOR-RPS6KB1 signalling pathway, and regulating the entry of
amino acids into these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shuangming Yue
- Department of Bioengineering, Sichuan Water Conservancy Vocation College, Chengdu 611845, China
| | - Benchu Xue
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lizhi Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Quanhui Peng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bai Xue
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Han M, Zhang M. The regulatory mechanism of amino acids on milk protein and fat synthesis in mammary epithelial cells: a mini review. Anim Biotechnol 2021; 34:402-412. [PMID: 34339350 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1950743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammary epithelial cell (MEC) is the basic unit of the mammary gland that synthesizes milk components including milk protein and milk fat. MECs can sense to extracellular stimuli including nutrients such as amino acids though different sensors and signaling pathways. Here, we review recent advances in the regulatory mechanism of amino acids on milk protein and fat synthesis in MECs. We also highlight how these mechanisms reflect the amino acid requirements of MECs and discuss the current and future prospects for amino acid regulation in milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihong Han
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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Effects of L-Histidine and Sodium Acetate on β-Casein Expression in Nutrient-Restricted Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051444. [PMID: 34069937 PMCID: PMC8157603 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Nutrient restriction is known to decrease the milk production and milk quality of dairy cows. However, providing cows with abundant nutrients also has a disadvantage because it will increase feed costs. Under such a situation, the use of feed additives can be a good strategy to reduce the feed cost. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of histidine and sodium acetate on β-casein expression in nutrient-restricted bovine mammary epithelial cells. The results indicate that histidine has the potential to increase the β-casein levels in bovine mammary cells when the nutrient is restricted, suggesting that histidine is a potential feed additive for cows in a nutrient-insufficient environment. Abstract Nutrient restriction is a challenging condition for the mammary glands of dairy cows. In this condition, supplementing amino acids and energy sources might be a good strategy to improve the concentration of one of the most important caseins in bovine milk. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of L-histidine (His) and sodium acetate (Ace) in a nutrient-restricted (NR) immortalized bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T cells). The treatments for the MAC-T cells are as follows: experiment (1) 0–5% diluted basal medium; experiment (2) supplementation of 0–9.6 mM of His or Ace in NR or normal conditions; experiment (3) supplementation of 0–9.6 mM of Ace plus 0.15 mM of His in NR or normal conditions. The 1% diluted medium showed no significant effect on the cell viability with the basal medium; thus, it was selected as the NR condition. The relative expression of β-casein was significantly increased in the NR condition with the inclusion of 0.15 mM His alone or with Ace compared to that in control. The supplementation of Ace increased the β-casein level under normal conditions. However, it did not change the expression of β-casein under the NR condition. The results suggest that His has the potential to increase the β-casein expression under the NR condition.
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Dai W, Zhao F, Liu J, Liu H. ASCT2 Is Involved in SARS-Mediated β-Casein Synthesis of Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells with Methionine Supply. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13038-13045. [PMID: 31597423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The methionine (Met) uptake into mammary cells depends upon the corresponding amino acid (AA) transporters, which play a regulatory role in the mammary protein production beyond transport. Our previous studies have identified that seryl-tRNA synthetase (SARS) could be a novel mediator to regulate essential AA-stimulated casein synthesis in primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). However, the regulatory mechanisms of Met in milk protein production in dairy cows remain further clarified. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of Met on milk protein synthesis in BMECs and explore the underlying mechanism. The effects of Met on the AA transporter, casein synthesis, and the related signaling pathway were evaluated in the BMECs treated with 0.6 mM Met for 6 h combined with or without the inhibition of AA transporter (ASCT2, a neutral AA transporter) activity by the corresponding inhibitor (GPNA). Besides, the effects of SARS on the cells were mainly evaluated in the BMECs treated with 0.6 mM Met for 6 h together with or without SARS knockdown by RNAi interference. The gene expression of AA transporters and pathway-related genes were analyzed by the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction method, and the protein expression of related proteins were determined by the western blot assay. Results showed that 0.6 mM Met remarkably enhanced cell growth and β-casein synthesis compared to the supply of other Met concentrations. Among 13 amino acid transporters, 0.6 mM Met highly increased ASCT2 expression. This Met-stimulated ASCT2 expression and the enhanced mammary intracellular Met uptake were both decreased by the addition of 500 μM GPNA, an inhibitor of ASCT2. In the presence of 0.6 mM Met, the inhibition of ASCT2 activity (by GPNA) and SARS expression (by RNAi) both reduced β-casein synthesis. Additionally, 0.6 mM Met increased the gene expression of mTOR, S6K1, 4EBP1, and Akt; in contrast, the inhibition of ASCT2 by GPNA lowered the gene expression of these four genes. Collectively, this work suggests that ASCT2 is involved in the SARS-mediated Met stimulation of β-casein synthesis through enhancing mammary Met uptake and activating the mTOR signaling pathway in BMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Dai
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengqi Zhao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Jianxin Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
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Wu Z, Tian M, Heng J, Chen J, Chen F, Guan W, Zhang S. Current Evidences and Future Perspectives for AMPK in the Regulation of Milk Production and Mammary Gland Biology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:530. [PMID: 32671074 PMCID: PMC7332552 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated protein kinase (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) senses the cellular energy status and coordinates catabolic and anabolic processes. Extensive studies have proposed that AMPK regulates energy homeostasis, cell growth, autophagy, mitochondrial biology and inflammation. The biological functions of AMPK vary in different tissues or organs. As a unique organ that produces milk, the mammary gland has recently attracted substantial research attention. This review discusses how AMPK in the mammary gland is activated by energy deprivation and heat stress via the activation of canonical and non-canonical pathways. In addition, the important downstream targets of AMPK and their functions in the mammary gland, especially during milk synthesis, are summarized in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinghui Heng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaming Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wutai Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihai Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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